Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space.  —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. &quot;For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period&quot; - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. 
:::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex.
:::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g.
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes
:::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep}} per above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:07, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] ==

As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. 
::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value.
::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] I can move that book to your userspace, if requested. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thank you so much for the offer. 
::::I know the book still needs a lot of improvement and that I'm working on it very slowly; but the problem is, strange as it may seem, I know how to edit a public book but I don't know how to work in my userspace, nor what I should do when the book is more finished to make it public. 
::::In any case, if it's better to move the book to my userspace while it's still unfinished, then move it there and I'll try to work on it without the pressure of thinking it could be deleted at any moment. 
::::Thanks again for the offer. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 22:47, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Slideshow]] ==

According to [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Slideshow]], this is used on very, very few (if not non-book) pages, two of which are in userspace. In addition, I am also proposing the deletion of two MediaWiki CSS/JS pages in which the slideshow template relies on:
* [[MediaWiki:Common.css/Slideshows.css]]
* [[MediaWiki:Common.js/Slideshows.js]]
[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:41, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. The CSS for this template is currently broken as a result of changes to image thumbnail URLs - while it's fixable, it doesn't seem worthwhile for a template which is unused outside userspace tests. The &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag has a slideshow mode which accomplishes the same thing, but better. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:52, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: Pinging @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] as there is minimal consensus to delete, and deleting the CSS/JS pages requires an interface administrator to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:53, 31 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think the fact that there is a native equivalent means that this can be deleted (I guess this was made when the feature wasn't available). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:25, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:: So the template and the CSS and JS pages can be deleted, as I reiterated above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:13, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Electronics/Cells</title>
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      <text bytes="3428" sha1="86funp3g4wc71qfflbavidkmpx1q7o3" xml:space="preserve">{{Electronics}}
----

==Cells==
A cell, or electrochemical cell, Galvanic cell or Voltaic cell, is a component used to store and provide electrical energy. The energy in a cell is stored as a chemical potential energy, and electrical energy can be extracted when the chemicals undergo a chemical reaction. A battery is the term used to refer to multiple cells that are used together as one unit, and can be connected in series, parallel or in a combination of series and parallel connections. 

The properties of the cell can be determined by the chemistry of the cell (i.e. what it is made up of), and its physical design. Different chemistries will affect cell voltage, energy density, internal resistivity, and other factors. Physical design will affect the total cell energy capacity, total internal resistance and the shape and size of the cell. Generally, increasing the size of a cell, while maintaining the cell chemistry, will result in a greater energy capacity and lower internal resistance, and consequently a greater current supplying capability, and vice versa.

Cells are categorised as Primary (Dry) cells, and Secondary (Wet) cells, based on their chemistry. Primary cells are single-use and disposable, for example alkaline cells. Secondary cells are rechargeable, for example lead-acid cells.
 
[[File:Battery symbol1.svg]]

* Cell: Two materials with a voltage difference between them. This causes current to flow, which does work. Electrons travel from the cathode, do some work, and are absorbed by the anode.

* Anode: Destination of electrons.
* Cathode: Source of electrons.
* ions: An atom with an imbalance of electrons.

* cell operation: The cell runs and electrons are depleted at the cathode and accumulate at the anode. This creates a reverse voltage which stops the flow of electrons.

* irreversible: At some point the voltage difference reactions between the cathode and anode will decrease to a point that the cell in unusable. At this point, in an irreversible cell, the voltage difference is irreplaceably lost, and the cell is of no further use.
* reversible: Able to run the cell backwards.
* rechargeable: In a rechargeable cell, when the voltage difference between the cathode and anode decreases, the cell can be recharged, thereby increasing the voltage difference to a suitable level to allow continued use.
: humid air will discharge cells.
: cells are usually made of toxic or corrosive substances, for example lead and sulphuric acid. Such substances have been known to explode.

* Electronegativity [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity]


''What is the relationship between voltage and electronegativity?''

:Electronegativity is a concept in chemistry used to measure and predict the relative likelihood of a chemical reaction causing electrons to shift from one chemical to another resulting in ions and molecular bonds.  A battery cell operates by allowing two chemicals to react and supply ions to the anode and cathode.  When the supply of a reactant is consumed, the battery is dead.  It no longer produces different electrical potential at the anode and cathode driven by the chemical reaction.

:Voltage is the electrical potential of a point due to surrounding measurable electric charge distributions and points as calculated by application Coulomb's Law.  Voltage difference between two points connected by a conductor results in electron flow.

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    <title>IB Chemistry/Atomic Theory</title>
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      <comment>Replacing Atom.svg with [[File:Helium_atom_(not_to_scale).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Naming according meaning.).</comment>
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      <text bytes="30705" sha1="egncvu3tqu9vv022d6htpl1chrkkn3i" xml:space="preserve">== Atomic Theory Revision Notes ==

2.1 The Nuclear Atom

2.1.1 : Protons and Neutrons form the nucleus of the atom, electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells. 

2.1.2 : Protons -- Mass = 1 amu , charge = +1 .. Neutrons -- Mass = 1 amu , charge = 0 .. Electron -- Mass = 1/1840 amu (usually insignificant), charge = -1


{| align=&quot;right&quot;
|-
| [[Image:Simple atom (lithium).png]]
|-
| ''A simple model of a lithium atom.&lt;br&gt; Not to scale!''
|}
Atoms are made up of a '''nucleus''' and '''electrons''' that orbit the nucleus.

===The nucleus===
The nucleus is made up of positively charged '''protons''',  and '''neutrons''', which have no charge but about the same mass as a proton. 

===Electrons===
'''Electrons''' are negatively charged and move around the nucleus of an atom very quickly. So far, they do not appear to be made up of anything smaller: they are fundamental particles. They are extremely tiny, so small in fact that no one has managed to detect any size whatsoever. They are also very light, much much lighter than either a proton or a neutron. Hence, the weight of the electron is not included in the atomic number.

An atom in its natural, uncharged state has the same number of electrons as protons. If it gains or loses electrons, the atom acquires a charge and is then referred to as an '''ion'''.  The number of protons in an atom defines its chemical identity (e.g. hydrogen, gold, argon, etc).  Protons are not gained or lost through chemical reactions, but only through high energy nuclear processes.

2.1.3 : Mass number (A) -- Number of protons + neutrons. Atomic number (Z) -- number of proton. Isotope -- atoms with same atomic number but different mass number (i.e. different numbers of neutrons)

2.1.4 : &lt;big&gt;X&lt;/big&gt;&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;... A = mass number, Z = atomic number, X = atomic symbol.

2.1.5 : Isotopes may differ in physical properties (mass/density) and radioactivity but not generally in chemical properties.

2.1.6 : Atomic masses are the average of the atomic mass of each isotope (isotopic mass) times the isotope's relative abundance. results in non integer atomic masses

2.1.7 : Atomic number = number of protons (or number of electrons - ionic charge) , mass number - atomic number = number of neutrons.

2.2 Electron Arrangement

2.2.1 : Continuous spectrum goes continuously through red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. A line spectrum contains only some individual lines from this spectrum.

2.2.2 : Electrons are excited (usually by running an electric current through them). This causes electrons to 'jump' into higher electron shells ( X -&gt; X* ) this state is only temporary, however, and the electron falls back to its ground state. This change (When the electron falls back from the higher shell to a lower one) decreases the energy of the electron, and this energy is emitted in the form of a photon. If this photon falls into the visible spectrum of light, then it produces a visible spectrum. As electrons move further away from the nucleus, the electron shells become closer together in terms of space and energy, and so lines converge towards the end of the spectrum.

==Wave nature of electrons==
Electrons behave as particles but also as waves. 

One of the results of this observation is that electrons can not orbit with any energy they like. Think of a standing wave on a guitar string. Only a whole number of half wavelengths will fit in the string to form a standing wave, likewise for an atomic shell. Since the energy is dependent on the wavelength this means that the energy of an electron in an atom (a bound electron) is '''quantized'''. This means that the energy is limited to certain distinct values, one for each shell with no middle values allowed.

2.2.3 : The main electron levels go : 2, 8, 18 etc...2n + 2 for n0, n1 and n2...

2.2.4 : Electrons are added from the left...after each shell is filled, move to the next...2, 8, 18...only up to Z = 20 is required.


=HL Material=

Topic 12 is the additional HL material for Topic 2.

It's not just the energy that is quantized, other properties that an electron can posess are also split into distinct units with no in betweens. The '''angular momentum''' is quantised, the '''spin''' is quantised, the '''component of the angular moment''' in ''any'' direction that you care to choose is quantised. There are in fact a whole host of rules determining the values that each of these properties can take. 

===Electron shells===

Each different shell is subdivided into one or more '''orbitals''',  each of which  has a different angular momentum. Each shell in an orbital has a characteristic shape, and are named by a letter. They are: '''s''', '''p''', '''d''', and '''f'''. 

In a one electron atom (e.g H, He&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, Li&lt;sup&gt;++&lt;/sup&gt; etc.) the energy of each of the orbitals within a particular shell are all identical. However when there is more than one electron, they interact with one another and split the orbitals into slightly different energies. Within any particular shell, the energy of the orbitals depends on the angular momentum, with the s orbital having the lowest energy, then p, then d, etc.

==The s Orbital==
The simplest orbital in the atom is the 1s orbital. The 1s orbital is simply a sphere of electron density. 

There is only one s orbital per shell. The s orbital can hold two electrons, as long as they have different spin quantum numbers.

==The &quot;P&quot; Orbitals==

&lt;div style=&quot;float:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0;width:150px;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--  Commented out because image was deleted: [[image:2p_orbitals.jpg|Atomic 2p orbitals]] --&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Stylised image of all the 2p atomic orbitals.''&lt;/div&gt;Starting from the 2nd shell, there is a set of p orbitals. The angular momentum quantum number of the electrons confined to p orbitals is 1, so each orbital has one '''angular node'''. There are 3 choices for the magnetic quantum number, which indicates 3 differently orientated p orbitals. Finally, each orbital can accommodate two electrons (with opposite spins), giving the p orbitals a total capacity of 6 electrons.

The p orbitals all have two lobes of electron density pointing along each of the axes. Each one is symmetrical along its axis. The notation for the p orbitals indicate which axis it points down, i.e. p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; points along the x axis, p&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; on the y axis and p&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt; up and down the z axis. The p orbitals are '''degenerate''', they all have the same energy. P orbitals are very often involved in '''bonding'''.


{| border=&quot;1px&quot;
|-
! 2p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;
! 2p&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;
! 2p&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--  Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:2p_x_orbital.jpg]] --&gt; || &lt;!--  Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:2p_y_orbital.jpg]] --&gt;


| &lt;!--  Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:2p_z_orbital.jpg]] --&gt;
|}

==The &quot;D&quot; Orbitals==

The first set of d orbitals is the 3d set. There are 5 choices for the magnetic quantum number, which gives rise to 5 different d orbitals. Each orbital can hold two electrons (with opposite spins), giving the d orbitals a total capacity of 10 electrons.

Note that you are only required to know the shapes of s and p orbitals for the IB.

In most cases, the d orbitals are '''degenerate''', but sometimes, they can split, with the e&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; and t&lt;sub&gt;2g&lt;/sub&gt; subsets having different energy. '''Crystal Field Theory''' predicts and accounts for this. D orbitals are sometimes involved in bonding, especially in inorganic chemistry.

=Material for new syllabus=

==ATOMIC STRUCTURE==
==SL TOPIC 2.1 THE ATOM (1H).==
SEE NEUSS, P6-7
TOK: What is the significance of the model of the atom in the different areas of knowledge? Are the models and theories that scientists create accurate descriptions of the natural world, or are they primarily useful interpretations for prediction, explanation and control of the natural world?
===The position of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom.===
Here is a typical atom, helium:

[[Image:Helium atom (not to scale).svg]]
  
TOK: None of these particles can be (or will be) directly observed. Which ways of knowing do we use to interpret indirect evidence gained through the use of technology? Do we believe or know of their existence?

=== the relative mass and relative charge of protons, electrons and neutrons.===
The accepted values are:
{|
|
|Relative Mass
|Charge
|-
|proton
|1
| +1
|+Fundamental particles
|-
|neutron
|1
|0
|-
|electron
|1/1840 
| -1
|-1
|}

The mass of the atom is due to its nucleons (which is protons and neutrons). 

An atom is electrically neutral because it has equal numbers of protons and electrons. &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;electrons and protons&lt;/span&gt;.

Chemistry (basically every single chemical reaction) is solely because of the behavior of electrons.

=== The terms mass number (A), atomic number (Z) and isotopes of an element.===

The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons.

The mass number of an atom is the number of nucleons (the number of protons + the number of neutrons).

The atomic number defines which element we are talking about. The element with 16 protons would be ‘sulfur’.

===The symbols for isotopes===

The following notation should be used &lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Z&lt;/sub&gt;X, for example &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;C

Give the symbols for the following isotopes:

{|
|Carbon-13
|Uranium-235
|Strontium-90
|Phosphorus-32
|-
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;235&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;92&lt;/sub&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;90&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;38&lt;/sub&gt;Sr&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;
|}

===The properties of the isotopes of an element.===
Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties.

‘Heavy water’ (&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O or D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) has the following properties:

Boiling point: 101.42 °C at standard pressure. 

Freezing point: 3.81 °C at standard pressure. 

Relative density: 1107 g dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; at STP.

Hydrogen-3 (‘Tritium’, T) is radioactive with a half-life of 12.32 years.

Carbon-14 is radioactive with a half-life of 5730 years.

CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; normally has a density of 1.83 g dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; but if made with carbon-14 it would have a density of 1.92 g dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;

The density of chlorine-35 gas is 2.92 g dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; under standard conditions, but chlorine-37 gas is 3.08 g dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;.

===The uses of radioisotopes===
====&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C in radiocarbon dating====

Living things constantly accumulate carbon-14 but the isotope decays with a half-life of 5730 y.

After death, accumulation stops but the decay continues, so the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 can be used to calculate how long ago death occurred.

This can be used to date organic material from archaeological sites.

====&lt;sup&gt;60&lt;/sup&gt;Co in radiotherapy====

Cobalt-60 emits gamma radiation which can be directed onto tumours in an attempt to kill their cancerous cells. Whole-body irradiation can be used to destroy bone marrow before a transplant is attempted.

====&lt;sup&gt;131&lt;/sup&gt;I and &lt;sup&gt;125&lt;/sup&gt;I as medical tracers====

The thyroid is the only organ of the body which accumulates iodine, so isotopes of iodine can be used to study thyroid disorders. Iodine-131 or iodine-125 are given to patients in very low doses, and the pattern of radiation can reveal tumours or other abnormal growths.
Larger doses of iodine radioisotopes can be used as therapy for thyroid cancer.

=== The number of protons, electrons and neutrons in atoms and ions ===
Complete the following table:

{|
!Symbol  
!Protons  
!Neutrons  
!Electrons  
|-
|&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;B
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&lt;sup&gt;63&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;29&lt;/sub&gt;Cu&lt;sup&gt;+2&lt;/sup&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;34&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;207&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;82&lt;/sub&gt;Pb&lt;sup&gt;+2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|82
|125
|80
|-
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;37&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|17
|20
|18
|-
|&lt;sup&gt;197&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;79&lt;/sub&gt;Au&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+3&lt;/sup&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;79&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;118&lt;/span&gt;
|76
|-
|}

==2.2 THE MASS SPECTROMETER==
===The operation of a mass spectrometer.===

[[Image:Mass_spectrometer_schematics.png|676 px]]

''Schematic diagram of a mass spectrometer.''

===How the mass spectrometer may be used to determine relative atomic mass===
By varying the strength of the magnetic field, ions of different masses can be brought to focus on the detector. In this way the relative abundances of ions of different masses produced from the sample can be determined. This is known as a mass spectrum. Usually the electron bombardment is adjusted to produce ions with only a single charge. Any doubly charged ions will be deflected more than the singly charged ions and will in fact behave in the same way as a singly charged ion of half the mass. That is why the x-axis is labeled m/z, where m is the relative mass of the species and z its relative charge. For example, Sulfur-32 (2+) will be observed at m/z=16.

===Calculation of non-integer relative atomic masses and abundance of isotopes===
The relative atomic masses of many elements are not whole numbers. This is because they are mixtures of isotopes. Each isotope has a molar mass which is (almost) an integer e.g. the molar mass of chlorine-35 is 35.0 g mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and chlorine-37 is 37.0 g mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;.

Chlorine is a mixture of 24 % chlorine-37 and 76 % chlorine-35.

The molar mass is therefore:
37 x 0.24 + 35 x 0.76 = 35.48

&lt;span style=&quot;color:#888888;&quot;&gt;Secret information: Carbon-12 is the only isotope with an exact integer for its molar mass. Other isotopes have molar masses which are almost, but not quite, whole numbers. The IB don’t require you to know this – but it explains why the values you calculate don’t always match the values in your data booklet.&lt;/span&gt;

This is the mass spectrum of mercury. There are two types of information we can find from this spectrum:

Mercury has six isotopes

Mercury-202 is the most common isotope
 
The molar mass of mercury is actually the average of the molar masses of its isotopes. From the table we can read these values:

{|
!Isotope
!Signal strength
|-
|198
|33.8 %
|-
|199
|56.4 %
|-
|200
|77.5 %
|-
|201
|44.3 %
|-
|202
|100 %
|-
|204
|23.0 %
|}

Note that ‘%’ does not mean ‘percent of the total mercury ions’. It means ‘percent of the most intense signal’. The total ‘percentage’ is 335 %.

To find the average, we treat ‘%’ as moles:

33.8 moles of mercury-198 have a mass of 6692.4 g

{|
!Molar mass of isotope
(g mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Amount (mol)
!Mass (g)
|-
|198	
|33.8	
|6692.4
|-
|199	
|56.4	
|11223.6
|-
|200	
|77.5	
|15500
|-
|201	
|44.3	
|8904.3
|-
|202	
|100	
|20200
|-
|204	
|23.0	
|4692
|-
|total	
|335.0 mol	
|67212.3 g
|}

So we have a molar mass for the average mercury atom:   = 200.6 g mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;

Classwork 
1.	Copper has two stable isotopes:

Isotope	Abundance (%)
&lt;sup&gt;63&lt;/sup&gt;Cu	69.1
&lt;sup&gt;65&lt;/sup&gt;Cu	30.9
Calculate the molar mass of copper.

2.	Bromine has two isotopes, &lt;sup&gt;79&lt;/sup&gt;Br and &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Br. Look up the molar mass of bromine. What is the proportion of the two isotopes?

3.	Boron has two isotopes, &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;B and &lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;B. What is the proportion?

4.	Lead has four stable isotopes:

Isotope	Abundance (%)
&lt;sup&gt;204&lt;/sup&gt;Pb	1.5
&lt;sup&gt;206&lt;/sup&gt;Pb	23.6
&lt;sup&gt;207&lt;/sup&gt;Pb	22.6
&lt;sup&gt;208&lt;/sup&gt;Pb	52.3
Calculate the molar mass of lead.
 

1 An experiment was performed to determine the density of gold. The following measurements were recorded.
Mass of sample of gold = 30.923 g (to 5 sig fig),
Volume of sample of gold = 1.6 cm3 (to 2 sig fig).
Which of the following is the most accurate value for the density of gold (in g cm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) which can be justified by these measurements?
A. 19.327 (to 5 sig fig)
B. 19.33 (to 4 sig fig)
C. 19.3 (to 3 sig fig)
D. 19 (to 2 sig fig)

2  The nucleus of a radon atom &lt;sup&gt;222&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;86&lt;/sub&gt;Rn, contains
A. 222 protons and 86 neutrons.
B. 86 protons and 136 neutrons.
C. 86 protons and 222 neutrons.
D. 86 protons, 136 neutrons and 86 electrons.

3  Which of the following statements is/are true according to our current picture of the atom?

I More than 90 % of the mass of a given atom is found in its nucleus.

II Different atoms of an element may have different masses.

III The chemical properties of an element are due mainly to its electrons.

A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

4. In which pair do the species contain the same number of neutrons?
A. &lt;sup&gt;108&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;46&lt;/sub&gt;Pd and &lt;sup&gt;110&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;48&lt;/sub&gt;Cd
B. &lt;sup&gt;118&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;Sn and &lt;sup&gt;120&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;Sn
C. &lt;sup&gt;196&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;78&lt;/sub&gt;Pt and &lt;sup&gt;198&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;78&lt;/sub&gt;Pt&lt;sup&gt;+2&lt;/sup&gt;
D. &lt;sup&gt;226&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;88&lt;/sub&gt;Ra&lt;sup&gt;+2&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;sup&gt;222&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;86&lt;/sub&gt;Rn

5	Which pairing of electrons and protons could represent a Sr&lt;sup&gt;+2&lt;/sup&gt; ion?
	Protons	Electrons
A.	38	36
B.	38	38
C.	38	40
D.	40	38

6	All isotopes of tin have the same
I.	number of protons;
II.	number of neutrons;
III.	mass number.
A.	I only
B.	II only
C.	III only
D.	I and III only

==2.3 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT (2H)==
===The electromagnetic spectrum.===
The electromagnetic spectrum unifies a vast range of ‘waves’, ‘rays’ and ‘radiation’.

All electromagnetic radiation travels at 299776 ms&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in a vacuum.

Parts of the spectrum can be specified by their wavelength, frequency, or energy.

[[Image:TheElectromagneticSpectrum.jpg|700px]]

''The electromagnetic spectrum. The red line indicates the room temperature thermal energy.'' 
''(Opensource Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology). The energies are quoted in eV: 1 eV is 96.5 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;.''

The frequency is directly proportional to the energy, and inversely proportional to the wavelength.

When transferring energy, electromagnetic radiation behaves as ‘packets’ of energy known as ‘photons’.

Visible light has wavelengths of 400 (blue) to 700 (red) nm, which corresponds to energies of 299 (blue) to 171 (red) kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. This is too small to interact with electrons in most bonds, but too large to set bonds resonating.

Infrared light has wavelengths of 0.7 to 1000 um, and carries energies (less than 171 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) which can set bonds vibrating. In this way, infrared efficiently carries thermal energy.

Ultraviolet light has wavelengths of 1-400 nm, which gives the waves enough energy (300+ kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) to disrupt most chemical bonds.

It tells us the number of energy levels that the electron of a specific element can occupy.

===A continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.===

A continuous emission spectrum shows emission over a wide range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation:

A line emission spectrum only shows emissions at certain wavelengths, with no emission at intermediate wavelengths.

The diagram below shows the line emission spectrum of hydrogen, and the continuous emission spectrum of a black body at 10000 K.
 
===How the lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen are related to electron energy levels.===

When hydrogen gas is stimulated, it emits a characteristic set of spectral lines. The gas is usually stimulated by passing a current through a sample of the gas at low pressure, but the same effect occurs if hydrogen gas is heated strongly.

The spectral lines have the following characteristics:

There are several series of lines, which become more closely packed at higher frequencies (lower wavelengths) until finally the series ends.

The highest frequency series, discovered by Lyman, is in the ultraviolet. Lower frequency series are in the visible and infrared:

{|
!Series
!Convergence limit
|-
|Lyman
|91 nm (UV)
|-
|Balmer
|365 nm (Visible)
|-
|Paschen
|821 nm (IR)
|-
|Brackett
|1.46 μm (IR)
|-
|Pfund
|2.28 μm (IR)
|}

[[Image:Spectral lines of the hydrogen Helium atom (not to scale).svg|700 px]]
''Spectral lines of the hydrogen atom.''

The lines are emitted by electrons in the hydrogen atoms. The electrons are ‘excited’ by the energy input to the hydrogen sample (usually electrical current).

‘Excitation’ means that the electron leaves its usual low energy orbit (its ‘ground state’) and enters a higher-energy orbit. The orbits of electrons are often called ‘shells’.

Excited electrons eventually ‘relax’ to lower-energy orbits. They emit the excess energy in the form of photons.

From the emission spectrum patterns we can deduce two things:

a) Because we observe a line spectrum, we know that there are only a limited number of higher-energy orbits for excited electrons.

b) The energy of each successive orbit/shell converges to a maximum value, because each series of lines converges at higher energy.

The Lyman series is caused by electrons relaxing directly to the ground state.

Ionisation energy:

The first ionisation energy is the energy required to remove an electron from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms.

e.g. Ca (g) → Ca&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(g) + e&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;

The convergence limit of the Lyman series is related to the ionisation energy of the hydrogen atom: The maximum energy photon emitted in the Lyman series is the highest energy an electron can have while still remaining part of the hydrogen atom.

The lower-energy series are caused by electrons relaxing, but not to the ground state. The Balmer series, for example, is due to photons emitted as electrons relax to the orbit with the second-lowest energy (to ‘the second shell’).

Homework

1.	The spectral line that corresponds to the electronic transition n = 3 → n = 2 in the hydrogen atom is red in colour. What type of radiation is released during the transition n = 2 → n = 1 ?

A.	Ultraviolet

B.	Red light

C.	Infrared

D.	Radiowaves

2.	The electron transition between which two levels releases the most energy?

A.	First to third

B.	Fourth to ninth

C.	Sixth to third

D.	Second to first

3. (a) The diagram below (not to scale) represents some of the electron energy levels in the hydrogen atom.

 
(i) Draw an arrow on this diagram to represent the electron transition for the ionisation of hydrogen. Label this arrow A	[2]

(ii) Draw an arrow on this diagram to represent the lowest energy transition in the visible emission spectrum. Label this arrow B	[2]

===The electron arrangement up to Z = 20. ===
Give the ground state electron arrangements for:
Sulphur atom:
Potassium atom:
Chloride ion:
Magnesium ion:
 
HIGHER LEVEL

==TOPIC 12: ATOMIC STRUCTURE (3 HOURS)==
==12.1 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION==
===How ionization energy data is related to the electron configuration.===
Studying the ionisation energies of an element such as calcium allows us to count the number of electrons which can occupy each shell.

{|
!Ionisation
!Ionisation energy (kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;)
!log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;(IE)
|-
|1st	
|6.00 x 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;	
|2.78
|-
|2nd	
|1.15 x 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;	
|3.06
|-
|3rd	
|4.91 x 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;	
|3.69
|-
|4th	
|6.47 x 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;	
|3.81
|-
|5th	
|8.14 x 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;	
|3.91
|-
|6th	
|1.05 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.02
|-
|7th	
|1.23 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.09
|-
|8th	
|1.42 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.15
|-
|9th	
|1.82 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.26
|-
|10th	
|2.04 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.31
|-
|11th	
|5.70 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.76
|-
|12th	
|6.33 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.80
|-
|13th	
|7.01 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.85
|-
|14th	
|7.88 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.90
|-
|15th	
|8.64 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.94
|-
|16th	
|9.40 x 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;	
|4.97
|-
|17th	
|1.05 x 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;	
|5.02
|-
|18th	
|1.12 x 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;	
|5.05
|-
|19th	
|4.95 x 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;	
|5.69
|-
|20th	
|5.28 x 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;	
|5.72
|}

Classwork:

Plot a graph of the log10(IE) against the ionisation.

Why does the ionisation energy always increase?

What causes the sudden jumps between the 2nd and 3rd, the 10th and 11th, and the 18th and 19th ionisations?

What is the electronic configuration of calcium?

Draw your prediction for the equivalent graph for sodium:
 
Homework

Which element would produce a graph like this?

Explain the shape of the graph.

===Evidence from first ionization energies and sub-levels.===
Use your data booklet to plot a graph of the first ionisation energies of the elements Li to Ne.
Why do the ionisation energies generally increase from Li to Ne?

&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;
The charge on the nucleus increases from Li to Ne. If we subtract the charge of the inner shell of electrons we can calculate the charge exerted on the outer electron shell: The effective nuclear charge. Because each element in the period has the same number of inner-shell electrons, the effective nuclear charge increases from 1 (Li) to 8 (Ne). The increased charge holding the outer electrons in place increases the energy required to remove one of these electrons. (It also reduces the size of the atom: Li is larger than Ne).
&lt;/span&gt;

Why do the ionisation energies of boron and oxygen break the general trend?

&lt;div style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;
The s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; arrangement is stable (like 'noble gas configurations' are stable).

Boron has a [He] 2s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; arrangement. Losing the p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; electron returns boron to this stable state, so losing this electron is suprisingly easy.

Similarly, the s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; p&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; p&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; arrangement is stable.

Oxygen has a [He] 2s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''2'''&lt;/sup&gt; 2p&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; 2p&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; arrangement. Losing a p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; electron returns oxygen to this stable state, so losing this electron is surprisingly easy.
&lt;/div&gt;

===The relative energies of s, p, d and f orbitals.===
===The maximum number of orbitals in a given energy level.===

Each energy level (‘shell’) is made of orbitals (‘sub-shells’).

Each orbital can hold two electrons.

The number of orbital types is equal to the shell number e.g. shell 3 has three types of orbital, s p and d.

Shell 1	&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;1s&lt;/span&gt;

Shell 2	&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;2s 2p&lt;/span&gt;

Shell 3	&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;3s 3p 3d&lt;/span&gt;

Shell 4	&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt;4s 4p 4d 4f&lt;/span&gt;

Shell 5 has, in theory, five types of orbital. No known element uses its g orbitals, however.

The orbitals in each shell have increasing energy. s is least energetic, then p, d, f, etc.
There is only one s orbital per shell. There are three p orbitals, five d orbitals, etc.

===The shapes of s, p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, p&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; and p&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt; orbitals.===

s orbitals are simple spheres:
 
The three p orbitals are aligned along the x y and z axes:

[[Image:AOs-3D-dots.png|500px]]

''The orbitals of shells 1 and 2 shown as (top) a cloud of possible electron positions and (bottom) surfaces containing most of the electron character.''

===The Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule and the Pauli exclusion principle===
The aufbau principle: To find the electron configuration of an element, we build up the electrons one by one, putting each electron into the orbital with the lowest available energy.
An easy way to remember which is the lowest available orbital is to use the following diagram:

1s

2s	2p	

3s	3p	3d

4s	4p	4d	4f

5s	5p	5d	5f	…

6s	6p	6d	…

7s	7p	…

Hund’s rule: If there is more than one orbital to choose from e.g. the 2p orbitals, then the orbitals are filled with one electron each, and then with pairs of electrons.

The electron configuration of nitrogen is:

1s		2s		2p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;	2p&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;	2p&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;

↑↓		↑↓		↑	↑	↑

And not:

1s		2s		2p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;	2p&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;	2p&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;

↑↓		↑↓		↑↓	↑	

The simplest way to write the full electronic configuration is to note the last noble gas and then to add any extra electrons like so:

Vanadium: 1s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2p&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; 3s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 3p&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; 4s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 3d&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;

Vanadium: [Ar] 4s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 3d&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;

It does not matter if you write the orbitals in the order they are filled (as in the example above) or in order of their shells:

Vanadium: [Ar] 3d&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 4s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

Elements 24 and 29 are special cases. The 3d&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; and 3d&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; configurations are so stable that an electron is taken from the 4s orbital to create 3d&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; and 3d&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; configurations.

e.g. Chromium is not: [Ar] 4s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 3d&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
Chromium is: [Ar] 4s&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; 3d&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;
Complete the following table:
			1s										
H													
													
He													
			2s			2p							
Li	[He] 2s^1												
													
Be	[He] 2s^2												
													
B	[He] 2s^2 2p^1											
													
C	[He] 2s^2 2p^2										
													
N	[He]												
													
O	[He]												
													
F	[He]												
													
Ne	[He]												
			3s			3p							
Na	[Ne]												
													
Mg	[Ne]												
													
Al	[Ne]												
													
Si	[Ne]												
													
P	[Ne]												
													
S	[Ne]												
													
Cl	[Ne]												
													
Ar	[Ne]												
					3d				4s			4p	
K	[Ar]												
													
Ca	[Ar]												
													
Sc	[Ar]												
													
Ti	[Ar]												
													
V	[Ar]												
													
Cr	[Ar]												
													
Mn	[Ar]												
													
Fe	[Ar]												
													
Co	[Ar]												
													
Ni	[Ar]												
													
Cu	[Ar]												
													
Zn	[Ar]												
													
Ga	[Ar]												
													
Ge	[Ar]												
													
As	[Ar]												
													
Se	[Ar]												
													
Br	[Ar]												
													
Kr	[Ar]												
					4d				5s			5p	
Rb	[Kr]												
													
Sr	[Kr]												
													
Y	[Kr]												
													
Zr	[Kr]												
													
Nb	[Kr]												
													
Mo	[Kr]												
													
Tc	[Kr]												
													
Ru	[Kr]												
													
Rh	[Kr]												
													
Pd	[Kr]												
													
Ag	[Kr]												
													
Cd	[Kr]												
													
In	[Kr]												
													
Sn	[Kr]												
													
Sb	[Kr]												
													
Te	[Kr]												
													
I	[Kr]												
													
Xe	[Kr]												

The four blocks of the periodic table are named after the highest-energy occupied orbital:

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>General Chemistry/Atoms and Molecules</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638457</id>
      <parentid>4605918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>49843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Atom.svg with [[File:Helium_atom_(not_to_scale).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Naming according meaning.).</comment>
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      <text bytes="2801" sha1="i3a4lnq26kj6z34moegwt5bzaq4yxkf" xml:space="preserve">{{GeneralChemTOC}}
==Atoms==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em&quot;
|
|-
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[image:Helium atom (not to scale).svg|center|Helium atom (not to scale)]]
|-
! bgcolor=gray | Atom
|-
!
|-
|}
An [[wikipedia:atom|atom]] is the smallest unit of matter that has the properties of an element. It is composed of a dense core called the [[wikipedia:Atomic_nucleus|nucleus]] and a series of [[wikipedia:Electron_shell|outer shell]]s occupied by orbiting [[wikipedia:electron|electron]]s.

The nucleus, composed of [[wikipedia:proton|proton]]s and [[wikipedia:neutron|neutron]]s, is at the center of an atom.  Protons have a positive electric charge while neutrons are neutral.  The [[wikipedia:atomic_number|atomic number]] of an atom is dictated by the number of protons, which in turn, determines the chemical element of the atom.  The isotope of the element is determined by the number of neutrons.

The electron has an electric charge equal but opposite the proton (that is, they cancel). A stable atom has the same number of electrons orbiting as it does protons in the nucleus; this makes the atom electrically neutral. Atoms that are missing an electron (that is, have one more proton than electrons) will tend to attract additional electrons, while atoms that have an excess electron (one more electron than protons) will tend to eject the outer-most electron. The shell containing the outer-most electron is called the [[wikipedia:Electron_shell#Valence_shell|valence shell]], and is the chemically active shell.

In size the entire atom has been thought to be approximately four-billionths of an inch, meaning that approximately 250,000,000 atoms of this size must be put into line to span 1 inch. Atoms are not usually alone, but instead come in groups called molecules.

==Molecules ==
A molecule is a single unit created by three or more atoms that are weakly bonded together. Diatomic molecules are molecules which are made of fifty six atoms. Certain elements are diatomic elements because they do not naturally occur as double atoms, but as a pair of atoms. The diatomic molecules are (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Hydrogen, (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Nitrogen, (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Oxygen, (F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Fluorine, (Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Chlorine, (I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Iodine and (Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Bromine. Earth's atmosphere is comprised, almost completely, of diatomic oxygen and nitrogen.  Molecules that are found with only one type of element in them, like the diatomic elements, are known as homoatomic molecules. When a molecule is formed from elements of a different species it is a heteroatomic molecule. As an atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element, a molecule is the smallest particle of a compound.

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  <page>
    <title>A-level Physics/Forces, Fields and Energy/The nuclear atom</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>49843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Atom.svg with [[File:Helium_atom_(not_to_scale).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Naming according meaning.).</comment>
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      <text bytes="6772" sha1="2ytt8mf4paxccmktwaq71tv13cbqtob" xml:space="preserve">Up until the 19th century, '''atoms''' were once thought to be the smallest building blocks of matter, and that matter could not be broken down any further. We now know that atoms are made up of smaller, sub-atomic, particles. This has also helped us to understand the nuclear processes such as '''fission''' and '''fusion'''.

==Structure of the atom==
[[Image:Plum_pudding_Helium atom (not to scale).svg|100px|thumb|right|Plum pudding atom]]
Near the end of the 19th century, it was widely accepted that the atom was neutral as a whole, and had areas of concentrated negative lumps within a larger positive structure. This model of the atom was called the '''plum pudding model''', where the pudding was positive, and the plums were the negative electrons. This is also called the '''chocolate chip cookie model'''.

===Discovery of the nucleus===

In 1906, [[w:Ernest Rutherford|Ernest Rutherford]] was investigating the passage of α particles through gold foil. What he found was that most of the α particles passed straight through the foil, and there was some that were deflected by an angle of greater than 90°. It was known that α particles were smaller than atoms and had a positive charge, and from this Rutherford concluded that the atom is mostly empty space and has a positively charged '''nucleus''' at the center, which was repelling the α particles. This experiment disproved the plum pudding model, and the new '''nuclear model''' was now the widely accepted model. He also calculated that the nucleus had a diameter of around &lt;math&gt;10^{-14} m&lt;/math&gt;.

Later, the negative &quot;lumps&quot; that originally led to the plum pudding model were found to actually be electrons orbiting the nucleus with a relatively large radius of about &lt;math&gt;10^{-10} m&lt;/math&gt;, also confirming that an atom is mostly empty space.

===Discovery of the proton===

The next step was to find out what the nucleus was made up of. The '''proton''' was discovered, again by Rutherford, in 1919. To find the protons, he placed a source of α radiation inside a cylinder of nitrogen gas. The cylinder had an opening at one end, which was covered by a sheet of aluminium foil. A screen was placed outside the opening, and flashes of light were observed on the screen. The flashes of light were caused by particles hitting the screen, but since it was known that aluminium foil prevents α particles from passing through, another, smaller, particle must have been hitting the screen. Rutherford asked two of his research students, Geiger and Marsden, to take measurements of the deflection angles of the particles, and he found by calculations that the proton was smaller than most nuclei, and had a positive charge which was the same magnitude of an electron. The distribution of the deflected alpha particles is different for different forces (for example, magnetic, hard sphere etc.). Rutherford was able to be sure that the nucleus was positively charged.

===Discovery of the neutron===

In 1932, [[w:James Chadwick|James Chadwick]] discovered a particle that was slightly greater in mass than the proton and had no electric charge, which he called the '''neutron'''. He used α radiation from polonium, and directed it towards some beryllium. The beryllium emitted neutrons when it was bombarded with the α radiation, but since they have no charge, they were hard to detect. Chadwick placed some paraffin wax in the path of the neutrons, and the paraffin wax emitted high energy protons (paraffin wax contains a large amount of hydrogen). This showed that there were particles hitting the atoms of the paraffin wax without being slowed down by the positively charged nucleus of the atoms, and that they collide elastically with atoms.

===Evidence of crystal structure===

A beam of X-rays can be directed at a piece of crystalline material, and the resulting dots on the screen behind it are a regularly spaced pattern. The regularly spaced dots are evidence that the atoms in the material have a crystal structure. If the atoms weren't in a crystal structure, the resulting pattern would be smeared rings.

X-rays are used because the wavelength of X-rays are roughly the same as the spacing between atoms, and therefore the diffraction is greatest. An electron beam can also be used to provide the same evidence.

===Evidence of the size of nuclei===

A beam of '''high-energy electrons''' can be used to find the radius of nuclei. High-energy electrons are electrons that have been accelerated to high velocities, so that their [[A-level Physics/Electrons and Photons/Quantum physics|de Broglie wavelength]] could be changed to match the spacings of nuclei. The electrons are diffracted around different nuclei and calculations are done to find the radius of a nucleus from the angle of diffraction.

===Relative sizes===

The size of various particles were found from the above experiments as:

*'''radius of proton''' ≈ '''radius of neutron''' ≈ &lt;math&gt;10^{-15}&lt;/math&gt;m
*'''radius of nucleus''' ≈ &lt;math&gt;10^{-15}&lt;/math&gt;m to &lt;math&gt;10^{-14}&lt;/math&gt;m
*'''radius of atom''' ≈ &lt;math&gt;10^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;m
*'''radius of molecule''' ≈ &lt;math&gt;10^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;m to &lt;math&gt;10^{-6}&lt;/math&gt;m

==Nuclear processes==

===Nuclear equations===
[[Image:Helium atom (not to scale).svg|right|100px|thumb|A helium atom]]
If we look at a helium nucleus, we can see that it has two neutrons and two protons. It can be represented like this:

:&lt;math&gt;\ ^4 _2He&lt;/math&gt;

The 4 at the top represents the number of nucleons in the nucleus, and is therefore called the '''nucleon number''', and sometimes the '''mass number'''. It is sometimes denoted by the letter A.

The 2 at the bottom represents the number of protons, and is therefore called the '''proton number''', or '''atomic number''', and is sometimes denoted by the letter Z. To be more precise, however, the proton number represents the charge of the nucleus, so that an electron is represented by:

:&lt;math&gt;\ ^0 _{-1}e&lt;/math&gt;

In all nuclear processes, there is always a balance. The number of neutrons and protons are always the same before and after a process, and so the nucleon and proton numbers must stay the same. Consider the reaction:

:&lt;math&gt;\ ^2 _1H + \ ^2 _1H = \ ^4 _2He&lt;/math&gt;

Here 2 hydrogen nuclei fuse to form a helium nucleus. You can add the nucleon numbers together, to give &lt;math&gt;2+2=4&lt;/math&gt;, and you can add the proton numbers together, to give &lt;math&gt;1+1=2&lt;/math&gt;. As you can see, both sides of the equals sign are balanced.

===Nuclear fission===
The splitting up of nucleus into two approximately equal fragments.

===Nuclear fusion===
It is when smaller nuclei combines to form larger stable nuclei.

==Isotopes==
Isotopes have same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

{{A-level physics}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2ytt8mf4paxccmktwaq71tv13cbqtob</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Introduction to Physical Science/Atoms</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638459</id>
      <parentid>4605922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:57:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>49843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Atom.svg with [[File:Helium_atom_(not_to_scale).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Naming according meaning.).</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3075" sha1="tl3ebd97yfbf28zzd0gx36khpk7aqv4" xml:space="preserve">=Atoms=
[[image:Helium atom (not to scale).svg|right]]
&lt;b&gt;Atoms&lt;/b&gt; are the smallest pieces of matter that still retain &lt;b&gt;elemental form&lt;/b&gt;. An atom is rarely alone in space, but is more likely to be grouped with other &lt;b&gt;atoms&lt;/b&gt; to form &lt;b&gt;molecules&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Molecules&lt;/b&gt; are groups of atoms that form either pure elements (all of one type of atom) or compounds (mixtures of different types of atoms within a molecule) Atoms are usually depicted as a transparant globe containing a nucleus and its attendant electrons. The transparant globe is the Atomic Wall.

==Structure==


===Components===
Atoms contain several component particles.

*'''Proton''' -- a nucleaic particle with Atomic Weight of 1au containing a positive charge
*'''Neutron''' -- a nucleaic particle with Atomic Weight of 1au containing a neutral charge
*'''Electron''' -- a nucleaic particle with Atomic Weight of 0.0009au containing a negative charge


While protons and neutrons are always grouped together in the center at the &lt;b&gt;nucleus&lt;/b&gt;, electrons orbit in &lt;b&gt;electron shells&lt;/b&gt; within the &lt;b&gt;electron cloud&lt;/b&gt;


It contains &lt;b&gt;protons&lt;/b&gt; (particles with a mass of one '''Atomic Unit''' containing a positive charge) and &lt;b&gt;neutrons&lt;/b&gt; (particles with a mass of one '''atomic unit''' and a '''neutral''' charge). The nucleus is the most &lt;b&gt;massive&lt;/b&gt; piece of the atom, containing 99.99% of the atom's &lt;b&gt;mass&lt;/b&gt;. The second part of the atom is the &lt;b&gt;electron cloud&lt;/b&gt; which is made up of several &lt;b&gt;electron shells&lt;/b&gt;. 

The picture to the right is of a Helium-2 atom. It contains 2 protons (red circles), 2 neutrons (green circles), and 2 Electrons (yellow circles). In an atom, the number of protons must be equal to the number of neutrons or the atom would collapse.

This '''atom''' is regular helium or Helium-2. Helium-2 is the first, most stable '''isotope''' of helium. '''Isotope''' is noted in an atom name by the number following the Element which is always equal to the number of '''neutrons''' in a single '''atom''' of that '''isotope'''. '''Neutrons''' are the only particles that can be added or removed within an '''atom''' without changing the '''elemental''' properties. However, changing the isotope of a substance can alter more minor features. Changing the isotope of Uranium cannot make it a gas, but it can, for example make the Uranium more radioactive. When a particle is given more neutrons than the '''nuclear force''' can hold within the '''atom''' they begin to be released. Depending on the element, this process can take any amount of time from a few milliseconds to millions of years. This time of loss of neutrons is called a '''half-life''' and the process of losing particles is called decay. Isotopes that have this decay are known as '''Unstable Isotopes''' Unstable Isotopes usually decay until they reach a point where they become stable again. However, some elements have no stable isotopes, and therefore will continue to decay, losing protons and electrons in the process creating a lighter, more stable element altogether.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>tl3ebd97yfbf28zzd0gx36khpk7aqv4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cascading Style Sheets/Color</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>92338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638487</id>
      <parentid>4492629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:58:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xeverything11</username>
        <id>3410648</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hexadecimal RGB value */ add 4/8 digit HEX</comment>
      <origin>4638487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="169150" sha1="qcjelib0szja31jl2zcnhxb2bj1o5s5" xml:space="preserve">Colors can be specified for various objects. These include text (&quot;&lt;code&gt;color: white&lt;/code&gt;&quot;), background (&quot;&lt;code&gt;background-color: white&lt;/code&gt;&quot;), and borders (&quot;&lt;code&gt;border-color: gray&lt;/code&gt;&quot;).

An example CSS rule that sets all &lt;code&gt;h1&lt;/code&gt; elements to have white text on a red background:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: white; background-color: red; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Methods of specification of colors, an overview:
* English name, such as &lt;code&gt;color: white&lt;/code&gt;
* The CSS color name transparent creates a completely transparent color = rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)
* Hexadecimal RGB value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: #ff0000&lt;/code&gt;
* Soft colours in hexadecimal RGB value like &lt;code&gt;color: #f00&lt;/code&gt;
* Decimal RGB value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: rgb(255, 0, 0)&lt;/code&gt;
* Decimal RGBA value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2)&lt;/code&gt;
* HSL value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt;
* HSLA value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5)&lt;/code&gt;

Specification of colors is detailed in the following sections.

If you set any colors in your web page, you should set both the background and text color for the body element of the page. Imagine if you set the text color to black and did not set the background color. A user has their preferred colors set to yellow text on a black background, a fairly common combination for users with low vision. The page is rendered with your black text on their black background and is unusable.

==color values syntax==

Formal syntax

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;color&gt; = 
  &lt;absolute-color-base&gt;  |
  currentcolor           |
  &lt;system-color&gt;         

&lt;absolute-color-base&gt; = 
  &lt;hex-color&gt;                |
  &lt;absolute-color-function&gt;  |
  &lt;named-color&gt;              |
  transparent                

&lt;absolute-color-function&gt; = 
  &lt;rgb()&gt;    |
  &lt;rgba()&gt;   |
  &lt;hsl()&gt;    |
  &lt;hsla()&gt;   |
  &lt;hwb()&gt;    |
  &lt;lab()&gt;    |
  &lt;lch()&gt;    |
  &lt;oklab()&gt;  |
  &lt;oklch()&gt;  |
  &lt;color()&gt;  

&lt;rgb()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt;  

&lt;rgba()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hsl()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-hsl-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-hsl-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hsla()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-hsla-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-hsla-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hwb()&gt; = 
  hwb( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;lab()&gt; = 
  lab( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;lch()&gt; = 
  lch( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;oklab()&gt; = 
  oklab( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;oklch()&gt; = 
  oklch( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;color()&gt; = 
  color( &lt;colorspace-params&gt; [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; = 
  rgb( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  |
  rgb( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )      

&lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; = 
  rgb( [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3} [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; = 
  rgba( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  |
  rgba( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )      

&lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; = 
  rgba( [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3} [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-hsl-syntax&gt; = 
  hsl( &lt;hue&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  

&lt;modern-hsl-syntax&gt; = 
  hsl( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-hsla-syntax&gt; = 
  hsla( &lt;hue&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  

&lt;modern-hsla-syntax&gt; = 
  hsla( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;hue&gt; = 
  &lt;number&gt;  |
  &lt;angle&gt;   

&lt;alpha-value&gt; = 
  &lt;number&gt;      |
  &lt;percentage&gt;  

&lt;colorspace-params&gt; = 
  &lt;predefined-rgb-params&gt;  |
  &lt;xyz-params&gt;             

&lt;predefined-rgb-params&gt; = 
  &lt;predefined-rgb&gt; [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3}  

&lt;xyz-params&gt; = 
  &lt;xyz-space&gt; [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3}  

&lt;predefined-rgb&gt; = 
  srgb          |
  srgb-linear   |
  display-p3    |
  a98-rgb       |
  prophoto-rgb  |
  rec2020       

&lt;xyz-space&gt; = 
  xyz      |
  xyz-d50  |
  xyz-d65  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Examples:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* Keyword values */
color: currentcolor;

/* &lt;named-color&gt; values */
color: red;
color: orange;
color: tan;
color: rebeccapurple;

/* &lt;hex-color&gt; values */
color: #090;
color: #009900;
color: #090a;
color: #009900aa;

/* &lt;rgb()&gt; values */
color: rgb(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgba(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 0.6);
color: rgba(34 12 64 / 0.3);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 60%);
color: rgba(34.6 12 64 / 30%);

/* &lt;hsl()&gt; values */
color: hsl(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6);
color: hsla(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6);
color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 0.6);
color: hsla(30 100% 50% / 0.6);
color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 60%);
color: hsla(30.2 100% 50% / 60%);

/* &lt;hwb()&gt; values */
color: hwb(90 10% 10%);
color: hwb(90 10% 10% / 0.5);
color: hwb(90deg 10% 10%);
color: hwb(1.5708rad 60% 0%);
color: hwb(0.25turn 0% 40% / 50%);

/* Global values */
color: inherit;
color: initial;
color: revert;
color: revert-layer;
color: unset;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* Named colors */
rebeccapurple
aliceblue

/* RGB Hexadecimal */
#f09
#ff0099

/* RGB (Red, Green, Blue) */
rgb(255 0 153)
rgb(255 0 153 / 80%)

/* HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) */
hsl(150 30% 60%)
hsl(150 30% 60% / 0.8)

/* HWB (Hue, Whiteness, Blackness) */
hwb(12 50% 0%)
hwb(194 0% 0% / 0.5)

/* LAB (Lightness, A-axis, B-axis) */
lab(50% 40 59.5)
lab(50% 40 59.5 / 0.5)

/* LCH (Lightness, Chroma, Hue) */
lch(52.2% 72.2 50)
lch(52.2% 72.2 50 / 0.5)

/* Oklab (Lightness, A-axis, B-axis) */
oklab(59% 0.1 0.1)
oklab(59% 0.1 0.1 / 0.5)

/* Oklch (Lightness, Chroma, Hue) */
oklch(60% 0.15 50)
oklch(60% 0.15 50 / 0.5)

/* light-dark */
light-dark(white, black)
light-dark(rgb(255 255 255), rgb(0 0 0))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Using English names==
Initially, the following 16 values were defined to make a consistent experience across browsers and displays in the early days of the Web:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
aqua&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: aqua; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
black &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: black; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
blue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: blue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
fuchsia &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: fuchsia; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
gray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: gray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
green &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: green; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
lime &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: lime; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
maroon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: maroon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
navy &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: navy; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
olive &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: olive; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
purple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: purple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
red &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: red; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
silver &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
teal &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: teal; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
white  &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
yellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: yellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
CSS does not define the exact shade that should be used for the named colours. Use RGB-values if the exact shade is important.

This list has been expanded to 140 total colors that are named and can be used in CSS when defining a color:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
AliceBlue&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: AliceBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
AntiqueWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: AntiqueWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Aquamarine &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Aquamarine; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Azure &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Azure; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Beige &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Beige; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Bisque &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Bisque; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
BlanchedAlmond &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: BlanchedAlmond; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
BlueViolet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: BlueViolet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Brown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Brown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Burlywood &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Burlywood; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
CadetBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: CadetBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Chartreuse &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Chartreuse; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Chocolate &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Chocolate; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Coral &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Coral; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
CornflowerBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: CornflowerBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Cornsilk &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Cornsilk; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Crimson &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Crimson; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Cyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Cyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkCyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkCyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGoldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGoldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkKhaki &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkKhaki; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkMagenta &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkMagenta; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOliveGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOliveGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOrange &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOrange; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOrchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOrchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSalmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSalmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkViolet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkViolet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DeepPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DeepPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DeepSkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DeepSkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DimGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DimGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DodgerBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DodgerBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Firebrick &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Firebrick; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
FloralWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: FloralWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
ForestGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: ForestGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Gainsboro &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Gainsboro; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
GhostWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: GhostWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Gold &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Gold; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Goldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Goldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
GreenYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: GreenYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Honeydew &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Honeydew; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
HotPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: HotPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
IndianRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: IndianRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Indigo &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Indigo; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Ivory &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Ivory; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Khaki &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Khaki; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Lavender &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Lavender; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LavenderBlush &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LavenderBlush; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LawnGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LawnGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LemonChiffon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LemonChiffon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightCoral &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightCoral; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightCyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightCyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightGoldenrodYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGoldenrodYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
yellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSalmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSalmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSteelBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSteelBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LimeGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LimeGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Linen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Linen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Magenta &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Magenta; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumAquamarine &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumAquamarine; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumOrchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumOrchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumPurple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumPurple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSpringGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSpringGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumVioletRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumVioletRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MidnightBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MidnightBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MintCream &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MintCream; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MistyRose &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MistyRose; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Moccasin &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Moccasin; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
NavajoWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: NavajoWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OldLace &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OldLace; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OliveDrab &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OliveDrab; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Orange &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Orange; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OrangeRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OrangeRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Orchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Orchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleGoldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleGoldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleVioletRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleVioletRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PapayaWhip &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PapayaWhip; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PeachPuff &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PeachPuff; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Peru &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Peru; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Pink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Pink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Plum &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Plum; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PowderBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PowderBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RosyBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RosyBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RoyalBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RoyalBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SaddleBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SaddleBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Salmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Salmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SandyBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SandyBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Seashell &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Seashell; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Sienna &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Sienna; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Snow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Snow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SpringGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SpringGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SteelBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SteelBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Tan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Tan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Thistle &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Thistle; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Tomato &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Tomato; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Turquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Turquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Violet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Violet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Wheat &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Wheat; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
WhiteSmoke &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: WhiteSmoke; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
YellowGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: YellowGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Lastly, one color was added to CSS 4.1:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RebeccaPurple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RebeccaPurple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Note that all instances of &quot;gray&quot; can also be spelled &quot;grey&quot;.

==Hexadecimal RGB value==
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; float: right; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:silver&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Hex !! Bin !! Dec
|-
| 0 || 0000 ||  0
|-
| 1 || 0001 ||  1
|-
| 2 || 0010 ||  2
|-
| 3 || 0011 ||  3
|-
| 4 || 0100 ||  4
|-
| 5 || 0101 ||  5
|-
| 6 || 0110 ||  6
|-
| 7 || 0111 ||  7
|-
| 8 || 1000 ||  8
|-
| 9 || 1001 ||  9
|-
| A || 1010 || 10
|-
| B || 1011 || 11
|-
| C || 1100 || 12
|-
| D || 1101 || 13
|-
| E || 1110 || 14
|-
| F || 1111 || 15
|}
&lt;/div&gt;


The mixture ratio of a color to be displayed is specified in [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] notation.  That is, they are written in base-16 as opposed to the more familiar base 10. A reference table is included, courtesy [[w:Main Page|Wikipedia]].  

The two first hexadecimal digits specify the amount of red in the color&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_colors.asp|title=CSS colors}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the third and fourth specify the amount of green and the last two figures specify the amount of blue.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: #ff0000; } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
A short-hand notation is permitted: &lt;code&gt;#rgb&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;#rrggbb&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;#3cf&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;#33ccff&lt;/code&gt;.

Note that the range of values possible is hexadecimal 00 (= decimal 0) to hexadecimal ff (= decimal 255).  This is the same range that is available using the RGB notation from the next section.

In newer browsers (Chrome 62+, Edge 79+, Firefox 49+, Opera 49+, Safari 10+), 4- and 8-digit HEX notations are permitted, i.e. &lt;code&gt;#rgba&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;#rrggbbaa&lt;/code&gt; respectively, with the last one or two digits denoting the alpha (opacity) amount.

== RGB value ==
RGB is a abbreviation for red, green and blue – the three colors that are mixed to create all the other colors on a computer screen.

The basic syntax is &lt;code&gt;rgb(red-value, green-value, blue-value)&lt;/code&gt;.

The different values can be set using two different approaches.

A number from 0 to 255
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: rgb(255, 0, 0); } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A decimal figure from 0% to 100%
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: rgb(100%, 0, 0); } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Modern (css-color-4) rgb and rgba syntax

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
rgb() = [ &lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; | &lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; ] 
rgba() = [ &lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; | &lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; ] 
&lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; =   rgb( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? ) |
                  rgb( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )
&lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; = rgba( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? ) |
                  rgba( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )
&lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; = rgb( 
  [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none]{3} 
  [ / [&lt;alpha-value&gt; | none] ]?  )
&lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; = rgba( 
  [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none]{3} 
  [ / [&lt;alpha-value&gt; | none] ]?  )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Percentages	Allowed for r, g and b
Percent reference range: For r, g and b: 0% = 0.0, 100% = 255.0 For alpha: 0% = 0.0, 100% = 1.0

==RGBA value==
RGBA is RGB with an added [[w:alpha channel|alpha channel]] as its 4th argument. The alpha channel is a value between 0 (fully transparent) and 1 (opaque). RGBA is part of CSS3.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div { background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); } /* All divs are in bright red with 50% opacity. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; background-image: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Please note that [[MediaWiki]] blocks the use of the background-image property, so you must copy the code used below to a file or your snippet editor to see the full effect.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here is the example again, with a &lt;span style=&quot;text-color: silver;&quot;&gt;silver&lt;/span&gt; background:

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);, which is the: rgb(255, 0, 0)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==HSL value==
HSL stands for [[w:HSL and HSV|hue, saturation and lightness]]. It is the color value system used by many [[w:cathode-ray tube|cathode-ray tube]] devices. HSL is part of CSS3.

* hsl(color-angle, saturation%, lightness%);

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div.red   { background-color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%); } /* red in HSL */
div.green  { background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); } /* green in HSL */
div.blue { background-color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%); } /* blue in HSL */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Red: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Green: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Blue: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Hue ===
Range: 0-360 degrees. Measured in degrees.

* 0 degrees = red
* 60 degrees = yellow
* 120 degrees = green
* 180 degrees = cyan
* 240 degrees = blue
* 300 degrees = magenta

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Hue comparison at 100% saturation and 50% lightness
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
|-
|0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|120
| style=&quot;background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|10
| style=&quot;background: hsl(10, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|130
| style=&quot;background: hsl(130, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|250
| style=&quot;background: hsl(250, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|20
| style=&quot;background: hsl(20, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|140
| style=&quot;background: hsl(140, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|260
| style=&quot;background: hsl(260, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|30
| style=&quot;background: hsl(30, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|150
| style=&quot;background: hsl(150, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|270
| style=&quot;background: hsl(270, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|40
| style=&quot;background: hsl(40, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|160
| style=&quot;background: hsl(160, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|280
| style=&quot;background: hsl(280, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(50, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|170
| style=&quot;background: hsl(170, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|290
| style=&quot;background: hsl(290, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|180
| style=&quot;background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|300
| style=&quot;background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|70
| style=&quot;background: hsl(70, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|190
| style=&quot;background: hsl(190, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|310
| style=&quot;background: hsl(310, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|80
| style=&quot;background: hsl(80, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|200
| style=&quot;background: hsl(200, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|320
| style=&quot;background: hsl(320, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|90
| style=&quot;background: hsl(90, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|210
| style=&quot;background: hsl(210, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|330
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|100
| style=&quot;background: hsl(100, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|220
| style=&quot;background: hsl(220, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|340
| style=&quot;background: hsl(340, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|110
| style=&quot;background: hsl(110, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|230
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|350
| style=&quot;background: hsl(350, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|}

=== Saturation ===
Measured as percentage in a range of 0%-100%. The higher, the more saturated. 0% is pure monochrome gray.

=== Lightness ===
Measured as percentage in a range of 0%-100%. The higher, the lighter. 0% is black, and 100% is white.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Saturation (left to right) vs lightness (top to bottom) at 330 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 0%)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 10%)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 20%)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 30%)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 40%)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 60%)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 70%)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 80%)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 90%)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 100%)&quot; |
|}

==HSLA value==
HSLA is the HSL color with an alpha channel. Like RGBA, the 4th argument is a value between 0 and 1. HSLA is part of CSS3.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div.red { background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); } /* red in HSL with 50% opacity*/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div { background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); } /* All divs are in bright red with 50% opacity. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; background-image: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Please note that [[MediaWiki]] blocks the use of the background-image property, so you must copy the code used below a file or your snippet editor to see the full effect.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here is the example again, with a &lt;span style=&quot;text-color: silver;&quot;&gt;silver&lt;/span&gt; background:

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);, which is the: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
== HWB value ==
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=101 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=96 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=101 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=87 and newer|type=&gt;}}
HWB is a fairly new color standard, introduced in browsers in 2022 (Chrome and Edge versions 101, Firefox 96, Opera 87 and Safari 15).
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* These examples all specify varying shades of a lime green. */
hwb(90 10% 10%)
hwb(90 10% 10%)
hwb(90 50% 10%)
hwb(90deg 10% 10%)
hwb(1.5708rad 60% 0%)
hwb(.25turn 0% 40%)

/* Same lime green but with an alpha value */
hwb(90 10% 10% / 0.5)
hwb(90 10% 10% / 50%)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Hue ===
Range: 0-360 degrees. Measured in degrees.

* 0 degrees = red
* 60 degrees = yellow
* 120 degrees = green
* 180 degrees = cyan
* 240 degrees = blue
* 300 degrees = magenta

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Hue comparison at 0% whiteness and 0% blackness
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
|-
|0
| style=&quot;background: hwb(0 0% 0%)&quot; |
|120
| style=&quot;background: hwb(120 0% 0%)&quot; |
|240
| style=&quot;background: hwb(240 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|10
| style=&quot;background: hwb(10 0% 0%)&quot; |
|130
| style=&quot;background: hwb(130 0% 0%)&quot; |
|250
| style=&quot;background: hwb(250 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|20
| style=&quot;background: hwb(20 0% 0%)&quot; |
|140
| style=&quot;background: hwb(140 0% 0%)&quot; |
|260
| style=&quot;background: hwb(260 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|30
| style=&quot;background: hwb(30 0% 0%)&quot; |
|150
| style=&quot;background: hwb(150 0% 0%)&quot; |
|270
| style=&quot;background: hwb(270 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|40
| style=&quot;background: hwb(40 0% 0%)&quot; |
|160
| style=&quot;background: hwb(160 0% 0%)&quot; |
|280
| style=&quot;background: hwb(280 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|50
| style=&quot;background: hwb(50 0% 0%)&quot; |
|170
| style=&quot;background: hwb(170 0% 0%)&quot; |
|290
| style=&quot;background: hwb(290 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|60
| style=&quot;background: hwb(60 0% 0%)&quot; |
|180
| style=&quot;background: hwb(180 0% 0%)&quot; |
|300
| style=&quot;background: hwb(300 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|70
| style=&quot;background: hwb(70 0% 0%)&quot; |
|190
| style=&quot;background: hwb(190 0% 0%)&quot; |
|310
| style=&quot;background: hwb(310 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|80
| style=&quot;background: hwb(80 0% 0%)&quot; |
|200
| style=&quot;background: hwb(200 0% 0%)&quot; |
|320
| style=&quot;background: hwb(320 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|90
| style=&quot;background: hwb(90 0% 0%)&quot; |
|210
| style=&quot;background: hwb(210 0% 0%)&quot; |
|330
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|100
| style=&quot;background: hwb(100 0% 0%)&quot; |
|220
| style=&quot;background: hwb(220 0% 0%)&quot; |
|340
| style=&quot;background: hwb(340 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|110
| style=&quot;background: hwb(110 0% 0%)&quot; |
|230
| style=&quot;background: hwb(230 0% 0%)&quot; |
|350
| style=&quot;background: hwb(350 0% 0%)&quot; |
|}

=== Whiteness ===
Measured in percentage from 0% to 100%. 100% means pure white.

=== Blackness ===
Measured in percentage from 0% to 100%. 100% means pure black.

=== Combining whiteness and blackness ===
If the whiteness and blackness are below 100% combined, the colors are desaturated.

If both values are over 100% combined, they are automatically converted to 100% combined values. For example, if HWB value is &lt;code&gt;hwb(45, 90%, 60%)&lt;/code&gt;, which both values total 150%, they are converted to 100% (&lt;code&gt;hwb(45, 60%, 40%)&lt;/code&gt;).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Whiteness (left to right) vs blackness (top to bottom) at 330 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 0%)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 10%)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 20%)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 30%)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 40%)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 50%)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 60%)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 70%)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 80%)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 90%)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 100%)&quot; |
|}

== New color functions ==
=== LAB value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LAB values represent the range of colors that human sees.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;lab(''l a b'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''A'''-axis - any value. Higher is more pink, lower is more green.
* '''B'''-axis - any value. Higher is more yellow, lower is more blue.

A and B can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed ±150.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison of A-axis (top to bottom) and B-axis (left to right) at 60% luminosity
! 
! -120
! -100
! -80
! -60
! -40
! -20
! 0
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 100
! 120
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 120)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 120)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 120)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 120)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 120)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 120)&quot; |
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 120)&quot; |
|-
! -20
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 120)&quot; |
|-
! -40
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 120)&quot; |
|-
! -60
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 120)&quot; |
|-
! -80
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 120)&quot; |
|-
! -100
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 120)&quot; |
|-
! -120
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 120)&quot; |
|}

=== LCH value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LCH values represent the range of colors that human sees.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;lch(''l c h'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''C'''hroma - any positive value. This indicates the saturation of colors. Higher is more saturated.
* '''H'''ue - hue of color - values from 0 to 360.

Chroma can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed 200.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (top to bottom) at 160 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 0 160)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 10 160)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 20 160)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 30 160)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 40 160)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 50 160)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 60 160)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 70 160)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 80 160)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 90 160)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 100 160)&quot; |
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (left to right) vs hue (top to bottom)
! L&amp;nbsp;(%)
! colspan=1 | 10
! colspan=2 | 20
! colspan=2 | 30
! colspan=3 | 40
! colspan=3 | 50
! colspan=4 | 60
! colspan=4 | 70
! colspan=3 | 80
! colspan=2 | 90
|-
! C
! 20
! 20
! 40
! 20
! 40
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 0)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 10)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 20)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 30)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 40)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 50)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 60)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 70)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 80)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 90)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 100)&quot; |
|-
! 110
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 110)&quot; |
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 120)&quot; |
|-
! 130
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 130)&quot; |
|-
! 140
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 140)&quot; |
|-
! 150
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 150)&quot; |
|-
! 160
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 160)&quot; |
|-
! 170
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 170)&quot; |
|-
! 180
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 180)&quot; |
|-
! 190
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 190)&quot; |
|-
! 200
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 200)&quot; |
|-
! 210
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 210)&quot; |
|-
! 220
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 220)&quot; |
|-
! 230
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 230)&quot; |
|-
! 240
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 240)&quot; |
|-
! 250
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 250)&quot; |
|-
! 260
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 260)&quot; |
|-
! 270
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 270)&quot; |
|-
! 280
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 280)&quot; |
|-
! 290
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 290)&quot; |
|-
! 300
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 300)&quot; |
|-
! 310
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 310)&quot; |
|-
! 320
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 320)&quot; |
|-
! 330
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 330)&quot; |
|-
! 340
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 340)&quot; |
|-
! 350
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 350)&quot; |
|}
==== HSL vs LCH ====
HSL values were available for browsers in the late 2000s and early 2010s.

However, there are a couple of problems with HSL values. &lt;code&gt;hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt; appears much lighter than &lt;code&gt;hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt;, despite having the same lightness.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Effect on perceived lightness on colors at 100% saturation and 50% lightness
|-
! Hue
! Color
! Perceived lightness 
|-
| 0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Second darkest
|-
| 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Lightest of all six
|-
| 120
| style=&quot;background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Lightest of primary colors; third lightest
|-
| 180
| style=&quot;background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Second lightest
|-
| 240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Darkest of all six
|-
| 300
| style=&quot;background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Third darkest, darkest of two primary colors combined
|}

* &lt;span style=&quot;color: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot;&gt;This is text with HSL hue of 60 degrees and 50% lightness. It is unreadable, but is readable in dark mode.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot;&gt;This is text with HSL hue of 240 degrees and the same lightness as yellow. It is readable, but is unreadable in dark mode.&lt;/span&gt;

Another problem in HSL involves sometimes when we increase hue by 10 the difference is substantial, other times it isn't.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Effect on perceived color at different hues
|-
! colspan=2 | From hue
! colspan=2 | To hue
! Perceived difference 
|-
| 50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(50, 100%, 50%); width: 2em;&quot; |
| 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%); width: 2em;&quot; |
| Very noticeable
|-
| 240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| 250
| style=&quot;background: hsl(250, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Not very noticeable
|}

Another problem is with saturation. If you increase saturation on lighter hues (eg. yellow or blue), the color turns lighter.

LCH is designed to fix the problems caused by HSL.
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: lch(50% 60 90)&quot;&gt;This is text with LCH hue of 90 degrees and 50% luminosity. It is readable.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: lch(50% 60 290)&quot;&gt;This is text with LCH hue of 290 degrees and 50% luminosity. It is also readable.&lt;/span&gt;

=== Inherent problems with LAB/LCH ===

Consider the following colors of LCH at 290 degrees hue and 40% luminosity:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Chroma 
! LCH
! HSL equ
|-
| 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 0 290); width: 4em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 0%, 50%); width: 4em;&quot; |
|-
| 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 10 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 10%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 20%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 30 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 30%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 40%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 50 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 50%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 60%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 70 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 70%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 80 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 80%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 90 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 90%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 100 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 100%, 50%);&quot; |
|}

As you can see, at lower chroma values, the hue is more of a purple color, but as you increase, this turns blue.

HSL doesn't have this problem.

=== OKLAB value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), OKLAB values represent the range of colors that human sees. It fixes the inherent problems caused by normal LAB.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;oklab(''l a b'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''A'''-axis - any value. Higher is more pink, lower is more green.
* '''B'''-axis - any value. Higher is more yellow, lower is more blue.

A and B can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed ±0.6.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison of A-axis (top to bottom) and B-axis (left to right) at 60% luminosity
! 
! -0.5
! -0.4
! -0.3
! -0.2
! -0.1
! 0
! 0.1
! 0.2
! 0.3
! 0.4
! 0.5
|-
! 0.5
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.6 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.5
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.5)&quot; |
|}

=== OKLCH value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LCH values represent the range of colors that human sees. It fixes the inherent problems caused by normal LCH.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;oklch(''l c h'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''C'''hroma - any positive value. This indicates the saturation of colors. Higher is more saturated.
* '''H'''ue - hue of color - values from 0 to 360.

Chroma can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed 0.7.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (top to bottom) at 160 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.05
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.05 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.1 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.15
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.15 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.2 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.25
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.25 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.3 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.35
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.35 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.4 160)&quot; |
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (left to right) vs hue (top to bottom)
! L&amp;nbsp;(%)
! colspan=1 | 10
! colspan=2 | 20
! colspan=2 | 30
! colspan=3 | 40
! colspan=3 | 50
! colspan=4 | 60
! colspan=4 | 70
! colspan=3 | 80
! colspan=2 | 90
|-
! C
! .1
! .1
! .2
! .1
! .2
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .4
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .4
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 0)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 10)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 20)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 30)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 40)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 50)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 60)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 70)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 80)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 90)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 100)&quot; |
|-
! 110
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 110)&quot; |
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 120)&quot; |
|-
! 130
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 130)&quot; |
|-
! 140
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 140)&quot; |
|-
! 150
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 150)&quot; |
|-
! 160
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 160)&quot; |
|-
! 170
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 170)&quot; |
|-
! 180
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 180)&quot; |
|-
! 190
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 190)&quot; |
|-
! 200
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 200)&quot; |
|-
! 210
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 210)&quot; |
|-
! 220
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 220)&quot; |
|-
! 230
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 230)&quot; |
|-
! 240
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 240)&quot; |
|-
! 250
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 250)&quot; |
|-
! 260
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 260)&quot; |
|-
! 270
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 270)&quot; |
|-
! 280
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 280)&quot; |
|-
! 290
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 290)&quot; |
|-
! 300
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 300)&quot; |
|-
! 310
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 310)&quot; |
|-
! 320
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 320)&quot; |
|-
! 330
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 330)&quot; |
|-
! 340
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 340)&quot; |
|-
! 350
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 350)&quot; |
|}

=== Relative colors ===
{{Main|Cascading Style Sheets/Color/Relative colors}}
Another way to define colors is by using relative colors. It is a powerful tool to create palettes. It is introduced in Chrome/Edge 119, Safari 16.4, Firefox 128 and Opera 106.

==gamut==
css Color Display Quality: the color-gamut feature&lt;ref&gt;[https://drafts.csswg.org/mediaqueries-4/ W3C: Media Queries Level 4]&lt;/ref&gt;. Value:	srgb | p3 | rec2020

== Considerations ==
Not all colors are readable by everyone. {{color|yellow|This yellow text only has a contrast ratio of 1.07 to 1, which is practically hard to read as it doesn't meet WCAG AA standards,}} {{color|blue|while this blue text has a contrast ratio of 8.59:1, which meets WCAG AAA standards.}} Also, some colors like {{color|red|red}} and {{color|green|green}} can look identical in &lt;span style=&quot;color: olive; color: oklab(from red l 0 b);&quot;&gt;some people&lt;/span&gt; with &lt;span style=&quot;color: olive; color: oklab(from green l 0 b);&quot;&gt;color blindness&lt;/span&gt;.

=== Contrast ratio ===
WCAG defines two standards:
* AA: 3:1 for text 14pt+ bold or 18pt+ normal, 4.5:1 for others
* AAA: 4.5:1 for text 14pt+ bold or 18pt+ normal, 7:1 for others
==== Table of minimum contrast ratio of colors ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Hue
! colspan=3 | On/involving black background/text
! colspan=3 | On/involving white background/text
|-
! AA for larger text (3:1)
! AAA for larger text; AA (4.5:1)
! AAA for normal text (7:1)
! AA for larger text (3:1)
! AAA for larger text; AA (4.5:1)
! AAA for normal text (7:1)
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 0° (Red)
| style=&quot;background: #b70000; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#b70000&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #eb0000; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#eb0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#eb0000
| style=&quot;background: #ff5e5e; color: black;&quot; | #ff5e5e
| style=&quot;background: #ff5d5d; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff5d5d&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #ee0000; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ee0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ee0000
| style=&quot;background: #b60000; color: white;&quot; | #b60000
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #b70000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#b70000&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #eb0000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#eb0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#eb0000
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ff5e5e;&quot; | #ff5e5e
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ff5d5d;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff5d5d&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ee0000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ee0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ee0000
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #b60000;&quot; | #b60000
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 60° (Yellow)
| style=&quot;background: #5d5d00; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5d5d00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #797900; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#797900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#797900
| style=&quot;background: #9b9b00; color: black;&quot; | #9b9b00
| style=&quot;background: #9a9a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#9a9a00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #7a7a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#7a7a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#7a7a00
| style=&quot;background: #5c5c00; color: white;&quot; | #5c5c00
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5d5d00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5d5d00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #797900;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#797900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#797900
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #9b9b00;&quot; | #9b9b00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #9a9a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#9a9a00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #7a7a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#7a7a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#7a7a00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #5c5c00;&quot; | #5c5c00
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 120° (Green)
| style=&quot;background: #006900; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006900&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008800; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008800
| style=&quot;background: #00ae00; color: black;&quot; | #00ae00
| style=&quot;background: #00ad00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00ad00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008a00
| style=&quot;background: #006800; color: white;&quot; | #006800
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #006900;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006900&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #008800;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008800
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #00ae00;&quot; | #00ae00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #00ad00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00ad00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #008a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008a00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #006800;&quot; | #006800
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 180° (Cyan)
| style=&quot;background: #006464; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006464&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008282; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008282&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008282
| style=&quot;background: #00a6a6; color: black;&quot; | #00a6a6
| style=&quot;background: #00a5a5; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00a5a5&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008484; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008484&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008484
| style=&quot;background: #006363; color: white;&quot; | #006363
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #006464;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006464&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #008282;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008282&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008282
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #00a6a6;&quot; | #00a6a6
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #00a5a5;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00a5a5&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #008484;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008484&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008484
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #006363;&quot; | #006363
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 240° (Blue)
| style=&quot;background: #3131ff; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#3131ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #5e5eff; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5e5eff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#5e5eff
| style=&quot;background: #8888ff; color: black;&quot; | #8888ff
| style=&quot;background: #8787ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#8787ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #6161ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#6161ff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#6161ff
| style=&quot;background: #3030ff; color: white;&quot; | #3030ff
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #3131ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#3131ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5e5eff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5e5eff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#5e5eff
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #8888ff;&quot; | #8888ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #8787ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#8787ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #6161ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#6161ff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#6161ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #3030ff;&quot; | #3030ff
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 300° (Magenta)
| style=&quot;background: #a000a0; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#a000a0&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #ce00ce; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ce00ce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ce00ce
| style=&quot;background: #ff29ff; color: black;&quot; | #ff29ff
| style=&quot;background: #ff28ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff28ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #d100d1; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#d100d1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#d100d1
| style=&quot;background: #9f009f; color: white;&quot; | #9f009f
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #a000a0;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#a000a0&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ce00ce;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ce00ce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ce00ce
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ff29ff;&quot; | #ff29ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ff28ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff28ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #d100d1;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#d100d1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#d100d1
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #9f009f;&quot; | #9f009f
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(0, 0%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | — (Gray)
| style=&quot;background: #5a5a5a; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5a5a5a&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #757575; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#757575&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#757575
| style=&quot;background: #959595; color: black;&quot; | #959595
| style=&quot;background: #949494; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#949494&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #767676; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#767676&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#767676
| style=&quot;background: #595959; color: white;&quot; | #595959
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5a5a5a;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5a5a5a&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #757575;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#757575&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#757575
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #959595;&quot; | #959595
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #949494;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#949494&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #767676;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#767676&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#767676
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #595959;&quot; | #595959
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}

[[de:Websiteentwicklung: CSS: Farben]]
[[es:Lenguaje_HTML/Estilos_CSS]]
[[fr:Le langage CSS/Valeurs et unités]]
[[nl:Cascading Style Sheets/Kleur]]</text>
      <sha1>qcjelib0szja31jl2zcnhxb2bj1o5s5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:The Elements/Helium</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>95778</id>
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      <id>4638460</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>49843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Atom.svg with [[File:Helium_atom_(not_to_scale).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Naming according meaning.).</comment>
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[[File:He-TableImage.svg|thumb|left|500px|Shows the position of Helium on the periodic chart.]]
[[File:Helium.svg|55px|thumb|Helium's symbol on the Periodic Table]]
{{clear}}
==What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?==
[[Image:Helium atom (not to scale).svg|thumb|Helium's Atom is very simple]]
Helium is seen on earth as a colorless and odorless gas. It is the clearest element, and even in a liquid state (which can only be achieved by either applying great pressure or extreme cold) it is almost completely transparent.  However, in a plasma state (see below,) it emits a pinkish glow.
[[Image:HeTube.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Helium in a plasma state.]]
[[Image:Helium_monument_time_capsule_in_amarillo_texas_usa.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A monument to helium doubles as a time capsule including thousands of items packed in helium in Amarillo, Texas. Much of the world's helium is mined in the area.]]

==How was it discovered?==

Helium was discovered in the Sun in 1868 by an astronomer, Sir Norman Lockyer. He was using a technique (then new) called spectrography, which breaks light into its separate colors. Each element produces a different spectral pattern of bright lines. Lockyer noticed a line in sunlight that didn't match any known element and realized it belonged to a new element not found on Earth.

About 27 years later, in 1895, Sir William Ramsay discovered helium on Earth in a uranium mineral, cleveite. It was discovered independently about the same time by P.T. Cleve and Nils Langlet.

==Where did its name come from?==
Helium gets its name from ''Helios'', the Greek god of the sun.

&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; border:2px solid #000000; width:250px; margin-left:0.2em; padding:0.4em; background-color:#f0f0ff&quot;&gt;
'''Did You Know?'''
* Helium is the second most common element in the universe.
* Helium is a noble gas, so it doesn't react very easily.
* Helium was used to learn that the structure of the atom had a dense nucleus and an electron cloud.
* Even at absolute zero, helium is still a liquid.  It can only be solidified by applying extreme pressure to liquid helium.
* Near absolute zero, liquid helium will crawl along any surface; this is called ''superfluidity''. Superfluid helium has zero viscosity (thickness.)
&lt;/div&gt;

==Where is it found?==
Helium is found very commonly in the universe, but not very common on Earth. Today, most helium comes from Texas and Kansas in the United States. It is extracted along with natural gas from wells drilled into the ground.
{{clr}}

[[Image:Zeppelin_NT_im_Flug.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A Zeppelin blimp filled with helium.]]

==What are its uses?==
Helium is used to inflate balloons and blimps because it is the second lightest element (after Hydrogen), but doesn't burn like Hydrogen can.

Helium is often used (along with oxygen and sometimes nitrogen) in breathing gas for divers that go very deep, where high pressure is needed. (Normal air at this pressure causes ''nitrogen narcosis'', a state similar to being drunk.)

Liquid helium is the coldest liquid known (even at absolute zero, it remains a liquid) and is often used in cryogenic applications such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), where the extreme cold makes it possible to create extreme magnetic fields.

==Is it dangerous?==
Though helium is nontoxic, if you breathe in too much helium you can suffocate through lack of oxygen.

== References ==

==External links==
{{Wikipedia|Helium}}

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  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:The Elements/Structure</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>96119</id>
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      <id>4638461</id>
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      <comment>Replacing Atom.svg with [[File:Helium_atom_(not_to_scale).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Naming according meaning.).</comment>
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      <text bytes="4787" sha1="sqivubz25ybzetoyv3mv6u2wzpxgpmd" xml:space="preserve">='''Structure'''=
[[Image:Helium atom (not to scale).svg|thumb|In the center of this model of a helium atom is the nucleus. (Not drawn to scale)]]
'''Protons''', '''neutrons''' and '''electrons''' make up atoms. Because of this, they are called subatomic particles. Each type of atom can differ in the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. According to the current electron cloud theory of atoms: there are two parts to the atom, the '''nucleus''' and the '''electron cloud'''. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and in turn each of these nucleons is made up of triples of even smaller particles called &quot;quarks&quot;. 

The nucleus is the center of the atom and contains the protons and neutrons. The nucleus is very small compared to the size of the electron cloud. This means there a massive amount of empty space around the nucleus. The protons and neutrons of an atom are in specific locations. Both protons and neutrons have a mass of about 1 amu (atomic mass unit) each. The atomic mass of an atom is thus the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. (Electrons are thousands of times lighter, so they aren't part of the calculation.)

The protons have a positive charge. The number of protons decides what element an atom is. For example, if an atom has one proton, that means it is a hydrogen atom; only hydrogen can have one proton. On the periodic table, the atomic number of the element is the same as its number of protons.

The neutrons have no charge, but they help stabilize the nucleus; if the positive charges of the protons were by themselves in the nucleus, they would repel each other and make the nucleus less stable. Atoms of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons called isotopes of each other. For example, hydrogen has three natural isotopes, one with no neutrons, one with one neutron, and one with two neutrons. They all have one proton and so they are all hydrogen, but because they differ in the number of neutrons they are different isotopes. Some isotopes are radioactive, which means that they decay, or release over time. A certain radioactive isotope of carbon, called carbon-14 (carbon with an atomic mass of 14) is used by paleontologists to discover the age of fossils. They can do this because they know the rate at which carbon-14 decays.

The outer part of the atom, the '''electron cloud''', surrounds the nucleus. According to a theory called quantum mechanics, we never know the exact location or speed of a specific electron; we can only say the probability of it being anywhere. If we know exactly where the electron is, we don't know how fast it is going. If we know how fast it is going, likewise, we cannot determine where exactly it is located. An electron has a negative charge that is as powerful as a proton's positive charge. Some scientists used to think that electrons orbited the nucleus like planets around the sun, but we now know this isn't true. The electrons move somewhat randomly around the nucleus and are attracted to the positive charge of the protons in the nucleus.

=='''Atoms = Building Blocks'''==
Atoms are the basis of chemistry and everything in the Universe. You should start by remembering that matter is composed of atoms. Atoms and the study of atoms are a world unto themselves. We're going to cover basics like atomic structure and bonding between atoms. As you learn more, you can move to the biochemistry tutorials and see how atoms form compounds that help the biological world survive.

==Electron Arrangement==
[[Image:Barium_(Elektronenbesetzung).png|thumb|This Bohr model shows an atom of barium, which has six energy levels. The energy level closest to the nucleus is the first energy level.]]
Electrons are organized in ''energy levels''.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! Energy level !! Electron capacity&lt;ref&gt;[http://education.jlab.org/qa/electron_number.html What is the capacity of each energy level around an atom?]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| First || 2
|-
| Second || 8
|-
| Third || 18
|-
| Fourth || 32
|-
| Fifth || 50
|-
| Sixth || 72
|}

The energy levels don't have to be full for electrons to be in a higher energy level. For example, titanium has an electron configuration of 2-8-10-2. That means it has 2 electrons in the first energy level, 8 in the second, 10 in the third, and 2 in the fourth.

As explained before, some atoms only have a certain amount of electrons, so some elements don't have as many energy levels with electrons as others.

The outermost energy level is called the valence energy level. Likewise, electrons in the outermost energy level are called valence electrons. These electrons help atoms combine into molecules.

==References==
{{reflist}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Wikijunior Die Elemente/ Atom]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>English in Use/Capitalization</title>
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The use of capital (“big”) letters in English is generally similar to in other Germanic and Romance languages with a few exceptions.
The following list shows when you should use a capital letter.
Of course, for artistic or political reasons capitalization may be ignored.

== Obligatory Capitalization ==
{| style=&quot;width: 99%;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | rule
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | example
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               Capitalize the first word in every sentence.
|               '''S'''he said, “It will be hard to go home after this fun vacation.”
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               Capitalize the pronoun ''I''.
|               Ira said that '''I'''  was the best dancer in the show.
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               Capitalize the interjection ''O''.
|               Guide and direct us, '''O''' Lord.
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Capitalize the first word in both the salutation and the closing of a letter.
|               '''D'''ear Mr. Novato:
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''S'''incerely
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Capitalize the names of persons and animals.
|               '''F'''ranklin '''D.''' '''R'''oosevelt
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''W'''illem '''d'''e Kooning
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Capitalize geographical names
|               the '''G'''ulf of Mexico
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               the '''S'''outhwest
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''P'''rince '''W'''illiam '''F'''orest
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Capitalize the names of planets, stars, constellations, and other heavenly bodies.
|               '''N'''eptune
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''P'''olaris
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''G'''reat Nebula
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Capitalize the names of teams, organizations, institutions, and government bodies.
|               '''K'''ansas '''C'''ity '''C'''hiefs
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''F'''uture '''T'''eachers of '''A'''merica
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Capitalize the names of historical events and periods, special events, holidays, and other calendar items.
|               the '''E'''ighties
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               the '''C'''ivil '''W'''ar
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''H'''annukah
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Capitalize the names of nationalities, races, and peoples.
|               '''I'''ndian
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''C'''hinese
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''B'''edouin
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Capitalize the names of religions and their followers, holy days and celebrations, sacred writings, and specific deities.
|               '''A'''llah
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''H'''indus
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''C'''hristmas
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''Q'''uran
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Capitalize the names of buildings and other structures.
|               '''C'''olleyville '''H'''eritage '''H'''igh '''S'''chool
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''W'''orld '''T'''rade '''C'''enter
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Capitalize the names of monuments, memorials, and awards.
|               '''L'''incoln '''M'''emorial
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''N'''obel '''P'''eace '''P'''rize
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Capitalize the names of trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft.
|               '''E'''nola '''G'''ay
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''U'''.&amp;#8239;'''S'''.&amp;#8239;'''S'''. '''E'''nterprise
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''C'''hallenger
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Capitalize the names of businesses and the brand names of business products.
|               '''C'''ontinental '''A'''irlines
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: baseline;&quot;
|               '''M'''icrosoft '''W'''indows
|}

== Meaningful Capitalization ==
Sometimes both&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; capitalized and not capitalized&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; are valid.
For example, the {{abbr|SI|International System of Units}} unit for electric current intensity is ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''a'''mpere'' is named after French physicist ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''A'''mpere''.

The capitalized variant of several nouns refer to one unique, exceptional instance of the named object.
For example capitalized ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''M'''oon'' refers to the moon orbiting Earth, whereas ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''m'''oon'' refers to any moon, incl. Earth’s moon.
However, the non‐capitalized variant is widely accepted, too.
The use of the definite article ''the'' already conveys a definite instance is meant.

== Discretionary Capitalization ==
In headings the first word is always capitalized.
However, for subsequent words two styles exist:
* capitalize words in headings only if any [[#Obligatory Capitalization|obligatory capitalization]] applies
* capitalize ''all'' words ''except'' words of less importance such as articles or prepositions, example ''English '''i'''n Use''

Especially British English texts occasionally employ capitalization as a means of emphasis.
This is ''not'' meant as a recommendation:
If you are a beginner, ''master'' the [[#Obligatory Capitalization|obligatory capitalization]] first.
You may still come across words being capitalized although no rule applies.
''For this'' you need to know that some authors capitalize ''for emphasis'', not because there was any rule.

== Stylization ==
The use of medial capitals&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; those in the middle of words&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; is generally considered poor English, although this is quite common on the internet and in advertisements.
It is not necessary to capitalize styles of music (e.&amp;#x202F;g. ''indie''), adjectives, or the name of companies if they themselves do not use a capital letter (e.&amp;#x202F;g. ''eBay'') although the first letter will sometimes be capitalized on the internet due to technical reasons.

{{English in Use/Navigation}}
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    <title>This Quantum World/Atoms</title>
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      <comment>Replacing Atom.svg with [[File:Helium_atom_(not_to_scale).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Naming according meaning.).</comment>
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      <text bytes="7220" sha1="pyvc2cfkcvizxdn4qsujjf8n1u8nvwu" xml:space="preserve">=Atoms=
==What does an atom look like?==

===Like this?===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Barium_(Elektronenbesetzung).png
Image:Helium atom (not to scale).svg
Image:Stylised atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.png
Image:Rutherford_Helium atom (not to scale).svg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Or like this?===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Orbitals1.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{2p0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals2.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{3p0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals3.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{3d0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals4.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{4p0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals5.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{4d0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals6.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{4f0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals7.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{5d0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals8.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{5f0}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

None of these images depicts an atom ''as it is''. This is because it is impossible to even visualize an atom ''as it is''. Whereas the best you can do with the images in the first row is to erase them from your memory—they represent a way of viewing the atom that is too simplified for the way we want to start thinking about it—the eight fuzzy images in the next row deserve scrutiny. Each represents an aspect of a stationary state of atomic hydrogen. You perceive neither the nucleus (a proton) nor the electron. What you see is a fuzzy position. To be precise, what you see are cloud-like blurs, which are symmetrical about the vertical and horizontal axes, and which represent the atom's internal relative position—the position of the electron relative to the proton ''or'' the position of the proton relative to the electron.

* What is the ''state'' of an atom?
* What is a ''stationary'' state?
* What exactly is a ''fuzzy'' position?
* How does such a blur represent the atom's internal relative position?
* Why can we not describe the atom's internal relative position ''as it is''?

==Quantum states==
In quantum mechanics, '''[[w:Quantum state|states]]''' are probability algorithms. We use them to calculate the probabilities of the possible outcomes of [[w:Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurements]] on the basis of actual measurement outcomes. A quantum state takes as its input
* one or several measurement outcomes,
* a measurement M,
* the time of M,

and it yields as its output the probabilities of the possible outcomes of M.

A quantum state is called '''stationary''' if the probabilities it assigns are independent of the time of the measurement.

From the mathematical point of view, each blur represents a [[w:Probability density function|density function]] &lt;math&gt;\rho(\boldsymbol{r})&lt;/math&gt;. Imagine a small region &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; like the little box inside the first blur. And suppose that this is a region of the (mathematical) space of positions relative to the proton. If you integrate &lt;math&gt;\rho(\boldsymbol{r})&lt;/math&gt; over &lt;math&gt;R,&lt;/math&gt; you obtain the probability &lt;math&gt;p\,(R)&lt;/math&gt; of finding the electron in &lt;math&gt;R,&lt;/math&gt; ''provided'' that the appropriate measurement is made:
:&lt;math&gt;p\,(R)=\int_R\rho(\boldsymbol{r})\,d^3\boldsymbol{r}.&lt;/math&gt;
&quot;Appropriate&quot; here means capable of ascertaining the truth value of the proposition &quot;the electron is in &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt;&quot;, the possible truth values being &quot;true&quot; or &quot;false&quot;. What we see in each of the following images is a surface of constant probability density.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Orbitals1a.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{2p0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals2a.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{3p0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals3a.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{3d0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals4a.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{4p0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals5a.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{4d0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals6a.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{4f0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals7a.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{5d0}&lt;/math&gt;
Image:Orbitals8a.png|&lt;math&gt;\rho_{5f0}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;br&gt;Now imagine that the appropriate measurement is made. ''Before'' the measurement, the electron is neither inside &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; nor outside &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt;. If it were inside, the probability of finding it outside would be zero, and if it were outside, the probability of finding it inside would be zero. ''After'' the measurement, on the other hand, the electron is either inside or outside &lt;math&gt;R.&lt;/math&gt;

Conclusions:
* Before the measurement, the proposition &quot;the electron is in &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt;&quot; is neither true nor false; it lacks a (definite) [[w:Truth value|truth value]]. 
* A measurement generally changes the state of the system on which it is performed.

As mentioned before, probabilities are assigned not only ''to'' measurement outcomes but also ''on the basis of'' measurement outcomes. Each density function &lt;math&gt;\rho_{nlm}&lt;/math&gt; serves to assign probabilities to the possible outcomes of a measurement of the electron's position relative to the proton. And in each case the assignment is based on the outcomes of a simultaneous measurement of three observables: the atom's energy (specified by the value of the principal quantum number &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;), its total [[w:Angular_momentum#In_quantum_mechanics|angular momentum]] &lt;math&gt;l&lt;/math&gt; (specified by a letter, here ''p'', ''d'', or ''f''), and the vertical component of its angular momentum &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt;.

==Fuzzy observables==
We say that an observable &lt;math&gt;Q&lt;/math&gt; with a finite or countable number of possible values &lt;math&gt;q_k&lt;/math&gt; is '''fuzzy''' (or that it has a fuzzy value) if and only if at least one of the propositions &quot;The value of &lt;math&gt;Q&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;q_k&lt;/math&gt;&quot; lacks a truth value. This is equivalent to the following necessary and sufficient condition: the probability assigned to at least one of the values &lt;math&gt;q_k&lt;/math&gt; is neither 0 nor 1.

What about observables that are generally described as continuous, like a position?

The description of an observable as &quot;continuous&quot; is potentially misleading. For one thing, we cannot separate an observable and its possible values from a measurement and its possible outcomes, and a measurement with an uncountable set of possible outcomes is not even in principle possible. For another, there is not a single observable called &quot;position&quot;. Different partitions of space define different position measurements with different sets of possible outcomes.

* Corollary: The possible outcomes of a position measurement (or the possible values of a position observable) are defined by a partition of space.  They make up a finite or countable set of ''regions'' of space. An exact position is therefore neither a possible measurement outcome nor a possible value of a position observable.

So how do those cloud-like blurs represent the electron's fuzzy position relative to the proton? Strictly speaking, they graphically represent probability densities in the mathematical space of exact relative positions, rather than fuzzy positions. It is these probability densities that represent fuzzy positions by allowing us to calculate the probability of every possible value of every position observable.

It should now be clear why we cannot describe the atom's internal relative position ''as it is''. To describe a fuzzy observable is to assign probabilities to the possible outcomes of a measurement. But a description that rests on the assumption that a measurement is made, does not describe an observable ''as it is'' (by itself, ''regardless of measurements'').
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;
[[This quantum world/Serious illnesses|'''NEXT &gt;''']]
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{{Print version notice|Arimaa|Arimaa/Print_version}}

'''Arimaa''' is a two-player abstract strategy board game that can be played using the same equipment as [[chess]].

''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Arimaa''

= Table of Contents =
#[[#Overview|Overview]]
#[[#Playing The Game|Playing The Game]]
#[[#Introduction to Tactics|Introduction to Tactics]]
#[[#Introduction to Strategy|Introduction to Strategy]]
#[[#Camel Hostage|Camel Hostage]]
#[[#Other Hostages|Other Hostages]]
#[[#Frames|Frames]]
#[[#Trap Control|Trap Control]]
#[[#Distribution of Force|Distribution of Force]]
#[[#Rabbit Advancement|Rabbit Advancement]]
#[[#Elephant Blockade|Elephant Blockade]]
#[[#Relative Value of Pieces|Relative Value of Pieces]]
#[[#Advanced Tactics|Advanced Tactics]]
#[[#Setup|Setup]]
#[[#Race Positions|Race Positions]]
#[[#Trap Attacks|Trap Attacks]]
#[[#Lone Elephant Attacks|Lone Elephant Attacks]]
#[[#Sample Games|Sample Games]]
#[[#Arimaa Challenge History|Arimaa Challenge History]]
#[[#Glossary|Glossary]]
#[[#Resources|Resources]]
#[[#GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]
----
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
= Overview =
{{:Arimaa/Overview}}
{{clear}}

= Playing The Game =
{{:Arimaa/Playing The Game}}
{{clear}}

= Introduction to Tactics =
{{:Arimaa/Introduction to Tactics}}
{{clear}}

= Introduction to Strategy =
{{:Arimaa/Introduction to Strategy}}
{{clear}}

= Camel Hostage =
{{:Arimaa/Camel Hostage}}
{{clear}}

= Other Hostages =
{{:Arimaa/Other Hostages}}
{{clear}}

= Frames =
{{:Arimaa/Frames}}
{{clear}}

= Trap Control =
{{:Arimaa/Trap Control}}
{{clear}}

= Distribution of Force =
{{:Arimaa/Distribution of Force}}
{{clear}}

= Rabbit Advancement =
{{:Arimaa/Rabbit Advancement}}
{{clear}}

= Elephant Blockade =
{{:Arimaa/Elephant Blockade}}
{{clear}}

= Relative Value of Pieces =
{{:Arimaa/Relative Value of Pieces}}
{{clear}}

= Advanced Tactics =
{{:Arimaa/Advanced Tactics}}
{{clear}}

= Setup =
{{:Arimaa/Setup}}
{{clear}}

= Race Positions =
{{:Arimaa/Race Positions}}
{{clear}}

= Trap Attacks =
==Overview==
{{:Arimaa/Attacking/Overview}}
==Positioning==
{{:Arimaa/Attacking/Positioning}}
==Techniques==
{{:Arimaa/Attacking/Techniques}}
==Camel attacks==
{{:Arimaa/Attacking/Camel Attacks}}
==Attacks Against a Camel Trap==
{{:Arimaa/Attacking/Attacks Against a Camel Trap}}
==Elephant-Dog Attack==
{{:Arimaa/Attacking/Example: Elephant–Dog Attack}}
{{clear}}

= Lone Elephant Attacks =
{{:Arimaa/Lone Elephant Attacks}}
{{clear}}

= Sample Games =
{{:Arimaa/Sample Games}}
{{clear}}

= Arimaa Challenge History =
{{:Arimaa/Arimaa Challenge History}}
{{clear}}

= Glossary =
{{:Arimaa/Glossary}}
{{clear}}

= Resources =
{{:Arimaa/Resources}}
{{clear}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
= GNU Free Documentation License =
{{:GNU Free Documentation License}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lbpxnvyo45416h81kbkksljueu0lqbv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638405</id>
      <parentid>4632912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T19:40:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsievsky</username>
        <id>1705693</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42466" sha1="svw7d6tdqotoay3s0g3eoyt0zrqt6wg" xml:space="preserve">{{center/top}}
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]] '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Почта СССР&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''' [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]]

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; {{ts|mc}}
| [[w:Soviet Union stamp catalogue|CPA catalogue]]&lt;br&gt; [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1979|←]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1980|1980]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1981|1981]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1982|1982]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1983|1983]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1984|1984]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1985|1985]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1986|1986]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1987|1987]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1988|1988]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989|1989]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990|1990]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991|'''&lt;big&gt;1991&lt;/big&gt;''']] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1992|1992]] [[:Category:Stamps of Russia, 1992|→]]
|}
{{center/end}}

{{center|CPA Nr 6279-6380 (102)}}
{{center|Issues 1991, 1992 (Выпуски 1991, 1992 годов)}}

'''Here complete descriptions of 1991 USSR stamps are given.'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Здесь приведены полные описания почтовых марок СССР 1991 года.'''

* All available images of 1991 USSR stamps are on the Wikimedia Commons:&lt;br /&gt;
* Все имеющиеся изображения почтовых марок СССР 1991 года находятся на Викискладе:&lt;br /&gt;
*[[File:Commons-logo.svg|32px|Wikimedia commons|link=c:]] [[c:Category:1991 stamps of the Soviet Union|1991 stamps of the Soviet Union]]

:* You can also see standard images of 1991 USSR stamps on Wikimedia commons:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Типовые изображения почтовых марок СССР 1991 года можно также посмотреть на Викискладе:&lt;br /&gt;
:*[[File:Commons-logo.svg|32px|Wikimedia commons|link=c:]] [[c:Каталог ЦФА (6001-6380)|Каталог ЦФА (6001-6380)]]&lt;br&gt;


Attention! The stamps are sorted by CPA (Central Philatelic Agency) catalog numbers, not by dates of their issue!&lt;br /&gt;
Внимание! Марки отсортированы по номерам каталога [[w:ru:Союзпечать|ЦФА]], а не по дате выпуска!&lt;br /&gt;

The names of stamps and stamp series are made according to all used 7 catalogues.&lt;br /&gt;
Названия марок и серий марок составлены по всем используемым 7 каталогам.&lt;br /&gt;


== 1 CPA Nr 6279-6283 (5) Fauna of Black Sea ==
Full design (Полное оформление).
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[w:Fauna|Fauna]] of [[w:Black Sea|Black Sea]].''' 1991.01.04. The [[w:Postage stamp|stamps]] with the [[w:Name|name]] of [[w:Animal|animals]] in [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and [[w:Latin|Latin]]. Designer: A.&amp;nbsp;Isakov.&lt;br&gt; Multicolored. Comb 11¾. Coated paper. Offset printing. Size: 32.5&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;32.5&amp;nbsp;mm. Sheet: 5&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;6 &lt;br&gt; '''[[w:ru:Фауна|Фауна]] [[w:ru:Чёрное море|Чёрного моря]].''' Худ. А.&amp;nbsp;Исаков

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.01.04'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6214-6218 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6249-6253 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5954-5958 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6158-6162 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6215-6219 [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5818-5822

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.1-1.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6279 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Frilly-mouthed jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo)) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|White [[w:Jellyfish|jellyfish]] ([[w:Rhizostoma pulmo|Rhizostoma pulmo]] Macri, 1778). Face value: 4k. Issued: 4,500,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Корнероты|Медуза корнерот]] 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6279'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6214
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6249
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5954
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6158
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6215
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5818

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6279A stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Frilly-mouthed jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo)) 150dpi.jpg|150x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |CPA 6279 stamp imperforated
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6279A'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6214Pa
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6249A
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6158U
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.2-1.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6280 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone (Anemonia sulcata)) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Snakelocks anemone|Snakelocks anemone]] (Anemonia sulcata Thomas Pennant, 1777). Face value: 5k. Issued: 3,800,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Актиния|Морской анемон]] 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6280'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6215
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6250
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5955
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6159
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6216
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5819

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.3-1.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6281 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Spiny dogfish|Spiny dogfish]] (Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758). Face value: 10k. Issued: 3,500,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Катран|Акула катран]] 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6281'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6216
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6251
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5956
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6160
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6217
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5820

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.4-1.4&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6282 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:European anchovy|European anchovy]] (Engraulis encrasicolus Linnaeus, 1758). Face value: 15k. Issued: 3,000,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Европейский анчоус|Хамса]] 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6282'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6217
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6252
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5957
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6161
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6218
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5821

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.5-1.5&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6283 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Common bottlenose dolphin|Bottlenose dolphin]] (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821). Face value: 20k. Issued: 2,800,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Афалина|Дельфин афалина]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6283'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6218
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6253
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5958
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6162
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6219
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5822

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6283A stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 150dpi.jpg|150x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|CPA 6283 stamp imperforated
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6283A'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6218Pa
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6253A
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6162U
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????


|}

== 2 CPA Nr 6284 (1) 75th Anniversary of Paul Keres (1916-1975), Estonian Chess Grandmaster ==
Full design (Полное оформление).
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''75th anniversary of [[w:Paul Keres|Paul Keres]] (1916-1975), Estonian Chess Grandmaster.''' 1991.01.07. Designer: B.&amp;nbsp;Ilyukhin. [[w:Face value|Face value]]: 15k. Dark brown. Harrow 11½. [[w:Coated paper|Coated paper]]. [[w:Photogravure|Photogravure]]. Size: 40&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;28&amp;nbsp;mm. Sheet: 5&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;10. Issued: 1,800,000 &lt;br&gt; '''75-летие со дня рождения [[w:ru:Керес, Пауль|П.&amp;nbsp;П.&amp;nbsp;Кереса]] (1916-1975), эстонского шахматиста.''' Худ. Б.&amp;nbsp;Илюхин

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|#1991.6-2.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6284 stamp (75th Birth Anniversary of Paul Keres. Paul Keres (1916-1975), chess grandmaster) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]&lt;br&gt;1991.01.07
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Portrait|Portrait]] of the [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[w:Estonia|Estonian]] [[w:Chess|chess player]] [[w:Paul Keres|Paul Keres]] (according to the [[w:Photograph|photo]]) against [[w:Chess piece|chessmen]] of a [[w:Knight (chess)|knight]] and a [[w:Bishop (chess)|bishop]]. [[w:Facsimile|Facsimile]] of the [[w:Signature|signature]] of [[w:Paul Keres|P. Keres]] &lt;br /&gt; [[w:ru:Портрет|Портрет]] [[w:ru:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик|советского]] [[w:ru:Эстония|эстонского]] [[w:ru:Шахматы|шахматиста]] [[w:ru:Керес, Пауль|Пауля Петровича Кереса]] (по [[w:ru:Фотография|фотографии]]) на фоне [[w:ru:Шахматные фигуры|шахматных фигур]] [[w:ru:Конь (шахматы)|коня]] и [[w:ru:Слон (шахматы)|слона]]. [[w:ru:Факсимиле|Факсимиле]] [[w:ru:Подпись|подписи]] [[w:ru:Керес, Пауль|П.&amp;nbsp;П.&amp;nbsp;Кереса]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6284'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6219
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6254
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5964
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6163
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6220
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5823


|}

== 3 CPA Nr 6285 (1) 5th Anniversary of Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster ==
Full design (Полное оформление).
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''5th Anniversary of Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster.''' 1991.01.22. Designer: M.&amp;nbsp;Verkholantsev. [[w:Face value|Face value]]: 15k. Multicolored. Harrow 11½. [[w:Coated paper|Coated paper]]. [[w:Photogravure|Photogravure]]. Size: 40&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;28&amp;nbsp;mm. Sheet: 5&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;10. Issued: 1,500,000 &lt;br&gt;'''5-летие чернобыльской трагедии.''' Худ. М. Верхоланцев

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|#1991.7-3.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6285 stamp (Fifth Anniversary of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station Disaster. Radioactive particles killing vegetation) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]&lt;br&gt;1991.01.22
| align=&quot;left&quot;|Allegory: pernicious impact of radiation on all live &lt;br /&gt; Аллегория: губительное воздействие радиации на все живое
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6285'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6220
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6255
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5959
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6164
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6221
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5824


|}

== 4 CPA Nr 6286-6289 (4) Russian Landscape Paintings ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''Russian landscape paintings.''' 1991.01.25. Designer: A. Zharov. Multicolored. C 12½:12 &lt;br&gt; '''Российская пейзажная живопись.''' Многоцветные. Оформление А. Жаров

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.01.25'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6221-6224 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6256-6259 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5960-5961 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6165-6168 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6222-6225 [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5825-5828

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.8-4.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6286.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|Evening in the Ukraine, 1878, by A.I. Kuindzhi. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;А. И. Куинджи &quot;Вечер на Украине&quot; (1878). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6286'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6223
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6256
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5962
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6167
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6224
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5825

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.9-4.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6287.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|Birch Grove, 1879, by A.&amp;nbsp;I.&amp;nbsp;Kuindzhi. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;А.&amp;nbsp;И.&amp;nbsp;Куинджи &quot;Берёзовая роща&quot; (1879). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6287'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6224
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6257
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5963
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6168
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6225
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5826

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6286 6287 and label.jpg|200x125px]]
| Se-tenants (6286-tablet-6287), tablet with portrait of A.&amp;nbsp;I.&amp;nbsp;Kuindzhi&lt;br /&gt;Марки в сцепке: 6286-купон-6287. На купоне портрет художника А.&amp;nbsp;И.&amp;nbsp;Куинджи 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5963a
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.10-4.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6288.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|Sorrento Coast with View of Capri, 1826, by S.F. Shchedrin. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;С. Ф. Щедрин &quot;Берег Сорренто с видом на остров Капри&quot; (1826). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6288'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6221
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6258
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5960
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6165
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6222
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5827

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.11-4.4&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6289.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|New Rome, St. Angel’s Castle, 1823, by S.&amp;nbsp;F.&amp;nbsp;Shchedrin. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;С.&amp;nbsp;Ф.&amp;nbsp;Щедрин &quot;Новый Рим. Вид на замок св. Ангела&quot; (1823). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6289'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6222
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6259
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5961
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6166
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6223
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5828

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6288-6289 and label.jpg|200x125px]]
| Se-tenants (6288-tablet-6289), tablet with portrait of S.&amp;nbsp;F.&amp;nbsp;Shchedrin&lt;br /&gt;Марки в сцепке: 6288-купон-6289. На купоне портрет художника С.&amp;nbsp;Ф.&amp;nbsp;Щедрина
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5961a
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|}

== 5 CPA Nr 6290 (1) Wildlife Management ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Birds. Surtax for the Zoo Relief Fund.''' 1991-02-04&lt;br&gt;'''Птицы. Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в Фонд помощи зоопаркам'''

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|#1991.12-5.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6290 stamp (white stork).jpg|125x125px]]&lt;br&gt;1991-02-04
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:White stork|White stork]] (''Ciconia Ciconia''). Emblem of the Zoo Relief Fund. Birds. Surtax for the Zoo Relief Fund. Multicolored. Designer: A. Isakov. Face value: 0.10 + 0.05. Issued: 3,200. C 12:12½&lt;br /&gt; [[w:ru:Белый аист|Белый аист]] (''Ciconia Ciconia''). Эмблема Фонда помощи зоопаркам. Птицы. Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в Фонд помощи зоопаркам. Многоцветная.  Худ. А. Исаков. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6290'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6225
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6260
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;B179
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6172
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6226
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5829

|}

== 6 CPA Nr 6291 (1) Wildlife Management ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''USSR Philatelic Society, 25th Anniv.''' 1991-02-05&lt;br&gt;'''Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в Фонд помощи Союзу филателистов'''

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|#1991.13-6.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6291.jpg|150x150px]]&lt;br&gt;1991-02-05
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Old World Swallowtail|Old World Swallowtail]] (''Papilio machaon'') on a flower. Wildlife management - a philately vital topic. USSR Philatelic Society Relief Fund semi-postal. Souvenir sheet. Multicolored. Designer: M. Morozov.  Face value: 0.20 + 0.10. Issued: 700. H 12:12½&lt;br /&gt; [[w:ru:Махаон|Махаон]] (''Papilio machaon'') на цветке. Охрана природы - актуальная тема филателии. Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в Фонд помощи Союзу филателистов. Почтовый блок. Многоцветная. Худ. М. Морозов. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6291'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6226
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6261
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;B180
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6173
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;MS6230
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;Block21

|}

== 7 CPA Nr 6292-6294 (3) Let's protect the native nature ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Let's protect the native nature.''' 1991.02.15. Multicolored. Designer: A. Isakov. H 11½&lt;br&gt; '''Защитим родную природу. '''Многоцветные. Худ. А. Исаков

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.02.15'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6227-6229 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6262-6264 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5965-5967 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6169-6171 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6227-6229 [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5830-5832

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.14-7.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6292.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Bell tower near Kaliazin, Volga River region. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;Волга. Затопленная колокольня. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6292'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6227
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6262
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5965
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6169
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6227
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5830

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.15-7.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6293.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Lake Baikal. Face value: 0.15. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;Байкал. В районе острова Ольхон. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6293'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6228
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6263
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5966
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6170
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6228
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5831

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.16-7.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6294.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;|Desert zone of former Aral Sea. Face value: 0.20. Issued: 2,100.&lt;br /&gt;Арал. Морские суда, застывшие в барханах. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6294'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6229
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6264
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5967
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6171
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6229
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5832

|}

== 8 CPA Nr 6295-6297 (3) Monuments of Domestic History ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Monuments of domestic history.''' 1991.03.05. Multicolored. Designer: L. Zaytsev. H 11½ &lt;br&gt; '''Памятники отечественной истории.''' Многоцветные. Худ. Л. Зайцев

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.03.05'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6230-6232 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6265-6267 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5968-5970 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6174-6176 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;623?-623? [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;583?-583?

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.17-8.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6295.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Mukhammed Bashar Mausoleum, Tadzhikstan (14 c.). Face value: 0.15. Issued: 2,800.&lt;br /&gt;Пенджикент. Мавзолей Мухаммеда Башшара (XIV век). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6295'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6230
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6265
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5969
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6175
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6232
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;583?

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.18-8.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6296.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Moslem Tower, Uzgen, Kirghizia (11 c.). Face value: 0.15. Issued: 2,800.&lt;br /&gt;Узген. Минарет (XI век) на фоне киргизского орнаментального узора. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6296'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6231
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6266
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5968
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6174
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;623?
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5833

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.19-8.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6297.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Talkhatan-baba Mosque, Turkmenistan (11 c.). Face value: 0.15. Issued: 2,800.&lt;br /&gt;Мары. Мечеть Талхатан-Баба (XI век). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6297'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6232
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6267
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5970
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6176
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;623?
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;583?

|}

== 9 CPA Nr 6298-6301 (4) 14th Standard Emission ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''14 standard emission on a coated paper.''' 1991.03.13. Litho. Designer: V. Koval. C 12½:12 /&lt;br /&gt;'''XIII стандартный выпуск на мелованной бумаге.''' Офсет. Худ. В. Коваль

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.03.13'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6233-6236 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6268-6271 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5984-5987 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6177-6180 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????-???? [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5836-5839

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.20-9.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6298 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 3rd issue. Old Mail Transport. Mail coach, steam train, sailing packet and steamship) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Early ship, train, and carriage. Orange brown. Face value: 0.02. Issued: 1,000.&lt;br /&gt;Средства доставки почты (XIX век). Жёлто-коричневая.&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper (18.IV). Issued: mass&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper, imperforated (18.IV)&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге без зубцов
&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- UV paper
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6298'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6233
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6268
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5984
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6177
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5836

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.21-9.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6299 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 3rd issue. Modern Mail Transport. Mail truck, train, ocean liner, Ilyushin Il-86 jetliner and Mil Mi-2 helicopter) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Airplane, helicopter, ocean liner, cable car, van. Bright blue. Face value: 0.07. Issued: 1,000.&lt;br /&gt;Современные средства доставки почты. Голубая.&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper (18.IV). Issued: mass&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper, Photogravure, H 12:11½ (25.VI)&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге, рам. 12:11½
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6299'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6234
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6269
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5985
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6178
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5837

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.22-9.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6300 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 3rd issue. Space Exploration. 'Energia' rocket and 'Buran' spacecraft on launch pad) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;|Space shuttle. Dk lilac rose. Face value: 0.12. Issued: 1,000.&lt;br /&gt;Система &quot;Энергия&quot; и комплекс &quot;Буран&quot;. Лилово-фиолетовая.&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper (18.IV). Issued: mass&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге&lt;br /&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6300'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6235
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6270
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5986
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6179
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5838

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.23-9.4&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6301 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 3rd issue. Means of Space Communication. 'Gorizont' communications satellite) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Telecommunication satellite &quot;Horizont&quot;. Deep violet. Face value: 0.13. Issued: 1,000.&lt;br /&gt;Спутник связи &quot;Горизонт&quot;. Сине-фиолетовая.&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper (18.IV). Issued: mass&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге&lt;br /&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6301'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6236
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6271
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5987
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6180
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5839

|}

== 10 CPA Nr 6302-6304 (3) Russian Settlements in America ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Russian Settlements in America.''' 1991.03.14. Designer: Yu. Levinovsky. H 12:11½ &lt;br&gt; '''Русская Америка.''' Худ. Ю. Левиновский

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.03.14'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6237-6239 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6272-6274 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5971-5973 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6181-6183 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6234-6236 [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5840-5842

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.24-10.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6302.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |G. I. Shelekhov (1747-1795), Alaska colonizer. Brt blue &amp; black. Face value: 0.20. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Гавань Трёх Святителей. Портрет [[w:ru:Шелихов, Григорий Иванович|Г. И. Шелехова]]. Синяя, голубая и чёрная
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6302'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6237
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6272
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5971
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6181
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6234
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5840

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.25-10.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6303.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |A. A. Baranov, (1746-1819), first governor of Russian America. Olive brn &amp; balk. Face value: 0.30. Issued: 2,200.&lt;br /&gt;Ново-Архангельск. Портрет [[w:ru:Баранов, Александр Андреевич|А. А. Баранова]]. Оливковая и чёрная
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6303'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6238
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6273
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5972
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6182
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6235
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5841

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.26-10.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6304.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |I. A. Kuskov, founder of Fort Ross, California. Red brn &amp; balk. Face value: 0.50. Issued: 1,900.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Форт Росс|Форт Росс]]. Портрет И. А. Кускова. Красно-коричневая, оранжево-коричневая и чёрная
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6304'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6239
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6274
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5973
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6183
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6236
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5842

|}

== 11 CPA Nr 6305 (1) Asia and Pacific Transport Network, 10th Anniv. ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot;  
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Asia and Pacific Transport Network, 10th Anniv.''' 1991.03.20&lt;br&gt; '''10-летие деятельности ЭСКАТО'''

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| &lt;small&gt;#1991.27-11.1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6305.jpg|125x125px]]&lt;br&gt;1991.03.20
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Communication satellite and the ship against United Nations emblem. Multicolored. Designer: Yu. Artsimenev. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 1,500. H 11½&lt;br /&gt; Спутник связи и судно на фоне эмблемы ООН. Многоцветная.  Худ. Ю. Арцименев. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6305'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6240
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6275
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5979
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6184
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6237
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;58??

|}

== 12 CPA Nr 6306-6311 (6) Day of astronautics. The 30th anniversary of the first flight of the person in space. Yuri A. Gagarin ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Day of astronautics. The 30 anniversary of the first flight of the person in space. Yuri A. Gagarin.'''&lt;br&gt; 1991-04-06. Brown. Designer: G. Komlev. C 12 /&lt;br /&gt;'''День космонавтики, 30-летие первого полёта человека в космос. Юрий Гагарин.'''&lt;br&gt; Коричневые. Худ. Г. Комлев

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991-04-06'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6241-6244, Бл 221-222 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6276-6279, Блок 222-223 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5974-5977 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6185-6188, Block 218-219 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6238-6241, ???? [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5844-5847, ????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.28-12.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6306.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Pilot. Face value: 0.25. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Теоретическая подготовка к полету (1960&amp;nbsp;г.)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6306'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6241
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6276
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5974
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6185A
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6238
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5844

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.29-12.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6307.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Cosmonaut. Face value: 0.25. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Перед стартом (1961&amp;nbsp;г.)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6307'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6242
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6277
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5975
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6186A
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6239
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5845

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.30-12.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6308.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Pilot, wearing hat. Face value: 0.25. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Первая зарубежная поездка. Прага (1961&amp;nbsp;г.)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6308'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6243
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6278
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5976
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6187A
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6240
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5846

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.31-12.4&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6309.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |As civilian. Face value: 0.25. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Одна из последних фотографий (1968&amp;nbsp;г.)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6309'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6244
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6279
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6188A
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6241
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5847

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6306-6309.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Stamps block of four. Face value: 0.25 × 4.&lt;br /&gt;Марки в квартблоке
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977a
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6306-6309 Minisheet.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Little sheet of 4 × 2&lt;br /&gt;Малый лист 4 × 2 (два квартблока)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977d
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6306-6309 Minisheet inscribed.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Little sheet of 4 × 2, inscribed&lt;br /&gt;Малый лист 4 × 2 с чёрным дополнительным текстом: с чёрной офсетной надпечаткой текста: &quot;Международная выставка &quot;К звёздам-91&quot; Космос на службе мира и прогресса&quot;
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.32-12.5&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6310.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Sheet of 4 stamps, imperforated. Simulated perforations. Grey-blue, brown &amp; black. Face value: 0.25 × 4.&lt;br /&gt;Почтовый блок. Блок с имитационной зубцовкой. На поле блока: скульптура &quot;К звёздам&quot; (фрагмент)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6310'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;Бл 221
Liapine&amp;nbsp;Блок 222
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977b
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;Block 218
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.33-12.6&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6311.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Sheet of 4 stamps, imperforated, inscribed. Simulated perforations&lt;br /&gt;Почтовый блок с чёрной офсетной надпечаткой текста: &quot;Международная выставка &quot;К звёздам-91&quot; Космос на службе мира и прогресса&quot;. Блок с имитационной зубцовкой
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6311'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;Бл 222
Liapine&amp;nbsp;Блок 223
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977c
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;Block 219
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|}

== ==
{| width=&quot;284&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot;
|+
|- bgcolor=&quot;#BFFFBF&quot;
| '''''23 апреля 1991''''' / '''''23 April 1991'''''
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | '''100-летие со дня рождения С. С. Прокофьева''' / '''100th anniversary of Sergey S. Prokofiev'''
|- 
| '''Рисунок/Image'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#f0fffe&quot; | '''Каталог ВП:Ф''' / '''WP:F Number'''
| '''Описание/Description'''
| '''Каталог ЦФА/CPA'''
| '''Scott'''
| '''Michel'''
| '''Yver'''
| '''Примечания/Notes'''
|-bgcolor=&quot;#efffef&quot; |
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6314.jpg|100px]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#fffef0&quot; | 
| Портрет композитора С. С. Прокофьева / Portrait of Sergey S. Prokofiev, composer
| {{center|6314}}
| {{center|5993}}
| {{center|6191}}
|
| Художник Б. Илюхин, тираж 2300 / Designer: B. Ilyukhin, issued: 2300
|- 

|}

{{center/top}}
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]] '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Почта СССР&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''' [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]]

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; {{ts|mc}}
| [[w:Soviet Union stamp catalogue|CPA catalogue]]&lt;br&gt; [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1979|←]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1980|1980]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1981|1981]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1982|1982]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1983|1983]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1984|1984]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1985|1985]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1986|1986]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1987|1987]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1988|1988]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989|1989]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990|1990]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991|'''&lt;big&gt;1991&lt;/big&gt;''']] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1992|1992]] [[:Category:Stamps of Russia, 1992|→]]
|}
{{center/end}}

{{BookCat|filing=deep}}</text>
      <sha1>svw7d6tdqotoay3s0g3eoyt0zrqt6wg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>140081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638483</id>
      <parentid>4638341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:10:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ArchiverBot</username>
        <id>1227662</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/May]]</comment>
      <origin>4638483</origin>
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      <text bytes="7995" sha1="748y606365m2gmqm2yxkhahgx6ohs2r" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
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{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== Shawndavidsonosp2 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Shawndavidsonosp2}}

Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312343]], [[Special:AbuseLog/312344]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Shawndavidsonosp2/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:This is not a spam. Its a discussion topic on Healthcare Software Development [[User:Shawndavidsonosp2|Shawndavidsonosp2]] ([[User talk:Shawndavidsonosp2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shawndavidsonosp2|contribs]]) 13:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} (CU request) User:Shawndavidsonosp2 &amp; User:Lunasora33 made link additions for osplabs.com ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Information_Technology_and_Ethics/IT_and_Healthcare&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4636437], [https://spamcheck.toolforge.org/by-domain?q=osplabs.com])
: {{ping|MarcGarver|SHB2000}} [[Special:CentralAuth/Rachvictor05]] &amp; [[Special:CentralAuth/Emma_Joseph_Swift]] (Locked) also made link additions for osplabs.com ([https://spamcheck.toolforge.org/by-domain?q=osplabs.com]) [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:46, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::Clearly promotional accounts, both blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
:::and their spam domain added to the blacklist [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:02, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== Banibrotechnologies reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Banibrotechnologies}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Banibrotechnologies/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:51, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== Texasanne12 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Texasanne12}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312336]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Texasanne12/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:18, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[User:Me Lendroz]] (CU request) ==

{{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} (this is related to previous CU, [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2024/February#Alert_about_possible_evasion_of_previous_1-week_block_at_English_Wikibooks_(CU_needed?)]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2024/August#Another_user_editing_User:Jay_Bolero's_user_page]]) &lt;br&gt;
I found [[Special:Contributions/CarlessParking]] editing the user page of [[User:Me Lendroz]]. What do our CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:It's an obvious sock of Jay Bolero not least because the account has posted &quot;my name is Karl Basallote&quot; everywhere and &quot;Basallote&quot; matches the previous sock. I've blocked CarlessParking as this is an abusive use of multiple accounts. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] In that case, should their edits be reverted and/or marked as unreviewed? They were now blocked indefinitely for sockpuppetry. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 27 May 2026 (UTC)

== Sharmasejal reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Sharmasejal}}

Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312466]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Sharmasejal/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:12, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:28, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
== Abbeypartyrental reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Abbeypartyrental}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Abbeypartyrental/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:26, 24 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:33, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

== Varundraravinds reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Varundraravinds}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Varundraravinds/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:33, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

== Prabhuabd reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Prabhuabd}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Prabhuabd/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:12, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:33, 26 May 2026 (UTC)
== Manipathakblog reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Manipathakblog}}

Promotion-only account &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Manipathakblog/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:54, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
: Globally locked by Barras. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:44, 30 May 2026 (UTC)

== I can't make a page ==

I wished to make a page English in Use/Agreement – a slighty modified version of the Wikipedia article [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_in_the_English_language]]. It's written like a textbook, so I thought it would be appropriate here, but some filter has blocked my edit. What shall I do?

[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32366-58|&amp;#126;2026-32366-58]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-32366-58|talk]]) 10:44, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>748y606365m2gmqm2yxkhahgx6ohs2r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>140438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638406</id>
      <parentid>4413606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T19:41:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsievsky</username>
        <id>1705693</id>
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      <text bytes="34790" sha1="hpswsgszzva2l6xjjak4wnwqzo09f6t" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]] '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Почта СССР&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''' [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]]

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; align=center 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|[[w:Soviet Union stamp catalogue|CPA catalogue]]&lt;br&gt; [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1979|←]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1980|1980]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1981|1981]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1982|1982]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1983|1983]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1984|1984]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1985|1985]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1986|1986]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1987|1987]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1988|1988]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989|1989]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990|'''&lt;big&gt;1990&lt;/big&gt;''']] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991|1991]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1992|1992]] [[:Category:Stamps of Russia, 1992|→]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
{{center|CPA # 6163-6278 (116)}}

'''Here complete descriptions of 1990 USSR stamps are given.'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Здесь приведены полные описания почтовых марок СССР 1990 года.'''

* All available images of 1990 USSR stamps are on the Wikimedia Commons:&lt;br /&gt;
* Все имеющиеся изображения почтовых марок СССР 1990 года находятся на Викискладе:&lt;br /&gt;
*[[File:Commons-logo.svg|32px|Wikimedia commons|link=c:]] [[c:Category:1990 stamps of the Soviet Union|1990 stamps of the Soviet Union]]

:* You can also see standard images of 1990 USSR stamps on Wikimedia commons:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Типовые изображения почтовых марок СССР 1990 года можно также посмотреть на Викискладе:&lt;br /&gt;
:*[[File:Commons-logo.svg|32px|Wikimedia commons|link=c:]] [[c:Каталог ЦФА (6001-6380)|Каталог ЦФА (6001-6380)]]&lt;br&gt;


Attention! The stamps are sorted by CPA (Central Philatelic Agency) catalog numbers, not by dates of their issue!&lt;br /&gt;
Внимание! Марки отсортированы по номерам каталога [[w:ru:Союзпечать|ЦФА]], а не по дате выпуска!&lt;br /&gt;

The names of stamps and stamp series are made according to all used 7 catalogues.&lt;br /&gt;
Названия марок и серий марок составлены по всем используемым 7 каталогам.&lt;br /&gt;


{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|- style=&quot;background-color:#E5E1A8;font-size:9.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| '''Date/Image''' 
| '''Catalogue Number''' 
| width=&quot;460&quot;|'''Description''' 
| '''CPA''' 
| '''[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]''' 
| '''[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]''' 
| '''[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yver]]''' 
| '''[[World Stamp Catalogue/Stamp valuation|Valuation]] &amp; Other Notes''' 
|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-01-08 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Global Ecology''; designer Yu. Levinovsky &lt;br /&gt;'' Сохраним родную природу'', художник Левиновский Ю. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная. Печать глубокая, многоцветная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6163 stamp (Save atmosphere. Acid rain destroying rose).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0101-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Flower dying, industrial waste entering the environment &lt;br /&gt; Сохраним атмосферу! &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6163 || 5851 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6164 stamp (Save oceans. Oil-smeared great black-headed gull perching on globe).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0101-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Bird caught in industrial waste, Earth.&lt;br /&gt; Сохраним мировой океан! &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6164 || 5852 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6165 stamp (Save forests. Blade sawing down tree).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0101-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Sea of chopped trees&lt;br /&gt; Сохраним лес! &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6165 || 5853 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-01-18 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Capitals of the USS and Union Republics''; designer A. Pletnyov &lt;br /&gt;'' Столицы СССР и союзных республик'', художник Плетнёв А. Perf. 12 : 12 ½ гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6166 stamp (Ivan the Great Bell Tower and Konstantino-Yeleninsky Tower, Moscow, Russia).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Moscow &lt;br /&gt; Москва &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6166 || 5854 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6167 stamp (sculpture of Kyiv founders and Golden Gate, Kyiv, Ukraine).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Kiev &lt;br /&gt; Киев &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6167 || 5859 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6168 stamp (Victory Monument and Government House, Minsk, Belarus).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Minsk &lt;br /&gt; Минск &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6168 || 5858 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6169 stamp (Kukeldash Madrasah and National University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Tashkent &lt;br /&gt; Ташкент &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6169 || 5865 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6170 stamp (Academy of Sciences, Government House and Palace of the Republic, Almaty, Kazakhstan).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Alma-Ata &lt;br /&gt; Алма-Ата &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6170 || 5861 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6171 stamp (Vakhtang I Gorgasali Monument and Metekhi Church, Tbilisi, Georgia).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Tbilisi&lt;br /&gt; Тбилиси &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6171 || 5864 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6172 stamp (Maiden Tower and Divankhana (Shirvanshah's Palace), Baku, Azerbaijan).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Baku&lt;br /&gt; Баку &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6172 || 5863 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6173 stamp (Gediminas' Tower and Church of St. Anne, Vilnius, Lithuania).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Vilnius&lt;br /&gt; Вильнюс &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6173 || 5857 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6174 stamp (Triumphal arch and Nativity Cathedral, Kishinev, Moldova).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Kishinev&lt;br /&gt; Кишинёв &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6174 || 5860 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000


|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6175 stamp (Three Brothers, Riga Cathedral and Freedom Monument, Riga, Latvia).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Riga&lt;br /&gt; Рига &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6175 || 5856 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6176 stamp (Manas Monument and National Philharmonic, Frunze, Kyrgyzstan).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Frunze&lt;br /&gt; Фрунзе &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6176 || 5866 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6177 stamp (Avicenna Monument and Sadriddin Ayni Theater, Dushanbe, Tajikistan).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Dushanbe&lt;br /&gt; Душанбе &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6177 || 5868 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6178 stamp (David of Sassoun Monument and Alexander Spendiaryan Theatre, Yerevan, Armenia).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Yerevan&lt;br /&gt; Ереван &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6178 || 5862 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6179 stamp (Mollanepes Turkmen Drama Theater, State Library and Eternal Glory Memorial, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Ashkhabad&lt;br /&gt; Ашхабад &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6179 || 5867 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6180 stamp (Town Hall, St. Olaf's Church, Dome Church spires, Pikk Hermann and Maiden Tower roof, Tallinn, Estonia).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Tallinn&lt;br /&gt; Таллинн &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6180 || 5855 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-02-03 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 60th anniversary of Vietnamese Communist Party''; designer R. Strelnikov &lt;br /&gt;'' 60-летие компартии Вьетнама'', художник Стрельников Р. Perf. 11 ½ рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6181 stamp (60th Anniv of Vietnamese Communist Party. Flag and Hanoi Monument).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0301-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Monument to Freedom Fighters. Line engraving; multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Памятник борцам за свободу. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6181 || 5870 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-02-03 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth centennary of Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)''; designer A. Karasyov &lt;br /&gt;'' 100 лет со дня рождения Хо Ши Мина'', художник Карасёв А. Perf. 11 ½ рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6182 stamp (Birth Cent of Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese leader)).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0401-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Ho Chi Minh portrait. Line engraving; multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Портрет Хо Ши Мина, политического деятеля Вьетнама. Печать глубокая, многоцветная &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6182 || 5869 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-02-08 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Owls ''; designer I. Kozlov &lt;br /&gt;''Совы'', художник Козлов И. Perf. 12 : 12 ½ и 12 ½ : 12 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6183 stamp (snowy owl).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0501-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Nyctea scandiaca &lt;br /&gt; Белая сова &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6183 || 5871 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6184 stamp (eurasian eagle-owl).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0502-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Bubo bubo&lt;br /&gt; Обыкновенный филин &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6184 || 5872 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6185 stamp (Long-eared owl).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0503-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Asio otus &lt;br /&gt; Ушастая сова &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,35 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6185 || 5873 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-02-15 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|''Penny Black, 150th  Anniv. Emblems and various Penny Blacks''; designer V. Koval &lt;br /&gt;'' 150 лет первой в мире марке'', художник Коваль В. Perf. 11 ½ рамочная. Печать глубокая, многоцветные на цветном фоне

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6186 stamp (paddle-steamer, posthorn and Penny Black).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0601-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Position NK, grey background &lt;br /&gt; Рисунок марки «Чёрный пенни» с буквами «N» и «K». На сером фоне&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6186 || 5874 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6187 stamp (anniversary emblem and Penny Black lettered 'T F').jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0601-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Position TF, aurulent background&lt;br /&gt; Рисунок марки «Чёрный пенни» с буквами «T» и «F». На золотистом фоне&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6187 || 5876 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6187 I stamp (anniversary emblem and Penny Black lettered 'T P').jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0601-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Position TP, aurulent background&lt;br /&gt; Рисунок марки «Чёрный пенни» с буквами «T» и «P». На золотистом фоне&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6187.I || 5875 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6188 stamp ('Stamp World London 90' International Stamp Exhibition emblem and Penny Black lettered 'A H').jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0601-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Position AH, grey background&lt;br /&gt; Рисунок марки «Чёрный пенни» с буквами «A» и «H». На сером фоне &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,35 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6188 || 5877 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6188 I stamp ('Stamp World London 90' International Stamp Exhibition emblem and Penny Black lettered 'V K').jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0601-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Position VK, grey background&lt;br /&gt; Рисунок марки «Чёрный пенни» с буквами «V» и «K». На сером фоне &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,35 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6188.I || 5878 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6189 souvenir sheet (Penny Black and anniversary emblem).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0601-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Position AE&lt;br /&gt; Почтовый блок. Рисунок марки «Чёрный пенни» с буквами «A» и «E». Печать глубокая и металлография, на тёмно-зелёном фоне. Perf. 11 ½ : 12 рамочная &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 1,00 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6189 || 5879 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-02-20 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' ITU, 125th Anniv''; designer G. Komlev &lt;br /&gt;'' 125-летие Международного союза электросвязи'', художник Комлев Г. Perf. 11 ½ рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6190 stamp (125th Anniv of I.T.U. Emblem and electric cables).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0701-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Multicolored&lt;br /&gt;Эмблема союза. Печать глубокая, многоцветная в синем обрамлении&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6190 || 5880 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-03-28 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Labor Day''; designer M. Morozov &lt;br /&gt;'' 1 Мая – День международной солидарности трудящихся'', художник Морозов М. Perf. 11 ½ рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6191 stamp (Labour Day. Flowers).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0801-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Multicolored &lt;br /&gt;Цветы. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6191 || 5881 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-03-28 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' End of World War II, 45th anniv ''; designer A. Tolmachev &lt;br /&gt;'' С Праздником Победы! '', оформление Толмачёва А. Perf. 12 :12 ½ гребенчатая.

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6192 stamp (45th anniversary of victory in Second World War. 'Victory, 1945' by A. Lysenko).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-0901-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Victory, 1945, by A. Lysenko &lt;br /&gt; А. Г. Лысенко «Победа. 1945-й год». Офсет, многоцветная в серовато-жёлтом обрамлении &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6192 || 5882 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-04-12 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Cosmonauts’ Day''; designer P. Navdaev &lt;br /&gt;'' День космонавтики'', художник Навдаев П. Perf. 12 : 12 ½ гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6193 stamp (Cosmonautics Day. 'Mir' space complex and cosmonaut).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1001-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Mir Space Station, Cosmonaut &lt;br /&gt; Станция «Мир», космонавт в «летающем» кресле. Офсет, многоцветная &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0.20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6193 || 5883 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-04-14 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Lenin, 120th Birth Anniv''; designer I. Martynov &lt;br /&gt;'' 120-летие со дня рождения В. И. Ленина '', художник Мартынов И. Perf. 11 ½ : 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6194 stamp (Vladimir Lenin. The Lenin Museum (Ulyanovsk)).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1101-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Lenin Memorial (birthplace), Ulyanovsk.&lt;br /&gt; Ульяновск, филиал ЦМЛ. Офсет, розово-коричневая и оранжево-розовая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6194 || 5885 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | || || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6195 stamp (Vladimir Lenin. The Lenin Museum (Baku)).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1101-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Branch of the Central Lenin Museum, Baku.&lt;br /&gt; Баку, филиал ЦМЛ. Офсет, лилово-коричневая и лилово-розовая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6195 || 5886 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | || || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6196 stamp (Vladimir Lenin. The Lenin Museum (Tashkent)).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1101-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Branch of the Central Lenin Museum, Tashkent.&lt;br /&gt; Ташкент, филиал ЦМЛ. Офсет, тёмно-зелёная, коричневая и светлая оливково-коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6196 || 5887 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | || || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-04-14 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' LENINIANA ’90 all-union philatelic exhibition''; designer V. Koval &lt;br /&gt;'' Всесоюзная филателистическая выставка «Лениниана-90» в Москве '', художник Коваль В. Perf. 112 ½ рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6197 stamp ('Leniniana '90' All-Union Stamp Exhibition. Lenin).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1201-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Bas relief of Lenin. Intaglio; red brown&lt;br /&gt; Барельеф В. И. Ленина. Металлография, красно-коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6197 || 5884 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-04-25 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 150th Birth Anniversary of P. Tchaikovsky, Scene from Iolanta''; designer V. Pankin &lt;br /&gt;''  150-летие со дня рождения П. И. Чайковского, сцена из Иоланты'', художник Панкин В. Perf. 12 ½ : 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; |[[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6198 stamp (150th birth anniversary of Pyotr lIich Tchaikovsky(composer). Scene from 'Iolanta' (opera) and Tchaikovsky).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1301-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of P. Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), composer&lt;br /&gt; Портрет П. И. Чайковского. Металлография, тёмно-серая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6198 || 5888 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-05-04 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Zoo Relief  Fund''; designer A. Isakov &lt;br /&gt;'' Фонд помощи зоопаркам. Птицы.'', художник Исаков А. Perf. 12 : 12 ½ гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные на светлом лилово-сером фоне.

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6199 stamp (golden eagle).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1401-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Aquila chrysaetos&lt;br /&gt; Беркут&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 + 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6199 || B166 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6200 stamp (saker falcon).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1401-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Falco cherrug&lt;br /&gt; Балобан &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 + 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6200 || B167 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6201 stamp (common raven).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1401-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Corvus corax&lt;br /&gt; Ворон &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 + 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6201 || B168 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6199-6201 block of 4 (golden eagle, stamp label, saker falcon, common raven).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1401-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &lt;br /&gt; Марки серии и купон в квартблоке &lt;br /&gt; Face value: [0,10 + 0,05] + [0,20 + 0,10] + [0,20 + 0,10] || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6199–&lt;br /&gt; 6201 || B168a || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-05-22 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Folklore''; designer I. Martynov  &lt;br /&gt;'' Эпосы народов СССР '', оформление Мартынов И. Perf. 12 ½ : 12 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6202 stamp with label (Manas, Kyrgyz epic poem. Warrior with saber leading battle. T. Gertsen).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1501-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Manas, Kirghiz legend&lt;br /&gt; Киргизский эпос «Манас» &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6202 || 5890 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6203 stamp with label (Guraguli, Tadzhik epic poem. Armored warriors. I. Martynov).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1501-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Guraguli, Tadzhik legend&lt;br /&gt; Таджикский эпос «Гуругли» &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6203 || 5891 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6204 stamp with label (David of Sassoun, Armenian epic poem. Men, arches. M. Abegyan).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1501-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| David Sasunsky, Armenian legend&lt;br /&gt; Армянский эпос «Давид Сасунский» &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6204 || 5892 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6205 stamp with label (Koroghlu, Turkmen epic poem. Sleeping woman. man with lute. I. KIychev).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1501-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Gerogly, Turkmen legend&lt;br /&gt; Туркменский эпос «Героглы» &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6205 || 5893 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6206 stamp with label (Kelevipoeg, Estonian epic poem. Man with boards. O. Kallis).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1501-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Kalevipoeg, Estonian national epic &lt;br /&gt; Эстонский эпос «Калевипоэг» &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6206 || 5894 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-05-22 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Kalmyk Legend Dzhangar, 550th Anniv''; designer V. Beylin &lt;br /&gt;'' 550-летие калмыцкого народного эпоса «Джангар» ''. Художник Бейлин В. Perf. 12 12 ½ гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6207 stamp (550th Anniversary of Jangar (Kalmyk folk epic). Etching by G. A. Echeistov) small resolution.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1601-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| blk &amp; blk brn&lt;br /&gt; Джангар на фоне пейзажа и табуна лошадей. Офсет, чёрная, коричневая и оранжево-жёлтая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6207 || 5889 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | || || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-05-25 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' World Cup Soccer Championships, Italy 1990''; designer V. Beltukov &lt;br /&gt;'' XIV чемпионат мира по футболу «Италия-90»'', художник Бельтюков В. Perf. 12 : 12 ½ гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6208 stamp (World Cup Soccer Championships, Italy. Goalkeeper and players. The emblem).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1701-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &lt;br /&gt; Вратарь в игре&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6208 || 5895 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6209 stamp (World Cup Soccer Championships, Italy. Players. The emblem).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1701-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &lt;br /&gt; Начало атаки&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6209 || 5896 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6210 stamp (World Cup Soccer Championships, Italy. Attempted tackle. The emblem).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1701-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &lt;br /&gt; Удар по мячу&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6210 || 5897 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6211 stamp (World Cup Soccer Championships, Italy. Referee and players. The emblem).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1701-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &lt;br /&gt; Момент игры&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,25 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6211 || 5898 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6212 stamp (World Cup Soccer Championships, Italy. Goalkeeper saving ball. The emblem).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1701-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &lt;br /&gt; Вратарь отбивает мяч&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,35 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6212 || 5899 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6208-6212 se-tenant strip of 5 (World Cup Soccer Championships, Italy. The emblem and various soccer players).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1701-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &lt;br /&gt; Горизонтальная сцепка из пяти марок&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 + 0,10 + 0,15 + 0,25 + 0,35|| bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6208 – &lt;br /&gt; 6212 || 5899a || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-06-05 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Final agreement, European Conference on Security and Cooperation, 15th anniv.''; designer L. Zaytsev &lt;br /&gt;'' 15-летие подписания Заключительного акта Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе'', художник Зайцев Л. Perf. 11 ½ рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6213 stamp (15th anniversary of European Securityand Co-operation Conference, Helsinki. Globe and Finlandia Hall, Helsinki).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1801-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Земной шар. Дворец «Финляндия». Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6213 || 5900 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1990-06-05 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 45th World Shooting Championships, Moscow''; designer A. Shmidsteyn &lt;br /&gt;'' 45-й чемпионат мира по стрелковому спорту (Москва)'', художник Шмидштейн А. Perf. 11 ½ рамочная

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6214 stamp (45th World Shooting Championships, Moscow. Competitors and target).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1990-1901-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Стрелок из пистолета, стендовик, стрельба с колена. Печать глубокая,  многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6214 || 5901 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |  ||  || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,100

|- 
|} 
 
Sources: / Источники: 
* USSR stamp catalogue, 1990. Marka Publishing Center, 1991 / Каталог почтовых марок СССР 1990 г. ИТЦ &quot;Марка&quot;, 1991 
* Michel catalogue, USSR stamps / Каталог почтовых марок СССР &quot;Михель&quot; 


&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]] '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Почта СССР&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''' [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]]

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; align=center 
| align=center|[[w:Soviet Union stamp catalogue|CPA catalogue]]&lt;br&gt; [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1979|←]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1980|1980]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1981|1981]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1982|1982]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1983|1983]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1984|1984]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1985|1985]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1986|1986]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1987|1987]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1988|1988]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989|1989]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990|'''&lt;big&gt;1990&lt;/big&gt;''']] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991|1991]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1992|1992]] [[:Category:Stamps of Russia, 1992|→]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

{{BookCat|filing=deep}}</text>
      <sha1>hpswsgszzva2l6xjjak4wnwqzo09f6t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>142006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638369</id>
      <parentid>4638200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T14:09:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marceloricioli</username>
        <id>3599302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The list was expanded to include Gurgel, a now-defunct Brazilian automaker that operated from 1969 to 1996 and produced around 30,000 vehicles.</comment>
      <origin>4638369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="132909" sha1="7j4j1b4rx9slf3r3glud1ezesf44sr6" xml:space="preserve">==World Manufacturer Identifier==
The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. 

===WMI Regions===
The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/
| title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780
| publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI
! Region
! Notes
|-
| A-C
| Africa
| AA-AH = South Africa&lt;br /&gt;BF-BG = Kenya&lt;br /&gt;BU = Uganda&lt;br /&gt;CA-CB = Egypt&lt;br /&gt;DF-DK = Morocco
|-
| E, H-R
| Asia
| E=Russia&lt;br /&gt;H = China&lt;br /&gt;J = Japan&lt;br /&gt;KF-KH = Israel&lt;br /&gt;KL-KR = South Korea&lt;br /&gt;L = China&lt;br /&gt;MA-ME = India&lt;br /&gt;MF-MK = Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;ML-MR = Thailand&lt;br /&gt;MS = Myanmar&lt;br /&gt;MX = Kazakhstan&lt;br /&gt;MY-M0 = India&lt;br /&gt;NF-NG = Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;NL-NR = Turkey&lt;br /&gt;NS-NT = Uzbekistan&lt;br /&gt;PA-PC = Philippines&lt;br /&gt;PF-PG = Singapore&lt;br /&gt;PL-PR = Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;PS-PT = Bangladesh&lt;br /&gt;PV=Cambodia&lt;br /&gt;RA-RB = United Arab Emirates&lt;br /&gt;RF-RK = Taiwan&lt;br /&gt;RL-RN = Vietnam&lt;br /&gt;RS-RT = Saudi Arabia&lt;br /&gt;RU-RW = Russia&lt;br /&gt;R1-R7 = Hong Kong

|-
| S-Z
| Europe
| SA-SM = United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)&lt;br /&gt;SU-SZ = Poland&lt;br /&gt;TA-TH = Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;TJ-TP = Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;TR-TV = Hungary&lt;br /&gt;TW-T2 = Portugal&lt;br /&gt;UH-UM = Denmark&lt;br /&gt;UN-UR = Ireland&lt;br /&gt;UU-UX = Romania&lt;br /&gt;U1-U2 = North Macedonia&lt;br /&gt;U5-U7 = Slovakia&lt;br /&gt;VA-VE = Austria&lt;br /&gt;VF-VR = France&lt;br /&gt;VS-VW = Spain&lt;br /&gt;VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)&lt;br /&gt;V3-V5 = Croatia&lt;br /&gt;V6-V8 = Estonia&lt;br /&gt; W = Germany (formerly West Germany)&lt;br /&gt;XA-XC = Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;XF-XH = Greece&lt;br /&gt;XL-XR = The Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)&lt;br /&gt;XX-XY = Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;XZ-X0 = Russia&lt;br /&gt;YA-YE = Belgium&lt;br /&gt;YF-YK = Finland&lt;br /&gt;YS-YW = Sweden&lt;br /&gt;YX-Y2 = Norway&lt;br /&gt;Y3-Y5 = Belarus&lt;br /&gt;Y6-Y8 = Ukraine&lt;br /&gt;ZA-ZU = Italy&lt;br /&gt;ZX-ZZ = Slovenia&lt;br /&gt;Z3-Z5 = Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Z6-Z0 = Russia
|-
| 1-5
| North America
| 1, 4, 5 = United States&lt;br /&gt;2 = Canada&lt;br /&gt;3 = Mexico&lt;br /&gt;7F-70 = United States
|-
| 6-7
| Oceania
| 6A-6W = Australia&lt;br /&gt;7A-7E = New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;Revised: 6A-6X = Australia&lt;br /&gt;6Y-61 = New Zealand
|-
| 8-9
| South America
| 8A-8E = Argentina&lt;br /&gt;8F-8G = Chile&lt;br /&gt;8L-8N = Ecuador&lt;br /&gt;8S-8T = Peru&lt;br /&gt;8X-8Z = Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;82 = Bolivia&lt;br /&gt;84 = Costa Rica&lt;br /&gt;9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil&lt;br /&gt;9F-9G = Colombia&lt;br /&gt;9S-9V = Uruguay
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3

! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''A''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | South Africa || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ivory Coast || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lesotho || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Botswana || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Namibia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Madagascar || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cyprus || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mozambique || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''B''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Angola || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ethiopia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kenya || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rwanda || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nigeria || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Algeria || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Swaziland || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Uganda || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Africa''|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Libya || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''C''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Egypt || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Morocco || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zambia || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''D''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|-
| '''E''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''F''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| '''G'''
|-
| '''H''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''J''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Japan
|-
| '''K''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Israel || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jordan || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyrgyzstan || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' 
|-
| '''L''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''M''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | India || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Indonesia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Thailand || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Myanmar || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mongolia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kazakhstan || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | India
|-
| '''N''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pakistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iraq || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uzbekistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Azerbaijan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Tajikistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Armenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
| '''P''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Philippines || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singapore || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Malaysia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangladesh || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | India 
|-
| '''R''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | UAE || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Taiwan || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Vietnam || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Laos || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saudi Arabia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Hong Kong || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''S''' || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | United Kingdom || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Germany &lt;small&gt;(former East Germany)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Poland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Latvia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Georgia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iceland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''T''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Switzerland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Czech Republic || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hungary || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Portugal || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Serbia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Andorra || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''U''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Denmark || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ireland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | North Macedonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovakia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bosnia &amp; Herzogovina
|-
| '''V''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Austria || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | France || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | France &lt;small&gt;(formerly Yugoslavia &amp; Serbia)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Croatia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Estonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''W''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Germany
|-
| '''X''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bulgaria || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Greece || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia &lt;small&gt;(former USSR)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Luxembourg || colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''Y''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Belgium || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Finland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Malta || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sweden || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Norway || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Belarus || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ukraine || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''Z''' || colspan=&quot;18&quot; | Italy || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | San Marino|| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Europe''|| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lithuania || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''1''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | United States
|-
| '''2''' || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | Canada || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''3''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Mexico || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nicaragua || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Dom. Rep. || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Honduras || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Panama || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Puerto Rico || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''4''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | United States
|-
| '''5''' 
|-
| '''6''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Australia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Oceania''
|-
| '''7''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | United States
|-
| '''8''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ecuador || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Peru || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Venezuela || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bolivia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Costa Rica || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''South America'' 
|-
| '''9''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Brazil || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Colombia || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''South America''  || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Uruguay || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Brazil 
|-
| '''0''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|}

===List of Many WMIs===
The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html
| title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
| date=October 2009
| publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned.

{| class=&quot;wikitable x&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI !! Manufacturer
|-
| AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa
|-
| AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd.
|-
| AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck &amp; Bus)
|-
|AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number)
|-
| AAV || Volkswagen South Africa
|-
| AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt &amp; Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks &amp; Buses Southern Africa
|-
| ABM || BMW Southern Africa
|-
| ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018-
|-
| AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa 
|-
| AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa)
|-
| ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car
|-
| ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018)
|-
| ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd.
|-
| AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa)
|-
| AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa &amp; Samcor
|-
| AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa
|-
| AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa
|-
| AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa
|-
| AHH || Hino South Africa
|-
| AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000
|-
| AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd.
|-
| BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya
|-
| BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda
|-
| BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB)
|-
| BRY || FIAT Algeria
|-
| CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt)
|-
| DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt)
|-
| DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco)
|-
| EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia)
|-
| EAN || Evolute (Russia)
|-
| EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia)
|-
| EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia)
|-
| EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia)
|-
| ECE || XCITE (Russia)
|-
| ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia)
|-
| HAC || GAC Motor (Aion)
|-
| HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray)
|-
| HA6 || Niu Technologies
|-
| HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd.
|-
| HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) 
|-
| HGL ||  Farizon Auto van (Geely)
|-
| HGX ||  Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely)
|-
| HHZ || Huazi Automobile
|-
| HJN || Nio, Firefly 
|-
| HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van
|-
| HJ4 || BAW car
|-
| HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. &lt;br /&gt;(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| HLX || Li Auto
|-
| HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| HVW || Volkswagen Anhui
|-
| HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| HXM || Xiaomi
|-
| HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAB || Isuzu car
|-
| JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey &amp; Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu
|-
| JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty)
|-
| JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America)
|-
| JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) &amp; Nissan Rogue PHEV '26
|-
| JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America)
|-
| JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda
|-
| JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda
|-
| JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda
|-
| JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu
|-
| JD1 || Daihatsu car
|-
| JD2 || Daihatsu SUV
|-
| JD4 || Daihatsu truck
|-
| JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car
|-
| JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV
|-
| JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck
|-
| JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru
|-
| JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada
|-
| JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck)
|-
| JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck)
|-
| JHA || Hino truck
|-
| JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHD || Hino
|-
| JHF || Hino
|-
| JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,&lt;br/&gt;JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]]
|-
| JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV
|-
| JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car
|-
| JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck
|-
| JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV
|-
| JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV
|-
| JH4 || Acura car
|-
| JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKM || Mitsuoka
|-
| JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki
|-
| JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki
|-
| JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault)
|-
| JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive)
|-
| JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive)
|-
| JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America &amp; Middle East
|-
| JMZ || Mazda for Europe export &amp; Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain &amp; Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France
|-
| JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export
|-
| JM1 || Mazda car
|-
| JM2 || Mazda truck
|-
| JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV
|-
| JM4 || Mazda
|-
| JM6 || Mazda
|-
| JM7 || Mazda
|-
| JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck)
|-
| JNK || Infiniti car
|-
| JNR || Infiniti SUV
|-
| JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN1 || Nissan car &amp; Infiniti car
|-
| JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN6 || Nissan truck/van &amp; Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van
|-
| JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck)
|-
| JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck)
|-
| JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda
|-
| JSA || Suzuki ATV &amp; '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki
|-
| JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki
|-
| JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota
|-
| JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle &amp; Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JS2 || Suzuki car
|-
| JS3 || Suzuki SUV
|-
| JS4 || Suzuki truck
|-
| JTB || Toyota bus
|-
| JTD || Toyota car
|-
| JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JTF || Toyota van/truck
|-
| JTG || Toyota MPV/bus
|-
| JTH || Lexus car
|-
| JTJ || Lexus SUV
|-
| JTK || Toyota car
|-
| JTL || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota
|-
| JTN || Toyota car
|-
| JTP || Toyota SUV
|-
| JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van
|-
| JT2 || Toyota car
|-
| JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JT4 || Toyota truck/van
|-
| JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle
|-
| JT6 || Lexus SUV
|-
| JT7 || Toyota bus/van
|-
| JT8 || Lexus car
|-
| JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003)
|-
| JYA || Yamaha motorcycles
|-
| JYE || Yamaha snowmobile
|-
| JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV
|-
| JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV
|-
| J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu
|-
| J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada
|-
| J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu
|-
| KF3 || Merkavim (Israel)
|-
| KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel)
|-
| KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel)
|-
| KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea
|-
| KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)&lt;br /&gt; from Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants
|-
| KLP || CT&amp;T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles)
|-
| KLT || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLU || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo)
|-
| KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car)
|-
| KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac)
|-
| KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden)
|-
| KL4 || GM Korea (Buick)
|-
| KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki)
|-
| KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC)
|-
| KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000))
|-
| KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000))
|-
| KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark))
|-
| KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]]
|-
| KMC || Hyundai commercial truck
|-
| KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor)
|-
| KMF || Hyundai van &amp; commercial truck &amp; Bering Truck
|-
| KMH || Hyundai car &amp; Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai
|-
| KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus
|-
| KMT || Genesis Motor car
|-
| KMU || Genesis Motor SUV
|-
| KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV
|-
| KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&amp;T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM8 || Hyundai SUV
|-
| KNA || Kia car
|-
| KNC || Kia truck
|-
| KND || Kia MPV/SUV &amp; Hyundai Entourage
|-
| KNE || Kia for Europe export
|-
| KNF || Kia, special vehicles
|-
| KNG || Kia minibus/bus
|-
| KNJ || Ford Festiva &amp; Aspire made by Kia
|-
| KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech
|-
| KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung
|-
| KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd.
|-
| KN1 || Asia Motors
|-
| KN2 || Asia Motors
|-
| KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup
|-
| KPB || SsangYong car
|-
| KPD || SsangYong TransStar (bus)
|-
| KPH || Mitsubishi Precis
|-
| KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV
|-
| LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle
|-
| LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle
|-
| LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang)
|-
| LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely)
|-
| LA8 || Anhui Ankai
|-
| LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus &amp; Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus)
|-
| LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/LC0 || BYD
|-
| LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile
|-
| LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray
|-
| LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli)
|-
| LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang)
|-
| LBM || Zongshen Piaggio
|-
| LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro)
|-
| LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LB1 || Fujian Benz
|-
| LB2 || Geely Motorcycles
|-
| LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi)
|-
| LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO)
|-
| LCR || Gonow
|-
| LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza)
|-
| LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco)
|-
| LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LDB || Dadi Auto
|-
| LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60
|-
| LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile
|-
| LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway)
|-
| LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast
|-
| LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive
|-
| LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd.
|-
| LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle)
|-
| LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW)
|-
| LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC)
|-
| LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China
|- 
| LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle
|- 
| LE4 || Beijing Benz &amp; Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) &amp; Beijing Jeep Corp.
|-
| LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7)
|-
| LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd.
|-
| LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing
|-
| LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton)
|-
| LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz)
|-
| LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus)
|-
| LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4)
|-
| LFT || FAW (trailers)
|-
| LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili)
|-
| LFW || FAW JieFang (truck)
|-
| LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck)
|-
| LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory
|-
| LFZ || Leapmotor
|-
| LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle 
|-
| LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia)
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing)
|-
| LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus)
|-
| LGL || Guilin Daewoo
|-
| LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey)
|-
| LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao)
|-
| LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus
|-
| LG6 || Dayun Group
|-
| LHA || Shuanghuan Auto
|-
| LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding
|-
| LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura)
|-
| LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co.
|-
| LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LH1 || FAW-Haima, China
|-
| LJC || Jincheng Corporation
|-
| LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) &amp; Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia)
|-
| LJM || Sunlong (bus)
|-
| LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan
|-
| LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer)
|-
| LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus
|-
| LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile &amp; Kandi &amp; Zhidou
|-
| LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJW || JMC Landwind
|-
| LJX || JMC Ford
|-
| LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol)
|-
| LJ1 || Nio, Inc.
|-
| LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun)
|-
| LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile
|-
| LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe
|-
| LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LKH || Hafei Motor
|-
| LKL || Higer Bus
|-
| LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles
|-
| LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus
|-
| LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles
|-
| LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLN || Qoros 
|-
| LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
|-
| LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive
|-
| LLX || Yudo Auto
|-
| LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd.
|-
| LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng)
|-
| LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles)
|-
| LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo
|-
| LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]]
|-
| LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader)
|-
| LMP || Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima
|-
| LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]]
|-
| LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing)
|-
| LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LM6 || SWM (automobiles)
|-
| LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO
|-
| LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan
|-
| LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) &amp; Arcfox &amp; Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC
|-
| LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo
|-
| LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LNP || NAC MG UK Limited &amp; Nanjing Fiat Automobile
|-
| LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.)
|-
| LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks)
|-
| LNY || Yuejin
|-
| LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles)
|-
| LPE || BYD Auto
|-
| LPS || Polestar
|-
| LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export)
|-
| LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks
|-
| LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export)
|-
| LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus)
|-
| LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai)
|-
| LR4 || Yadi Technology Group
|-
| LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck)
|-
| LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV &amp; Chevrolet S10 Max &amp; Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
|-
| LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet)
|-
| LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van &amp; Chevrolet Express Max
|-
| LSJ || SAIC MG &amp; SAIC Roewe &amp; IM Motors &amp; Rising Auto
|-
| LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van
|-
| LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus)
|-
| LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) &amp; Jinbei GM
|-
| LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd
|-
| LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV)
|-
| LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) &amp; Changan Suzuki
|-
| LS6 || Changan Automobile &amp; Deepal Automobile &amp; Avatr
|-
| LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd.
|-
| LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LTA || ZX Auto
|-
| LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler &amp; Dodge vehicles
|-
| LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin)
|-
| LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) 
|-
| LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China)
|-
| LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd.
|-
| LUG || Qiantu Motor
|-
| LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar
|-
| LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd.
|-
| LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta)
|-
| LVA || Foton Motor
|-
| LVB || Foton Motor truck
|-
| LVC || Foton Motor bus
|-
| LVF || Changhe Suzuki
|-
| LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead)
|-
| LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo)
|-
| LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LVR || Changan Mazda
|-
| LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) &amp; Changan Ford Mazda &amp; Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda
|-
| LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast
|-
| LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour
|-
| LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021)
|-
| LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd
|-
| LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory
|-
| LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group)
|-
| LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus)
|-
| LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWL || Qingling Isuzu
|-
| LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LW4 || Li Auto
|-
| LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG)
|-
| LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM)
|-
| LXN || Link Tour
|-
| LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXW || JMC - Ford
|-
| LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor &amp; Yinxiang Group)
|-
| LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory &amp; Taizhou, Luqiao District factory
|-
| LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science &amp; Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China
|-
| LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-)
|-
| LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman)
|-
| LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus
|-
| LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd.
|-
| LZM || MAN China
|-
| LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian)
|-
| LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen
|-
| LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus
|-
| LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export])
|-
| LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak)
|-
| LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd.
|-
| LZ9/LZX || Raysince
|-
| L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers)
|-
| L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| L1N || XPeng Motors
|-
| L10 || Geely Emgrand
|-
| L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles)
|-
| L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs)
|-
| L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle
|-
| L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV &amp; motorcycles)
|-
| L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen)
|-
| L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6T || Geely, Lynk &amp; Co, Zeekr
|-
| L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. 
|-
| L82 || Baotian
|-
| L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance
|-
| L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle
|-
| L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd.
|-
| MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MAB || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAC || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India
|-
| MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India
|-
| MAL || Hyundai Motor India
|- 
| MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix
|- 
| MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover
|-
| MA1 || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic &amp; export)
|-
| MA6 || GM India
|-
| MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. &amp; Mitsubishi Motors &amp; Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors
|-
| MA8 || Daewoo Motor India
|-
| MBF || Royal Enfield
|- 
| MBH || Suzuki (for export) &amp; Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited
|-
| MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBL || Hero MotoCorp
|-
| MBR || Mercedes-Benz India
|-
| MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|-
| MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd.
|-
| MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape)
|-
| MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd.
|-
| MB1 || Ashok Leyland
|-
| MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV)
|-
| MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited
|-
| MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| MCB || GM India
|-
| MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers
|-
| MCG || Atul Auto Ltd.
|-
| MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC1 || Force Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd.
|-
| MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz)
|-
| MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited
|-
| MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun)
|-
| MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited
|-
| MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. &amp; KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj &amp; Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj
|-
| MD6 || TVS Motor Company
|-
| MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella
|-
| MD9 || Shuttle Cars India
|-
| MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz)
|-
| MEE || Renault India Private Limited
|-
| MEG || Harley-Davidson India
|-
| MER || Benelli India
|-
| MES || Mahindra Navistar
|-
| MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia)
|-
| MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on
|-
| ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| ME3 || Royal Enfield
|-
| ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
|-
| MYH || Ather Energy
|-
| MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa
|-
| MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited)
|-
| MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| M3G || Isuzu Motors India
|-
| M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited
|-
| ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike)
|-
| MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia
|-
| MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International
|-
| MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu)
|-
| MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia
|-
| MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car)
|-
| MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van)
|-
| MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg.
|-
| MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
|-
| MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MJB || GM Indonesia
|-
| MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)
|-
| MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
|-
| MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling)
|-
| MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd.
|-
| MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand
|-
| ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand)
|-
| MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP)
|-
| MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup
|-
| MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
|-
| MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car)
|-
| MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, &amp; Trailblazer)
|-
| MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant)
|-
| MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export
|-
| MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets
|-
| MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets
|-
| MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd.
|-
| MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. &amp; Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand
|-
| MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant)
|-
| MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand
|-
| MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car)
|-
| MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. 
|-
| MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups &amp; Fortuner SUV)
|-
| MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand
|-
| MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars &amp; CUVs)
|-
| MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab)
|-
| MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar
|-
| MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar
|-
| MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan)
|-
| NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran)
|-
| NAC || Mammut (truck trailers)
|-
| NAD || Škoda
|-
| NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers)
|-
| NAP || Pars Khodro
|-
| NAS || SAIPA
|-
| NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NC9/ || VIRA Diesel
|-
| ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd.
|-
| NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation
|-
| NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars
|-
| NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S.
|-
| NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck
|-
| NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV
|-
| NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van
|-
| NLN || Karsan
|-
| NLR || Otokar
|-
| NLT || Temsa
|-
| NLZ || Tezeller
|-
| NL1 || TOGG
|-
| NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus)
|-
| NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş.
|-
| NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses
|-
| NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
|-
| NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle
|-
| NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş.
|-
| NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey
|-
| NM0 || Ford Otosan
|-
| NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.
|-
| NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS)
|-
| NNA || Anadolu Isuzu
|-
| NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio)
|-
| NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer)
|-
| NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPS || Nursan (truck trailer)
|-
| NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus)
|-
| NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus)
|-
| NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus)
|-
| NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/300 || TCV (bus) 
|-
| NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NRE || Bozankaya
|-
| NRX || Musoshi
|-
| NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv
|-
| NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/034 || Akia (bus)
|-
| NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan)
|-
| NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan
|-
| NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan)
|- 
| PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation
|-
| PAD || Honda Cars Philippines
|-
| PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS)
|-
| PL1 || Proton, Malaysia
|-
| PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai
|-
| PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia
|-
| PMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus Malaysia
|-
| PMH || Honda Malaysia (car)
|-
| PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle)
|-
| PML || Hicom 
|-
| PMN || Modenas
|-
| PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle)
|-
| PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PM1 || BMW &amp; Mini/Inokom
|-
| PM2 || Perodua
|-
| PM9/ || Bufori
|-
| PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot
|-
| PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot)
|-
| PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia
|-
| PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PPP || Suzuki
|-
| PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)
|-
| PP1 || Mazda/Inokom
|-
| PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom
|-
| PRA || Sinotruk
|-
| PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant)
|-
| PRX || Kia/Inokom
|-
| PR8 || Ford
|-
| PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia
|-
| PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia
|-
| RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE
|-
| RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE
|-
| LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan
|-
| RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee
|-
| RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan
|-
| RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan
|-
| RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan
|-
| RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan)
|-
| RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan
|-
| RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen)
|-
| RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan)
|-
| RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan
|-
| RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan)
|-
| RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || Honda Taiwan
|-
| RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam)
|-
| RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co.
|-
| RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLL || VinFast SUV
|-
| RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam
|-
| RLN || VinFast
|-
| RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 &amp; DS 90)
|-
| RL0 || Ford Vietnam
|-
| RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam
|-
| RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia)
|-
| R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd.
|-
| R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd.
|-
| R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| SAA || Austin
|-
| SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-)
|-
| SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987)
|-
| SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace)
|-
| SAF || ERF trucks
|-
| SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group
|-
| SAJ || Jaguar passenger car &amp; Daimler passenger car (after April 1987)
|-
| SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]]
|-
| SAM || Morris
|-
| SAR || Rover &amp; MG Rover Group
|-
| SAT || Triumph car
|-
| SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars
|-
| SAY || Norton Motorcycles
|-
| SAZ || Freight Rover
|-
| SA3 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/ || OX Global
|-
| SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA)
|-
| SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA)
|-
| SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars)
|-
| SA9/005 || Panther
|-
| SA9/010 || Invicta S1
|-
| SA9/011 || Midas Cars
|-
| SA9/019 || TVR
|-
| SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars
|-
| SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys
|-
| SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/038 || DAX Cars
|-
| SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars
|-
| SA9/048 || McLaren F1
|-
| SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering
|-
| SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace)
|-
| SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers
|-
| SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ)
|-
| SA9/074 || Ascari 
|-
| SA9/088 || Spectre Angel 
|-
| SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd.
|-
| SA9/113 || Noble
|-
| SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing
|-
| SA9/141 || Wrightbus
|-
| SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3
|-
| SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars
|-
| SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.)
|-
| SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer)
|-
| SA9/231 || Peel Engineering
|-
| SA9/337 || Ariel
|-
| SA9/341 || Zenos
|-
| SA9/438 || Charge Cars
|-
| SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive
|-
| SA9/474 || Mellor (bus)
|-
| SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car)
|-
| SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace)
|-
| SBB || Leyland Vehicles
|-
| SBC || Iveco Ford Truck
|-
| SBF || Nugent (trailer)
|-
| SBJ || Leyland Bus
|-
| SBL || Leyland Motors &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| SBM || McLaren
|-
| SBS || Scammell
|-
| SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| SBV || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks
|-
| SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer)
|-
| SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK
|-
| SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car
|-
| SCB || Bentley passenger car
|-
| SCC || Lotus Cars &amp; Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton
|-
| SCD || Reliant Motors
|-
| SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK)
|-
| SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car &amp; '21 DBX SUV
|-
| SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers
|-
| SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove
|-
| SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company &amp; London Taxi Company &amp; London Taxis International
|-
| SCV || Volvo Truck &amp; Bus Scotland
|-
| SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020)
|-
| SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV
|-
| SDB || Talbot
|-
| SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984
|-
| SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992
|-
| SDK || Caterham Cars
|-
| SDL || TVR
|-
| SDP || NAC MG UK &amp; MG Motor UK Ltd.
|-
| SDU || Utility (truck trailer)
|-
| SD7 || Aston Martin SUV
|-
| SD8 || Moke International Ltd.
|-
| SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi)
|-
| SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access
|-
| SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer)
|-
| SEY || LDV Group Ltd.
|-
| SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK
|-
| SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis
|-
| SFE || Alexander Dennis UK
|-
| SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer)
|-
| SFN || Foden Trucks &amp; Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks
|-
| SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus
|-
| SGA || Avondale (caravans)
|-
| SGB || Bailey (caravans)
|-
| SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans)
|-
| SGE || Elddis (caravans)
|-
| SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SG4 || Coachman (caravans)
|-
| SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car
|-
| SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV
|-
| SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck
|-
| SJA || Bentley SUV
|-
| SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd
|-
| SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti
|-
| SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan
|-
| SJ1 || Ree Automotive
|-
| SKA || Vauxhall
|-
| SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers &amp; Trucks
|-
| SKF || Bedford Vehicles
|-
| SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd
|-
| SLA || Rolls Royce SUV
|-
| SLC || Thwaites Dumpers
|-
| SLG || McMurtry Automotive
|-
| SLN || Niftylift
|-
| SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd.
|-
| SLV || Volvo bus
|-
| SMR || Montracon (truck trailer)
|-
| SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer)
|-
| SMX || Gray &amp; Adams (truck trailer)
|-
| SNE || Barkas (East Germany)
|-
| SNE || Wartburg (East Germany)
|-
| SNT || Trabant (East Germany)
|-
| SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany)
|-
| SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany)
|-
| ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer)
|-
| SUA || Autosan (bus)
|-
| SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer)
|-
| SUC || Wiola (trailer)
|-
| SUD || Wielton (truck trailers)
|-
| SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat)
|-
| SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland)
|-
| SUJ || Jelcz (Poland)
|-
| SUL || FSC (Poland)
|-
| SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers)
|-
| SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland)
|-
| SUU || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland)
|-
| SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland) - until 2004
|-
| SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer)
|-
| SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland)
|-
| SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer)
|-
| SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer)
|-
| SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer)
|-
| SVS || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer)
|-
| SWH || Temared (trailers)
|-
| SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers)
|-
| SWV || TA-NO (Poland)
|-
| SWZ || Zremb (trailers)
|-
| SW9/BA1 || Solbus
|-
| SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer)
|-
| SXE || Neptun Trailers
|-
| SXK || Konar (truck trailer)
|-
| SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o.
|-
| SXY || Wecon (truck trailer)
|-
| SXX || Martz (trailer)
|-
| SX7 || Arthur Bus
|-
| SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus)
|-
| SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer)
|-
| SYB || Rydwan (trailer)
|-
| SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer)
|-
| SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy)
|-
| SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer)
|-
| SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer)
|-
| SZA || Scania Poland
|-
| SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle)
|-
| SZL || Boro Trailers
|-
| SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) 
|-
| SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer)
|-
| SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer)
|-
| S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia)
|-
| TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon &amp; Wetzikon AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland)
|-
| TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland)
|-
| TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland)
|-
| TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland)
|-
| TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland)
|-
| TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland)
|-
| TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKP || Panav a.s.  (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV)
|-
| TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic)
|-
| TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia
|-
| TNE || TAZ
|-
| TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody)
|-
| TNT || Tatra trucks
|-
| TNU || Tatra trucks
|-
| TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer)
|-
| TRA || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TRC || Csepel bus
|-
| TRE || Rákos bus
|-
| TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary)
|-
| TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS)
|-
| TSB || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary
|-
| TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary)
|-
| TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary)
|-
| TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),&lt;br&gt; Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK)
|-
| TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary)
|-
| TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series)
|-
| TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal)
|-
| TW4 || UMM (Portugal)
|-
| TW6 || Citroën (Portugal)
|-
| TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland &amp; Austin Rover Portugal
|-
| TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili)
|-
| TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal)
|-
| TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive)
|-
| TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive)
|-
| T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands)
|-
| UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain)
|-
| UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain)
|-
| UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain)
|-
| UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium)
|-
| UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark)
|-
| UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark)
|-
| UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland
|-
| UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland)
|-
| UU1 || Dacia (Romania)
|-
| UU2 || Oltcit
|-
| UU3 || ARO
|-
| UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz
|-
| UU5 || Rocar
|-
| UU6 || Daewoo Romania
|-
| UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond
|-
| UU9 || Astra Bus
|-
| UVW || UMM (truck trailer)
|-
| UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus
|-
| UWR || Robus Reșița
|-
| UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov)
|-
| U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia)
|-
| U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia)
|-
| U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer)
|-
| U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus)
|-
| U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia)
|-
| VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G &amp; Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer
|-
| VAH || Hangler (truck trailer)
|-
| VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik
|-
| VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks
|-
| VAV || Schwarzmüller
|-
| VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer)
|-
| VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf &amp; Stift
|-
| VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle)
|-
| VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer)
|-
| VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer)
|-
| VBK || KTM 
|-
| VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles &amp; Gas Gas under KTM ownership
|-
| VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr
|-
| VFA || Alpine, Renault Alpine GTA
|-
| VFG || Caravelair (caravans)
|-
| VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers)
|-
| VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| VF1 || Renault, Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault, Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault,&lt;br&gt; Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, &amp; Grandis made by Renault
|-
| VF2 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VF3 || Peugeot
|-
| VF4 || Talbot
|-
| VF5 || Iveco Unic
|-
| VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. &amp; Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A.
|-
| VF7 || Citroën
|-
| VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra)
|-
| VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/300 || EvoBus France
|-
| VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/519 || Hommell 
|-
| VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper)
|-
| VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
|-
| VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus
|-
| VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus)
|-
| VGA || Peugeot Motocycles
|-
| VGT || ASCA (truck trailers)
|-
| VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers)
|-
| VGW || BSLT (truck trailers)
|-
| VGX || Coder (truck trailers)
|-
| VGY || Lohr (truck trailers)
|-
| VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) &amp; Yamaha Motor
|-
| VG6 || Renault Trucks &amp; Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks
|-
| VG7 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG8 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle)
|-
| VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus)
|-
| VHR || Robuste (truck trailer)
|-
| VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain
|-
| VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VH8 || Microcar
|-
| VJR || Ligier
|-
| VJY || Gruau
|-
| VJ1 || Heuliez Bus
|-
| VJ2 || Mia Electric
|-
| VJ4 || Gruau
|-
| VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer)
|-
| VK1 || SEG (truck trailer)
|-
| VK2 || Grandin Automobiles
|-
| VK8 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VLG || Aixam-Mega
|-
| VLU || Scania France
|-
| VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari
|-
| VMK || Renault Sport Spider
|-
| VMS || Automobiles Chatenet
|-
| VMT || SECMA
|-
| VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55
|-
| VM3 || Lamberet (trailer)
|-
| VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer)
|-
| VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB
|-
| VN4 || Voxan
|-
| VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL
|-
| VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France)
|-
| VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France &amp; '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF
|-
| VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault
|-
| VRW || Goupil
|-
| VR1 || DS Automobiles
|-
| VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis)
|-
| VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis)
|-
| VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S
|-
| VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers)
|-
| VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van
|-
| VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
|-
| VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV
|-
| VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.)
|-
| VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-)
|-
| VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- &amp; Fiat Topolino '23- &amp; Fiat Grande Panda '25-
|-
| VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico)
|-
| VYS || Renault &amp; Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290)
|-
| VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| UA2 || Iveco Massif &amp; Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain
|-
| VSC || Talbot
|-
| VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) &amp; Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, &amp; Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350)
|-
| VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup &amp; Ford Maverick 1993–1999
|-
| VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers)
|-
| VSS || SEAT/Cupra
|-
| VSX || Opel Spain
|-
| VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus)
|-
| VS1 || Pegaso
|-
| VS5 || Renault Spain
|-
| VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain
|-
| VS7 || Citroën Spain
|-
| VS8 || Peugeot Spain
|-
| VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain)
|-
| VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana
|-
| VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain)
|-
| VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica 
|-
| VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain)
|-
| VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models)
|-
| VTH || Derbi (motorcycles)
|-
| VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models)
|-
| VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles)
|-
| VTR || Gas Gas
|-
| VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers)
|-
| VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers)
|-
| VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain
|-
| VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza
|-
| VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles
|-
| VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VWL || Indox (truck trailers)
|-
| VWV || Volkswagen Spain
|-
| VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia)
|-
| V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia)
|-
| V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia)
|-
| V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia)
|-
| V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia)
|-
| V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia)
|-
| V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia)
|-
| V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia)
|-
| V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia)
|-
| WAC || Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant
|-
| WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer)
|-
| WAG || Neoplan
|-
| WAP || Alpina
|-
| WAU || Audi car
|-
| WA1 || Audi SUV
|-
| WBA || BMW car
|-
| WBC || Boom Trikes
|-
| WBJ || Bitter Cars
|-
| WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH 
|-
| WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers)
|-
| WBS || BMW M car
|-
| WBU || Bürstner (caravans)
|-
| WBX || BMW SUV
|-
| WBY || BMW i car
|-
| WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WB1 || BMW Motorrad 
|-
| WB2 || Blyss (trailer)
|-
| WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS
|-
| WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin
|-
| WB5 || BMW i SUV
|-
| WCD || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019
|-
| WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer)
|-
| WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] &amp; Maybach
|-
| WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car
|-
| WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French &amp; Spanish built models – Citan &amp; Vito &amp; X-Class)
|-
| WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019
|-
| WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDT || Dethleffs (caravans)
|-
| WDW || Dodge Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009
|-
| WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009
|-
| WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDZ || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck
|-
| WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses)
|-
| WEG || Ablinger  (trailer)
|-
| WEL || e.GO Mobile AG
|-
| WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH
|-
| WFC || Fendt (caravans)
|-
| WFD || Fliegl Trailer
|-
| WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH
|-
| WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany
|-
| WF1 || Merkur
|-
| WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH
|-
| WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer)
|-
| WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| WHL || Hulco (trailer)
|-
| WHW || Hako GmbH
|-
| WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer)
|-
| WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus
|-
| WJR || Irmscher
|-
| WKE || Krone (truck trailers)
|-
| WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer)
|-
| WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans)
|-
| WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers)
|-
| WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers)
|-
| WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers
|-
| WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane)
|-
| WMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus 
|-
| WME || smart (from 5/99)
|-
| WMG || Demag Cranes
|-
| WMM || Karl Müller GmbH &amp; Co. KG (truck trailers)
|-
| WMP || M &amp; V GmbH (truck trailers)
|-
| WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar)
|-
| WMW || MINI car
|-
| WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG &amp; Mercedes-AMG GT &amp; Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America)
|-
| WMZ || MINI SUV
|-
| WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE
|-
| WP0 || Porsche car
|-
| WP1 || Porsche SUV
|-
| WRA || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| WRJ || Riese &amp; Müller (bicycle)
|-
| WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers)
|-
| WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers)
|-
| WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers)
|-
| WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group
|-
| WS5 || StreetScooter
|-
| WS7 || Sono Motors
|-
| WTA || Tabbert (caravans)
|-
| WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car
|-
| WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV
|-
| WVG || Volkswagen SUV &amp; Touran
|-
| WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN
|-
| WVP || Viseon Bus
|-
| WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan
|-
| WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok)
|-
| WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus)
|-
| WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (chassis cab)
|-
| WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok &amp; T7 Transporter made by Ford)
|-
| WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford)
|-
| WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer)
|-
| WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer)
|-
| WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America)
|-
| W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer)
|-
| W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall &amp; Holden
|-
| W0L || Holden Zafira &amp; Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand
|-
| W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall &amp; Holden (since 2017)
|-
| W04 || Buick Regal &amp; Buick Cascada
|-
| W06 || Cadillac Catera
|-
| W08 || Saturn Astra
|-
| W09/A55 || Artega Automobile
|-
| W09/A71 || Apollo
|-
| W09/B09 || Bitter Cars
|-
| W09/B16 || Brabus
|-
| W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer)
|-
| W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus)
|-
| W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E04 || Eder (trailer)
|-
| W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F57 || Twike
|-
| W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/G64 || Gumpert
|-
| W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau
|-
| W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H49 || H&amp;W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/J02 || Isdera
|-
| W09/K27 || Krupp
|-
| W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/L05 || Liebherr
|-
| W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles)
|-
| W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer)
|-
| W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn)
|-
| W09/R06 || RUF
|-
| W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R38 || Rewaco
|-
| W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus)
|-
| W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH &amp; Co. KG  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer)
|-
| W09/W59 || Wiesmann
|-
| W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W1A || smart
|-
| W1H || Freightliner Econic
|-
| W1K || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck
|-
| W1V || Mercedes-Benz van
|-
| W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1Z || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle
|-
| W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia)
|-
| XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece)
|-
| XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece)
|-
| XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece
|-
| XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. &amp; Co. (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece
|-
| XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia)
|-
| XKM || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| XLA || DAF Bus International
|-
| XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars)
|-
| XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands
|-
| XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V.
|-
| XLE || Scania Netherlands
|-
| XLH || Hapert (trailer)
|-
| XLJ || Anssems (trailer)
|-
| XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XLR || DAF Trucks &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| XLU || Henra (trailer)
|-
| XLV || DAF Bus
|-
| XLW || Terberg Benschop BV
|-
| XL3 || Ebusco
|-
| XL4 ||Lightyear
|-
| XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV
|-
| XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks
|-
| XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars
|-
| XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer)
|-
| XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen
|-
| XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer)
|-
| XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers)
|-
| XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter)
|-
| XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes
|-
| XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus
|-
| XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer)
|-
| XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/363 || Spyker
|-
| XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer)
|-
| XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer)
|-
| XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/527 || GINAF
|-
| XL9/530 || Ebusco
|-
| XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer)
|-
| XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD)
|-
| XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD)
|-
| XMG || VDL Bus International
|-
| XMR || Nooteboom Trailers 
|-
| XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper)
|-
| XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD)
|-
| XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD)
|-
| XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer)
|-
| XNL || VDL Bus &amp; Coach
|-
| XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XPN || Knapen Trailers
|-
| XPP || Atec Trailers
|-
| XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg)
|-
| XRP || Proline (trailer)
|-
| XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer)
|-
| XR7 || Qarry
|-
| XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia)
|-
| XTC || KAMAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTF || GolAZ (Russia) 
|-
| XTH || GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTK || IzhAvto (Russia)
|-
| XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997
|-
| XTP || Ural (Russia)
|-
| XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer)
|-
| XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia)
|-
| XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia)
|-
| XTW || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTY || LiAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTZ || ZiL (Russia)
|-
| XUF || General Motors Russia
|-
| XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD, Kaiyi Auto)
|-
| XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM)
|-
| XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer)
|-
| XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XVU || Start (truck trailer)
|-
| XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia
|-
| XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia
|-
| XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan)
|-
| XWB || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD)
|-
| XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD)
|-
| XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD)
|-
| XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg)
|-
| XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer)
|-
| XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus)
|-
| XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia)
|-
| X1E || KAvZ (Russia)
|-
| X1F || NefAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1M || PAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1P || Ural (Russia)
|-
| X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia)
|-
| X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD)
|-
| X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia)
|-
| X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia)
|-
| X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] &amp; Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia)
|-
| X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus
|-
| X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus
|-
| X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus)
|-
| X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus)
|-
| X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus)
|-
| X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus)
|-
| X89/FY1 || Sherp 
|-
| X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles
|-
| X8U || Scania Russia
|-
| X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO
|-
| X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ
|-
| X9N || Samoltor (minibus)
|-
| X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks)
|-
| X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways
|-
| X9X || Great Wall Motors 
|-
| X96 || GAZ
|-
| X99/000 || Marussia
|-
| X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer)
|-
| X0T || Tonar (truck trailer)
|-
| YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers)
|-
| YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers)
|-
| YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers)
|-
| YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis
|-
| YA2 || Atlas Copco Group
|-
| YA5 || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/128 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet
|-
| YA9/180 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/195 || Denolf &amp; Depla (minibus)
|-
| YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe)
|-
| YBD || Addax Motors
|-
| YBW || Volkswagen Belgium
|-
| YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck)
|-
| YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis)
|-
| YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium)
|-
| YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK
|-
| YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle)
|-
| YC3 || Eduard Trailers
|-
| YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium)
|-
| YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium)
|-
| YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium)
|-
| YE6 || STAS (truck trailer)
|-
| YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer)
|-
| YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YH1 || Solifer (caravans)
|-
| YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles)
|-
| YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive
|-
| YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland
|-
| YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto
|-
| YK9/003 || Kabus (bus)
|-
| YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus)
|-
| YK9/016 || Linkker (bus)
|-
| YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab)
|-
| YSM || Polestar cars 
|-
| YSP || Volta Trucks AB
|-
| YSR || Polestar SUV
|-
| YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) 
|-
| YS3 || Saab cars
|-
| YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory)
|-
| YS5 || OmniNova (minibus)
|-
| YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus)
|-
| YTN || Saab made by NEVS
|-
| YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YT9/007 || Koenigsegg
|-
| YT9/034 || Carvia
|-
| YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer)
|-
| YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles)
|-
| YVV || WiMa 442 EV
|-
| YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars
|-
| YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks
|-
| YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis
|-
| YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV
|-
| YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway)
|-
| YYC || Think Nordic (Norway)
|-
| YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway)
|-
| Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway)
|-
| Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus)
|-
| Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus)
|-
| Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus)
|-
| Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus)
|-
| Y3M || MAZ (Belarus)
|-
| Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus
|-
| Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus)
|-
| Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) 
|-
| Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine
|-
| Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| ZAA || Autobianchi
|-
| ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024-
|-
| ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet
|-
| ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter)
|-
| ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles
|-
| ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]]
|-
| ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera
|-
| ZAR || Alfa Romeo car
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud &amp; Sprint through 1989
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018-
|-
| ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002)
|-
| ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System
|-
| ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus)
|-
| ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL
|-
| ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]]
|-
| ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro
|-
| ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus)
|-
| ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
|-
| ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus)
|-
| ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus)
|-
| ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali
|-
| ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale
|-
| ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina
|-
| ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBB || Bertone
|-
| ZBD || InBus
|-
| ZBN || Benelli
|-
| ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum
|-
| ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy)
|-
| ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta
|-
| ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership
|-
| ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus)
|-
| ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A.
|-
| ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCZ || BredaBus
|-
| ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A.
|-
| ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati
|-
| ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA
|-
| ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino
|-
| ZDJ || ACM Biagini
|-
| ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA
|-
| ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA
|-
| ZDY || Cacciamali
|-
| ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA &amp; Belgarda SpA
|-
| ZD3 || Beta Motor
|-
| ZD4 || Aprilia
|-
| ZD5 || Casalini
|-
| ZEB || Ellebi (trailer)
|-
| ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis &amp; Mobilvetta recreational vehicles
|-
| ZES || Bimota
|-
| ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle)
|-
| ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFA || Fiat
|-
| ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV &amp; Ram Promaster City
|-
| ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200)
|-
| ZFE || KL Motorcycle
|-
| ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]]
|-
| ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFM || Fantic Motor
|-
| ZFR || Pininfarina
|-
| ZF4 || Qvale
|-
| ZGA || Iveco Bus
|-
| ZGP || Merker (truck trailer)
|-
| ZGU || Moto Guzzi
|-
| ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle)
|-
| ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership
|-
| ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – )
|-
| ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle)
|-
| ZJM || Malaguti
|-
| ZJN || Innocenti
|-
| ZJT || Italjet
|-
| ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle)
|-
| ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership
|-
| ZLA || Lancia
|-
| ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA
|-
| ZLM || Moto Morini srl
|-
| ZLV || Laverda
|-
| ZNN || Energica
|-
| ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l.
|-
| ZN3 || Iveco Defence
|-
| ZN6 || Maserati SUV
|-
| ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV
|-
| ZPY || DR Automobiles
|-
| ZP6 || XEV
|-
| ZP8 || Regis Motors
|-
| ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA
|-
| ZR1 || Microlino
|-
| ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV
|-
| ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia)
|-
| Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan)
|-
| Z8M || Marussia (Russia)
|-
| Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia)
|-
| Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia)
|-
| Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia)
|-
| Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia)
|-
| Z07 || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only
|-
| 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc.
|-
| 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera)
|-
| 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 &amp; Bugatti EB110)
|-
| 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC)
|-
| 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 1AF || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 1AM || American Motors Corporation car &amp; Renault Alliance 1983 only
|-
| 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002
|-
| 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995
|-
| 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers
|-
| 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles
|-
| 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles
|-
| 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles
|-
| 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus
|-
| 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV
|-
| 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1BL || Balko, Inc.
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012–
|-
| 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/291 || CX Automotive
|-
| 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus)
|-
| 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International
|-
| 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation
|-
| 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation)
|-
| 1CY || Crane Carrier Company
|-
| 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009
|-
| 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only
|-
| 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc.
|-
| 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre &amp; Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus)
|-
| 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries)
|-
| 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle)
|-
| 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ
|-
| 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor
|-
| 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus)
|-
| 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford
|-
| 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|- 
| 1FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009)
|-
| 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC
|-
| 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. 
|-
| 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes
|- 
| 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp.
|-
| 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA
|-
| 1G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984
|-
| 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017
|-
| 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010
|-
| 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 1G9/495 || Google &amp; Waymo
|-
| 1GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck 
|-
| 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GF || Flxible bus
|-
| 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM
|-
| 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986
|-
| 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004
|-
| 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020
|-
| 1GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987–
|-
| 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987–
|-
| 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV
|-
| 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987-
|-
| 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck 
|-
| 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV
|-
| 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 1HD || Harley-Davidson &amp; LiveWire
|-
| 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV
|-
| 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 1HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks &amp; Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group
|-
| 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer)
|-
| 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JU || Marmon Motor Company
|-
| 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine)
|-
| 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer)
|-
| 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car
|-
| 1LV || Lectra Motors
|-
| 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers
|-
| 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine
|-
| 1L9/155 || LA Exotics
|-
| 1L9/234 || Laforza
|-
| 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co.
|-
| 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 1MR || Continental Mark VI &amp; VII 1981–1985 &amp; Continental sedan 1982–1985
|-
| 1M0 || John Deere Gator
|-
| 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck)
|-
| 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider)
|-
| 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus)
|-
| 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus)
|-
| 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive
|-
| 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019
|-
| 1N4 || Nissan car
|-
| 1N6 || Nissan truck
|-
| 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA
|-
| 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California)
|-
| 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus)
|-
| 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck)
|-
| 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV
|-
| 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp
|-
| 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles)
|-
| 1P9/213 || Panoz
|-
| 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PY || John Deere USA
|-
| 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation
|-
| 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles)
|-
| 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT)
|-
| 1S9/842 || Saleen S7
|-
| 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC
|-
| 1S9/944 || SSC North America
|-
| 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles
|-
| 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck)
|-
| 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA
|-
| 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper
|-
| 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC
|-
| 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
|-
| 1UJ || Jayco, Inc.
|-
| 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General
|-
| 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1VH || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 1VW || Volkswagen car
|-
| 1V1 || Volkswagen truck
|-
| 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV
|-
| 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive
|-
| 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works
|-
| 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck)
|-
| 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider)
|-
| 1WT || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck)
|-
| 1WV 1WW || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider)
|-
| 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars
|-
| 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 &amp; later)
|-
| 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation
|-
| 1XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987
|-
| 1XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc.
|-
| 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider
|-
| 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]]
|-
| 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer)
|-
| 10R || E-Z-GO
|-
| 10T || Oshkosh Corporation 
|-
| 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 12A || Avanti
|-
| 137 || AM General Hummer &amp; Hummer H1
|-
| 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer)
|-
| 15G || Gillig bus
|-
| 16C || Clenet Coachworks
|-
| 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010)
|-
| 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome
|-
| 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 2A3 || Imperial
|-
| 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only
|-
| 2AY 2AZ || Hino
|-
| 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2BP || Ski-Doo
|-
| 2BV || Can-Am &amp; Bombardier ATV
|-
| 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV
|-
| 2BX || Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002
|-
| 2B5 || Dodge &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002
|-
| 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager &amp; Volkswagen Routan) 2012-
|-
| 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005
|-
| 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors
|-
| 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles
|-
| 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only
|-
| 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only
|-
| 2CM || American Motors Corporation car
|-
| 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only
|-
| 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only
|-
| 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003
|-
| 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003
|-
| 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2DG || Ontario Drive &amp; Gear
|-
| 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation
|-
| 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager)
|-
| 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 2FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle)
|-
| 2FY || New Flyer
|-
| 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|- 
| 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada
|-
| 2G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 2G5 ||  GMC MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2G5 ||  Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023-
|-
| 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 2G7 ||  Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2G8 ||  Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 
|-
| 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 2GC || Chevrolet truck 
|-
| 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles 
|-
| 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus &amp; GM Classic series bus 
|-
| 2GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– 
|-
| 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– 
|-
| 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- 
|-
| 2GT || GMC truck 
|-
| 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HM || Hyundai Canada
|-
| 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo
|-
| 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse
|-
| 2LM || Lincoln SUV
|-
| 2LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck)
|-
| 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider)
|-
| 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on)
|-
| 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV
|-
| 2M9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries
|-
| 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NV || Nova Bus 
|-
| 2P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000
|-
| 2P5 || Plymouth &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983
|-
| 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995
|-
| 2PC || Prevost 1996-
|-
| 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited
|-
| 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC
|-
| 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2W9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2WK || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2WM || Western Star (glider)
|-
| 2XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only
|-
| 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck)
|-
| 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AX || Scania Mexico
|-
| 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses)
|-
| 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BH || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BP || Peterbilt  (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993
|-
| 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012–
|-
| 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662)
|-
| 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico
|-
| 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V.
|-
| 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009
|-
| 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009
|-
| 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011
|-
| 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011
|-
| 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont)
|-
| 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford &amp; IMMSA
|-
| 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico
|-
| 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck)
|-
| 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 &amp; Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 3F6 || Sterling Bullet
|-
| 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico
|-
| 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
| 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020
|-
| 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV
|-
| 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV
|-
| 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico
|-
| 3GC || Chevrolet truck
|-
| 3GK || GMC SUV
|-
| 3GM || Holden Suburban
|-
| 3GN || Chevrolet SUV
|-
| 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM
|-
| 3GS || Saturn SUV
|-
| 3GT || GMC truck
|-
| 3GY || Cadillac SUV
|-
| 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV
|-
| 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers)
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 3HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 3HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus)  
|-
| 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV &amp; Can-Am Ryker)
|-
| 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX
|-
| 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX
|-
| 3LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995)
|-
| 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2)
|-
| 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011)
|-
| 3MF || BMW M car
|-
| 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico
|-
| 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico)
|-
| 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30)
|-
| 3MW || BMW car
|-
| 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation
|-
| 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3)
|-
| 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car
|-
| 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck &amp; Chevrolet City Express
|-
| 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV
|-
| 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV
|-
| 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV
|-
| 3P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS
|-
| 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC
|-
| 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT
|-
| 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV
|-
| 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car
|-
| 3WK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 3WP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck)
|-
| 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car
|-
| 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV
|-
| 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4B9/038 || BYD Coach &amp; Bus LLC
|-
| 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle)
|-
| 4C9/561 || Czinger
|-
| 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc.
|-
| 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus)
|-
| 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer)
|-
| 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford
|-
| 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford
|-
| 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM
|-
| 4G5 || General Motors EV1
|-
| 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM
|-
| 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra
|-
| 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM
|-
| 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV
|-
| 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer)
|-
| 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KL || Isuzu N-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) built by GM
|-
| 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors]
|-
| 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division
|-
| 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company
|-
| 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford
|-
| 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM
|-
| 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA
|-
| 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994
|-
| 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only
|-
| 4RK || Nova Bus &amp; Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc.
|-
| 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive &amp; 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA
|-
| 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car
|-
| 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV
|-
| 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles
|-
| 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer)
|-
| 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck
|-
| 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars)
|-
| 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.)
|-
| 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi)
|-
| 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive
|-
| 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc.
|-
| 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors
|-
| 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc.
|-
| 4US || BMW car
|-
| 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation &amp; &lt;br /&gt; gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Thomas Built Buses FS-65 &amp; Saf-T-Liner C2
|-
| 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+
|-
| 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle)  1996+
|-
| 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider)
|-
| 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only)
|-
| 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales
|-
| 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC
|-
| 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM
|-
| 4XA || Polaris Inc.
|-
| 4X4 || Forest River
|-
| 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle)
|-
| 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc.
|-
| 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer)
|-
| 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 43C || Consulier
|-
| 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment)
|-
| 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle
|-
| 46J || Federal Motors Inc
|-
| 478 || Honda ATV
|-
| 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck)
|-
| 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011
|-
| 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer)
|-
| 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc.
|-
| 5BP || Solectria
|-
| 5BZ || Nissan &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA)
|-
| 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5CX || Shelby Series 1
|-
| 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC
|-
| 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer
|-
| 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle
|-
| 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer)
|-
| 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles)
|-
| 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama 
|-
| 5FT || Feeling Trailers
|-
| 5FY || New Flyer
|-
| 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV
|-
| 5GD || Daewoo G2X
|-
| 5GN || Hummer H3T
|-
| 5GR || Hummer H2
|-
| 5GT || Hummer H3
|-
| 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV
|-
| 5G8 || Holden Volt
|-
| 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets
|-
| 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 5J5 || Club Car
|-
| 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5KM || Vento Motorcycles
|-
| 5KT || Karavan Trailers
|-
| 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009)
|-
| 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle
|-
| 5LD || Ford &amp; Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014)
|-
| 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV
|-
| 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck
|-
| 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets
|-
| 5N1 || Nissan &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5N3 || Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5NH || Forest River
|-
| 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA
|-
| 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA
|-
| 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA
|-
| 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA
|-
| 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC
|-
| 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 5S3 || Saab 9-7X
|-
| 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV)
|-
| 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor)
|-
| 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI
|-
| 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV &amp; Lexus TX made by TMMI
|-
| 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX
|-
| 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer)
|-
| 5UM || BMW M car
|-
| 5UX || BMW SUV
|-
| 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 5VP || Victory Motorcycles
|-
| 5V4 || Autocar truck
|-
| 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer)
|-
| 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck)
|-
| 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG
|-
| 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG
|-
| 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC)
|-
| 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS
|-
| 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021)
|-
| 5YM || BMW M SUV
|-
| 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc.
|-
| 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI
|-
| 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV)
|-
| 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck)
|-
| 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan
|-
| 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car
|-
| 50G || Karma Automotive
|-
| 516 || Autocar truck
|-
| 51R || Brammo Motorcycles
|-
| 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group)
|-
| 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc.
|-
| 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric
|-
| 538 || Zero Motorcycles
|-
| 53G || Coda Automotive
|-
| 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN
|-
| 546 || EBR Motorcycles
|-
| 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer
|-
| 54D || Isuzu &amp; Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group
|-
| 54F || Rosenbauer
|-
| 55S || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary)
|-
| 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer)
|-
| 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 57R || Oreion Motors
|-
| 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles)
|-
| 57W || Mobility Ventures
|-
| 57X || Polaris Slingshot
|-
| 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES)
|-
| 6AB || MAN Australia
|-
| 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs)
|-
| 6F1 || Ford
|-
| 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd.
|-
| 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia
|-
| 6F5 || Kenworth Australia
|-
| 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia
|-
| 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia
|-
| 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) &amp; Chevrolet &amp; Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8
|-
| 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO &amp; G8)
|-
| 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan 2014-2017
|-
| 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002)
|-
| 6KT || BCI Bus
|-
| 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia 
|-
| 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994
|-
| 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia
|-
| 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia
|-
| 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand
|-
| 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 7AB || MAN New Zealand
|-
| 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009
|-
| 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand
|-
| 7A3 || Honda New Zealand
|-
| 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand
|-
| 7A5 || Ford New Zealand
|-
| 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand
|-
| 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009
|-
| 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand
|-
| 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 7FC || Rivian truck
|-
| 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. 
|-
| 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 7G0 || Faraday Future
|- 
| 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks &amp; Texas-built Cybertruck)
|- 
| 7H4 || Hino truck
|-
| 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle
|- 
| 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV
|- 
| 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car
|- 
| 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on
|- 
| 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works
|- 
| 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer)
|-
| 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|- 
| 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|-
| 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck
|-
| 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles
|-
| 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense
|- 
| 7NY || Lordstown Motors
|- 
| 7PD || Rivian SUV
|- 
| 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions
|- 
| 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y))
|-
| 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group
|-
| 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX
|-
| 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022-
|- 
| 7SY || Polestar SUV
|-
| 7TN || Canoo
|-
| 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV
|-
| 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer)
|-
| 7VV || Ree Automotive
|-
| 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV)
|-
| 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle
|-
| 7YA || Hyundai MPV/SUV made by HMGMA
|-
| 7Z0 || Zoox
|-
| 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck &amp; bus (Argentina)
|-
| 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America)
|-
| 8AD || Peugeot Argentina
|-
| 8AE || Peugeot van
|-
| 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina
|-
| 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina
|-
| 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina
|-
| 8AK || Suzuki Argentina
|-
| 8AN || Nissan Argentina
|-
| 8AP || Fiat Argentina
|-
| 8AT || Iveco Argentina
|-
| 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina
|-
| 8A1 || Renault Argentina
|-
| 8A3 || Scania Argentina
|-
| 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A.
|-
| 8BC || Citroën Argentina
|-
| 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| 8BR || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8CH || Honda motorcycle
|-
| 8C3 || Honda car/SUV
|-
| 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault
|-
| 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot
|-
| 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile
|-
| 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador
|-
| 8LF || Maresa (Mazda)
|-
| 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor &amp; Kia)
|-
| 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto)
|-
| 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela
|-
| 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A.
|-
| 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia)
|-
| 9BD || Fiat Brazil &amp; Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil
|-
| 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil
|-
| 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil
|-
| 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil
|-
| 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck &amp; bus
|-
| 9BN || Mafersa
|-
| 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 9BS || Scania Brazil
|-
|9BU
|Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct)
|-
| 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil
|-
| 9BY || Agrale S.A.
|-
| 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil
|-
| 9DF || Puma
|-
| 9DW || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil
|-
| 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles
|-
| 92H || Origem Brazil
|-
| 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 935 || Citroën Brazil
|-
| 936 || Peugeot Brazil
|-
| 937 || Dodge Dakota
|-
| 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil)
|-
| 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV
|-
| 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 93P || Volare
|-
| 93S || Navistar International
|-
| 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006
|-
| 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016
|-
| 93V || Navistar International
|-
| 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny
|-
| 93Y || Renault Brazil
|-
| 93Z || Iveco
|-
| 94D || Nissan Brazil
|-
| 94N || RWM Brazil
|-
| 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais
|-
| 95P || CAOA Hyundai &amp; CAOA Chery
|-
| 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) &amp; Ducati, KTM, &amp; MV Agusta assembled by Dafra
|-
| 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016
|-
| 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 953 || VW Truck &amp; Bus / MAN Truck &amp; Bus
|-
| 96P || Kawasaki
|-
| 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd.
|-
| 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant)
|-
| 98M || BMW car/SUV
|-
| 98P || DAF Trucks
|-
| 98R || Chery
|-
| 99A || Audi 2016-
|-
| 99H || Shineray
|-
| 99J || Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| 99K || Haojue &amp; Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos
|-
| 99L || BYD
|-
| 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-)
|-
| 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa)
|-
| 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda)
|-
| 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.)
|-
| 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano)
|-
| 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy)
|-
| 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>7j4j1b4rx9slf3r3glud1ezesf44sr6</sha1>
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{{ArosNav}}


==Host Adapter Protocol USB1 OHCI UHCI USB2 EHCI USB3.0 USB3.1 xHCI ==

Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, use Prefs/Trident to confirm Vendor and Product IDs 
Please chat at [https://www.arosworld.org/index.php AROS World]

*1996 USB1.0
*1998 USB1.1
*2000 USB2.0
*2008 USB3.0
*2013 USB3.1
*2017 USB3.2

[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/rom/usb AROS has these USB transfers] 

*Control     - 
*Bulk        - Midi 1.0 ( 'send my data when you can' )
*Interrupt   - Midi 2.0
*Isochronous - USBAudio, Webcams, etc (wip) 

Isochronous is the starting point of modern types of multimedia creativity. IsoChronous isoc code is already in place in poseidon.library and '''scheduled''' transfers are queued to be later rerouted in the host driver code (needs to be written for each host protocol e.g. OCHI, UCHI, EHCI and [https://cdrdv2-public.intel.com/625472/625472_xHCI_Rev1_2b.pdf#:~:text=Page%203.%20Document%20Number:%20625472%2C%20Revision:%201.2b.%203. XHCI rev1.2], [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/868296/extensible-host-controller-interface-for-universal-serial-bus-xhci-requirements-specification-r2-0.html rev2], etc). There seems to be 2 types of isoc transfers, one is just the normal isoc transfer and the other is realtime implementation of isoc transfer. 

For isoc transfer there needs to be a scheduler that makes sure no isoc transfers are dropped (in or out) and that they happen at the right time. It all gets difficult as the device making use of the isoc transfer may be at any point on the device tree. One needs to calculate the USB bandwidth for the packet based periodic transfers that are initiated by the host which have fixed but guaranteed bandwidth. Host controllers guarantee this bandwidth by planning a schedule of transfers ahead of time to ensure there is enough time reserved on the bus.

[https://www.intel.co.uk/content/www/uk/en/products/docs/io/universal-serial-bus/ehci-specification.html EHCI] [https://www.thegoodpenguin.co.uk/blog/understanding-why-usb-isochronous-bandwidth-errors-occur/ bus-bandwidth] vs payload-bandwidth and the algorithm of the EHCI scheduler. 
The bandwidth of the endpoint in terms of payload data (stuff we put in a packet) and the protocol overhead, signalling imposed bit stuffing, host delays etc. 

Poseidon controls the driver and device tree and it provides an API to communicate with the USB devices. Poseidon really doesn't care much about what sort of transfer pipe is opened or used, it only provides the means to do so and forwards the iorequests to the correct driver. Poseidon code is the higher level code for USB communication and drivers are of course the lower level one.


[[File:Psd.svg|220px|right]]


; Best Hardware - NEC Chipset (OHCI + EHCI), Intel Chipset (UHCI + EHCI), 
; Early support - [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/03c5252d962941a56c816a9f2315134362089349 XHCI USB3.0, USB3.1 &amp; gen 2 Type-A Type-B Type-C] 
; Next Best Set - General OHCI, SIS (OHCI + EHCI), 
; Buggy Chipset - [ Early AMD OHCI], ALi OHCI, VIA UHCI, Nvidia OHCI &amp; EHCI, 


=== USB1.1 ===
OHCI USB 1.1 - USB-IF sanctioned standard but hardware physical form removed with USB2.0 and replaced with virtual emulation of USB1 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Boot from USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Detect USB device 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB device works 
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| ALi Agere M5273 A1 M5237 Lucent USS-312 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| StarTech PCI425USB, CompUSA Iogear GIC220U-b, Nvidia 220 mobo, USBA2041P, ALi SU2A-PS, 
|-
| AMD 756 Chipset (onboard motherboard) 
| 0x1022 
| 0x740c 
| 0x06
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| no [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=31308#forumpost31308 usb devices detected] Geode GX1, 
|-
| CMD DU-A2 Silicon Image 0670 (pci AMD chipset)
| 0x1095
| 0x0670
| 0x06
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| Silicon Image 0673 (pci AMD chipset)
| 0x1095
| 0x0673
| 0x06
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| Nvidia Nforce2 USB
| 0x10de 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{Maybe|Bios options vary but does with Plop Boot}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| Tested with 20th Aug 2012 improvement 
|-
| NEC µPD720100AGM 
| 0x1033
| 0x0035
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| untested - Amiga Spider card with possible bottleneck issues at higher speeds 
|-
| NEC µPD720101AGM 720101GJ
| 0x1033
| 0x0035
| 0x43
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| Mac mini, Belkin F5U219vea (2+1 ports), Belkin F5U220vea1 (4+1 ports), Adaptec 3100LP, BAFO BF-460, GWC UC-160, IOGear GIC250U, Keyspan U2PCI-5, O'toLink U2-C2B U2-C2A U2-P20N U2-P50, Ratoc PCIU5, USBWholesale UII-PCIP 
|-
| NEC µPD720102
| 0x1033
| 0x00
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{Unk|untested }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Unk|untested }}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| Opti 82C861 2-port 
| 0x1045
| 0xc861
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| no USB devices detected - Belkin F5U005, 
|-
| SIS 7001 OCHI 
| 0x1039
| 0x7001
| 0x0f
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 20th Aug 2012 - not booting stalls on GRUB word with Plop Boot 
|-
|}


UHCI USB 1.1 - Intel standard but since 2009 no hardware support as USB2 introduced virtual emulation of USB1 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Boot from USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Detect USB device
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB device works 
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Intel 
| 0x8086 
| 0x
| 0x01 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No|not in bios use AROS floppy disc boot}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| Intel 82371AB EB MB PIIX4 
| 0x8086 
| 0x7112
| 0x01 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No|none in bios use other booting options}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|Detects most devices}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|most devices but not RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led not on and does not work}}
|  
|-
| Intel 82801DB/DBL/DBM (onboard i830 mbd)
| 0x8086 
| 0x24c4 
| 0x01 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{Yes|but not from bios but floppy options}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on and although device has software failure and recoverable error IT STILL WORKS. Fresh start sometimes needs Network Prefs Saved to work. 
|-
| VIA MVP4 (onboard mbd)
| 0x1106
| 0x30
| 0x40 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|most devices}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless options}}
| RTL8187b WG111v3 detected but blue led not on and does not work 
|-
| VIA VT82xx (onboard mbd)
| 0x1106
| 0x3038
| 0x40 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|most devices}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless usb}}
| RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on but does not work 
|-
| VIA VT6202 (VIA VT83C572)
| 0x1106
| 0x3038
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|}} 
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| A-Best USB-200, Cables N Mor USBPCI, CompUSA, D-Link DSB500, Digital/Research DRUSBCARD, Kouwell IOFlex 580, StarMount USB VIA, 
|-
| VIA VT6112 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| VIA VT6212 (pci card)
| 0x1106
| 0x3038
| 0x61
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 2011 seems to have issues with other identical via based USB controller(s) present 
|-
| VIA VT6214L 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
|}


=== USB 2.0 EHCI ===
The USB-IF insisted on only one implementation of EHCI but it creates 4 virtual hcd to cover USB1.1 support. The virtual HCD on Intel and VIA EHCI controllers are UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers. Hardware EHCI USB2.0 ended in most chipsets in 2014/5 and is now virtual through most newer USB3.0 chipsets 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Boot from USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Detect USB device
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB device works 
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| ALi Agere M5273 A1 Lucent USS-344 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| {{N/A|untested}} belkin F5U006, 
|-
| Nvidia Nforce2 USB
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| Intel 82801DB/DBM (onboard mbd)
| 0x8086 
| 0x24cd 
| 0x01 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| NEC µPD720100AGM 
| 0x1033
| 0x00E0
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| {{N/A|untested - Amiga Spider card}}
|-
| NEC 72101 GJ
| 0x1033 
| 0x00e0 
| 0x04
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| Belkin F5U219 VEA1 (pci), 
|-
| SIS ECHI 
| 0x1039
| 0x7002
| 0x00
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Maybe|issues about which port is used if it works at all}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| VIA VT6202 
| 0x1106
| 0x3104
| 
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
| VIA VT6212 (pci card)
| 0x1106
| 0x3104
| 0x62
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{Yes|detects}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| 
|-
|}


=== USB 3.x SuperSpeed SS (Speed 5Gbit/s 3.1 gen 1) aka xHCI eXtensible ===

USB Attached SCSI (UAS or UASP) is a protocol used for high-speed data transfer between computers and external storage devices like SSDs, HDDs, and some flash drives. It provides up to 70% faster read/write speeds than traditional Bulk-Only Transport (BOT) by allowing multiple commands to run in parallel, rather than waiting in a queue

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Boot from USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Detect USB device
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB device works 
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fresco Logic FL1000 FL 1000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1B73
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1000 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;link power management (LPM, USB 3.0 power saving) cannot be disabled so random connection issues  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fresco Logic FL1009-200 FL 1009 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1009 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Orico PFU3-2P
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fresco Logic FL1100-100 FL 1100SX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1100 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;LPM cannot be disabled so issues with disconnecting WD drives etc - CalDigit, ORICO PFU3-2P, FASTA-6GU3 Pro, inatech KTU3FR-2P 2 port USB 3.0,  and Inateck KT4004 (KTU3FR-4PA rev B2) for storage and hubs, etc 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fresco Logic FL1400 FL 1400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1400 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fresco Logic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720200 uPD720200a chip
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1d6b
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0194
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|no USB3 but seems to works like USB2}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;recognized but not supported for USB3 but works like USB2 - ORICO PRU3-4P 4 Port USB, early Dell Wyse zx0 thin client,  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720201 uPD720201 chip
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x114 0x0115 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;recognized but not supported 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720202 uPD720202 chip
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1912 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0015
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;recognized but not supported 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.ti.com/product/tusb7340 TI] tusb7340 TUSB732 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x8241
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;recognized but not supported Koutech IO-PEU436 but only one with open docs 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel xHCI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;recognized but not supported - integrated since Ivybridge 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel xHCI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Marvell 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Via Labs VL800 xHCI 0.96 support in VL800, VIA VL811 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3432 0x3438 0x3515 and 0x9201
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{Maybe|}} 2.0 backwards support 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Anker 68UPPCIE-2S20PU 2 port, Plugable 4-Port, GA-z77x-ud5h rev. 1.1 mobo, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Via Labs VL811+ 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Via Labs VL812 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;xHCI 1.0 support in VL805 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


USB 3.1 (power up to 100W and data 10Gbit/s USB 3.2 gen 2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Boot from USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Detect USB device
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB device works 
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Asmedia ASM1142 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1B21 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Connector: USB Type C and  USB Type A x 1 - Ugreen USB C PCI Card 2 Port USB 3.1 Type C 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Marvell 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel xHCI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[ Intel] Revision 1.8 1.9 Updated  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;AUKEY 4 Ports USB C , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Startech - PEXUSB312C - 2-port Usb 3.1 10Gbit/s
|-
|}

USB 3.2 (power up to 100W and data 20Gbit/s gen 2x2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Boot from USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Detect USB device
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB device works 
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Marvell 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel xHCI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[ Intel] Revision 2.6 Update  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=== USB 4 (40Gbps thunderbolt, pcie 3.0 tunnelling, ) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Boot from USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Detect USB device
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB device works 
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Marvell 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD Ryzen7 6800U 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel Goshen Ridge JHL8440 Controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{No| }}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Boots--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Detects--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Works--&gt;{{N/A|}}
|  
|-
|}


== hid.class (Human Interface Device) ==

=== Keyboard ===

 Some multi-finger touchpad support works but not on all touchpads  

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8BitDo Retro N C64 edition Keyboard, the super button accessory and optional N30 mouse
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 87 keys Kailh white}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8bitdo 108 Retro Mechanical Keyboard (white kailh) and two superbuttons (green) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Apple Pro Keyboard
| 0x05ac
| 0x0205 
| 0x0122
| {{yes|works (its two hub ports) but mouse scroll wheel issues}}
|-
| Apple Pro Keyboard
| 0x05AC
| 0x020B 
| 
| {{yes|works (two onboard ports also)}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Aigo K68 60% red switches, A68 A87 wireless 2G 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=49&amp;products_id=973 AmigaOne Keyboard]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akko TAC87 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 80% TKL }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akko MonsGeek FUN60 PRO&amp;MAX HE
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 60% hall effect }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akko 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akko 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATTACK SHARK X98 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 98% maybe silent linear feel with Two-color PBT keycap}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATTACK SHARK X68HE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 hall effect }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Azio Cascade 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Chilkey ND75 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024  good 75% expensive}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Chilkey ND104 (Wuque Studios) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 premium clicky (WS Blue) or silent (WS White) key options with Ansi and ISO formats also numpad and calculator, aluminum machined, tri mode, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2026 untested magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Corsair K65 Mech MX no numeric keypad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Corsair CH-9000045 K70 Blue MX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Corsair K90 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Corsair K95 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Corsair K
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cherry G80 G80-3000L[x]C[yy]-[z] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cooler Master CM Storm Quickfire Rapid 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Corsair K100 Air 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 okay low profile but expensive 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Dell SK-8135 Dell USB Keyboard for Internet and Multimedia rev H for Dimension 4500, Dimension 8250, OptiPlex GX260n, OptiPlex GX60n, Precision 350 (R42232) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x413C
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2010 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0200 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes| usb1.1 keyboard hub 0x413C 0x1003 works as well - multimedia keys not mapped }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Deepcool KG722
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 65% }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Ducky Channel Zero DK2108 Mech Mechanical Cherry MX Red 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Ducky Shine 3 Brown or Blue (DK9087) MX keys 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Das Keyboard Model S Ultimate 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epomaker Cidoo V75 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2023 untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epomaker rt100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 plastic build and no screws, numpad with small 0, mostly quiet seasalt switches, gimmick usb-c 1in screen}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EPOMAKER TH99  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }} USB-C full numpad keyboard 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;eopmaker P75 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| expensive but good}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;eopmaker p87 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| expensive but good}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epomaker x Leobog Hi75
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epomaker x Feker Galaxy80
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epomaker x Galaxy100 gmk/via 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 good 96% }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epomaker Aula F75 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 budget version good 75% choice of 4 leobog switches}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;eopmaker Tide75 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 good 75% and not too expensive}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epomaker Ajazz AK820 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epomaker Ajazz AK35I V3 MAX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 104 keys - two models: wired and tri-mode connection - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epomaker Aula F108 PRO 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 pricy but okay 100% but only leobog graywood switches but hotswap available afterwards}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;eopmaker Ajazz AK980 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 97 keys }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epomaker G87 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epomaker RT82 RT85
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epomaker RT100 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 96% }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epomaker x Galaxy100 lite 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 good 96% }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epomaker 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Filco Ninja Majestouch-2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focus FK-760 Wireless Keyboard &amp; Trackball
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{yes|works}} but quality build issues raised 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMMK Tenkeyless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested  default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GK61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2023 untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMK67 GMK87 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested budget good option}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hengchangtong HCT Limeme gk103s Entry Keyboard
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0xC0F4
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0009
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|half Keyboard left side only}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hexgears M2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2024 untested hotswap kaihl green switches}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hexgears 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Iqunix mq80
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 good 75% low profile keys
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Iqunix Magi65 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested good 65% low profile keys }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iqunix ez60 ez80 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 untested specific hall effect switches - actuation point, rapid trigger, etc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Jomaa YiChip Wireless 50% key with touchpad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x3151 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3000
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|dongle detected, keys and pad not working - 2 AAA NM}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron q0
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2022 untested numpad only}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron q1 v1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2022 untested okay}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron Q6 Max 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2023 untested 75% with numeric numpad, barebones so choose switches and keycaps to suit }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron q1 MAX V1 MAX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2023 untested }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron Lemokey P1 QMK 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested best option to customise switches and keycaps}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron LemoKey X1 X3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2024 untested keycap swap only not switches}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron K2HE
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested okay}} wireless hall effect analogue on all keys 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron K4HE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 untested hall effect but software }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron K5 K17 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 untested okay low profile but }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron Q5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keychron K10 HE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kiiboom Breeze 75 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 good 75% }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Meletrix Boog 75 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2024 magnetic hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Melgeek O2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 low profile 75% but not repairable}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOSART 2.4G Wireless 60% Keyboard Trackball 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x062a
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x4105
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|dongle recognised HID, keys worked, roller worked, scroll wheel works and shoulders works but buttons around left, top and right hand side (RHS) do not work and plastic and 2 AA MN1500}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mucai SiGma Micro MKA610 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1c4f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0084
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| unknown red keys - rgb backlighting - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://hjldemo.clsc.cn/ Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Ltd] Perixx Periboard 505 Plus with Trackball 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|okay dome keyboard - poor trackball}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Co., Ltd Perixx Periboard 706 Plus with Trackball Wireless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|generally okay dome with good sized keys but piano black surround fingerprint magnet, occasional brief trackball freezes after no use, takes some time to get used to the trackball size}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Perixx Periboard-716 Wireless (Chicony)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;04f2:1013
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|okay dome keyboard and trackpad}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Perixx Periboard-
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Unk|okay keyboard}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Perixx Periboard-
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Unk|okay keyboard}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lenovo SK-8825 41A5327 SIL12-W07 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works manufactured for 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lite-On USB NetVista Full Width Keyboard 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x04b3
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3025
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech K320 Wireless Keyboard 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|The Logitech USB Unifying, Bolt, Lightspeed, or Nano receiver pairing}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech K340 Wireless Keyboard 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech K400
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Unk|okay keyboard}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; [http://www.logitech.com/en-us/product/wireless-touch-keyboard-k400r Logitech Wireless Touch Keyboard k400]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x046D
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0xC52B
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt; 1201
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{yes|All (including multimedia) keys work. Some keys requires remapping with Trident. Touchpad works and acts as normal mouse. Presents itself in Trident as USB Receiver from Logitech with 3 HID bindings}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech K400 Plus K400+ 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Unk|okay keyboard}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech K600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Unk|okay keyboard}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech TK820 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Unk|okay keyboard}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech TK830 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Unk|okay keyboard}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech G915 TKL
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Unk|okay keyboard TKL means no number pad}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lofree Lite84 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lofree Flow Lite100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 silent switches and low profile keys}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MACHENIKE K500 Wired 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2024 94 keys untested Hot Swappable 94 Keys 90% Layout }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MechLands Vibe99 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2024 100 keys untested Gasket-mounted Wired/Bluetooth/2.4GHz Wireless Mechanical Keyboard}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Comfortable Curve 2000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no| recognized but not supported}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|recognized but not supported}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Wireless Media Desktop 1000 (1356)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045e
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00f9 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|working but not mouse part}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Niz Micro84 Duo82 X87 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 electro capacitive }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nuphy gem80 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| expensive but good}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nuphy kick 75 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 low profile 75% }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nuphy Air75 V3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025  75% }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nuphy node 100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 96% layout, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Qpad MK-50 MK-80 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Qpad MK-90 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Chroma 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1532
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0203
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://openrazer.github.io/ Razer] Lycosa 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Blackwidow 2013 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razr Blackwidow Ultimate 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Cynosa Lite V2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;1532
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x023f
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer DeathStalker 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer HuntsMan 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Ornata 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Orbweaver Chroma Keypad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1532
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0207
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Tartarus Keypad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested not hall effect and very expensive}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Redragon K668 RGB Gaming Keyboard Wired 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2023 untested 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys Upgraded Hot-swappable Socket，Red Switch}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Redragon K689 PRO Wireless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2024 untested Gasket RGB Gaming Keyboard, 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys, Upgraded Hot-swappable}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Risophy 60
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2024 75% mechanical, hotswap so okay for price untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Risophy 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Royal Kludge RK65 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested cream switches }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SINO WEALTH Gaming KB SkyLion K68 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x258a
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x003a
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| blue stalks with rgb lighting}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SKYLOONG GK104 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested gateron }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SteelSeries 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TeckNet x300 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MosART 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x062A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x4101
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0312 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|1 AAA for each and works well - mouse slightly better built than keyboard rubberised membrane}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TeckNet X331 HDE 2.4G Keyboard wireless RCMCU 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0C45
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7000
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0001
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|wireless can be glitchy but few extra keys are mapped }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TeckNet X500 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MOSArt 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x062A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2901
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0112 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|works well especially large touchpad - usual rubber domed membraned keyboard mechanism }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tecware Specter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested good 75%}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Unicomp Model M USB 104 key 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }} IBM's and later Lexmark buckling spring switches 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Varmilo Minilo Bluebell (prestige silent) and Eculapytus (violet tactile)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023 75% plastic build no screws not great to mod}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Varmilo Sword 68 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| expensive but good}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Varmilo 98 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 expensive but good and Kailh silent}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Weikav Velocifire Choice65 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Weikav Velocifire Lucky65 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wobkey Crush80 Reboot Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 very good but expensive Aluminum Hotswap Wireless RGB}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wobkey Rainy 75
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 good 75% but not as expensive CNC Aluminum HMX/JWK/Cocoa Switches}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wooting HE60 HE80 HE90 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 hall effect but expensive with good software}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Womier WK61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2021 untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Womier Sk71 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Womier Sk75 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Womier Sk75 TMR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025  hall effect }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xenta White Wireless HK6718B+HM3302--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|works with Raspberry Pi untested on AROS native}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xinmeng X87 MAGIC_REFINER 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 untested keycap swap but not hotswapable switches}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yunzii AL66 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| milk switches, cherry PBT, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yunzi B75 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 budget good with cocoa cream switches }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yunzii AL75 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|good budget option with  swappable switches,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yunzii AL80
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 switches }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yunzi C75 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 budget good with  switches }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}

&lt;pre&gt;
linear  - creamy
tactile - thocky
clicky  - clacky 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre &gt;
Cherry MX Black are linear switches (no feedback); good for gaming. 
Cherry MX Red are linear (less noise no click) but more squishy; 
Cherry MX Brown are in between Blue and Red in style and tactile; 
Cherry MX Clear switches have soft tactile feedback (with no click). 
Cherry MX Blue have tactile feedback with a click (noisy); good for typing. 

Gateron Yellows KS-3, KS-3x47 or better Pros have a milky top and black bottom and linear 

TTC Silent Frozen v2. Linear and dead silent 
Mouse the huano brown with yellow dot for silent mouse clicks
Kailh red dust proof encoder for smooth and close to silent scrolling
Boba U4 Silent Tactile switches
Husky linears

HMX 
&lt;/pre &gt;


=== Mouse ===

if the USB mouse is non-functional put a USB pendrive in before or add the following to user-startup in '''s''' drawer/folder/directory

 sys:prefs/trident NOGUI &gt; NIL:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; | Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; | Model
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| 3Dconnexion 
| 3D Mouse 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;[http://www.3dconnexion.com/products/spacenavigator.html SpaceNavigator]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| 3Dconnexion 
| 3D Mouse
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SpacePilot Pro
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| 3Dconnexion 
| Mouse 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SpaceExplorer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| 3Dconnexion 
| Wireless Mouse 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SpaceMouse 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;3D Optical 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wired 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0000:3825
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Belkin
| Combo mouse
|
| 0x05FE
| 0x0011
| Low 0100
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Cytec
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wired Mouse Gaming 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;R.A.T 5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Dell
| Mouse
| MO56UC
| 0x413C
| 0x3200
|
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;equatech / clone logitech  
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;wireless mouse
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;49779 / M185 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 3151:2020 later 3151:3020 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{Yes|detected and works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Hama
| RF Optical Mouse
| AM-6000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Keychron 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Optical 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Keychron 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Optical 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Keycron 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Optical Wireless 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested 1k polling and 16k dpi }}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Keychron 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Optical Wireless 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M7
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested barebones 1k polling and 16k dpi, great for small hands, loud clicks}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LogiCAD 3D
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;3D Mouse
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Magellan 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Logitech
| Cordless Desktop Navigator 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}}
|-
| Logitech Inc.
| First/Pilot Wheel Mouse
| N48/M-BB48 M-BE58 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Logitech
| Wireless mouse
| [http://www.logitech.com/en-roeu/mice_pointers/mice/devices/5484 M305]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| Logitech
| Wireless RF Mouse
| MK710
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Logitech
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wireless Mouse 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MX Master Anywhere 2S 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{No|untested}} micro USB charge port on front 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Logitech 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wireless 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M220 silent 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Logitech Logi 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Optical 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MX Master 3S 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{No|2021 untested usb-c bluetooth, inbuilt battery but muted clicks}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Logitach
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;G502 X Plus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2022 very clicky}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Logitech
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Optical 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MX Master 4 MXM
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Bluetooth usb-c dongle, inbuilt lithium battery}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Description
| Model
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Maxxter 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wireless
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;248a:8566
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Maxxter 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wireless 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;248a:8518
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OrzerHome Maxxter 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wireless 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;248a:8514
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested 1 aa with no on/off switch }}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Microsoft
| Wheel Mouse optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Microsoft
| Sidewinder Mouse 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Microsoft
| IntelliMouse Explorer USB optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Microsoft
| Wireless Optical Mouse 2000
|
| 0x045E
| 0x00F9 
|
| {{no|not working see keyboard Media Desktop 2000 above}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Microsoft 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;1461 1447 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{No|usb dongle matched to one mouse only no others}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Razer
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Orochi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Razer
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Mamba 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Razer
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Naga
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}} 17 buttons 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Razer
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB Optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Naga Hex V2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}} MOBA Gaming Mouse, Professional Grade 16,000 DPI Sensor - RGB lighting 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Razer
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB optical 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DeathAdder 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Razer
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Viper 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Razer
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB optical
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Basilisk V3 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested 1k polling, 35k dpi, }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Trust
| Slimline Lasermouse 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| SteelSeries 
| Tobii EyeX EyeMobile PCEye 
| Eye Tracking Control 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}} gaze interaction track technology for augment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;The Eye Tribe Tracker 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Eye 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB Optical Mouse 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MV3000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x192f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0916
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; {{N/A|untested}}
|}

=== Trackball ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;3Dconnexion SpaceBall 5000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}} Labtec designed and rolled into new company 3dconnexion 2001 by owners Logitech 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ACCO Kensington Orbit optical F1233A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kensington Turbo Mouse 64210
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Clearly Superior Technologies. Model:CST 1000-RC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Trackman Marble Mouse Wired USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Cordless Trackman Wheel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Optical Trackman T-RB22 - Cordless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech M570 wireless
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Trackball Mouse Optical 1.0 USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft X05-87473 Trackball USB Optical 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}


=== KVM ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NanoKVM 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}


=== Gamepad ===

Controllers have mostly decided that the left analog joystick is keyboard equivalent of WASD and right joystick is your mouse. You also have 2 bumpers above the triggers. Shoot could be right trigger (so it doesn't involve taking your thumb off the right joystick). Face buttons for reloading or jump or other non-critical functions. Crank up the sensitivity and practice. 

Testing can be done with the TRIDENT Prefs, [https://devicetests.com/controller-tester html5], [https://greggman.github.io/html5-gamepad-test/ html5], or [https://gamepad-tester.com/ Tester]


==== Dinput Poseidon Default Plugin - Playstation(TM) style ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Merge with USB on Digital Pad
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Betop Betong Bat D2E BTP-BD2E XD4D2E
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Gravis Eliminator Gamepad Pro USB  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;047d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;4005
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 2d only 
|-
| Hama Black Force USB Gamepad
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 psx clone look 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Jess Tech Game Elements Philips GGE909 PC Recoil Pad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCbAmIhj6P4 Logitech Wingman Precision USB] G-UC3B 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{N/A| }} 
| 2002 no 3D but good for 2D retro games like Turrican II
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Wingman Action Pad G-UB3A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Maybe|untested }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 1 blue lucid translucent - thin analog stick N64 type - 
|- 
| Logitech Wingman RumblePad UB05B
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| 0xc20a
| 1.12
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Maybe|untesed }} 
| 2000 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded blue piece - vibration feedback - single shoulder buttons with throttle control below right one 
|-
| Logitech Wingman Cordless RumblePad G-RA4A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| 0xc211
| 1.12
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Maybe|untested }} 
| 2001 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded black piece - vibration feedback - dual shoulder buttons L1 L2 R1 R2 with blue throttle control below right one - 4 aa mn1500 batteries; life not great - C-UD10A usb dongle - overall big and bulky 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Precision Wired G-UG15
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{N/A|N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 psx styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Cordless Precision G-X2E14A
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{N/A|N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 ps2 styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech G-X5C11A Cordless Precision Wireless Controllers
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{N/A|N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 psx styling black outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble 
|-
| [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/logitech-dual-actiontm-gamepad/ Logitech Dual Action] 
* G-UD8 has no mode (2D only?) button and no rumble 
* G-UF13A later 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| 0xc2
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&amp;forum=12 G-UF13A tested only]}} 
| 2003 New body shape psx style - dual analog 3D sticks - 4 small travel shoulder triggers no 5,6,7,8 
|-
| Logitech RumblePad 2 G-UF13
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| 0xc218
| 1.00
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| 2006 light blue top/black base - twin analogues 3D along with dual short travel shoulder buttons - rumble present - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[Logitech RumblePad 2 Cordless] 
* G-RC?? OLD version that take FOUR batteries and RED Logitech logo 
* G-RC14 uses TWO batteries has an ORANGE logo - dongle C-UE10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0xc219
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0200
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Yes|mostly}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 may have to remove 1 battery - G-RC?? 5 + 7 buttons - G-RC14 use buttons 6 + 8 to reset sticks - replace battery and push large button on receiver - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech F310 Wired Dual Action G-U0001 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0xc21
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Yes|D mode switch}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 dual analog 3D with pc-xbox/psx switch on back (only D works) - both rear shoulder RT LT buttons have excess travel - no rumble vibration - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech F510 Wired G-UG0002 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0xc21
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 dual analog with dual xbox pc/psx X/D switched compatibility modes - 
|-
| Logitech F710 Wireless / Cordless RumblePad 2 G-R0001 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d 
| 0xc219
| 3.05
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| When switch on top set to D and nano receiver for each controller to pair - 2 aa mn1500 batteries required - rumble support sometimes - rear back shoulder buttons excessive travel needed 
|- 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Megaworld 'TIME' USB pad
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0735
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x9902
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;Low 0100
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No |}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 Poor quality
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft 
* SideWinder Precision Pro USB (1997)
* SideWinder Precision 2 (1998)
* Game Pad Pro (1999)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Sidewinder Game Pad USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{yes| }}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=5934#post_5931 must setup first]
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Sidewinder Gamepad X04 Freestyle 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{N/A|N/A }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}} 1998 might need USB adapter 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Sidewinder X05 63895 92626 Flight stick
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{unk| }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|2000 [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=929.msg11309#new tested]}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Sidewinder Flight Stick X08-58736 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft 
    Plug &amp; Play Game Pad (2000)
    SideWinder Joystick (2000)
    Game Pad 2.0 (2001)
    SideWinder Force Feedback 2 (2002)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 long-standing static buildup problem and Force Feedback 2 was the removal of the power brick 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| Saitek [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps1000/ PS1000 Cyborg V.1], [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps2700-rumble-pad/ PS2700] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 no rumble function 
|- 
| Saitek [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG0v-hf6ZPA P2600] [http://compactiongames.about.com/od/hardware/tp/gamepads.htm P3600], 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 no rumble function
|- 
| Saitek P2900 wireless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested but runs on 1 AA battery}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony Batoh PS3 mini USB Wired hookup [http://ps3.jim.sh/sixaxis/usb/ SIXAXIS] 
*PCB  Ribbon      Notes
*Protos ALPS MSU Rev3 M3 and the later CBEH-1019
*?    SA1Q135A 	  for sixaxis
*PP4  
*V2   
*V25  
*VX   SA1Q146A    first dualshock 3 model
*VX   SA1Q147A    CECHZC2U (USA)
*VX35 SA1Q159A 	  
*VX3  SA1Q160A 	  
*VX?  SA1Q188A    
*VX4  SA1Q189A    shipped with a CECH-2504 datecode 0C 
*VX5  SA1Q194A    changed design ALPS, PS button changes
*VX6  SA1Q195A    red case, 
*VX7  SA1Q222A    superslims 2 ribbons
*VX8  SA1Q224A    superslims 2 ribbons 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x054c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0268
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;1.00 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Sometimes detected but no support - no sixaxis features detected - mini usb lead will have varying results - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony PS4 
*JDM JDS 001 010 011 
*JDM 030 040 055 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony PS5 Dual Sense 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Speed Link Strike 2 FX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster Firestorm Dual Power 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&amp;forum=12 only 1 axis joystick only]}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trust Predator GM-1500 GM-1520
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Haute42 M series Aluminum Metal Joystick Hitbox Controller Arcade Fighting Stick
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Haute42 T series 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Haute42 G series Gamefinger G12 G13 G16 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; plastic - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Haute42 S series 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  thinner and lighter than G series 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mad Catz sf2 fightstick 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mayflash Datel Paewang Arcade Pro Stick 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mayflash F300 Fighting Stick 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mayflash F500 Fighting Stick 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pico Flatbox GP2040-CE Hot Swappable Mini Hitbox Keyboard 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  default it is configured for PS4 but before plugging usbc cable in, X for Dinput, B Xinput, RT HID - plastic build case - Rev4 based on RP2040 chip and firmware is based on GP2040-CE (Community Edition) - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Shenzhen Onebitdo Tech 8bitdo Fighting stick 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Venom 8 button 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
|}


==== Xinput Xbox Style Plugin ====

2018 extension added originally called AROSx but later redacted. Latest [https://github.com/medusalix/xone linux driver] might be useful. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Merge with USB on Digital Pad
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8bitdo Ultimate C Wired 82CB (Shenzhen ONEBITDO TECH - GWOWO) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2dc8 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3106 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 - 4 t6 torx screws - non hall effect so drifting issues - triggers go faulty often - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8bitdo Ultimate 2C Wired Controller 82CD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2dc8 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x310A
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0114
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 - HID keyboard assigned - 4 t6 torx screws - hall effect analogs and triggers  - 1000Hz polling - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8bitdo Ultimate 2C wireless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024  - 400mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad poor for retro games - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8bitdo ULtimate Mini Wired Controller for Xbox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 hall effect 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8BitDo Pro 2 
*Wired Controller 
*Wireless
*Bluetooth
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 hall effect - playstation style layout for pc - slide button for S-A-D-X switch, android, dinput or xinput -  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8BitDo Pro 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025  tmr hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8bitdo Ultimate 3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026  - mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad  for retro games - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;8BitDo Pro 3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026  hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Ace Aurora 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 hall effect joysticks with no deadzone mode, gyro, linear rumble, trigger stops, back paddles, button swap, macro, turbo, RGB LED effects -  tri-mode connection - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Betop Beitong Spartan BTP-2270U 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  no hall effect 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Betop Betong Asura 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  no hall effect - noble linear trigger potentiometer and alps shoulder LB/RB micro switch 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BEITONG ASURA 2 Pro+ Game Controller Wireless Gamepad
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Beitong Zeus 2  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BebonCool Dinofire Model Number: Q218 / TP28
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021  - triggers aren't progressive but ON/OFF - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EasySMX X05 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 hall effect analog and triggers - tri mode connection - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EasySMX Wireless Controller PC PS3, 9013pro ESM-9013PRO
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 linear hall effect but device sometimes will not connect tried multiple attempts with the dongle
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EasySMX X10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EasySMX X20 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 ABXY MICRO SWITCH - Bumpers Tactile switch Hall Effect analog 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EasySMX X15 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 hall effect analog and triggers - membrane buttons - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EasySMX S10 Wireless Gamepad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 TMR Hall effect and compatible with Switch 2/PC/Phone/TV/Steam, NFC, Gyro, HD Rumble - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EasySMX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;202
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fantech World EOS Pro WGP15 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 hall effect trigger and sticks,2 back paddles, motion controlling 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fantech EOS PRO II S 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 controller with TMR hall effect analogues, mechanical face buttons and D-pad, 63 input macro, back paddles, turbo - analog triggers with trigger stops - tri mode bt wifi and wired - slide switch on back for switch, macos/android and xinput - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Flydigi Apex 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023  luxury model 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Flydigi Vader Pro 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 the Pro(Hall Effects) and Non-Pro (No Hall) 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Flydigi Direwolf 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 hall effect sticks and triggers - poor wifi connection - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Flydigi Apex 4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024  luxury model 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Flydigi Vader 4 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 - hall effect, DInput mode (o+A hold) - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Flydigi Direwolf 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons with gold contacts - 800mhA battery - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Flydigi Dunefox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 basic model hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons - 500mha battery - no gyros - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Flydigi Vader 5 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 - hall effect stick with tension control, linear triggers, DInput mode (o+A hold) - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Gamesir T4K Keleid, T4C Cyclone wired 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 poor to ok switch 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Gamesir Nova 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{no|| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 - switch type layout 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Guangzhou Chicken Run Network Tech Nova Lite GameSir-T4n LITE - Zikway HID gamepad
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 4200 seems to be xbox so B then Home for Xinput (green LED), A then Home for HID BT Android (green/yellow LED), Y then Home for Switch Pro (Red LED)] or X then Home for Wifi and start and select to alternatively swap modes 
* and if on [https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 5700 ds4 so Home + B (blue LED), ]
* firmware 6900 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x3537
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1040 0x1041
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 - hall effect 3d nubs - no usb-c cable - rubber membrane analog trigger travel and bumpers shoulder buttons - wifi 2.4G and bluetooth - xbox layout so ab and xy might need to be swapped via m and a buttons for switch type [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po-nNuC5fps fixes video] - 250Hz polling - 600mah battery - rigid carry case - poor d-pad esp diagonals - gamesir settings software only on android 6+ or ios based only - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Gamesir Nova 2 Lite  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GameSir G7 SE Wired Controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 hall effect 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GameSir G8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Gamesir TEGENARIA T3 Lite Wired 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 playstation aesthetic hall effect analog and membrane buttons - X+Home button connects as an Xbox controller
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GameSir Cyclone 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 TMR Joysticks with anti-friction rings and metal anti-friction rings around the stems, gyro, rumble, macro, turbo, 2 back paddles, hall analog triggers with micro-switch trigger - tri mode bluetooth, 2.4GHz wifi and wired, 1000hz polling rate - gamesir connect software - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GameSir G7 Pro for Xbox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 TMR hall effect - hall effect triggers, tri mode connection - gamesir nexus software - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GameSir Super Nova Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 hall effect sticks and triggers, 1000Hz polling, tri mode connectivity, 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GameSir 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GameSir 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GameSir 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GuliKit 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GuliKit KingKong 2 NS08 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Electromagnetic Stick hall effect - hall linear triggers - Mechanical face buttons - wired and wireless - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GuliKit KingKong 2 PRO NS09
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;hall efect - wired and wireless - Mechanical face buttons - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GuliKit KingKong MAX 3 KK3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;hall effect - wired and wireless - lithium battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Gulikit KK3 Max USB-c Bluetooth Controller
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 Hall Joysticks and Triggers, Maglev/Rotor/HD Vibration, 1000Hz Polling Rate, 4 Back Buttons,  
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GuliKit KK3 PRO 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 smaller version of KK3 MAX - hall effect analog and triggers, face buttons , maglev rumble, gyro, 4 back paddles - rigid case - 950mAh up to 8 hrs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GuliKit 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hyperkin 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hori EX2 Turbo UHX3-45 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Machenike G1 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 Wireless Gaming Controller with 1K Polling Rate Hall Effect Trigger Joystick For Nintendo Switch PC iOS Android 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Machenike G5 Pro Wireless Gaming Controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 ABXY Switch Membrane, Bumpers Tactile switch and hall effect analog 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;microsoft sidewinder precision pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller]
| 0x045e
| 0x028e
| 0x
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No|needs specific driver and has poor 2D control pad}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| Microsoft (R) [https://blog.tkjelectronics.dk/2012/12/xbox-360-receiver-added-to-the-usb-host-library/ Xbox 360] (TM) Wireless Receiver for Windows(R) Model 1086 and Controller 
| 0x045e 
| 0x0719, 0x or 0x0291
| 0x0100
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|separate standalone usb dongle detected and shows as 8 vendor interfaces but no class associated and so not working - may need new class from code from xpad or xboxdrv to work the controllor}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xbox 360 Kinect [http://hackaday.com/2010/11/10/kinect-open-source-driver-demo-and-hacking/ Video] 
[http://git.marcansoft.com/?p=libfreenect.git;a=commit;h=7655fcf7239ba4907654089dba535a196685dbe5 GIT]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007  proprietary 2.4GHz RF protocol, 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xbox One Wired Controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xbox One wireless controller newer model with the 3.5mm headphone jack 1537 1697 and microsoft adapter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x02d1 or 0x02dd
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Elite Series 1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x02e3
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 ok - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xbox later models 1708+ Xbox One and Series use 5GHz and use Bluetooth, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x02e0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xbox One S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x02ea 0x02fd
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft Elite Series 2 Core 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x02ff
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 ok - no hall - 125Hz polling - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Minisform MGP01 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOBAPAD N1HD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 has liquid silicone face buttons, hall effect analog, D-Pad swap, two back paddles, USB-A dongle, HD Rumble - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobapad Huben 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobapad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BIGBIG WON Gale 墨将 mòjiāng 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BIGBIG WON Blitz PRO 2 TMR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BIGBIG WON now MOJHON AETHER 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 hall effect joysticks, hall effect triggers, mechanical bumpers, 1000hz polling rate, mechanical D-pad, membrane face buttons, mechanical back paddles, rumble, deadzone issues - tri mode 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MSI FORCE GC20 GC30 V2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 not hall effect 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MSI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mytrix Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NACON GC-100XF Controller
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 average 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PXN P5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 hall effect joysticks &amp; triggers, limited trigger stops, 1000hz polling rate on wired, 4 back paddles, 32 macro record, anti-deadzone mode, RAW mode, gyro, turbo, tri-mode connection - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PXN P50L 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PowerA 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;QRD Stellar T5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;QRD Junior E5 Mini 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;QRD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Wolverine V3 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024  hall 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RetroFlag 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Speedlink XEOX Pro Analog Wireless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;enclosed lithium battery? - xbox layout - switchable on back of controller to directinput (dinput) or xinput - USB dongle switchable to pc and ps3 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SCUF Instinct Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 good 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SCUF Envision Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 good 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steel Series Stratus Duo XL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;usb adapter needed 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://inputlabs.io/Inputlabs InputLabs Alpakka Open Source and build yourself] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;DIY it with 3d printer, pcb and components  - pi pico needed - 2 gyros for better accuracy - 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://inputlabs.io/kapybara Inputlabs kapybara] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;DIY one handed version wip 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Vilcorn Z03 BT Wireless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 - other Bluetooth modes (green, red, blue, purple, etc.) Select + M1 (or M2) - 400mAh - not great latency wired - 800mhz polling -  
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;zd ultimate legend 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;zd 0+ elite 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;zd 0+excellent
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
|}

&lt;pre&gt;
#ifndef AROSX_LIBRARY_H
#define AROSX_LIBRARY_H

#include &lt;exec/types.h&gt;

#define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_UNKNOWN  0x00
#define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_GAMEPAD  0x01

#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_UP          0x0001
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_DOWN        0x0002
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_LEFT        0x0004
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_RIGHT       0x0008
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_START            0x0010
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_BACK             0x0020
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB       0x0040
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB      0x0080
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_SHOULDER    0x0100
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_SHOULDER   0x0200
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_A                0x1000
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_B                0x2000
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_X                0x4000
#define AROSX_GAMEPAD_Y                0x8000

struct AROSX_GAMEPAD {
    ULONG   Timestamp;
    UWORD   Buttons;
    UBYTE   LeftTrigger;
    UBYTE   RightTrigger;
    WORD    ThumbLX;
    WORD    ThumbLY;
    WORD    ThumbRX;
    WORD    ThumbRY;
};

#define AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT    0x00
#define AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT 0x01
#define AROSX_EHMF_CONNECT    (1L&lt;&lt;AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT)
#define AROSX_EHMF_DISCONNECT (1L&lt;&lt;AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT)

struct AROSX_EventHook {
    struct Node         eh_Node;
    struct MsgPort     *eh_MsgPort;
    ULONG               eh_MsgMask;
};

struct AROSX_EventNote {
    struct Message      en_Msg;
    ULONG               en_Event;
    APTR                en_Param1;
    APTR                en_Param2;
};

#endif /* AROSX_LIBRARY_H */
&lt;/pre&gt;


=== Joystick ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Merge with USB on Digital Pad
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CH Products CombatStick 568 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cyborg X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Extreme 3D
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| [Logitech Attack 3 Joystick] 
| 0x0464
| 0xC214
| 0205
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;saitek X-52 x52 pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;saitek aviator 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Speedlink Competition Pro USB 
| 
|
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| {{maybe|works but games not working &quot;out of the box&quot;}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trust Predator QZ 501
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trust Predator TH 400
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trust Predator GM-2500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trust XK 100
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}

===[https://github.com/JacKeTUs/linux-steering-wheels Gaming Racing Steering Wheels]=== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;25%&quot; |Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Merge with USB on Digital Pad
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
! width=&quot;40%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/pid1_01.pdf USB PID standard not supported], 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cammus C5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fanatec CSL Elite 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;PS4 and Xbox - belt driven wheel - 30cm wheel swapping 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fanatec Club Sport 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; top belt $600 £500 system 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;FFBeast 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Genius TRIO RACER F1 Racing Wheel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Cheap and cheerful but not great - may need calibrating 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hama PC Racing Wheel Thunder V18 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Average 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hori Racing Wheel 3 with pedals 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;PS3 PC 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logic3 PXU450 TopDrive GT450 Steering Wheel for PS3, PS4, XBox One and PC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech MOMO 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Very good 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Driving Force GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Drive Force Pro DFP 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; wheel 900 degree - weighs in at 15&amp;nbsp;lbs
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Formula Force EX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;200 degrees turn for the EX model is arcade-like driving - adds PS3 compatibility via the PSx/2 adaptor - weighs in at 9&amp;nbsp;lbs
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech G25 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;   - needs external psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech G27 PC/PS3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; comes with gear shifter - needs external psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech G29 PC PS3/PS4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech G920 PC XboxOne 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech G923 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft(R) SideWinder Precision Racing Wheel (1999)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Moza R3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x346E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Moza R5
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x346E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Moza R9
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x346E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Moza R12
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x346E
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/Ultrawipf/OpenFFBoard OpenFFBoard], 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PXN V10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PXN V12 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PXN V12 Lite 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Simagic M10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; base direct drive $900 £800 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Simplicity Simwheel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; direct 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Simucube 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Simucube 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Simucube 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Simxperience Accuforce V2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SPEEDLINK Drift O.Z. Racing Wheel with Pedals and Gear Stick 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SteelSeries Simraceway SRW-S1 Steering Wheel (PC) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster Nascar Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster Ferrari Challenge Wheel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; Poor  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster Ferrari FGT Rumble GT Experience 3-in-1 (PC/PS3)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;b658
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0102
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes|Wheel and all buttons detected}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Not great - gear driven 240deg wheel rotation - no psu needed - 2 peddle - flappy gear change - rumble untested - red switch for PC PS3 selection 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster F430 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster T500 RS Wheel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; belt driven wheel/rumble for GT5 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster T60 Challenge 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster T150 Wheel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  gear / belt combo wheel / rumble - 2 peddle 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster TMX Pro PC/XboxOne
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; direct drive rumble - no manual gear shift included 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster T80 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Base level and OK - PS4 - 270deg rumble - 2 peddle 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster T300 RS GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;PS3 PS4 - belt driven - 900deg rotation and modular 28cm wheel out - 2 peddles but 3 available 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster TX Leather 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x044f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;TX Xbox version - 900deg rotation 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustermaster TS PC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;PC only belt wheel 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; TS XW Racer PC Xbox1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; top belt system 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thrustmaster T-GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;PS4 $700 £600 with T-DFB 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tracer Zonda Racing Steering Wheel PC PS3 Vibration Feedback Pedals Gearbox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


===Gamepad Joypad Adapters===

* Most adapters will work in most OS's without installing a driver. Special functions needing drivers will be noted. 
* Some adapters do not work with some [http://www.stepmania.com/wiki/Dance_Pads dance pads] because of voltage issues. Other adapters map the dancemat arrows as axes and not as buttons, causing problems.
* If using an adapters should be compatible with '''original''' PlayStation PS/Xbox Xbox/GameCube GC /Dreamcast DC/Sega Saturn SS gamepads. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Merge with USB on Digital Pad
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.maplin.co.uk/psx-usb-bridge-34887?tabid=3&amp;worldid=&amp;doy=21m9&amp;faqitem=playstation%20controller%20to%20pc%20adaptor Maplin] [http://www.rockfire.com.tw/ Padix Co. Ltd. Rockfire] PX-205 PSX/USB Bridge 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0583 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2050
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes}} but buttons mapped different from others 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Maybe|poor}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ok with dpads, but very poor support with analogue hack 
|-
| Boom PS Joy Converter adaptor 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| discontinued (2004/5). Hold Up, Start, and Select for three seconds. Very good [http://www.stepmania.com stepmania] recommendation. 
|-
| [http://www.hkems.com/m_main.htm EMS] [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/ps2-usb2.htm USB2] grey plastic box with 2 PSX ports, one on either side - UP and Select pressed for 3 seconds at the same time or the dance code (start+select+up) 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows the PS port works in digital mode on d-pad}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| Set in PC switch mode. Does not work when using 2 pads at the same time, likely higher power requirements. FPSE emu DualShock untested, Mat and Guitar untested but known lag involved 
|-
| Joytech (play.com) (EMS USB2 bad clone) Black box twin PSX
| 0x0b43
| 0x0003
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No|buggy hardware}} 
| but poor on dance ddr mat and guitar hero as the left and right keys do not like being pressed together, Dual shock untested 
|-
| [ EMS Trio Linker ] 1 PSone connection at bottom
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| 1PSX discontinued 2005 
|-
| [http://psxemulator.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=support&amp;action=display&amp;thread=421 EMS Trio Linker Plus] (blue box) 1 PSx at bottom
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| 1PSX discontinued 
|-
| Gamtec [http://www.gamestone.co.uk/gradius/guides_usb_smartjoy_guide.php SmartJoy Plus] Lik Sang PS-&gt;USB converter Red 2005 
| 0x0925
| 0x0005
| Low 0110
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Maybe|detected and digital dpad works with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4138&amp;forum=2&amp;post_id=35952#forumpost35952 joystick and testjoystick tests] but  the second analog control is not mapping correctly in digital mode}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No|Analogue Hack - hardware buggy not useable}} 
| Dual shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested. Nothing picked up upon plugging it in. Quite common, these items have grounding issues or feed voltage back into the USB host and freeze the host controller, preventing any plugins or removals being detected. 
|-
| Gamtec SmartJoy Plus Dual PS-&gt;USB converter Red 
| 0x0925
| 0x00
| Low 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No|buggy hardware}}
| 
|-
| [http://uk.gear.ign.com/articles/700/700334p1.html Lik-Sang Super SmartJoy PSX] 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| 1PSX 
|-
| Soyo Kiki Kiky 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| 
|-
| eXcel PSX adaptor shaped a little like a stealth bomber with USB pass through 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| 
|-
| Venom 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| 
|-
| Dragon Plus (Radio Shack) Pantherlord GreenAsia USB to PS2/PS3 converter single black cable
| 0x0e8f
| 0x03
| 1.07
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| 
|-
| Deal Extreme 2 PSX black cables from 1 USB port
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HDE 2014 Personal Communication Systems Inc 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0810
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0001
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0106
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Same as single cable above but with black block midway along cable 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC001 Super Joy Box 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC016 Super Joy Box arrowhead triangle twin PSX] Original was lack with RED Leds. Clones Dilong pu203, Blue HDE Neewer ShineData SD-APS2USB, Red Octane and Black PC Power Box (NS3454) '''embossed circle''' on top 
| 0x0810
| 0x0001
| 1.06
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows one PS port does not work with analog control at all but the other port does and maps correctly in digital mode}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Yes|Analogue hack works }}
| Still available 2013, poor construction though, falls to pieces easily. Dual Shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TigerGame Ltd [http://www.mayflash.com/pc/pc038/pc038-1.htm Mayflash PC038 Super Joy Box Pro triangle twin PSX] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PC006 long V-shaped 4 port PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter  
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PRO PC039 PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Merge with USB on Digital Pad
| Analogue Hack with Analog Stick
| Opinion 
|- 
| Boom PSX+N64 USB converter (purple or blue see through box) (2003/4) - red led for psx and green led for n64
| 0x6666
| 0x0667
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No|not detected by Tests/joystick}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No|Analogue hack }}
| Rumble Pak untested
|-
| [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/TrioLinkerPlus2.htm EMS Trio Linker Plus II] 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4753&amp;forum=24&amp;post_id=43102#forumpost43102 ]
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| 1DC 1GC 1PSX but not for ddr mat games 
|-
| TigerGame Mayflash PC043 clone HuiJia Black twin N64 converter for PC USB 
| 0x0e8f
| 0x3013
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No|detected by Tests/joystick though two digital pads have their settings wrong}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{Yes|Analogue hack works well with middle handle/grip little joystick}}
| Rumble Pack untested 
|-
| TigerGame Mayflash PC MagicBox SuperBox 3 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| untested 1SS 1DC 1PSX }
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lik Sang SmartJoy X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045e
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0285
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SmartJoy X2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045e
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0289
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| TigerGame Mayflash PC018 Super Joy Box 9 Xbox (NOT 360) 
| 0x05e3
| 0x060
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| does not work. Hub(s) 0x0288 detected but 0x0289 xbox1 joypads are not detected as hid let alone as [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62940.html xpad] or [http://pingus.seul.org/~grumbel/xboxdrv/ linux xboxdrv driver] 
|-
| TigerGame Mayflash PC019 Super Joy Box 10 Xbox Twin ports (NOT 360) 
| 0x05e3
| 0x060
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| does not work with the big Fatty Duke or smaller S Akebono controller(s) 
|-
| TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC020 Super Joy Box 11 Xbox Quad ports (NOT 360) 
| 0x05e3
| 0x0604
| 
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;{{No| }}
| 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC035 3 in 1 Magic Joy box PS GC Xbox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB to NES [http://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/Standard_controller SPI like protocol] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Buffalo Classic USB Pad SNES like 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mayflash PC044 USB to SNES 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB to MEGADRIVE GENESIS Joypad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.retrousb.com/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=70 USB to 9 pin ATARI RETROPORT style JOYSTICK PORT] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Atari RetroLink 9pin to SB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SLS Sega Saturn USB pad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mayflash PC050 Dual Saturn ports 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Guitar Hero for PC/Mac 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1430
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x474C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cronus Max 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BrookX One 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mayflash Gamecube to USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mayflash Magic NS 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; WiiU 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brook Converter WiiU P3 P4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CooV Xbox One Converter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


* [http://www.bemanistyle.com/forum/f6/best-metal-pad-19066/ Metal dance pads with LEDs] - My My Box Blue Shark (Nexen), Cobalt Flux (CF) (Let's Groove), Red Octane Afterburner, TX-2000, Logic3 (Dance Dance Dance), Gamerose (Stay Cool), 
* Hard foam mat - [http://www.mayflash.eu/3in1-deluxe-dansmat-ignition-foam-ps2xboxpc-p-5.html Mayflash] FutureMax Deluxe 3 in 1 Ignition, [http://www.gamerose.com/ Gamerose] (Stay Cool), TrinPad orange, 
* Soft foam mat - Logic3 (PS420N), [http://www.positivegaming.com/index.php?id=36 Positive Gaming Impact],  Gamerose Miss Daisys Naki (Stay Cool), Pelican, MadCatz

*PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 flex ribbon big source of button/trigger issues with all controllers 
*PS2 Phat KSA1Q40A (Board), SA1Q33A (Membrane) SCHP-10010 H 
*PS2 SA1Q42A SCHP-10010 A 
*PS2 SA1Q43-A SCHP-10010 H


The primary axes are either the Control Pad or the left stick. Buttons come in a rough order: face buttons, then shoulder buttons, then Select and Start, then buttons under sticks, and finally Control Pad directions if not assigned to a hat. But the order and number of buttons within a category are unpredictable, as is which button the user expects to use for each action.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; | Joypad 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | HATS 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 01
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 02
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 03
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 04
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 05
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 06
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 07
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 08
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 09
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 10
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 11
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 12
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 13
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Button 14
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Axes 1 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Axes 2 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Axes 3 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Axes 4 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Axes 5 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Axes 6 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; | Comment 
|-
| [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller]
| 
| A (down-green) 
| B (right-red) 
| X (left-blue) 
| Y (up-yellow) 
| LB (white) 
| RB (black) 
| Back
| Start
| Guide 
| L3
| R3
| 
| 
| 
| Left X 
| Left Y
| LT
| Right X
| Right Y 
| RT 
| Poor 2D, Good 3D 
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Gravis GamePad / Original PlayStation Controller 
| &lt;!--HATS DPAD--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Button 01--&gt;Red (Sqleft)
| Yellow X (X down)
| Green O (O right)
| Blue (Tri up)
| L1
| R1
| L2
| R2
| Select
| &lt;!--Button 10--&gt;Start
| 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Axes 1--&gt;Stick X
| Stick Y
| 
| 
|  
|  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; PlayStation 2 Older Adapters 
| &lt;!--HATS DPAD--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Button 01--&gt;Blue X (down) 
| Red O (right) 
| Pink Sq (left) 
| Green Tri (up) 
| L1
| R1
| L2
| R2
| Select
| &lt;!--Button 10--&gt;Start 
| Stick 1
| Stick 2
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Axes 1--&gt;
| 
| 
| 
|  
|  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; PlayStation 2 Newer Adapters 
| &lt;!--HATS DPAD--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Button 01--&gt;Up
| Right
| Down
| Left
| L2
| R2
| L1
| R1
| Select
| &lt;!--Button 10--&gt;Start
| Stick 1 (analogue Hack) 
| Stick 2 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Axes 1--&gt;
| 
| 
| 
|  
|  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; Wish Technologies N64 Adaptoid 
| &lt;!--HATS DPAD--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Button 01--&gt; A
| C Down
| C Right
| B
| C Left
| C Up
| L
| R
| Start
| &lt;!--Button 10--&gt;Z
| Pad Up
| Pad Down 
| Pad Left
| Pad Right 
| &lt;!--Axes 1--&gt;Stick X
| Stick Y 
| 
| 
|  
|  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; 
| &lt;!--HATS DPAD--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Button 01--&gt;
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Button 10--&gt;
| 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Axes 1--&gt;
| 
| 
| 
|  
|  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; 
| &lt;!--HATS DPAD--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Button 01--&gt;
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Button 10--&gt;
| 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Axes 1--&gt;
| 
| 
| 
|  
|  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- 
|}

Just plug in your digital/analogue joystick or gamepad into USB port. The device will be handled by Poseidon USB stack. Poseidon is the USB stack with Trident adding a GUI (graphical user interface) prefs. 


the context sensitive page would come up right on pressing the help key inside the relevant window. The manual is in this archive, just in case it isn't in SYS:Locale/Help  


*How to change joystick mode to analogue?

By default a connected USB joystick emulates Amiga digital joystick. To change this behaviour so that the joystick is presented as analogue you need to use Trident preferences application (System:Prefs/Trident).

Open Trident and go to Devices on the left hand side (mouse click once on it). Select your controller from the list to the right and then click on Settings button below. This will open a new window. On the &quot;General&quot; tab find the &quot;Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation&quot; section near the bottom. Find ports which are set to &quot;Merge with USB&quot; or &quot;Override with USB&quot; and change them to &quot;Analogue Hack&quot;. 

Please note that analogue joystick support is an extension of original Amiga functionality, thus an Amiga application must be explicitly written to use it. AROS SDL library uses this functionality, thus all SDL applications that use joystick, can use the analogue joystick feature.

The HID class has several options how to handle the input data: 

* Don't touch: The movement and button data for is not modified by the hid class. This is the default for the ports 0, 2, and 3. 

* Overwrite with USB: This will kill the  original  data  that  might  had  come  from  the internal  ports  and  overwrites it with the joypad data for this USB interface. Note well: If you have multiple  joypads  connected,  take care  which setting you have selected for each port, because only the last interface with this option will actually send the joypad data to the game. 

* Merge with USB: This option merges the input data of the  lowlevel.library  with  the USB  stream. This only works, if the connected device on the original Amiga  ports  is  NOT  a  mouse  (because  then   the   streams   are incompatible).  Merging  should  be  the preferred method, because it leaves the original joysticks working. 

* Disable: Turns off the port for the application.

* Analogue Hack: Tells Poseidon to force reporting  of  analogue  data  at  the  port. Please  note  that  this only works with programs that understand the analogue  data,  because  it's   an   extension   to   the   original lowlevel.library   standard   made  by  Commodore.  If  you  want  to incorporate this feature in your software, just contact me and I will send you the necessary information. 

* Rumble Port: As addition to the analogue data, the HID class  supports  applications and  games  that want to utilize a rumble pack or force feedback motors in the gamepads. This field selects to  which  lowlevel  port  the  hid device responds, when attempting to use the rumble pack. Normally, this corresponds to the port that has  been  set  in  the  actions  for  the joypad.


*How to change joystick port assignment?

The low  level  library  supports up to four ports. Port 0 is usually used by the mouse, port 1 is the standard port for joysticks/joypads. By default a connected USB joystick is present in Port 1. To change its location to Port 0 you need to use Trident preferences. 

Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. On the &quot;General&quot; tab find the &quot;Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation&quot; section. Port 1 should be set as either &quot;Merge with USB&quot; or &quot;Override with USB&quot;. Change this setting to &quot;Don't touch&quot;. Change Port 0 setting to &quot;Merge with USB&quot;.

Go to &quot;Actions&quot; tab. In the &quot;Reports and collection&quot; select first entry named &quot;Joystick&quot;. in the &quot;Usage items&quot; select &quot;X axis&quot;. Go to &quot;Performed actions&quot; area. On the left there will be a list of triggers. Each of them should have (port1) in their params. Click on the first trigger and using buttons to the right of the list change port1 into port 0. Repeat this for all triggers and for all items on &quot;Usage items&quot; list.


*How to make joystick simulate keyboard keys?

With Poseidon it is possible to make the joystick simulate the keyboard pressings. This might enable using joystick for playing games which only have keyboard support. This feature is configured in Trident preferences.

Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. Go to &quot;Actions&quot; tab. On the right top window select X axis. On the left bottom list select an entry &quot;Digital Joystick, Push left(port 1)&quot;. On the panel to the right change &quot;Digital joystick&quot; into &quot;Raw Key&quot;. A list of keys will be displayed. Select key you wish to send. Repeat the same procedure for &quot;Digital Joystick, Release left (port 1)&quot; option but this time check &quot;Send key up even instead of key down&quot;. Open shell and move your joystick to the left - your selected letter should appear in the shell. 


*Analogue in Trident Prefs
* Open the Trident USB Prefs -&gt; Devices -&gt; Select your joypad -&gt; Settings button -&gt; Action TAB 
* See some &quot;axis&quot; listed under &quot;Usage items&quot; in the top right of the window. They are your analog stick(s) 
* Check [x] Track Incoming Events which is half way down the window on the left 
And you should see some axis activity in &quot;Usage items&quot; when you move the analog stick 


*Actions

HID class item -&gt; Settings -&gt; HID Class Window -&gt; Action Tab -&gt; Action handling area 

Reports and collections -&gt; Usage Items -&gt; Performed actions 


Qualifier keys are *special*. You don't only need to create the actual keypress but also modify the qualifiers.
Go to the keyboard panel and find the windows menu key by enabling key tracking and pressing the windows menu key. Then assign the right amiga key to it.

Go to the actions panel and find the right amiga key (it's called &quot;Keyboard right GUI&quot;). Remember the actions stored there, best write them down in exact order. Then delete them.
Find the windows menu item and add the missing qualifier action. Be sure the parameters are exactly the same and the order is right.

Set them to Raw, then assign an up and down button for each character, etc.
when you change the settings to RAW so you can assign keyboard strokes. it will always say, KEYDOWN or what ever on the left, it never provides and option for key release.

The problem still remains though that if I try to assign the Directional Pad (Hat) to Arrow Keys, that things will get screwed up and you either can not move with the directional PAD (HAT), or movements are assigned to the Left Analog, and do not work as they should, it's as if the right and down arrow keys are ALWAYS On, regardless of the fact that I did indeed assign a Key release command to each input.

check that by pressing analog directions and see the current values, and the thresholds configured in poseidon to bind them to left/right/up/down.

misconfigured too much stuff in the HID settings, you can always go in poseidon-&gt;config list entry and delete the config item related to your device (or the HID class setting itself), back to basics.


*Rumble in Trident Prefs
Open Trident Prefs and click on the Devices option in the left hand window. Click with the mouse once on your gamepad choice on the right hand side and again on the Settings button below. In the new window, select the '''General''' TAB and half way down on the right there is an &quot;Open Now&quot; button in the section &quot;HID output control window&quot;. Clicking on that button opens another window (HID Control) with sliders for the two rumble engines inside the controllers and you can test if they work. '''Sometimes clicking that button does nothing, other times it will open the window and say nothing is detected.''' The leftmost two sliders do nothing, the third one has a large rumble effect, and the fourth one has a small rumble effect.

===Graphic Drawing Tablet===

There is a standard in HID for tablets possibly mouse type. If the tablet is HID conforming in that sense, it should work. Aiptek does a fairly good job at this. The other competitor, Wacom, didn't pay too much attention to this and simply adapted their legacy serial protocol into HID in a very awkward way. Older Wacom tablets have worked with the special support in the HID class, but not the more recent ones. 

 to use graphic tablets fully, applications need to be written that make use of the AmigaOS NewTablet events (which AROS has) 


* Entry level - A6 (6x4) work area 
* Medium A5 (6x8) A4 (10x7) size   (recommended but only a few ie years 2000 to 2003 models supported) 
* Semi Pro A3 (12x9) 
* Pro  Cintiq


* 2005/6 Some support added for Wacom tablets  
* 2008 Wacom's patent on battery free pens expires


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Micrograf Tabby (late 1980s and early 1990s) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;podscat pt 3030 graphics tablet
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Summagraphics 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom IV compatible (Graphire, ArtPad, A3, A4, A5 and PenPartner CT-0405-P - Wacom intuos GD-0405-R) Waycom Digitiser II UD-0608-R
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Artpad II (KT-0405-R) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AceCad boards 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AipTek HyperPen 6000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Calcomp 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AipTek HyperPen 8000 - Aldi/Medion MD 9310 and Aldi/Tevion LT 9310 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tablet PC penabled 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based like x61t X60t NC4200 NC4400 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Serial RS232 based }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
* Wacom PenPartner
* PenPartner 2
* PenStation 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056a
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0000
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Graphire - Wacom Tablet ET-0405-U UV1.1-1 (Slate Blue)  ET-0405UL (lime)  (orange)  (red)  (purple) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0X0010
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|late 90s with A6 size - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205  Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511 under Trident prefs. Air pen mouse type movements }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
* Grapphire 2 4x5  ET-0405A-U UV2.0-3 (Steel Blue) 
* Graphire 2 5x7 ET-0507A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0011 and 0x0012
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0110
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|A6 and A5 versions - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205  Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air pen mouse type movements - mouse EC-120-0K tested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Graphire 3
* cte-430/w 4x5 pearl   sapphire 
* cte 630 6x8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0013 and 0x0014 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0314
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|A6 and A5 size - [Wacom Support] Xaxis 0-10207 yaxis 0-7423 tip pressure 0-511 and the erase end appears to respond but avoid bluetooth BT versions }}
|-
| Wacom Graphire 4 
* cte-440/B Blue cte 440/s Silver 4x5
* cte-640 6x8 cte 640 u 0403 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0015 and 0x0016 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;403
| {{Yes|A6 and A5 work area detected [Wacom Support] x-axis 0000-10207 Y axis 0000-7423 Tip Pressure 000-511 and delete rub out end of the pencil seems detected but avoid bluetooth BT versions }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
* Wacom Intuos 4x5 GD-0405 
* Intuos 6x8    GD-0608
* Intuos 9x12    GD-0912
* Intuos 12x12  GD-1212-U 
* Intuos 12x18 GD-1218
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0020 0x0021 0x0022 0x0023 0x0024 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|detected and responses delivered back - x axis up to 30479 and y axis 31679, tip pressure up to 1023 and x and y tilt up to 127 - Wacom intuos GD-0912-A for Apple Macs NOT SUPPORTED}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
* Intuos 2 4x5 A6 - XD-0405-U 
* Intuos 2 6x8 A5 - xd 0608u uoc
* Intuos 2 9x12 XD-0912-U
* Intuos 2 12x12 XD-1212-U
* Intuos 2 12x18 XD-1218-U
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056a
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0041 0x0042 0x0043 0x0044 0x0045 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0126
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|various sizes and recognised as [Wacom Support] but not working. x-axis 00000-20319 y-axis 00000-16239 tip presure 0000-1023 x-tilt y-tilt 000-127.  HID mouse xc-100-03 works but never could use it as a real tablet with pressure with TVPaint 3.6 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
* Intuos 3 4x5 (PTZ-430) 
* Intuos 3 4x6   (PTZ-431W ) 
* Intuos 3 6x8   (PTZ-630 PTZ630) 
* Intuos 3 6x11 (PTZ-631W A3 wide)  
* Intuos 3 9x12 (A4 PTZ-930 PTZ930)  
* Intuos 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;056a
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00b0 0x00b1 0x00b2 0x00b3 0x00b4 0x00b5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No}} Actions in HID setup window definitively locks the Pointer (mouse) reports settings and even after a clear and save, nothing changes, the configuration returns to default values.  &quot;[Wacom]&quot; reports don't see any events from the tablet, even with &quot;Pointer&quot; reports cleared and save, so is locked a in &quot;mouse&quot; state - but can send a special command to the tablet in order to put it into a special vendor mode. This mode enables Wacom specificities like pressure, tilt, absolute position, buttons, etc... you should send an HID report feature with ReportID=2 and data=2, the current HID class driver doesn't give a way to change that, even using the &quot;initial startup actions&quot; item in the extra collection. No listed features work 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Wacom Volito - Promethean FT-0405-U06 UV1.4-1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0060
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0141
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - appears to be the budget option with some but limited features}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Volito 2 
* CTF-??? 2x3 
* CTF-420G CTF-420 V2.0-0 4x5
* Serif Penabled 6742 rebadge of CTF 420/020-B CTF-420/02
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0062
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0200
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - no erase function on the end of the pen - nylon nibs value option}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
* Wacom PL-400 LCD 
* PL-500
* PL-510
* PL-550
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0030 0x0031 0x0032 0x0034 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
* PL-600
* PL-600 SX
* PL-700
* PL-710
* PL-800
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0033 0x0035 0x0036 0x0037 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Cintiq 21 UX and Cintiq Partner DTF-720
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom PenTablet Bamboo (MTE), Bamboo Craft (CTH), Bamboo Fun (CTE), Bamboo Pen (CTL) and Bamboo Pen &amp; Touch (CTH) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Wacom Bamboo Fun Medium CTE-650 
| 
| 0x0018 
| 
| {{Maybe|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum]}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bamboo Fun Small CTE-450 white 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0017 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Bamboo One CTF-430 V2.0-0 CTF 430/S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0069
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0200
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|A5 wired air pen and acts like a mouse only}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Intuos 4 
* Small PTK-440 PTK-540
* Medium - PTK-640 - PTK 540WL Wireless - 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested  Intuos4 surface sheet was revised in October 2010 to reduce nib wear}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Intuos 5 Touch 
*
* Medium - PTH-650 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0027 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested work, however wireless may glitch or drag }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Intuos Pro Medium - PTH-651 - 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bamboo Small Pen Tablet - MTE 450 MTE-450A (MTE-450/k) - 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0065
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0116
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|A6 work area - mouse movement but no pen detection except x-axis 2 to -2 and y-axis 2 to -2 - mini usb lead - 4 blue led lit buttons not detected as well as circular touch button??  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bamboo Pen CTL 460
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested all Bamboo versions were criticized for the drawing surface's roughness (which got smoother over time), which caused the small pressure-sensitive 'nib' to wear down, and become slanted or scratchy in the same way as pencil lead, albeit more slowly}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Bamboo Fun CTH-461/S wired 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00D2
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0106
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|A6 size - Pen tracking not working but finger touch works }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Bamboo Connect Pen Tablet CTL-470 CTL-470K 470-DE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CTH 470K
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom CTH 480/S wireless 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} lithium battery for pad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Intuos Pen Small CTL-480/S CTL 480 K wired 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x056A
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x030E
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0200
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|A5 detected as Intuos PS  but not working although the RHS blue led responds to pen on tablet }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CTH 490 PK S Photo - CTH-490CK-S Comic - CTH-490AK-S Art 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested lower hovering height pen nibs wear fast and input lag/responsiveness}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intuos Pen &amp; Touch Medium - CTH-680 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit work 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wacom Intuos Pro (PTH-660 and PTH-860) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop Media Tablet 10.6&quot;
    Genius G-Pen M609
    Genius G-Pen M609X
    iVista Media Tablet 10.6
    Aiptek MediaTablet 10000u

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0501
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Slim Tablet 12.1&quot;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x172F
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0034
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x1105
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop Media Tablet 12 by 9&quot; 
    Aiptek HyperPen 12000u T-12000U Tablet Series 
    Nisis T-12000u USB Tablet Series Version 1.05 (aiptek rebadged)

    Trust item #1535
    ADESSO Cyber Tablet 12000 Graphic design tablet
    iVista Media Tablet 12
    PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2003
    Genius G-Pen M712
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0500, 0x08ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0010
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0105
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet, untested with others  - Puck (mouse) x axis 0000 to 6000 y axis 0000 to 6000 - stylus (pen) x axis 00000 to 12000 y axis 00000 to 12000 tip pressure 0000 to 1023 - 16 function keys - AAA battery needed for pen and another for the mouse}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop Media Tablet 14.1&quot; v5.1e
    Genius G-Pen M714X
    Aiptek MediaTablet 14000u WMK-H141 
    Trust item #15358
    Adesso CyberTablet 14000 M14
    iVista Media Tablet 14.1
    PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2004

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0X172f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0X0500
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0114
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet - Stylus (Pen) X 16838 Y 16838 Tip Pressure 1023 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop PID 0038
    Genius G-Pen F509
    Manhattan 177405

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0038
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop PID 0052
    Yiynova MSP19

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0052
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop Q Pad
    Aiptek HyperPen Mini
    NGS Flexi Style
    VisTablet PenPad
    iVistaTablet Q Flex Pad
    Bravod Q-PD65-S
    Trust Flex Design Tablet (#16937)

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0037
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop Sirius Battery Free Tablet
    VisTablet Muse
    PENTAGRAM Designer P 2700
    Princeton PTB-S1BK

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0502
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop Slim Tablet 12.1&quot;
    Genius G-Pen F610
    Trust Slimline Widescreen Tablet (#16529)
    VisTablet Original 12&quot;
    Adesso CyberTablet Z12
    Adesso CT-Z12A
    PenPower Tooya Pro
    Aiptek Slim 12.1 Inch
    Aiptek SlimTablet 600u Premium II
    NGS Slim Proguess
    iVistaTablet Slim 12.1
    PENTAGRAM ThinType P 2006

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0034
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop Slim Tablet 5.8&quot;
    Genius G-Pen F350
    Trust item #16485
    VisTablet Mini
    iVistaTablet Slim 5.8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0032
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Waltop Venus S Tablet
    Trust eBrush Widescreen Tablet (#17939)

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;172f:0503
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Aiptek GmBH MediaTablet Ultimate II - 16:10 Professional Graphic Tablet Model 1400U 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hanvon Beijing HanWang HW Micro Drawing Tablet ET0504U 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b57
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x8030
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;01111
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|does not work - recognised as an HID mouse - no tablet extensions detected}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KYE EasyPen 340, Genius EasyPen 340 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0458:5014
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|untested }}
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| Aiptek Hyper Pen 6000u PC Tablet APT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{No|detected but does not work - win98 era cordless 6in by 4.5in - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nisis T-8000U APT-2 Aiptek rebadge 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x08CA
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0021
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|A5 detected but no responses }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Acecad Flair II GT-504 Init Fkt  Fkt 0x5ab450c0
AIPTEK HyperPen 10000 U
Aiptek HyperPen 10000U, 
AIPTEK Slim Tablet U600 Premium II
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0460
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0004
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Ace Cad Enterprise Co., Ltd Tablet - 5x3.75 drawing area 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0460
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0004
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bosto's 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} UCLogic Digitizer 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Adesso CyberTablet Z7, Adesso CyberTablet 12000, Adesso CT-12000A  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;UC-Logic / Lapazz WP8060, UC-Logic / Lapazz PF1209, UC-Logic / Lapazz Artistic Tablet 5540,   Manhattan 8&quot;x6&quot;, Manhattan 3&quot;x4&quot;, Manhattan
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested but suspect not working}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DigiPro 5.5×4” Graphics Tablet
Digital Ink Pad (A4 format) 
DigiPro WP8060, DigiPro WP5540,  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Genius G-pen
G-Pen 4500
Genius Wizardpen
Genius Mousepen
Genius Easypen i405 M610 
Genius PenSketch 9x12, Genius MousePen i608, Genius MousePen 8x6, Genius MousePen / WizardPen 5x4, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Genius G-Pen F610
Genius G-Pen M610 
Genius G-Pen 340 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP4030U)
Genius G-Pen 450 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Genius
UC-LOGIC
iBall Tablet PF8060
iBall
Iball Pen Tablet 8060U, Iball Pen Tablet 5540U, Iball Pen Tablet 4030U, Iball Design Tablet PF1209,
NGS CADBOY (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U)
Pentagram
QWare
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trust TB-3100
Trust TB-5300 Trust 15356 
Trust TB-6300 Trust 15357  WP8060U  Slimline but bulky with metal backing A5 size 
Trust 16486, Trust 16447,  Sketch Design Tablet,
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|clashes with usb and crashes AROS }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;UC-Logic Tablet WP1062
    Aiptek HyperPen 10000U
    Monoprice 10X6.25 Inches Graphic Drawing Tablet
    Pickle 10x6.25 Inch Graphic Drawing tabletguess

| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;5543:0064
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| [ VTech KidiPhoto Art Studio] 
| 
| 
|  
| {{yes|works}}
|-
|}

Tablet has a squared lines of wires which induce a current into the pen which is then detected by the metal grid in the tablet pad. Tablets report pressure (and tilt on expensive models) and are absolute pointing devices (put the pen at the top left and the mouse pointer will go to the top left of the screen). Graphic drawing area, what keys, report rate, resolution lpi lpmm, accuracy, pressure levels (may come from the app), origin position,

Wacom tablets use electromagnetic resonance technology.  Since the tablet provides power to the pen through resonant inductive coupling, no power is required for the pointing device. As a result, no batteries are inside the pen (or the accompanying puck), making them lighter and slimmer.

Under the tablet's surface (or LCD in the case of the Cintiq) is a printed circuit board with a grid of multiple send/receive coils and a magnetic reflector attached behind the grid. In send mode, the tablet generates a close-coupled electromagnetic field (also known as a B-field) at a frequency of 531&amp;nbsp;kHz. This close-coupled field stimulates oscillation in the pen's coil/capacitor (LC) circuit when brought into range of the B-field. Any excess resonant electromagnetic energy is reflected back to the tablet. In receive mode, the energy of the resonant circuit’s oscillations in the pen is detected by the tablet's grid. This information is analyzed by the computer to determine the pen's position, by interpolation and Fourier analysis of the signal intensity.

In addition, the pen communicates information such as pen tip pressure, side-switch status, tip vs. eraser orientation and ID number (to differentiate between different pens, mice, etc.). For example, applying more or less pressure to the tip of the pen changes the value of the pen's timing circuit capacitor. This signal change can be communicated in an analog or digital method. An analog implementation modulates the phase angle of the resonant frequency, while a digital method is communicated to a modulator that distributes the information digitally. The tablet forwards this and other relevant tool information in packets, up to 200 times per second, to the computer.


If you disable (delete all of them except for one that needs to be set to &quot;no action&quot;, so that it will not be regenerated as default) the Extra Startup actions, the tablet should remain in relative mouse mode—you will not get pressure information in that mode though. [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/highway_usb/message/2394]}}


=== Handheld Barcode Scanner Readers ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Farsun 9100 barcode scanner 0-12&quot; 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Motorola Symbol LS2203 CMOS 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tysso 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested Simple}} Code 11, Code 39, Code 93, Code 128, Coda Bar, UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8, EAN-13, MSI/Plessey, Telepen, Interleaved 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Matrix 2 of 5 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Unitech MS320 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wasp WCS3905 CCD 1&quot; 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} Code 93, Matrix 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Code 39, UCC/EAN-128, ISBN, Code 32, EAN/JAN-8 , EAN/JAN-13 , UPC-A, UPC-E, Codabar, Code 128, Code 11, Interleaved 2 of 5, MSI-Plessey, China Post, IATA 2 of 5, ISSN, UK-Plessey 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Datalogic Touch 90 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intermec  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Honeywell Metrologic MK9540-32A38 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Motorola LS2208 Laser 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wasp WWS800 Laser 1D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Datalogic GD4130-BK-C066 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Honeywell 1202G-1USB-5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Motorola / Symbol DS6707-DC20007ZZR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DataMan 8000 2D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Honeywell Voyager 9520/40 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Metrologic MS1690 USB 2D Barcode Scanner  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} QR Code GS1 Databar PDF417
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Syscan GM800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}

[http://www.scandit.com/2011/11/04/types-of-barcodes-choosing-the-right-barcode-type-ean-upc-code128-itf-14-or-code39/ Types of Barcode]

&lt;pre&gt;
UPC-A       Grocery most common 
Code 128    
EAN-13      Library Books ISBN &amp; ISSN, 
Code 39     
Codabar     blood bank,

2D barcodes such as 
Data Matrix 
PDF417e     
Maxicode    
Aztec       
QR Code     old Nokia handsets, 
MicroPDF417 
&lt;/pre&gt;


===TouchScreens===

Projected capacitive (PCAP) touch screen product, amongst many options the widely used are I2C and USB 

*USB host–device structure which dominates consumer and industrial electronics devices where higher bandwidth needed and user-friendly (multiswipes)
*I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit simple serial standard for LCD display in embedded systems because of cost and low power 
*SPI arduino and rpi single boards 

We cover the USB here 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| eGalax Touch 4a
| 0eef 
| 0001 
| 0001
| {{yes|2009 works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lilliput HDMI Monitors
669GL-70NP/C/T (7 inch)
869GL-80NP/C/T (8 inch)
FA1011-NP/C/T (10 inch)
FA1046-NP/C/T (10 inch)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Iilyama Prolite Monitors
PROLITE T1513SR-1 (15 inch)
PROLITE T1730 (17 inch)
PROLITE T1713SR-1 (17 inch)
PROLITE T1913SR-1 (19 inch)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Smart Display Company (SDC) Touchscreens TFT Monitors
TOUCH-TFT-TS07 (7 inch)
TOUCH-TFT-TS08 (8 inch)
TOUCH-TFT-TS10 (10 inch)
TOUCH-TFT-TS12 (12 inch)
TOUCH-TFT-TS15 (15 inch)
TOUCH-TFT-TS17 (17 inch)
TOUCH-TFT-TS19W (19 inch wide)
TOUCH-TFT-TS22W (22 inch wide)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;XENARC Monitors 7 inch models
700TSH
700TSU
700TSV
702TSV
705TSV
706TSA
700IDT
MDT-X7000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;XENARC 
8 inch models:
800TSV
805TSV

10 inch models:
1020TSV
1026TSA
1040TS

12 inch models:
1200TS
1200TR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Asus VT229H 21.5&quot;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CUQI 7&quot; Monitor Touchscreen 1024x600 IPS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Espresso 15&quot; Portable Touchscreen Display Monitor
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hannspree HT225HPB 21.5 inch
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;WaveShare 13.3inch HDMI LCD (H) (with case)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


===GPS tracking, running, cycling, biking, walking, hiking, ORIENTEERING, boaters and mapping===

Support for OpenStreetMap but not for Ordnance Survey, Map Pilot or National Geographic's Topo maps data gdb,

Data output supported nmea 0183 V1.5 APA, V1.5 XTE and V2.1 GSA formats, gpx, kml/kmz, tracks from tcx files, geo: URIs,  
NMEA0183(which is RS232, voltages range from -15 volts to 15 volts, 4800 baud), or need NMEA sentences connected to your computer

other method that some units support is a special serial cable that actually emits raw RS232 NMEA. These usually take 10-&gt;30 volts input, can run the unit, and have full voltage I/O for RS232 (not like spanner mode, which effectively turns the unit into a USB-&gt;Serial adapter inside the case).

Equivalent apps - merkator, mapsource,

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin gpsmap 180 GPS/chart plotter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;1992 GARMIN GPS 55 AVD Portable System 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin GPS V 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested - waas pinpoint within 3 metres - nmea - 4AA battery}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin GPS 12 12XL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Legend C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin eMap 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|possibly through usbmodem rs232 connection nmea 0183 protocol}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin eTrex 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}} rs232 these older units supported it and would provide the stream in either the standard NMEA 0183 format or a proprietary Garmin format.
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin GPS 75 AVD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan GPS Map 7000 model 45006 (1994) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan GPS Tracker
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan Pioneer Satellite Navigator 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan GPS 300 315 320 Mentor Receiver (2003) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Not for dedicated sat nav units like the Nuvi, TomTom, etc 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NaviLock NL-402U 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested u-blox 5 SuperSense® chipset with receivers for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GM1-86UB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| U-BLOX UB-6010 GGA,GSA,GSV, RMC and support VTG, GLL, TXT ublox binary and NMEA Command Dynamic Condition }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NAVILOCK GPS NL-602U USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|works via usbmodem.device - ublox ag 6 chipset - 50 channel}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TOPGNSS ton Receiver &amp; Antenna GM702  u-blox 7 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|UBLOX7020 chip design bloc u-blox}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VK-162 G-MOUSE u blox 7 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1546
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01a7
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|UBX G70xx with RMC VTG GSV TXT GLL GGA GSA}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VK-172 u-blox 7 G7020-KT gps gnss white pen stick receiver - over 1 inch long 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1546 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01a7
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A| detected as cdc controlled plug in device - 18x18x2mm patch antenna but can be slow to update - nmea 0183 and ublox binary protocol}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GlobalSat BU-353 WaterProof USB GPS Receiver 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested SiRF Star III}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Haicom HI-206 USB GPS receiver with RS-232 interfaces, RJ11 and PS/II connector EB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|usb-serial prolific pl2303 detected but GSP3F SiRF Star IV technology not detected or bound}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BT760Y, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 5 GPS chipset}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GM-65 USB GPS Receiver
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 6 GPS chipset - 65 channel}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 7 GPS chipset}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GM-65 USB GPS Receiver
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 8 GPS chipset - 167 channels}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Colorado 300 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}} USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Geko 101 201 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}} limited waas enabled only - waypoints - aaa battery 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Edge 200 bike mount 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin ForeRunner 10 15 watch 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Montana 600
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Dakota 10 20 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Map76s 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Oregon 450T  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}} USB nmea 0183 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin eTrex 10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested - no nmea0183 sentences data stream output - configuration an option to set it to &quot;Garmin&quot; mode, or &quot;Mass Storage&quot; mode. Since the mass storage mode seems to be required for waypoint/track/etc data exchange, the 'Garmin' mode would be for this data stream. Yet putting it in that mode doesnt seem to produce anything.}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin Oregon 650T 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin GPSMAP 64S 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GPSMap 78S or GPSMap 76CSX which has a NMEA port for talking to Nav equipment
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin eTrex Vista Cx GPS Receiver 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested - 2AA battery}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Garmin GPSmap 276c
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan 2000 XL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan 3000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan Triton 300
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}} SiRFstarIII™, Antenna Type Multidirectional Patch with WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magellan Triton 400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
|}


==massstorage.class (MSC/UMS - most cameras and mp3 players)==

=== USB Card Readers ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Installing
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Booting
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| A-Tec Model CR-362 
| 
| 
|  
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| [http://www.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Merchant_Id=&amp;Section_Id=200406&amp;pcount=&amp;Product_Id=179164 Belkin 15 in 1 Card Reader]
|
|
|  
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Conrad CP440 60 in 1 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{yes|works on a1k forum}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Genesys Gtech Logic 19 in 1
| 0x05E3
| 0x0710
| High 0200
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Hama 19 in 1 Card Reader 
|
|
|  
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| Hama 35 in 1 Card Reader 
|
|
|  
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Integral Single Slot SD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kingston USB 3.0 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lexar microsd adapter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} but wider than Sandisk version - could block other slot if below 
|-
| Pretec CardDriver 
|
|
| 
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Sandisk MicroMate 
|
|
|  
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sandisk MobileMate SD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sandisk MobileMate Micro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} has satisfying 'click' when microsd inserted 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sandisk MobileMate Duo MicroSD
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} no 'click' insertion uses pressure so future wear and tear issues 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Serena metal cased microsd only 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Serena &quot;Sandisk MobileMate&quot; look-alike 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality 
|-
| SilverCrest 16in1 
|
|
|  
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Transcend P5 8 in 1 TSRDP5K 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Transcend P8 15 in 1 TSRDP8K
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Zyxel integralmemory 8 in 1 
| 0x0aec
| 0x3260
|  
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| {{no|not detected}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Installing--&gt;
| &lt;!--Booting--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}

=== USB Hard Drives ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Datel MaxDrive 
| 
| 
|  
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Inateck 2.5 Inch USB 3.0 Hard Drive Disk Enclosure/ Case (FE2001) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} Full USB 3.0 port but plastic teeth keeping drive in place can snap 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Inateck case (FE2002) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} full USB 3.0 port - updated design 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Inateck case (FE3001) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} wider USB 3.0 port and no on/off switch  Jmicron JMS578 chipset
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Iomega Desktop Hard Drive 500GB, 3,5“, USB2.0 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Samsung
|
|
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Samsung
|
|
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Samsung T3 SSD 
|
|
|
| {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 1 space grey / black metal/ plastic 
|-
| Samsung T5 SSD 
|
|
|
| {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 2 256GB 512GB alluring blue 1Tb 2Tb black unibody metal 
|-
| Samsung
|
|
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Seagate
|
|
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Seagate 
|
|
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Toshiba Canvio 1TB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|partition fat32 or sfs to 100GB max - ntfs partitions not detected out of the box - select usb drive in trident prefs and press disable to shutdown}}
|-
| Verbatim 160GB Smartdisk 
| 
| 
|  
| {{yes|works }}
|-
| Western Digital USB 
|
|
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;WD Essential 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;WD Passport 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}


=== USB DVD CD ROM Drives ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;12.5mm 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;12.5mm enclosure mini-sata dvd-rw 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested needs sole usb3 port to power it}}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;9.5mm enclosure ECD829 mini-sata dvd-rw with Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x13fd
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0840
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested but probably needs sole usb3 port to power it}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|}


=== USB to NGFF NVMe SDD HDD DVD CD ROM Drives ===

The older Jmicron JMS539B seems to result in massive filesystem corruption given the amount of corrupted content. Prehaps always avoided Jmicron and opted for Asmedia even if it costed a bit more. Realtek seems to be working okay for me generally speaking and newer Jmicron chipsets are less buggy – but evidently not perfect. 

From [https://goughlui.com/2025/08/17/psa-validate-your-storage-jmicron-jms583-kioxia-bg4-series-ssd-issue/ thread] 

Here is a [https://forums.anandtech.com/threads/stable-nvme-usb-adapter.2572973/ very long thread] that discusses data corruption and stability issues with these bridges. The majority of the posts are complaining of dropouts, hangs and the like, which usually down to either a poor USB 3.x implementation (SuperSpeed connections are very picky as to cables, ports and trace routing) or problematic compatibility. Regardless, the [https://www.legitreviews.com/jmicron-jms583-controller-version-matters-for-portable-usb-drives_219422 JMS583 is known to have several versions] noting that the last revision (C) in that article is a 2021 release which should fix earlier stability and cable quality compatibility issues. 
JMS583-STD-Release-v00.02.01.04-Bus Power.bin is the latest JMS583 firmware as of August 2025. 

Early firmware RTL9210 seems to have issues as well 


* RTL9210B
* JMS583 rev1 with firmware A2 or A3  

* RTL9210A
* JMS583 firmware 2.0.9 
* Asmedia ASM2362

* RTL9201A


The reference Hardware ID for the JMS583 chipset from JMicron is:
VID_152D&amp;PID_0583&amp;REV_0209
where &quot;VID_152D&quot; identifies a JMicron product;
&quot;PID_0583&quot; is the generation chipset;
&quot;REV_0209&quot; is the firmware version installed.

In the same way, the reference Hardware ID for the RTL9210 from Realtek is:
VID_0BDA&amp;PID_9210&amp;REV_3100
&quot;VID_0BDA&quot; is for a Realtek product, &quot;PID_9210&quot; is referred to the chipset and &quot;REV_3100&quot; to the firmware.


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ASM1153E / ASM1153 with firmware 140509_A1_82_40 or 141126_A1_EE_82. Both supports UASP and TRIM on USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x174c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x55aa
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ASM235CM Ugreen aluminum bridging the USB3.2 Gen2x1 to Serial ATA host interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x174c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TI 9261 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ASM225
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x174c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;JMicron JMS578 issues USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;152d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0578
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;JMicron JMS576 issues USB 3 to usb-c adapter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;152d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0576
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|orico}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;JMS562 JMicron Technology Corp
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;152d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0562
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;JMS561U
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x152d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1561
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VL716Q4 Orico black meshed aluminum usb c
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Asmedia ASM1053E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1B21 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x55aa
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ASmedia ASM1051E
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x174c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x55aa
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Asmedia ASM1053
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x174C
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1536
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Asmedia ASM104x
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1B21 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1042 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Unknown Chinese version 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0bc2
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2312 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|sometimes works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;JMicron N5321 gr
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x152d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0xa583
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Initio Corp INIC-1618L mini slimline sata 6 + 7 pins to usb2 adapter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x13FD
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0840
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0114
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb2 detects 201x laptop DVD as MassStorage(CD/DVD) but may need powered USB hub}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Unknown mini sata to usb3 adaptor 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x01F75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0621
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0036 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb3 detects 201x notebook DVD drive as MassStorage(SCSI) but 5V 1.5Amp needs powered hub to burn }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|}


=== External Floppy ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://techtravels.org/amiga/amigablog/ Amiga Floppy Project]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=842 Catweasel Mk4]
| 0xE159
| 0x0001
| 0x00
| {{yes|[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/storage works]}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://hxc2001.free.fr/floppy_drive_emulator/ HxC Floppy Emulator]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.softpres.org/glossary:kryoflux KyroFlux]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung SFD-321U/EP USB Floppy
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{no|no driver}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.cbmstuff.com/proddetail.php?prod=SCP SuperCard Pro] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/groups/greaseweazle Greaseweazle STM hardware], [https://cowlark.com/fluxengine/index.html Greaseweasel support], [https://github.com/keirf/Greaseweazle/wiki software], [https://amigakit.amiga.store/greaseweazle-p-91279.html buy], 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;FL-2501 USB Portable Diskette Drive  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 usb - [https://amiga.robsmithdev.co.uk/ Drawbridge] [https://github.com/RobSmithDev/ArduinoFloppyDiskReader software] ribbon cable compat with p/n 19308801-19 and s/n U356244 - model ASM P/N 27l4226 and FRU P/N 05k9283 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Dell Floppy Drive Module USB External 3.5&quot; - Teac FD-05PUB 1.44mb 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 usb 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (USB External Floppy Disk) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/SukkoPera/OpenFlops OpenFlops] with [https://github.com/keirf/flashfloppy FlashFloppy] Gotech clone 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/hmerrett/HenryFlops HenryFlops reworked OpenFlops] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}


==ptp.class (PTP and MTP - other cameras and mp3 players)==

=== Cameras ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 20D
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2004  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon 350D (also known as the Digital Rebel XT/Kiss Digital N) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2005 DIGIC II processor 8-megapixel }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon PowerShot A430 A560 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2006 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 400D (XTi) digital SLR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2007 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 1000D also known as Rebel XS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 10.2mp 720p  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon 450D aka Rebel Xsi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 12.2mp }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon PowerShot S90 S95 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009 2010 720p video - 10Mpixel }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon Powershot SD960 IS Digtal ELPH 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009 Still Image: Exif 2.2 (JPEG), Movie: MOV (Image: H.264; Audio: Linear PCM) Lithium-ion Battery Pack NB-4L }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 500D aka Rebel  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009 1080p 15.1MP Lithium  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 550D 600D aka Rebel T2i T3i DSLR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2010-2011 1080p 18MP Lithium LP-E8 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon Powershot S100 S110 S120  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011-2013 720p-1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 1100D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T3 SLR, EOS Kiss X50 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 720p 10Mpixels Lithium  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 650D 700D aka Rebel T4i T5i T6i SLR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012-2013 1080p 18Mpixels Lithium LP-E8 articulating flip out twistable screen }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon ELPH 300 HS (IXUS 220 HS) 230 100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 blogging camera }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon PowerShot N 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013  12.1 MP CMOS, DIGIC 5 Wifi Lithium Battery Pack NB-9L }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon Powershot G7 X, G7X-II 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014-2016 1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 1300D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T6 SLR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2016 1080p 16Mpixels Lithium  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon Powershot G7x G5X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| G7X flip up and G5X flip out - same batteries - no external microphone input - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS M3 M5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| flip out - same batteries - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon EOS 60D 70D 80D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon 6D 7D 8D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon 5D Mark II III IV DSLR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Canon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji FinePix A850
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;FujiFilm Finepix F100fd
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji FinePix F810
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji xf1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| pocketable exr cmos 12mp }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji xt1  x-t1  x10 x-t10
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 1080p }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fujifilm x100 x100s x100t 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji xPro1 xPro2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji xt2 / x-t2 x-t20 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 4K video }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fuji 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GoPro HERO 3 HERO4 HERO 5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D100, D60
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2004 Compact flash storage - non interchangeable lenses up to 12.3MP sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D50, D50x 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2005  storage - 6.1MP sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D70, D80, D90 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2006 Compact flash storage - 10MP sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D40, D40x 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2007  storage -  10MP sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D300, D700
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008  storage -  12.3MP sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D2Xs, D2Hs, D3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2006-2008  storage - sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D3000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 720p video }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D5000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2010 720p video unlike D3000 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D6000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2010 16mpixel}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D7000  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2010 16.2mp 720p video }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon L26 L27 L28 L29 L31 Coolpix compact cameras 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 720p video - 2 AA - pocket sized }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D3100   
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 720p video 14.2mp}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D5100 DSLR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 16.2mp  720p}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon L810 L820 L830 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012-2014 720p video }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012  storage - sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D7100 D7200  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012-2014 up to 24.2mp 1080p video }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D3200  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 1080p 24MPixel}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D5200 D5300  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 24.1MP 1080p }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D800 D600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 1080p video sd card storage - dust/oil issue at start}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D3300 DSLR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 24.2MP 1080p  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D500, a high-performance DX-format (APS-C) DSLR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2016 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D5500 D5600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2016-2018 24.1MP 1080p }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D810 D610 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 1080p video sd card storage }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D7300 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 4K UHD video }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon D900 D850 D820 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 4k 46MP }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nikon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus C-370 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2004 3.2mp }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus Camedia C-725 Ultrazoom
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2004 3mp aa batteries, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus Evolt E-500
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2005 8mp  }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus Evolt E-410 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2007  }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus Evolt E-510
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2007 10MP Live MOS sensor with TruePic III processor,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus E-420
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus E-520
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards,  }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus E-620
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009 12.3mp, compactflash, xD and microdrive cards,  }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus E-30 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009  }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus E-450 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009 10mp,  }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pentax * ist DS DSLR camera
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2005 6.1mp  }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pentax K10D
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2006 10.2mp APS-C CCD no video and older manual Pentax K-mount lenses}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pentax K20D
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2008 14.6MP APS-C but no video recording mode }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pentax K30 K-5 II 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2012 16MP full HD (1080p) recording at 24/25/30 fps}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pentax K-3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 24MP 1080p  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pentax K-3 II
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2015 24MP  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pentax K-3 III
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 25.7MP BSI CMOS sensor  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic Lumix LZ10 LZ20 DMC-LZ30 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 720p video }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic TZ1 TZ5  TZ9 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic Lumix GH1 GH2 like the DMC-GH2HEB-K - GH3 DMC-GH3HEB-K 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| Four Thirds (GH2)  MFT Micro Four Thirds (GH3) limited to 29mins recording }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic AF series AF100 AF101 AF102 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2 DMC-G3 G5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic TZ60 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic DMC LX7 10 LX15 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic GF7 GX8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic G80 G85 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| micro 4/3 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic GH4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| micro 4/3 - shooting in MOV or MP4 formats recording limited to sd card size but split files because the FAT32 file system only supports files up 4GB in size, which amounts to around 5 minutes of 4K (100mbps) footage - GH4 appears to create 4GB files as a rule, regardless of whether the memory card’s file system supports larger files or not - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic GH5 gx80 gx85 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| Effective: 20.3 Megapixel 5184 x 3888 - 2 sd card slots compatible with high-speed, high capacity UHS-II - sd card v rating like the v90 should record at 60MB/s to be compatible with the GH5 in the All-I format - possible file corruption with .mdt files - new firmware 2.0 update, the Panasonic GH5 becomes the first 5K - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic FZ2000 FZ2500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung WB100 WB1100 WB150 WB2200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 16MP }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung NX11 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung  NX200, NX20, NX1000 and NX210
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 20.3Mp APS-C sized CMOS image sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sanyo Xacti CG65
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sanyo 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony Alpha DSLR-A100
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2005 6.1MP }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony Cyber-shot DSC camera models W110 W220 H300 H400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2007 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony Alpha DSLR-A200
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 10.2MP }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony Alpha DSLR-A230
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009 10.2MP }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony Cybershot HX20V HX30V 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 18mp 720p  - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony Cybershot HX50V HX60V 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 20.2MP 1080p  - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony A77 A99 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony WX100 WX150 wx220 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 2014 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony NEX-6 Sony NEX-7 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 16 to 24MP }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony NEX-3N Sony NEX-5N 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 16MP }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony α58 Sony α68 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 20.1 MP  2014 24mp }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony rx100 mk III 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 20.1MP 1.0-type back-illuminated Exmor R CMOS sensor, often after boot-up, the motor starts running for no reason for first versions' -  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony α5000 a5000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 20.1 Megapixel APS-C Exmor APS HD CMOS 1080p Sony E-mount [https://github.com/ma1co/Sony-PMCA-RE hack] using [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M4hR9HiOzM this] }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony α6000 a6000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 24MP APS-C sensor }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony α7 A7S a7r a7c 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 mirror less - more compact }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony α77 II, α99 II, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2015 24.3 MP,  2016 42.4mp   }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony rx100 mk IV V 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2015 2016 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony RX0 RX zero, RX0 II
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2015 2017 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony α6500 a6500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2016 24.2MP APS-C sensor 4K }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony α7 Alpha 7 II E-mount interchangeable lens mirrorless camera 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2017 24.2mp,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony α7 A7Sii a7r a7c 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 mirror less - more compact }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony a7 III α77 ILCE7M3/B Full-Frame Mirrorless Interchangeable-Lens Camera
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 24.2mp,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony ZV-1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 24mm optical zoom, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony ZV-1F
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 entry-level vlogging, 1-inch 20.1MP, ultra-wide 20mm f/2 prime lens}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|}

&lt;pre &gt;
Lens Mounts

Canon EF EF-S
Nikon F 
Panasonic 
Olympus OM 
Pentax DA, FA, F, A, M, and K series
Fujifilm X mount 
&lt;/pre &gt;

&lt;pre &gt;
Sensors

APS-C 
S35 
Full Frame 
43 Four Thirds 
M43 MFT Micro four thirds 
&lt;/pre &gt;


=== Digital Voice Recorder Dictaphone Dictation Machine Handheld ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-7000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested 2011 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-7200
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|untested 2012 no usb }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-7500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested 2012 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-7600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested 2013 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus WS-100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-7700 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-8600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-711PC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-712PC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-731PC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus WS-811
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested slide out usb-a - aaa battery - ok recordings }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Olympus VN-540PC Olympus VN-541PC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Philips DVT1250
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony ICD-UX470
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony ICD-UX560
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony ICD-UX570 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
|}


=== USB eBooks Readers drm free EPUB version 2.0.1 (2007), 3.0 (2011), 3.1 (2015) or [https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/ 3.3 (2024)] [https://github.com/thansen0/sample-epub-minimal epub examples] formats access ===

EPUB file format is an open standard based on XHTML for content and XML for metadata, contained in a zip file archive 

PDF v2.0 in 2017, 2009 takeover by ISO Org, 1.7 in 2006 , 1.6 in 2005, 1.4 in 2001, 1.3 in 1999, 1.0 in 1993 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Access
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch NST BNRV300 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2080
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0003
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;when finding the right micro usb cable that works, internal nook memory not accessible but sd card fat32 readable and writable outside 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2011 6in 600x800 e-ink 16 grayscale .jpg}} battery remove sd card and Torx T5 back top for Cameron Sino CS-BNR003SL - USA 1.2.2 md5sum 351e26527e80156183e74be2da2ce89f *nook_1_2_update.zip - 1.2.1 UK fdba3981f7f221cc5143db6329645bc2 *nook_1_2_update.zip - skip registration, Turn on the device, but do NOT start setting it up. Hold down the top right button on the front of the device and slide your finger from left to right across the top of the E Ink screen. A ‘Factory’ button should appear in the top left corner of the screen. Press it. Once in the Factory menu, hold down the top right button on the front of the device and tap the bottom right corner of the screen should now see a ‘Skip Oobe’ button. Tap that and the Nook should finally load the home screen. Poor battery management - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch with Glowlight 
*2012 Nook Simple Touch with GlowLight BNRV350 
*2013 Nook GlowLight BNRV500
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2080
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0004 0x0007 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2012 untested }} perform a hard reset: Turn off the nook completely, turn it on, as soon as you see the screen flash begin holding the bottom page turn buttons until the screen flashes with a message asking reset, press the 'n' key twice to start the reset - Poor battery management - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nook Glowlight 4 Plus 7.8-inch screen 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} Poor battery management - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
*NOOK 1st Edition (2009-2018) BNRZ100
*NOOK Color (2010-2024) BNRV200
*NOOK Tablet (8GB/16GB) (2011-2024) BNTV250A / BNTV250
*NOOK HD (2012-2024) BNTV400 
*NOOK HD+ (2012-2024) BNTV600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elonex 511EB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;045e:ffff
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2009 untested Preferences-&gt;advanced-&gt;debug device detection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://jaforeck.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/ready-to-meet-viktor-navorski-gained-access-to-elonex-621ebs-terminal-52/ Elonex 621EB] eBook 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1f85
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1688
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;unlocked ootb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2010 untested usb mini charging 6&quot; diagonal eInk Screen - 800 x 600 pixels, 8 Level 166dpi Paperlike screen, Embedded 1GB Flash NAND, full SD Card Slot up to 16GB - WAV, MP3, JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF support and ePub and PDF(with reflow) (TXT, HTML) support}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elonex 700eb 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2011 untested adjust screen blanking by menu then settings then device standby, you can then turn it off}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iRiver Story HD eBook 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }} freescale imx.508 arm mcimx508cvkbb cpu with 2gb samsung nand, m13892aj charging chip, eb07_main_mp1_110321 mobo, mini usb, atheros ar61026 wifi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iRiver Story 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kobo Rakuten Touch A/B	kobo3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kobo Touch C, Kobo Mini, Kobo Glo N613, Kobo Aura HD N514 N204	kobo4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kobo Aura, Kobo Aura H2O, kobo5
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2013 6in untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v1, Kobo Glo HD, Kobo Touch 2.0, Kobo Aura ONE N709, Kobo Aura ONE Limited Edition, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v1 N236,	kobo6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v2, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v2, Kobo Nia, Kobo Clara HD, Kobo Forma, Kobo Libra H2O	kobo7
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kobo Elipsa, Kobo Sage	kobo8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
*Kobo Libra 2  kobo9, Kobo Clara 2E	kobo10, Kobo Elipsa 2E	kobo11
*Kobo Libra Colour	kobo13, Kobo Clara BW, Kobo Clara Colour	kobo12
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pandigital Personal eReader aka? Papyre 6.2 very similar to BQ Avant Firmware
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony PRS 300 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony PRS 350 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2009 epub bbeb cbz untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony PRS-650
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle K1 D00111 - Main Menu=: Settings: Menu=: Device Info shows S/N 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0002
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;256mb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2007 untested Marvell Xscale PXA255}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle K2, D00511 170-1012-00, D00701 D00801 S11S01B  
* k2 means K2 US
* k2i means K2 GW
* dx means KDX US
* dxi means KDX GW
* dxg means KDX Graphite 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0003
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;2gb unless jb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2010 untested Freescale i.MX31 }} the Kindle is a small computer running Linux 2.6 on an ARM processor
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMAZON Kindle D00901 3rd Gen with keyboard - Menu, Settings for S/N and then Menu again to choose Update 
* S/N starts B006 means k3g aka K3 3G US 
* S/N starts B008 means k3w aka K3 WiFi 
* S/N starts B00A means k3gb aka K3 3G UK EU 
 - debug mode with ;debugON and ~help
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0004
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;{{yes|4Gb internal no access until jailbroken JB}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 with mobi and azw3 formats only - micro usb 5v 0.85a - freescale i.mx35 ARM soc with 12bit parallel interface with epson e-ink cpu, 256MB synchronous dynamic RAM, 4GB eMMC internal memory only but no sd slot, MC13892 PMIC - atheros wifi 54mbit pci-e a e keyed wifi - ?? later models wm96103 audio codec - display has 2Mbit serial memory ic on ribbon cable with 4bpp inverse grayscale display not touchscreen - 3g module - screen replacement really annoying - 4 test points near T07 = TX RX GND ? - as of 2025, JB v0.13.N, MKK2014, MKK2025, KUAL, KoReader Legacy2025, and maybe later SS v0.47.N, Python 0.14.N, Fonts v5.16.N, USBNet v0.57.N - USB-downloader mode when Vol+ is pressed during startup - Shift + Alt + M for Minesweeper - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon Kindle 4th Generation k4 D01100 two buttons, square movement and two buttons at bottom 
*B00E 
plastic back clipped in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV1dyNkjjro many places] and strongly taped down to battery cover 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0005
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;2gb unless jb with USB MS, USBMS aka also known as USB MSC or UMS
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 once back off use Torx T5 to remove battery cover screws - battery glued down S2011-001-A 515-1058-01 DR-A015 MC-265360 - Freescale i.MX508 SOC, 2Gb eMMC storage, 256MiB of LPDDR1, MC13892 PMIC - vendor modified u-boot imximage based on u-boot v2009.08 - USB-downloader mode press the fiveway down button during startup resetmykindle - as of 2025 upgrade firmware from 4.1.x and to 4.1.4, sign into account and copy jb.1.8 bits, mkk-2014, mkk-2025, kual and then uninstall kual, koreader2025 - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5th Gen) D01200 K5, KT
*Once signed into an Amazon Account get S/N under Settings -&gt; Device Options
*B00F 	Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (U.S. and Canada) [Mostly]
*B011 	Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5)
*B010 	Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (Europe) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0006
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;4gb unless jb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 touchscreen i.MX508 SOC, 256MiB of LPDDR1 and USB-downloader mode by the SOC microcode when a specific key is pressed during startup: the home button on model D01200 - update firmware 5.3.2 to 5.3.7.3, access account, }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] PW 
&lt;pre&gt;
B024 	Kindle PaperWhite WiFi 
B01B 	Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly]
B020 	Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Brazil) 
B01C 	Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Canada)
B01D 	Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Europe)
B01F 	Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Japan)
&lt;/pre&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0007
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;2gb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 Freescale i.MX508 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0008
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;2gb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle PaperWhite 2 (2013) PW2 
*B0D4, 90D4 WiFi (U.S., Intl.) 
*B05A, 905A WiFi (Japan)
*B0D5, 90D5 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly]
*B0D6, 90D6 3G + WiFi (Canada] 
*B0D7, 90D7 3G + WiFi (Europe)
*B0D8, 90D8 3G + WiFi (Russia)
*B0F2, 90F2 3G + WiFi (Japan)
*B017, 9017 WiFi (4GB) (U.S., Intl.)
*B060, 9060 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Europe)
*B062, 9062 3G + WiFi (4GB) (U.S.) [Mostly]
*B05F, 905F 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Canada)
*B061, 9061 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Brazil) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0009
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;2gb or 4gb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| PW2 uses Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle Paperwhite 3 PW3 i.e. Kindle 7th gen 
*G090G1 (2015) WiFi 
*G090G2 (2015) 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] 
*G090G4 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Mexico)
*G090G5 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Europe, Australia) 
*G090G6 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Canada)
*G090G7 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) 
*G090KB (2015) WiFi 
*G090KC (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) 
*G090KE (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White 
*G090KF (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White 
*G090LK (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) 
*G090LL (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) White 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x000A
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;4gb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| ease up glued down front bezel rim panel gently, remove 11 screws underneath and lift screen up from bottom end - battery underneath -  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle PaperWhite 4 (2018) PW4
*G000PP, G8S0PP WiFi, 8GB
*G000T6, G8S0T6 WiFi, 32GB
*G000T1  WiFi+4G, 32GB
*G000T2  WiFi+4G, 32GB (Europe)
*G00102  WiFi, 8GB (India)
*G000T3  WiFi+4G, 32GB (Japan)
*G0016T, G8S16T WiFi, 8GB Twilight Blue
*G0016Q, G8S16Q WiFi, 32GB Twilight Blue
*G0016U  WiFi, 8GB Plum
*G0016V, G8S16V WiFi, 8GB Sage 
*G00103  WiFi, 32GB (India) 
*G0016R  WiFi, 32GB Plum
*G0016S  WiFi, 32GB Sage 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x000B
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;100
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;8gb or 32gb
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle Oasis 2 and 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;8gb or 32gb
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| NXP i.MX7D  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle Paperwhite 5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;8gb or 16gb
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| MediaTek MT8110  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle 11 Scribe 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;8gb or 16gb
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| MediaTek MT8113 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle Paperwhite 6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;16gb or 32gb
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kindle Paperwhite Gen 11 and 12 - Signature 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1949
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;16Gb or 32Gb 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 account not blocked,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/Modos-Labs Modos Labs] open source e-ink 60Hz 75Hz caster controller and glider monitor 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xteink X3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.xteink.com Xteink X4] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 4.3in 220ppi no touchscreen so [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7RuokaVauo buttons navigation] - 650mAh battery - micro-sd slot up to 512Gb covering epub, txt, and jpg in directories with [https://github.com/crosspoint-reader crosspoint reader] esp32 cpu custom rom firmware using [https://xteink.dve.al/ Flash website] on usb-c but no ecosystem store 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Access
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon D01400 Kindle Fire (1st Generation) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2010 too old }} android 2.3 and touchscreen digitizer fails often, battery SWE P/N 1002000004742 Model KC1 (EU) QP01 (US) 16.28whr, ti 257epl9l omap 4430 with elpida 88164b3pf-10-f88164b3pf or hynix,  mobo ??,, DAOKC1MB8F0 Rev F, ti aic3110 audio codec, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon Fire 7in X43260 X43Z60 2nd Gen 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 untested FireOS Android 4 omap 4460 and PowerVR SGX540}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon Kindle Fire HD (3rd Gen) P48WVB4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon 
*Amazon Fire HD10 (2015) 
*Amazon Fire HD8 (2015)	
*Amazon Fire HD7 (2015)	(5th Generation) 7 inch 8GB SV98LN 
*Amazon Fire HD7 (2014)	
*Amazon Fire HD6 (2014) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|untested android 5.1 max}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
*Amazon Fire 10 (2017) 
*Amazon Fire 8 (2017) 7th Gen 8 inch SX034OT 
*Amazon Fire 7 (2017) (7th Generation) 7 inch 16GB (SR043KL) 
*Amazon Kindle Fire 7 (7th Generation) 7 inch 8GB WIFI Tablet (SR043KL) 
*Amazon Fire HD8 (2016)	
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| Android 5.1 max 7in screen resolution of 1024 x 600, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
*Amazon Fire 10/10+ (2021) 
*Amazon Fire 8/8+ (2020) 
*Amazon Fire 10 (2019) 
*Amazon Fire 7 (2019) 
*Amazon Kindle Fire 7 9th Gen 16GB M8S26G 
*Amazon Fire 8 (2018) 8th Gen 8 inch 32GB L5S83A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| android 9 max}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon 
*Amazon Fire HD 10 (2023)	
*Amazon Fire Max 11 (2023)	
*Amazon Fire 8 (2022)	
*Amazon Fire 7 (2022)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| android 11 max}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon Kindle Scribe 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Minimal Phone, Mudita Kompakt 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| eink }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bigme B751C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2022 android untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bigme B7 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bigme B6
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 android based color eink small - 300dpi b/w 150ppi color -}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bigme 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| e-ink }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bigme Hibreak Pro, Hisense A9
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| e-ink}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
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|-
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| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iFlyTech AINote 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iFlyTech AINote 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
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| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Meebook 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox Page Palma 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2016 android untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox Leaf3C
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox Go Color 7 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023 untested 7in e-ink e-reader android tablet }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx BooxTab Ultra X C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox Note Max Air4 C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox Leaf5C
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox Poke6S 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox Go 10.3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox MC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| color e-ink 13.3in }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Boox Go 10.3 (Gen 2) Lumi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 b/w eink with front light, no EMR annd capacitance pen,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onyx Moaan Pantone 6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;reMarkable 1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2021 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;reMarkable 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2023 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;reMarkable Paper Pro Move 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2024 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;reMarkable 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 untested but subscriptions needed for some features}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;reMarkable 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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|-
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|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Supernote A5 X2 Manta
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Supernote A6 X2 Nomad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Supernote 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
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|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tolino Vision 2 3 4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tolino Epos2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Viwoods AI Paper and AI Paper Mini 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Access--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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|-
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|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|}


==printer.class - PostScript 3 and internal ghostscript drivers==


As the only printer driver that AROS supports natively is Postscript, our focus is on applications that generally output postscript formatted data for printing purposes and since the general Joe Public finds postscript capable printer very expensive, postscript interpreters (eg ghostscript) have been developed aas a cheaper option which sit in between postscript data streams and non postscript (HP PCL?) printers.

Set up Printer Prefs for Postscript and set the print to file option.


Ghostscript has internal printer drivers

 gs -h

and with something like

 gs -sDEVICE=stcolor -r300 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile gs813:examples/tiger.ps
 copytopar ram:tempfile

It checks if in RAM: exists a outputfile (Cinnamon can export to PS postscript) then it sends this via copytopar to the printer. There was only support for parport (parallel) but Terminillis added support for USB and ethernet. A big issue with using ghostscript for drivers is that data has to originate as postscript (.PS) file.

 gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=ljet4 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile RAM:file.pdf

the ljet4 output device generates PCL

also the pxlmono driver, which generates more generic PXL (PCL 6)

 gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER testpage-a4.ps &gt; test.pdf

 gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pxlmono -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER test.pdf &gt; test.pxl


Printers supported by ghostscript...Explanation [http://freebooks.by.ru/view/RedHatLinux6Unleashed/rhl6u151.htm here] or [http://www.gnu.org/software/ghostscript/devices.html here] and [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/printer.htm here]

&lt;pre&gt;
bit            cljet5          ljet4d          pjxl300         pxlcolor
bitcmyk        cljet5c         ljetplus        pkm             pxlmono
bitrgb         deskjet         nullpage        pkmraw          stp
bj10e          djet500         pbm             pksm            tiff12nc
bj200          epswrite        pbmraw          pksmraw         tiff24nc
bjc600         faxg3           pcx16           png16           tiffcrle
bjc800         faxg32d         pcx24b          png16m          tiffg3
bmp16          faxg4           pcx256          png256          tiffg32d
bmp16m         ijs             pcxcmyk         pnggray         tiffg4
bmp256         jpeg            pcxgray         pngmono         tifflzw
bmp32b         jpeggray        pcxmono         pnm             tiffpack
bmpgray        laserjet        pdfwrite        pnmraw          uniprint
bmpmono        lj5gray         pgm             ppm             x11
bmpsep1        lj5mono         pgmraw          ppmraw          x11alpha
bmpsep8        ljet2p          pgnm            psgray          x11cmyk
cdeskjet       ljet3           pgnmraw         psmono          x11gray2
cdj550         ljet3d          pj              psrgb           x11gray4
cdjcolor       ljet4           pjxl            pswrite         x11mono
cdjmono
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Internal Ghostscript support ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Postscript Support
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |GutenPrint Support
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Hardware Issues 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Running Costs 
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Canon BJ10e
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested with Ghostscript drivers }}
|-
| Canon BJ200
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested with Ghostscript drivers }}
|-
| Epson Stylus Color 600 parport inkjet
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{yes|works - internal ghostscript support}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP Deskjet 500 Parallel Port 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Postscript Support
| GutenPrint Support
| Hardware Issues 
| Running Costs 
| Opinion 
|-
| HP1220C/PS USB Inkjet
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{yes|works - PS3 emulation only}}
|-
| HP 1700PS USB Inkjet
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{yes|works - PS3 emulation only}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Postscript Support
| GutenPrint Support
| Hardware Issues 
| Running Costs 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;LJ-III
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested HP PostScript Cartridge Plus (C2089A) a.. Press &lt;ON LINE&gt; (and take machine off line)
b.. Press &lt;Plus &amp; Minus&gt;, and while holding, press &lt;ALT&gt; and &lt;RESET&gt; together and watch the LCD and let go when the desired mode is displayed.}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP Laserjet 4 4M 4MP (1992)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested PS2 emulation HP 4 with optional ps cartridge - HP 4M and 4M+ built in}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP Laserjet 4L Parport 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{no|PCL5 HP 4L only - no postscript}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP Laserjet 5M (1995) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;PS2 emulation
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested you can try the ljet4 for the various lj5 drivers which produce various flavours of PCL. The 4, 4+ and 5 only really had one issue that plagued them, and it's hardly an issue at all. You would get accordian jams at the exit. A lot of people worked through this by pulling the sheet out before it got caught. Easily fixed by opening back door and scrubbing grime off of rubber rollers. }}
|-
| HP Laserjet 5L Parport (1997) (C3906A bk) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{no|PCL5 support only.}}
|-
| HP Laserjet 5P 6P (1995) (C3906A bk) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested HP 5p, 6p - Less tiny, slightly less slow. They are pretty bullet proof for low volume best to get postscript module though }}
|-
| HP Laserjet 2100 2100N 2100TN (1999) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested PS2 emulation }}
|-
| HP Laserjet 4000 Series Parport (1998) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|PS3 emulation only (4200 and 4600 have issues)}}
|-
| HP Laserjet 4050 Parport (1999) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;PS3 emulation only
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{maybe|works }}
|-
| HP Laserjet 5000 Parallel Port 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;PS3 emulation only
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|}}
|-
| HP LaserJet 6M, 1200, 1300, 2100, 2200, P2050 (and P2055) P3005, M3025, M3027, 3050, 3300, 4000, 4050, 4100, 4200, 4300, M4345, P3005, P3015, P4010, P4410, M5025, M5035, 5100, 5200, 8000, 8100, or 9000 series 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;PS3 emulation optional only
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP Color LaserJet 2550, 3700, 4650, 8500 and 8550 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lexmark Optra C, T, and W series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xerox Phaser 850, 860 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}

=== USB Monochrome ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Postscript Support
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |GutenPrint Support
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Hardware Issues 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Running Costs 
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Postscript Support
| GutenPrint Support
| Hardware Issues 
| Running Costs 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brother HL-1270N
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;BRScript
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brother HL-3070CW Printer USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|BR-Script3 (PS3) untested}}
|-				
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brother HL5240 HL5240L 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;BRScript (PostScript Level 2) 
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brother HL-7050N 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;BR3
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brother MFC-7860DW Monochrome B/W BW 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;BR-Script BRScript (PostScript Level 3) 
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brother HL4570CDWT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epson EPL-6200 Laser Printer USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|cheap to buy but untested - running cost unknown}}
|-		
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kyocera FS-1370DN
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| HP LaserJet CP1515n USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|cheap to buy but untested - running cost unknown}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lexmark Optra E312 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;built in? 
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}


=== USB Color ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Postscript Support
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |GutenPrint Support
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Hardware Issues 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Running Costs 
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brother hl-3075cw
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;BR-Script 3 
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Brother MFC-9120CN 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;BRS3 
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP Color LaserJet 2500L (2003) USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{maybe|slow printing}}
|-
| HP Color LaserJet 2550L 2550Ln (2004) USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{maybe|slow printing}}
|-
| HP Color LaserJet CP1218, 2605, 3700, 4500, 4600, or 4650 series 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{maybe|slow printing}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Konica Minolta Magicolour 4650EN
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Kyocera FS-1010 FS-1010N 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Kyocera FS-C5200DN
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kyocera Mita FS-1030D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kyocera FS-C5150DN 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Lexmark C540n 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Lexmark [http://www1.lexmark.com/products/view/Printers/Lexmark%20C780n/catId=cat10006-category&amp;prodId=3907-product C780n]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;{{yes|works PS3 emulation only}}
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| OKI C3600 Color Laser 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung CLP-315
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;untested 
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Xerox 618x Color Laser 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Postscript Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--GutenPrint Support--&gt;
| &lt;!--Hardware Issues --&gt;
| &lt;!--Running Costs --&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}

See [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_drive7.htm here] for compatibility with TP7 (TurboPrint 7) Last update 2004. Not tested under emulation. Janus-UAE, Emumiga, 

OS3.x support via [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter] and [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/printer OS4 drivers] and [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=33955&amp;forum=27#622365 experiences].

usbparallel.device

untested with USB-&gt;Centronics - The printer.class is rather 'clever'. It remembers to which unit the printers were connected (until you reboot). So if you first plug in Printer1, it gets unit 0, and Printer2 gets unit 1. If you now remove both printers and replug Printer2, it still will get unit 1 and not 0. This is used not to confuse the programs using the different units (moreover, if some program uses the usbparallel.device unit of an USB printer, and the printer is unplugged, the device unit cannot be freed immediately as the application still keeps it open). Sticking to the same units is generally a good idea I think (and therefore this mechanism is also used with all other classes creating exec.devices).

You may not send a short packet (packet less than maxpktsize == 64) nor zero byte packets until the very last byte of your printout. Otherwise the printer will silently ignore the data you sent. Some printer drivers print very short sequences that never fill the endpoint buffer, so printer ignore them. Bufferize all printer driver writes in the ieee1284.device and send them by epsize packets. So my hppsc2210 works fine with a classic HP560C driver, on a classic A2000 subwayized :)


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Beige cream D shape centronics end (Prolific chipset?) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Belkin F5U002v1 centronics end (chipset?) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Belkin F5U002VEA v2 centronics end (Prolific PL2305L chipset) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| DYNAMODE USB-C-PP-1284 USB to 36pin (Prolific 2305 chipset) 
| 0x067b
| 0x2305
| 0x02
| {{N/A|untested but similar to BAFO below}}
|-
| IOGear GUC1284B 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| My-Link (raised ellipse on centronics plastic end) (unknown chipset) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested but more expensive }}
|-
| NEWLink (Prolific chipset?) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Targus PA096E centronics end (chipset?) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| TRENDnet ware TU-P1284
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| True PnP (Prolific chipset 2305) cheap 36pin Centronics (series of ridges along both short sides) 
| 0x067b
| 0x2305
| 2.00
| {{N/A|untested on BAFO BF-1284 but reports of poor quality and lack of support on other OSs }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| Transparent See Through Blue 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested but possible poor quality build }}
|-
| Dynamode USB-PARALLEL 25pin female (prolific) 
| 0x067b
| 0x2305 
| 0x02 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| FDL USB to 25pin 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| PlusKom USB to 25pin female connector for printer (IEEE 1284) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| QinHeng Electronics (CH340S chipset) 
| 0x1a86
| 0x7584
| 
| {{N/A|untested curvy sides - flat top }}
|-
| StarTech 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Syba SD-USB-DB25 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
|}


==rawwrap.class - some old flatbed scanners supported==

Scandal is the MUI frontend to [http://www.ppa.pl/bugtracker/ Betascan Bugtracker] and [http://aminet.net/search?query=betascan Search for Betascan scanner drivers] derived from [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html sane backends] 


[http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-EPSON2 Epson2] 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Expression 1600 1640XL 1680 10000XL
| 0x04b8
| 0x0107 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Prefection 1200U, 1200 Photo, 
| 0x04b8
| 0x0104
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Perfection 1240U
| 0x04b8
| 0x010b
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{[https://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=45760&amp;forum=25 works]|Needs 24V 0.8A psu but in Trident, click on &quot;Classes&quot;, then on &quot;rawwrap.class&quot;, then on &quot;Configure&quot;. There, under &quot;Global&quot;, activate the Option &quot;Bind to Vendor/Unknown Interfaces&quot;. Now go to the second tab &quot;Default Interface&quot; and select/enter these values: 
Default usbraw.device Unit: 0
Exclusive access: Yes
Out NAK Timeout: 20000ms
In NAK Timeout: 20000ms
In Buffer Mode: No buffering
Buffer Size: 36 KB
Short Reads Terminate: Yes
Now click on &quot;Use as Default&quot; and select &quot;Devices&quot; on the left. There, click on your scanner and click on &quot;Class Scan&quot;. Now close Trident by clicking on &quot;Save&quot;. }}
|-
| Perfection 1640SU Photo
| 0x04b8
| 0x010a
| 0x0104
| {{yes|works, even the transparency unit}}
|-
| Perfection 1650 Photo, 1660 Photo, 3200 Photo
| 0x04b8
| 0x011c
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Perfection 2400 Photo, 2450 Photo 
| 0x04b8
| 0x011b 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Perfection 4870 Photo, 4990 Photo, 
| 0x04b8
| 0x0128
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Perfection V700 V750 Photo
| 0x04b8
| 0x012c
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Stylus CX2800 2900 3200 3500 3600 3650 3700 3800 3900

Stylus CX4100 4200 3500 4600 4700 4800 4900 500 5100 5200 5300 5400 5900
| 0x04b8 
| 0x0802 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Stylus Office BX300F USB 
| 0x04b8
| 0x0848
| 
| {{yes| works with good scan quality}}
|-
|}


[http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx] scanners based on the Grandtech GT-6801 and GT-6816 &quot;System-On-Chip&quot; scanner chipsets 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Artec Ultima 2000 and e+, Trust Flat Scan USB 19200 (ePlus2k.usb / Gt680xfw.usb) 
| 0x05d8
| 0x4002
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Genius Colorpage Vivid3x 4x 1200x
| 0x0458
| 0x2011 to 0x201f
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|  (ccd548.fw)}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lexmark	X70	also X73 [http://subfusion.net/drivers/oslo3071b2.usb OSLO3071b2.usb]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x043d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x002d
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Medion/Lifetec/Tevion/Cytron MD/LT 9375 and Artec Ultima 2000, MD LT 9385 Gt680xfw.usb 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x05d8
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x4002
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| BearPaw 2448 CS and TA Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A2Nfw.usb A2Nfw.usb]
| 0x055f
| 0x021a
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009  }}
|-
| Mustek BearPaw 1200 CS 
| 0x055f
| 0x021e
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|  ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A1fw.usb A1fw.usb])}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mustek 1200 CU Plus Scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend PS1Dfw.usb / SBSfw.usb]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2000 }}
|-
| Mustek ScanExpress 1200 UB plus, Trust Compact Scan USB 19200, ScanMagic 1200 UB Plus
| 0x05d8
| 0x4002 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|  ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/sbfw.usb sbfw.usb])}}
|-
| Mustek ScanExpress 1248 UB aka PC-World PC Line PCL-3000 
| 0x055f
| 0x021f
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/SBSfw.usb SBSfw.usb])}}
|-
| Mustek BearPaw 2400CS TA aka Goodmans GSC 12/24
| 0x055f
| 0x0218
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| (Transparency adapter untested) }}
|-
| BearPaw 2400 CS aka TA Plus
| 0x055f
| 0x0219
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|  (Transparency adapter) }}
|-
| Packard Bell Diamond 1200 Plus
| 0x055f
| 0x021c or 0x021b 
| 0x0
| {{yes|works - [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ firmware required] but slow usb 1.1 speed with poor quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}}
|-
| Packard Bell Diamond 2400 Plus aka BearPaw 2400 CU Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ PS2Dfw2.usb firmware rename to PS2Dfw.usb]
| 0x055f
| 0x021d 
| 1.00
| {{yes|works slow usb 1.1 speed with ok quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}}
|-
| Plustek OpticPro 1248U
| 0x07B3
| 0x0400 0x0401
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}}
|-
| Plustek OpticSlim 2400
| 0x07b3
| 0x0422
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|  (cis3R5B1.fw)}}
|-
| Visioneer OneTouch 7300
| 0x04a7
| 0x0444
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|  (Cis3r5b1.fw)}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mustek ScanEpress 1200 UB (Plus) clone [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/ use mustek_usb backend]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x055f
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0006
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


Lexmark - needs testing
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Lexmark X1110 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Lexmark X1140
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Lexmark X1150 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Lexmark X1170 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Lexmark X1180 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Lexmark X1185
| 0x043d
| 0x007c
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Lexmark X12xx 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested in USB1.1, not fully tested in USB2.0}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Dell A920 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


HP - no driver
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| HP ScanJet 4100C
| 0x03f0 
| 0x0101
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| HP ScanJet 5200C
| 0x03f0 
| 0x0401
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| HP ScanJet 62X0C
| 0x03f0 
| 0x0201
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| HP ScanJet 63X0C
| 0x03f0 
| 0x0601
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| HP  
| 0x03f0
| 0x0102, 0x0105, 0x0205, 0x0305, 0x0405
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| HP
| 0x03f0
| 0x0705, 0x0805, 0x0901, 0x0a01
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| HP
| 0x03f0
| 0x1205, 0x1305, 0x2005, 0x2205
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


Plustek [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-PLUSTEK LM983x] - no driver
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Plustek OticPro U12 UT12 UT16 U24 UT24
| 0x07B3
| 0x0010 to 0x0017
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| KYE/Genius Colorpage HR6-V2 HR6A HR7 HR7LE HR6X
| 0x0458
| 0x2008 to 0x2016 
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 2100C and 2200C
| 0x03F0
| 0x0505 and 0x0605
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Mustek BearPaw 1200 and 2400 
| 0x0400 	
| 0x1000 and 0x1001
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| UMAX 3400/3450 and 5400 	
| 0x1606
| 0x0050, 0x0060 and 0x0160 
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Epson Perfection 1250 and 1260
| 0x04B8
| 0x010f and 0x011d
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| CANON CanoScan N650/656U N1220U D660U N670/676U N1240U LIDE20 LIDE25 LIDE30
| 0x04A9
| 0x2206 to 0x2220
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|}


[http://snapscan.sourceforge.net/ SnapScan] - no driver
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Acer Benq 310U, 320U, 340U
| 0x4a5
| 0x0
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Acer Benq 620U, 620UT, 640U, 640UT
| 0x4a5
| 0x20
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Acer Benq 1240 3300 4300
| 0x4a5
| 0x020
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Agfa SnapScan e10 e20 e25 e26 e40 e42 e50 e52
| 0x06bd
| 0x20
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Epson Perfection 660
| 0x04b8
| 0x0114
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Epson Perfection 1270 1670
| 0x04b8
| 0x0
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Epson Perfection 2480 2580
| 0x04b8
| 0x0
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Epson Perfection 3490 3590
| 0x04b8
| 0x0
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Mitsubishi
| 0x0
| 0x0
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}

==hub.class (self-powered and external ac powered hubs)==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Dynamode USB-H41 4 ports 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Belkin 4 Port 
| 
| 
| 
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| Conrad
| 
| 
| 
| {{yes|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum] }}
|-
| DLink DUB-H4 AC Adapter 
| 0x05e3
| 0x0608
| High 0200
| {{maybe|WARNING Genesys Logic Hub Broken - Will cause failures with USB}}
|-
| [http://service.targa.co.uk/faq.php?lang_id=2&amp;baseid=178&amp;artdesc=SilverCrest+USB+Hub+2040&amp;artid=760&amp;artpic=silvercrestHUB2040.jpg SilverCrest 4-port slim USB 2.0 HUB - HUB2040 (40775) - Targa GmbH]
| 0x05e3
| 0x0608
| 0901
| {{yes|works  Genesys Logic, Inc., [http://service.targa.co.uk/dokumente/USB_HUB_2040_0109_manual_EN.pdf Manual]}}
|-
| Skymaster
| 0x05e3
| 0x0605
| 060B
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| No Name active 4-port
| 0x1a40
| 0x0101
| 0111
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thinkpad USB 3.0 Dock DU9019D1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x17e9
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x4302
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0014
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|works a bit}} classed as dfu.class with two further USB 2.0 hubs - USB 3.0 ports detected and work (2.0 backwards compatibility) - DisplayLink DL-3900 with VIA VL811 chipset - usb ethernet not working - two dvi not working - 20V psu 2a (40w) with a 5.5 - 2.5mm tip (no bus power) - data through a-b printer/scanner usb lead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


==Internet==

===rndis.class USB Tethering ===

The rndis class provides support for Ethernet access over Remote NDIS. Most USB based devices should be supported including smartfones.

Before opening Network Prefs, activate USB Tethering on the Smartfon, on Network prefs, type in usbrndis.device and tick &quot;Start Network during system boot&quot; and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.

When restart AROS my Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again, have to reactivate it before starting the browser.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alcatel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|untested}}
|- 
| Huawei U8800
| 0x12d1
| 0x1039
| 
| {{yes|works}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Huawei
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|untested}}
|- 
| HTC (Android phone)
| 0x0bb4
| 0x0ffe
| 
| {{Yes|any android phone with usb tethering option}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nokia 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|untested}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Oppo 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|untested}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung Galaxy 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|untested}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iPhone
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft winPhone
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|}


===USB &amp;rarr; ethernet lan adaptor===

*2002 playstation 2 usb1.1 era - a little support but very old and slow 
*2006 wii asix era - a little support but very much miss than hit 
*2026 usb0: or eth0: of CDC Ethernet protocol (cdcether) with Ethernet Control Model (ECM) and [https://www.usb.org/document-library/class-definitions-communication-devices-12 others like Wireless Mobile Communication Devices WMC] and later CDC EEM (Ethernet Emulation Model) and NCM (Network Control Model) are USB Communication Device Class (CDC) protocols packing more Ethernet traffic over every USB bundle. For CDC Ethernet - NCM is better than EEM is better than ECM 


* USB1.1 Up to 010 meg broadband (1.25MBytes/s) - ADM8511, DM9601 poor speeds 
* USB2.0 Up to 400 meg broadband (60MBytes/s) - MCS7830, AX88772 a little especially the 2010 apple version but buy many as very very poor odds of working one 
* USB3.0 Over 400 meg broadband (60+MBytes/s) - not supported at the moment 


SANA (Standard Amiga Network Architecture) to usb 

ADMtek Infineon ADM8511 Pegasus II (USB 1.1 and 10Mbit/s - Sony PlayStation 2 network adapter) 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| 3Com 3c460b 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2001 }}
|-
| Abocom UFE1000 / Abocom DSB650TX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Accton USB320-EC / Accton SpeedStream Ethernet
| 0x083a
| 0x0320
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{unk|2002 }}
|-
| AEI USB Fast Ethernet / Allied Telesyn AT-USB100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2002 }}
|-
| ATEN UC-110T
| 0x0557
| 0x4000
|
| {{unk|2001 }}
|-
| BAFO USB To Ethernet Adapter BF-310
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2001 }}
|-
| Belkin F5D5050 v1 1101 
| 0x050D
| 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{maybe|2002 sometimes works from old amiga.org post which is now removed}}
|-
| Belkin F5D5050 v2 2101
| 0x050D
| 0x0121
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{no|2006 does not works}} 
|-
| Belkin F5U122-PC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Billionton USB-100 / Billionton USBLP-100
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Billionton USBEL-100 / Billionton USBE-100
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Compex LinkPort/UE202A
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| D-Link DSB-H3ETX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| D-Link DSB-650 / D-Link DSB-650TX / D-Link DSB-650TX-PNA
| 0x2001
| 0x4000
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| D-Link DU-E10 / D-Link DU-E100
| 0x2001
| 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Edimax USB Ethernet Adapter EU-4201 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Elsa AG MicroLink USB2 Lan Ethernet adapter
| 0x05cc
| 0x3000
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;1.01
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| GetNet
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| GIGABYTE GN-BR402W Wireless Router
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Goodway Fellowes USB UE-120 REV:V1 UE120 ADMTek 1011594 HO2419741 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07a6
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0986
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0001
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|2001 USB Specification 1.1 compliant}} 
|-
| GWC Tech USB Ethernet Adapter
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Hawking UF100
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| HP HN210E / I/O DATA USB ETTX / Kingston KNU101TX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Jinco USB Ethernet Adapter 10/100 Base-T UE-110
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Kouwell USB to Ethernet 588A
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Linksys USB10T / TA / TX
| 0x066b
| 0x2202
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|untested - possible peg1/peg2}}
|-
| Linksys (Cisco) USB100TX / H1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Logitec LAN-TX/U1 H2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| [http://www.mayflash.com/psps2/ps2024/ps2024.htm Mayflash PS2024] Playstation2 compatible clone of Proxim/Farallon NetLine?
| 0x07a6
| 0x8511
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;1.01
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|works with DHCP router option on old 32bit distros but not on newer 64bit, best to go asixeth apple 2010 but buy many of them as poor success rate i.e. a lottery}}
|-
| Netgear FA101
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Philips CPWUE01/00 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Planet UE-9500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| PlayStation 2 SCPH-10000 50000 models 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Proxim (formerly Farallon) NetLine USB PN796-650
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Siemens SpeedStream USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| SOHOware NUB100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| SMC EZNET-USB 2202USB/ETH / SMC 2206USB/ETH
| 0x0707
| 0x0100 0x0200 0x0201
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{unk|untested but should work very well }}
|-
| Surecom EP-1427X 100/10M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Target USB to 10/100M Fast Ethernet Converter
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trendnet TU-ET100C
| 0x07a6
| 0x8511 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| {{yes| sometimes works well, very stable}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digitus USB NIC DN-3016-A 
| 0x07a6
| 0x8513
| 1.01
| {{unk|untested new chipset }}
|-
| Digitus lanusb ADM8515
| 0x07a6
| 0x8515
| 1.01
| {{unk|untested because new chipset }}
|-
| VE285 usblan ADMtek 8515 
| 0x07a6
| 0x8515
| 1.01
| {{no|not working as new chipset }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


Davicom DM9601 eth (USB 1.1 and up to 10Mbit/s) 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Davicom USB-100 see clone below 
| 0x0a46
| 0x9601
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2001 }}
|-
| [http://wiki.maemo.org/USB_to_ethernet_networking chinese translucent transparent crystal blue] but variants are also found in clear, white and black. Just over 6&amp;nbsp;cm long. 
| 0x0a46
| 0x9601
| 0x0
| {{yes|2002 success can be sporadic so technically okay, but lacking in reliability. Out of 4 tested by me, only 2 worked. One case cracked open. }}
|-
| Corega FEther USB-TXC
| 0x07aa
| 0x9601
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Dynamode USB-NIC-1427-100
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Hirose USB-100
| 0x0a47
| 0x9601
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| KY-RS9600
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585358&amp;postcount=12 works] }}
|-
| ShanTou ST268 USB NIC
| 0x0a46
| 0x0268
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| ZT6688 USB NIC 
| 0x0a46
| 0x6688
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ICS Advent DM9601 USB 2.0 10/100M Ethenet Adaptor JP1081B 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0FE6
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x9700
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0101
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|not working 32bit and 64bit - USB 1.1 10M ethernet}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


MosChip MCS7830 (USB 2)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Digitus DN-10050
| 0x9710
| 0x7830
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2004 }}
|-
| Edimax [http://www.edimax.co.uk/images/Image/datasheet/USB/EU-4206/EU-4206.pdf EU-4206]
|
| 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2005 }}
|-
| Speed Dragon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| STLabs 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| StarTech Compact USB2105S [http://www.kustompcs.co.uk/acatalog/info_6790.html USB2106S]
| 0x9710
| 0x7830
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2007 }}
|-
| Sunrich Technologies [http://www.st-lab.com/admin/upfile/UploadFile/manual/manual(u-250).zip U-250]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2006 }}
|-
| Syba 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MCS 7832 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2008 }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


* USB2 [https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet Asix Ethernet] AX88178A, AX88772C, AX88772B, AX88772A (wii), AX88172A 
* USB3 AX88179A, AX88179  

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| AirLink101 AGIGAUSB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009  AX88172}}
|-
| ATEN UC210T 
| 0x0557
| 0x2009
| 0x
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| AX88172}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Billionton Systems USB2AR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x08dd
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x90ff
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Buffalo LUA-U2-KTX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0411
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x003d
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;corega FEther USB2-TX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07aa
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0017
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no| }}
|-
| D-Link DUB-E100 up to rev A4
| 0x2001
| 0x1a00
| 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;D-Link DUB-E100 rev B1 onwards 
| 0x07d1 or 0x2001 
| 0x3c05
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|AX88172 works on Deneb with [http://amigax.com/2010/02/21/usb-ethernet-speed-test-amigaos-4-0-classic/ Amiga OS4 Classic] and [http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 on a1k] }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;goodway corp USB gwusb2e
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1631
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x6200
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hawking UF200 
| 0x07b8
| 0x420a 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[Linksys USB200M] 
| 0x077b
| 0x2226
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585601&amp;postcount=20 works] }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Netgear FA120 
| 0x0846 
| 0x1040
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested 2002 10/100 Rev.B1&quot; is silkscreened on the board of the device populating this entry (S/N: FA12254CB100409, date code 0508). This device may be manuf. by [http://www.cameo.com.tw/ Cameo] &quot;AX88172 L&quot;, &quot;F05040157&quot;, and &quot;ED3&quot; Chip1 ASIX AX88172  Chip2 Realtek RTL8201BL}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intellinet
| 0x0b95 
| 0x1720
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;JVC MP-PRX1 Port Replicator
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x04f1
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3008
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ST Lab USB Ethernet
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1720
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sitecom LN-029 &quot;USB 2.0 10/100 Ethernet adapter&quot;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x6189
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x182d
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Surecom EP-1427X-2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1189
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0893
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TrendNet TU2-ET100 v2
| 0x07b8
| 0x420a 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|version 2}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;A-LINK NA1GU 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 88772}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AirLink101 ASOHOUSB Wii 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AirLive EtherWe-1000U 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;APPLE AX88772 Model No. A1277 MC704LL/A P/N 825-7098-A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x05ac 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1402
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2008  usb2, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;APPLE Model No. A1277 (MB442Z/A 0885909217434) MC704ZM/A PN 825-7579-A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x05ac 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1402
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|2010 model, usb2 and controller AX88772 where prehaps 1in3 units working with owb - really poor odds i.e. a lottery, could be situation where various ethernet phy chipsets are used - press Use in network prefs after Save initial setup typing in usbasixeth.device, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ASIX AX88772 bulbous casing 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7720 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|2008 works on 32bit and 64bit though setup can take a few attempts but may have issues with phy ethernet chip changing,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Datel Wii Lan Adapter DUS0204 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2007 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EdiMax EU-4207 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Goodway HE2230 Maplin ASIX 88772 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intec LAN G5626 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;LevelOne USB-0202
| 0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07720
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;LevelOne USB-0301
| 0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07720
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Linksys USB200M Rev 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x13b1
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0018
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|2008 sparsely randomly working AX88772 or with &quot;Sana-II Meter Tool 37.11&quot; network monitoring program, showing continuous &quot;Bad Packet&quot; errors which could means &quot;CRC&quot; errors}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Linksys USB300M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{maybe|2009 AX88772  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mayflash W001 or clones Lupo/PEGA S-Wii-0680 light gray rectangular with third of one top 45 degree angled slope
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7720 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| may have randomly changed phy ethernet chips, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Max Value MVF00446 ASIN B006EG568A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7720 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises as AX88772 sometimes works on 32bit and 64bit}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NEWLink N14050 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NEWLink Wii-ETH USB2.0
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nintendo Wii LAN Adaptor 2110566 and clones 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07720
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|Poseidon recognises as AX88772 with usbasixeth.device sometimes works seems different ethernet phy chips can be matched affecting compatibility}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nyko Wii Net Connect 87024
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585624&amp;postcount=22 works] }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;0Q0 cable ethernet
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1557
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7720
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Plugable USB2-E100 (2009/2010) Bulbous housing 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7720 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises it as ax88772A and typing in usbasixeth.device sometimes works}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sabrent KINAMAX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SpeedLink SL-3401-SGY 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TrendNet TU2-ET100 v3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;UGreen 20254 USB2 to 10/100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| AX88772}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Afunta Apple-style White USB2.0 I/O Crest SY-ADA24005 ASIX Electronics Corp. AX88772A Fast Ethernet Adapter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x772a
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|usbasixeth.device accepted by network prefs but does not work}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amazon Basics USB 2.0 AX88772A
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digitus DN-10050-1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x772a
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Edimax EU-4230  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x772a
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sabrent KINAMAX NT-USB20 AX88772A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; AX88772B USB 2.0 to 10/100M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2010  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EdiMax EU-4208 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x772b
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|Detected but not working}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech USB2100 ASIX AX88772C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772D AX88772D]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1790
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772E AX88772E]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0B95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AX88178 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2004 }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Plugable USB2-E1000 i.e. USB 2.0 to Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000 LAN 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 ASIX AX88178 Controller and Realtek RTL8211CL PHY}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AX88178A USB 2.0 to 10/100/1000M Gigabit Ethernet controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2005 }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AmazonBasics USB3.0 adapter [https://github.com/nothingstopsme/AX88179_178A_Linux_Driver AX88179] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cable Matters SuperSpeed USB 3.0 RJ45 adapter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hori Nintendo Switch 1 USB3 ethernet AX88179 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1790
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2017 AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Plugable USB3-E1000  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1790
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2020 ASIX AX88179 not binding to class, USB 3.2 Gen1 to Gigabit Ethernet controller with integrated 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet PHY}}  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Plugable AX88179 = [https://plugable.com/products/usb3-e1000-deal USB3-E1000] before mid-2023 or USB3-E1000; AX88179A = USBC-E1000 after mid-2023
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022  controller is AX88179 phy is ??, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech USB31000SPTW ax88179 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1790
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no| AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech USB31000NDS AX88179 USB-A
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech US1GC301AU AX88179 USB-c
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech US1GC30B2 AX88179A USB-c
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech USB32000SPT AX88179A USB-c Rev 1 (AX88179) Rev 2 (AX88179A) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;USB32000SPT the Lot code sticker will have a bar code accompanied by a 10 digit number. The 5th and 6th digits of this lot code number would signify the revision. (Ex. xxxx02xxxx which would indicate rev. 2)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SYBA SY-ADA24029 Gigabit AX88179 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }} may depend on the PHY chip connected to the controller chipset
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TP-Link UE306 AX88179 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TeckNet® Orico UL677G 10/100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TeckNet® UL688G USB 3.0 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet port 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;AX88179 178A 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tecknet UL699G 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TrendNet TU2-ET100 v6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07b8
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|no support }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;uGreen 50922 USB3-A to 100/1000 dark grey rounded barrels 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no| ax88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;UGreen USB3-C to 100/1000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1790
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;uGreen CR111 20256 usb3 a black plastic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| AX88179}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;  AX88179A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Plugable USB3-E1000 USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 i.e. AX88179A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech USB31000SPTB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0b95
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1790
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|  AX88179A USB-A, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;  AX88179B
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|}


==USB  &amp;rarr; SerialPort Converter==

*2002 some support for early revisions of PL2303 
*2005 Prolific PL2303H PL-2303X and Pl-2303HX (same usb ids as pl2303) no support 
*2025 FTDI 232R [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1135&amp;highlight=232r&amp;rowstart=20 work in progress] 
*2026 CDC-ACM i.e. Serial port over USB standard 

serialpl2303.class make sure you specify serialpl2303.device or Echo &quot;Test&quot; &gt;SER1: 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| ATEN UC-232A 
| 0x0557 
| 0x2008 
| Full 0x0300
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| IOGear GUC232A 
| 0x0557  
| 0x2008 
| Full 0x0110
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Alcatel 
| 0x11f7 
| 0x02df 
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| BAFO BF-810 
| 0x067B  
| 0x2303 
| 0x0
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Belkin F5U103 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Davibe SP611 
| 0x067B 
| 0x2303 
| 0x0 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Dcu10 
| 0x0731
| 0x0528
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Elcom 
| 0x056e
| 0x5003
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| IOData 
| 0x04bb 
| 0x0a03 
| 0x0
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Itegno 
| 0x0eba
| 0x1080
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Nokia CA42 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Radioshack 
| 0x1453
| 0x4026
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Ratoc 
| 0x0584
| 0xb000
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Samsung 
| 0x04e8
| 0x8001
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Siemens DCA-510 
| 0x067B 
| 0x2303 
| 0x0 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Sitecom CN104
| 0x6189
| 0x2068
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Sitecom CN116 
| 0x6189
| 0x2068
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Some Cut Ma620 
| 0x0df7
| 0x0620
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Speed Dragon Multimedia MS3303H 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| Syntech 
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|- 
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tripp 
| 0x2478
| 0x2008
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Airlink101 AC-USBS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Belkin F5U103v
| 0x067B  
| 0x2303 
| 0x0
| {{no|no driver }}
|- 
| Dynamode U232-P9
| 0x067B
| 0x2303
| 300
| {{no| no driver [http://koti.mbnet.fi/lonnberg/pl2303x.html linux patch] and using lsusb -v -d 067b:2303 gave bMaxPacketSize as 64 - pl2303x }}
|- 
| Konig CABLE-146/2 USB to RS232 
| 0x067b
| 0x2303
| 400
| {{no|no driver }}
|-
| MANHATTAN 205146 USB to Serial Converter
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver }}
|- 
| Sabrent SBT-USC1M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trendnet TU-59
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Unbranded black case and lead USB 232 Converter
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x067B
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2303
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0300
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }}
|-
|}


[http://www.ftdichip.com/index.html Future Technology Devices International Ltd FTDI]-FT232R.class [https://ftdichip.com/software-examples/code-examples/c-builder/ FTProg src], [http://rtr.ca/ft232r/ ft232r src], [https://ftdichip.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DS_FT232R.pdf FT232R datasheet], [], 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0403
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x6001 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GE-gKgHxZI beware of cheap clones fake with s/n A50285BI SN]
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lynx Astro FTDI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0403
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} FT232R 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sabrent CB-FTDI
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0403
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{no|no driver TTL-232R cables use FTDI's [http://n1mm.hamdocs.com/tiki-index.php?page=USB+Interface+Devices FT232RQ ic device] }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Startech.com 1 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 DB9M Adapter Cable with COM Retention ICUSB2321F 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0403
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} FT232RL Chipset
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech.com 2 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 Adapter Cable ICUSB2322F
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0403
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} FTDI FT2232D Chipset
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} FT232RL is the SSOP-28 and the FT232RQ is the QFN-32 package option 
|}


[https://www.onetransistor.eu/2017/08/ch341a-mini-programmer-schematic.html ch341a.class] 

*I2C EEPROMS (3.3V and 5V) compatible and also SPI FLASH memories (3.3V devices) making sure 1.8V is covered  
*each having their own [https://winraid.level1techs.com/t/guide-how-to-use-a-ch341a-spi-programmer-flasher-with-pictures/33041 4x2 connection blocks] using [https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom flashrom] 

 sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -r backup.bin
 sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -w &lt;new bios name&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Jiangsu QinHeng Ltd CH341A emulate UART communication, standard parallel port, memory parallel port and synchronous serial (I2C, SPI) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1A86
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x5512
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;QinHeng USB2.0-Serial HL-340 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1A86
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7523
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0252
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|}


==simplemidi.class and CAMD==

Currently support includes 

* simplemidi.class SimpleMidi maps some keyboard keys to corresponding computer keys as used by music trackers to emulate a musical keyboard 
* camdusbmidi.class follows the rules of the m68k implementation of Commodore's CAMD midi specification and usb class compliant 

for 

* usb host like a computer 
* usb device controllers - keyboards, drum machines, djay turntables, grooveboxes, etc 
* interfaces - cables or boxes which convert usb to 5pin DIN plug midi 


What is needed is a fully class-compliant '''brand name''' USB MIDI keyboard, especially manufactured in the last 10 years are best 

*Arturia
*Novation
*M-Audio
*Akai

Plugging this in one of your USB ports, the camd.library will make the keyboard's MIDI IN/OUT ports available in the system. 

Then select the keyboard's MIDI IN port (known as a &quot;cluster&quot; in CAMD) for input, and the software instrument's cluster as output 


ShowCluster (shows midi ports available in and out)

MidiWatch (usually port usbmidi.in.0 less often usbmidi.out.0) (Ctrl-C to end output stream) 
 usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOn  90  39  08  00
 usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOff 80  39  00  00

MidiThru (forwards messages from one port to another)
 run &gt;nil: c:midithru usbmidi.out.0 usbmidi.out.2 

MidiSendC (sends a middle C to a specific port)


Midi Controller + Sound Module (together aka as a synth) -&gt; Audio Output 


The difference between midi and midi over USB is that in old school Midi the transmitter transmits whenever it wants and the receiver always has to be prepared to receive data. Easy to do at the rate of a 1990's modem speed these days.

USB over midi.. turns midi into a polled protocol.. So the USB host (typically the computer) has to ask &quot;do you have anything for me&quot; before the remote will send. If the USB host gets busy doing other things or there is a lot of things on the USB bus to get polled, you can get delays.

For its age midi is still a great protocol for music

* [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/midi10.pdf USBIF's &quot;USB Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices&quot; document, version 1.0 from Nov 1, 1999]
* [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB%20MIDI%20v2_0.pdf MIDI v2.0 from 2020 which AROS still needs, adds support for MIDI 2.0, MIDI-CI, and Universal MIDI Packet] 

Nearly all synthesizers now use the 16 MIDI channels available on a MIDI bus in one instrument alone, requiring multiple MIDI busses in a typical setup with more than
one MIDI instrument. In addition, by handling multiple &quot;virtual&quot; cables, USB offers a solution to go beyond MIDI's 16-channel limit. 

MIDI data is transferred over USB using 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packets. These packets provide an efficient method to transfer multiple MIDI streams with fixed length messages. The 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packet allows multiple &quot;virtual MIDI cables&quot; routed over the same USB endpoint. This approach minimizes the number of required endpoints. It also makes parsing MIDI events easier by packetizing the separate bytes of a MIDI event into one parsed USB-MIDI event. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;25%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |CAMD
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Computer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Yes|which acts as USB midi host to get all usb devices talking together}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hobbytronics usb host standalone 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;bomebox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;raspberry pi with several midi interface(s) and linux scripting 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kenton MIDI USB Host mk3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;25%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |CAMD
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Acorn Instruments Masterkey 49 device 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 untested usb powered 5V regulated - similar keybed to keystation 49es but unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai SynthStation 25 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 - sticky rubber keys - usb 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai MPK Mini Laptop Production Keyboard 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x09e8
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x007c
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Yes|detected and camd usb to use, not tested with apps}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 25 mini key self powered by mini USB lead - sustain port - no top left corner joystick - tested icaros 2.3 -  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai LPK25 LPK37 LPK49 Laptop Production Keyboard
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 untested velocity sensitive mini keys with synth action - weak mini USB port - latency issues -  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai Professional APC Key 25 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai MPK49 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 untested 49 key 49-key full-sized, semi-weighted keyboard with aftertouch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AKAI Max25 MAX49 control keyboard
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai Professional MPK249 MPK261 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 USB2 USB-b - full keys semi-weighted aftertouch - midi in out - sustain and peddle port 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai Professional Advance 49
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai MPK Mini MKII MK2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - 4 way thumb joystick top left - 25 tiny keys - velocity drum pads - plastic build quality - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AKAI Professional APC Key 25 MK2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai MPK Mini Play
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - synth basic samples - class compliant? - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys - press and hold the &quot;Prog Select&quot; button then use the &quot;Program&quot; knob to assign a MIDI channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai MPK Mini 3 MKIII MK3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x09E8
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1049 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0200
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class -  - midi in out untested - }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 USB2 USB-b midi controller connection no 5pin legacy - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys goofy uneven feel of the akai keyboards - press and hold the &quot;Prog Select&quot; button and press pad 1 to 8 to assign a MIDI channel - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai Force / MPC One 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai Pro MPK Mini Plus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 untested 37 mini keys - class compliant device - usb-b bus powered only with 5pin midi in and out - Shift and Global for Midi Ch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai Pro Ableton Push Mk 1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai Professional MPC Key 37 49 61 midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 untested USB2 usb-b
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis Photon PH-25 X25 Midi &amp; USB keyboard/synth
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 midi keyboard controller  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Q88 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis Coda Pro Portable 88-Key Digital Piano USB MIDI Keyboard
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis V25 V49 V61 midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis V Mini 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis VI49 VI61 midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis VX49 VX61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 1 5-pin MIDI input, 1 5-pin MIDI output, 1 USB port,
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Mk2 MKII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis Recital 88 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis V25 V49 V61 MK2 MKII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis Qmini portable 32-key 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;audiothingies MicroMonsta 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 untested synth - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;audiothingies MicroMonsta 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019  synth - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia Analog Experience “The Player” USB MIDI Master Keyboard Model APE25
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 usb-b bus powered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia MiniLab Mk1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe class complaint 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia MiniLab MkII Mk2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 maybe class complaint 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia Keystep 32 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 untested 32 mini keys  usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia KeyLab 61 88 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed - reset Press and hold Oct + and Oct – buttons then insert the USB cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia MiniLab mkII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2209 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class -  - midi in out untested - }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 USB2 usb-b bus power - metal base heavier than most - Shift and press a key to select the MIDI Channel - To reset to original factory, unplug the USB cable, hold down the Oct- and Oct + buttons, plug the USB cable back in and continue to hold the buttons until the pads turn white - need software to change parameters like velocity sensitive assistance - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia KeyLab MK2 MKII 61 88 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia MicroFreak
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 hybrid digital/analog synthesis, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeYIAfn3UMs Arturia Minilab 3] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/chj1WgMupGw ] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/FMVdfhzg1Dw ]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 untested usb-c bus powered - 25 mini keys semi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia Keystep Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia MiniLab 3 Mk3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe class complaint 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia MiniFreak
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia KeyLab Essential 49 61 88 mk3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 untested usb-c and 1 midi out - lack of aftertouch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia AstroLab 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia KeyLab MK3 MKIII 61 88 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer UMX61
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-Control UMX490 UMX610 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-Control 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Swing 32-Key
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer MOTOR 49 - 49-Key USB/MIDI Master Controller Keyboard
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative EMU Xboard 25 E-MU X-Board 49 61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CME M-Key Mkey 49 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 stops sending MIDI on a regular basis. The simplest &quot;fix&quot; is to flip it off and on via the power switch at the back
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CME Ukey U-Key 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CME Xkey 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 low-profile aluminium  full size pressure sensitive with polyphonic aftertouch but keys make too much noise and that they can be too sensitive to velocity - low power draw 25ma 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CME M-Key 49 V2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 simplified version of the U-key Mobiltone 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CME XKEY AIR 37
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;cme xkey 37 le
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{ | }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Donner Spaceline DMK-25 Donnerdeal Rantion 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Donner DMK25 PRO 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  25 mini velocity keys with limited aftertouch - usb-c powered - 8 drum pads - 3.5mm &quot;midi out&quot; socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{ | }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elektron Digitakt 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 expensive later midi usb class compliant with since 1.5 Update
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elecktron Digitone 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elektron Digitone Keys 37-key Digital FM Synthesizer
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 expensive 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elektron Analog Four MKII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elektron Octatrak MKII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{ | }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI keycontrol 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI keycontrol 49+ 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI keycontrol 25xt
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2702 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2702
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Yes|detected and usb driver working}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 bus powered or 12v 0.5a dc in - metal base so heavy - midi out 5pin - sustain pedal port - modulation slider - rubber coated knobs becomes sticky - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI keycontrol 49xt 61xt 88xt 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2702
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Yes|detected}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 12v 0.5a center pin +ve external psu required - USB i/o and 1 legacy 5pin out - full sized keys - heavy aluminium case keyboard metal base - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Evolution MK-125 MK-149
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 9v 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Evolution MK-225C MK-249C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 9v 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Evolution USB/Midi Controller MK-425C MK-449C MK-461C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|25, 49, 61 keys -  }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006  9V or 12V - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 37 full keys 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro Mobile
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 25 or 37 mini keys 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 mini velocity keys no aftertouch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 PRO 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 full velocity keys no aftertouch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IK Multimedia iRig Keys 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kawai VPC 1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; weighted keys - heavy build - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keith McMillen Instruments K-Board
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; omni class compliant to all channels? each keypad makes them velocity, pressure, and location sensitive but  not really suited for piano playing 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keith McMillen  BopPad
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; omni class compliant to all channels? 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg NanoKontrol 1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;mini usb
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg Prophecy 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KORG microKONTROL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg microKEY 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 velocity-sensitive Natural Touch keys but  joystick is an alternative to the common pitch/modulation wheel design - power draw - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg nanoKey nanoPad 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg Taktile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg microKEY2 25 37 49 61 USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|2015 untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 USB powered - semi weighted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg MiniList 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg MinKey nanoPad nanoPad 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg Nautilus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kurzweil PC3 7 series - Artis 7 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;fatar TP-8 semi-weighted action  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kurzweil PC1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kurzweil PC3 A8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Line 6 Mobile keys 25
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Line 6 POD Studio KB37 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Line 6 Tone Port KB37 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Midiman (later M-Audio) Oxygen8 Ozone Ozonic 25 32 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no|not class compliant - untested 5pin legacy }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 2004 untested - 25 full keys - slider/fader to left of lcd display - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;m-audio oxygen keystation (61 key) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio eKeys 37 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 bus powered and 12v psu - if sliders/faders are on right - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit -
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Oxygen 8v2, 49, 61 (silver) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Keystation 37e 49e, 61e MK1 MKI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 - ok key action - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Keystation 37es 49se 61es, 88es MK1 MKI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Oxygen 25/49/61/88 (blue) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 [https://m-audio.com/products/view/oxygen-25-legacy advised Class-compliant and GM/GM2/XG SysEx messages] with full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 (2nd Gen) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 semi-weighted mini keys - bus powered and 9v psu for 25/49 and 12v for 61 - if sliders/faders are on left - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Axiom Pro 25, 49, 61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 poor construction 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MAudio Axiom AIR 25 M-Audio Axiom Air Mini 32
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Oxygen 25 III (3rd Gen) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 untested - usb only - rubber keys sticky - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MAudio Keyrig 49 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 - mini usb - plays a few notes and then stops responding randomly - try plugging it into port 1 or 2 on your pc - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Keystation 49 MK2 II
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 USB port and class compliant
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Keystation 61 MK3 MKIII MIDI keyboard
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 usb compliant untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Oxygen 25 IV
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016  choice 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio CTRL-49
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio ProKeys 88, 88sx 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 MK3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 mini usb - some power or incompatibility issue with the native USB ports of the laptop, plugged in a passive USB 2.0 HUB (not USB 3.0, not powered)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3328SvuJsLw M-Audio Oxygen25 MKV]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0763
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0001
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0023
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class  - midi in out untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 25 full size semi keys - USB2 usb-b but no 5pin classic plugs - channel select SHIFT button and CHANNEL on keybed - plastic build - holding down both the Octave + and - for factory reset -  more limited in what you can do with it than IV 4th one - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Oxygen Pro 25 49 61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 untested semi full keys 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Oxygen Pro Mini 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 untested - 32 smaller keys - not endless encoders - usb only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Hammer 88 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Moog 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Moog Minitaur 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-VAVE SMK-25mini 25key MIDI Control Keyboard Y6I0 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments NI Primus A25 JamMate 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 not compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments Maschine MK1 MKI
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 not compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol S88 S61 S49 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 - weighted keys - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments Maschine MK2 MKII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro MK2 MKII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe? 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkII MK2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 all MK2 MK3 power up the keyboard using USB, it will set the keyboards MIDI port to computer MIDI only without any option to set it to use the MIDI DIN, meaning you cannot connect the keyboard to hardware and power from USB, you MUST power with the power adapter and physically unplug from any USB connection - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol A25 A49 A61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 maybe compliant,  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/sikorak666/maschine-mikro-mk3-driver Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro Plus MK3 MKIII]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol M32 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 untested 32 smaller keys - no drum pads - USB only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkIII MK3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Neusonik iBoard 4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nektar Impact LX25+ LX49+ LX61+ LX88+ SE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 budget full-size velocity-sensitive synth-action keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nektar Impact GX49
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; USB port - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nektar Panorama P4 P6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  USB &amp; USB Micro B, 5-pin MIDI out, 2 x TRS inputs with 49 semi-weighted, velocity sensitive with aftertouch
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nektar SE25 SE49
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; mini keys - micro usb bus powered - velocity and sustain button 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nektar Panorama P6 61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nektar Panorama T6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nord Stage 3 midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; sysex 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation ReMote 25 49 61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 lhs XY touchpad and the joystick -
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 Mk1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 not USB class compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation 49 61 SL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation ReMote 25SL 49SL 61SL soft label 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 - two long top liquid-crystal display LCD strips - XY touchpad and the joystick - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation ReMOTE 25LE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0004
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0001
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Yes|detected, usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 USB-b powered, 9v center pin positive or 6 MN1500 AA batteries - X/Y touchpad and the combined pitch and modulation joystick - no aftertouch but can use both the legacy MIDI OUT and USB port simultaneously 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation Nocturn 49 61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Unk| }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 untested sending random pitchbend info
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation 49 61 SL MkII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation MiniNova 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation Impulse 25 49 61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 velocity aftertouch‑sensitive semi-weighted keyboards and eight backlit pads -  USB, 5-pin MIDI out - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation Circuit Tracks / Rhythm 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 MK2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 USB class compliant - full keys - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation Launchpad Mini MK2 MKII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 untested 8x8 buttons with 16 backlit
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation LaunchKey Mini MK2 MKII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 rotary wheels lhs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation LaunchKey 25 37 49 61 88 MK3 MKIII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 USB class compliant choice - full keys - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation LaunchKey Mini MK3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 sliders lhs -  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation 61SL Mk3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nymphes Dreadbox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 6 voice analog synth
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Oberheim MC 2000 EX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 88 keys fully weighted - very heavy - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PreSonus ATOM SQ Hybrid MIDI Keyboard/Pad
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://polyend.com/tracker/ Polyend Tracker]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland ED PC-300
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 USB MIDI keyboard controller 49-key
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland EDIROL PCR-M30 PCR-M50 PCR-M80 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol PCR-30 PCR-50 PCR-80
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 untested 32 key - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland PC-50 PC-80
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland PCR-500 PCR-800
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 61 velocity-sensitive keys with aftertouch 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland A-88 a-49
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 USB port - weighted keys velocity no aftertouch - class compliant with press FUNCTION so it is lit. Press the key labelled &quot;ADV.&quot;, Press the &quot;+&quot; button so it is lit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland PC-200 mkII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 some had fatar keys 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland MC-707 Groovebox
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland MC-101 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland A-500 A500Pro
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland A-300 A300Pro
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland JUNO DS, FA, Fantom, JUPITER X / Xm 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 (be sure that USB driver is set to &quot;Generic&quot; - requires device rebooting) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland A-88 a-49 MKii MK2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 expensive with USB-c port - hammer-action keyboard weighted keys - Class-compliant if  USB-C enables bus power - MIDI 2.0 later - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ROLI Seaboard RISE 25 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samson Graphite 49 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samson Carbon 49 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sequential TAKE 5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Studiologic VMK-161 and VMK-161 Plus Organ version 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed - usb midi in out - 9v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Studiologic SL990XP midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Studiologic VMK176 Plus
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;USB and midi connectivity
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Studiologic SL880 midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Studiologic SL73 SL88 Studio midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; hammer-action Fatar TP semi-weighted keys 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Studiologic Numa Organ 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 73 key TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed used in nearly all clonewheels 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Studiologic Numacompact 2/2x, Numa X Piano
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SubZero CommandKey49 CommandKey25 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SubZero SZ-MiniCommand Mini-Command USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SubZero SPC61 MIDI Controller
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; bus powered - 5 octave 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SubZero ControlKey49S 49 Key Slim MIDI Controller Keyboard
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Synido TempoKey K25
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 25 mini keys - usb-c powered 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Worlde Panda 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; midi keyboard controller 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha KX8 KX49 KX61 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 not compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha CMC-PD
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 not class compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha P45B P-45 Digital Piano 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 not compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha P-115 midi controller  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 untested weighted keys - USB midi port 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha MX49 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 should compliant untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha Montage, CP73/88, YC, MODX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  midi keyboard controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha PSR-E353, PSR-E443
PSR-S670, PSR-S770, PSR-S970, PSR-A3000, TYROS-5
NP-12, NP-32
DGX-650, DGX-660
P-105, P-115, P-255
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha MX49 II V2 Black Blue 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  midi keyboard controller 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DJM V10
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; dj 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments Kontrol DJ Pro midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; detected but untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Numark Mixtrack Pro II USB DJ Controller Djay 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;older generation pioneer DDJ-SX2 dj 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |CAMD
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alyseum AL-22 AL22c  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alyseum AL-88 Schneidersladen AL88c 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alyseum U3-88c Midi Interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; no CopperLan support Midi network using a UTP Ethernet patch cable) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer BCF2000 midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.behringer.com/EN/home.aspx Behringer] BCR2000 1in 2out
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer B-CONTROL DEEJAY BCD3000 DJ Mixer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer UMD404 UMD202 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative EMU 0404/USB midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DigiDesign / Focusrite Command 8 Control Surface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 supports MIDI continuous controller (CC) and note data. SysEx dumping and loading is also supported  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digidesign Digi 002
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006   firewire only 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digidesign Digi 003
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009   firewire only 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;emagic m4 2x4 AMT8 Unitor 8 Mk2  8x8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x00d0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x010 0x0103
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) - 12v 2a psu centre pos - usb mini with rs232 and rs422 serial ports - 16 channels (8-in / 8-out), this rack-mountable unit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Evolution U-Control UC-16 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| detected}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Guillemot Maxi Studio ISIS Vintage Sound Card MIDI Audio Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|dedicated driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1998 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.ucapps.de/mbhp_usb.html MidiBox] Hardware Platform USB Module
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2001 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie Control Universal Pro XT with One Two Extenders 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 not compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Audiophile USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 not compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Midisport UNO old version 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 not compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio MidiMan 1x1 midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004  [http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-hotplug/ firmware update]
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Midisport 2x2 yellowy green blue, green or silver chassis plastic box 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|MIDISPORT 2x2 or 4x4 interfaces from previous production series (blue, green or silver chassis) are not class-compliant}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MAudio Audiosport Quattro USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|dedicated driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 not usb compliant as [http://usb-midi-fw.sourceforge.net/ firmware required and that is buggy], 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio UC-33
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 not compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Midisport 1x1 2x2 4x4 Anniversary Edition, black box 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 maybe class compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=52920 Mark of the Unicorn Motu Fastlane] 2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=560852&amp;postcount=8 not working on OS4]}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; not class compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Motu Micro Lite 1x1 and MOTU microlite 5x5 USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|dedicated driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; good unit but poor just plug in support and not class compliant - USB2 usb-b - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Motu MIDI Express 128 8x8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|dedicated driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;poor support serial port only - offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) A serial port based MIDI interface or a USB interface without MTS will have a MIDI slop of up to 2ms on record and playback. MTS provides accuracy for record and playback to around .3ms - five times more accurate than serial or non-MTS.&quot; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOTU.com MIDI Express XT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|dedicated driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 for many USB should have octocoupled connection to reduce groundloop humm, usually the timing is off 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOTU MIDI Timepiece AV 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|dedicated driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; not class compliant is one of the best multi-port MIDI interfaces ever made as USB model connects to the computer as an 8x16 interface
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments GmbH Audio 8 DJ, 4 DJ, 2 DJ
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x17CC
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no|needs dedicated driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 not class compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Qcon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA-100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|did not match to camdusbmidi.class USB audio midi with onboard DSP}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1998 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Corp Edirol UM-2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0005
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0200
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no|is not bound via camdusbmidi.class }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1999 not bound to any midi class - 2x2 - tested Aros One USb 2.4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA-100G 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|detected but not working}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1999 USB audio midi with onboard DSP 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UM-880 8x8 midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|detected but not working}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 under poseidon but could work with run &gt;nil: c:midithru out.0 &quot;EDIROL UM-880.out.2&quot;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UM-1 blue plastic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Unk| bound??? via camdusbmidi.class - untested midi in out}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 UM-1 -  1-in/1-out (16 channels) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UM-1S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|not working}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 1-in/1-out (16 channels)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UM-2E
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|not working}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UM550
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2001 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UM-1X midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2001 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UM-1SX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0052
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0200
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2C - 2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-1G 1x1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2G 2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/spotify/linux/blob/master/sound/usb/usbquirks.h Roland Edirol UA20 UA-20] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|not working}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland UM-1EX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UM-2EX 2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005  adds a second MIDI OUT
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Cakewalk UM-3G - 3x3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Cakewalk ua-25excw 1x1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|detected but not working}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 not class compliant mode 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://alsa.opensrc.org/Edirol_UA-25EX Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Cakewalk UA25 EX] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|detected but not working}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sonuus B2M Bass MIDI Interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sonuus G2M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg CMC Series 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Subzero SZ-MB44 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Swisssonic MIDI1x1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 AmigaOS there is no output at midichannel one and two but if play a midi file there is only output on some channels and if pressed stop the prog freezes or the whole system crashes
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Tascam US-428 US-422 midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 2000 not compatible 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Tascam [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tascam.com/Products/US-224.html US-224]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1604
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x8004
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 2002 does not bind to any class
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Corp Tascam US-1x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Tascam US-122 MKII midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x8021
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|not detected / binding to camdusbmidi.class on AROS 2.4 usb }} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 detected but not working 2-in/2-out USB two XLR microphone preamps with phantom power for condenser microphones 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Tascam US-200 US-400 US-600 US-800 US-1200 US-1800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 may not be totally usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha UX-16
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| CAMD
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai EIE and Pro version midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 dc 6v power - 3 USB hubs, midi in out , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis I/O2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 powered USB hub required, not compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis IO2 Express 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 usb compliant?
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis IO4 Express 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer XTouch 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; psu needed 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer X-Touch Compact
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe usb compliant?
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer X-Touch Mini
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe usb compliant?,  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-Phoria UMD404HD UMD202HD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe class compliant - volume low, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CME U2 MIDI Pro 1x1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; current model 
|-
| Creative EMU XMIDI 1X1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 early versions with sysex checksum errors 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative E-MU Xmidi 1x1 Tab (V3) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 tab version class compliant but report that when transferring 'System Exclusive' messages (SysEx) the unit could not handle the highest data rate leading to data corruption 
|-
| Creative EMU XMIDI 2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 sysex errors 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini now Avid 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 USB powered but not compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digidesign Mbox II Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 USB powered but not compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Engl Z7 MIDI Interface (E660/E610/E360/E930)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; guitar?
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elektron TurboMidi TM-1 1in 1out
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI MidiTerminal M4U 4x4 midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI MidiTerminal M8U 8x8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI MidiTerminal M4U XL 4x4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; ploytec chipset 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI MidiTerminal M8U XL 8x8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; no hardware routing e.g. x on input 5 to synth y on output 7 - ploytec chipset 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI MidiMate 1x1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI MidiMate II 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI ROM I/O
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 romio version 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI M4U XT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2573
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0002
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe|is bound via camdusbmidi.class AROS One 2.4  - untested midi in out}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI M8U XT 8in 8out
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 discontinued 2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI M8UEX USB3.0
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 current model 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI M4U eX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 current model 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI MidiMate eX midi interface 1x1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 curent model, well liked and might class compliant?? 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;icon midiport 2x2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iCON CubeMi 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; class compliant? 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iConnectivity 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iConnectivity mio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 class compliant but reported issues with sending System Exclusive (SysEx) MIDI messages and MIDI signals getting cut off 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; iConnectMidi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iCM2 iCM4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iConnectivity iConnectMIDI4+ L
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 class compliant?? 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iConnectivity MioXL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IK Multimedia iRig MIDI 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; class compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iRig Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kenton 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kenton Electronics pro solo mk2 midi to cv converter
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kenton Midi Thru-25 5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Keytech MT18E 8 Way Midi Thru box 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 9 to 12v psu required 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MidiPlus Midi 2x2 midi interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MidiPlus Midi 4x4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MidiTech MIT-00151 Midiface 4x4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MidiTech Midiface 4x4 8x8 16x16 thru merge 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Miditech Midilink mini 1x1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Midisport UNO only if box is labeled Class Compliant and latest MIDISPORT 1x1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 not usb compliant, - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Midiman Midisport 2x2 Anniversary Edition [https://gearspace.com/board/electronic-music-instruments-and-electronic-music-production/1133862-why-there-hardly-any-midi-interfaces.html not stable enough] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 USB2 usb-b - does not need firmware and supposedly plug and play - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Midisport 4x4 Anniversary Edition
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; rumored does not need firmware - supposedly plug and play -  issues with its firmware for some and lacks configurable routing
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Maudio Fast Track Ultra 8R 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe usb compliant but bus powered, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nektar Midiflex 4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 class compliant and usb-b powered - used as a 1 in / 3 out, 2 in / 2 out or 4 out 5pin sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Neusonik IM-One 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Peavey Xport
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; guitars only 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland UM-ONE UM-1 mk2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 USB class compliant if switch to TAB for class compliant mode rather than the COMPUTER mode 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Squarp Hermid 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg Midex 8x8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; class compliant?  supporting MIDI Time Stamping protocol
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Swissonic MidiConnect 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tapco LiNK.midi USB 4x4 (Loud technologies) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no|dedicated driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 2014 5v dc power, midi out in, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom U-24
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  midi to 5pin interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  midi to 5pin interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Unbranded cable 
| 0x552d
| 0x4348
| F110 
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;detected but not working the USB-MIDI conversion functionality of the cheapo USB MIDI &quot;cable&quot; interface is simply lacking, possibly being incapable of handling MIDI strings longer than 3 bytes long SysEx strings (e.g. SysEx dumps) - tested in Icaros 2.3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;USB2.0-MIDI Unbranded cable with clear braided underneath leads 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1A86
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x752D 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0254 
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{Maybe|detected binding to camdusbmidi.class but untested midi in / out}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;untested but better to get a branded version - tested AROS One 2.4 usb
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;LogiLink USB to Midi In-Out 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;untested cheap cable version but issues with latency on other systems 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; gm5 USB midi chip  DIY option only
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Doremidi LEKATO MIDI USB C Interface 1x1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Thomann Midi USB 1x1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;   Prodipe made 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Prodipe MIDI 1i/1o 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  usb to 5pin midi interface 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


Classic 5pin DIN controllers for above interfaces 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |CAMD
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai s5000 s6000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  midi digital samplers 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai AX80 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Casio CZ-5000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Casio CZ-3000 CZ-1000 CZ-101 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cheetah MS6 midi controller 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{No|untested}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 multi-timbral, six-voice (twelve-oscillator), analogue synthesiser module is loaded with CEM 3396s 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Ensoniq ESQ1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Integra 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg Wavestation Ex A/D SR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1986 ex has piano and drum sounds 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg DW-8000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg DW-6000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Korg Poly 800 MK1 Poly-800ii 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  all plastic and can run on batteries - 49 keys non-velocity dco synt analogue filter 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland D-50
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|1987 untested greater concern would be moisture and wear}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland A50 (76) A80 (88) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|1989 untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ROLAND JUNO-D
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Juno 106 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;80s kx73 or kx88 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland ED PC-160A PC-180A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}} legacy DIN5 MIDI port only - 6 AA batteries or 9v psu - One regular source of failure for me were emty batteries (even with red control light still active). Another source was a bad MIDI cable - unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland M1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland S-550 S-760 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; digital samplers kontakt replaced these? 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha DX7 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1983 12bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha DX7S DX72IID DX7IIFD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1987 16bit versions 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--CAMD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


The MIDI standard was published in August 1983. The inventors, Kakehashi and Smith finally received a Technical Grammy Award in 2013 for their work. 

The MIDI files that contained just the note data, velocity and timing meant you could transfer an entire studio session from one place to another on one floppy disk and it could control all the synths and drum samplers. Pass-thru meant that one computer could run an entire bands worth of instruments. 

It's bulletproof too. MIDI never goes wrong, it's always a bug in software that causes any issue - you can absolutely rely on it to go gigging with, take your synths, controllers and computers and not crash an entire gig at your 100,000 person venue. 

The MIDI hardware specification is very simple (voltage, polarity, screening, protection and a fast enough opto-isolator), it assumes that the data it sends and receives between MIDI devices is to the MIDI data standard and just passes it on. The microprocessor in the hardware does all the work.

The minimum for a computer/MIDI interface is that it meets the MIDI hardware specification. It is attached to the computer bus and handles the electrical conversions required. To meet the MIDI hardware specification, to be class compliant as a USB device all it has to do is report itself properly when plugged in.

The other half of the equation is the MIDI data standard, and for a computer MIDI interface the main issue is the speed of data transmission. The bus speed of the computer is faster than the speed of the MIDI standard so it can generate and send MIDI data faster than a MIDI device can receive it. The MIDI standards have nothing to say on that bottleneck at all. MIDI was designed to be very simple and very open, it just defines a standard for the messages and leaves it up to manufacturers to implement them in the way they want. That's what makes it so powerful a tool, and also what makes it so confusing and frustrating at times.

For midi, the hardware/software combination at various connection points handles the translation to/from midi (or other protocols). Drivers would be needed for midi, including clock and SysEx signal (actually claiming to handle ALL midi quirks transparently

All the important MIDI data types can be sent (CC, NRPN, RPN, MMC, Note On/Off, program change)

There is no official way to solve the data bottleneck. Early software sequencers and librarians tried to solve it by having an option to buffer SYSEX data in software and transmit it at the MIDI data rate. The downside is that hogs the bus and can hit computer performance. Interface manufacturers would add a hardware buffer which would take all the MIDI data from the PC bus and feed it into the MIDI at the slower data rate, but that added cost and created timing issues.

Things have moved on since then, but the principles remain the same. You can buffer in the hardware or in software, whether that is in the application or the interface driver. SYSEX will work perfectly well with that budget cable if your software handles the buffering. And while the cables with hardware buffers make SYSEX easier, they still have potential problems because of the limitations of the MIDI data rate. Your MIDI clock doesn't like being interrupted with a big program dump 

The serial / parallel ports were a direct connection, so faster. Now, everything in the computer is virtual and the only thing connected to the hardware is the kernel, hence everything is by default bottlenecked and jittery, regardless of which connection. So by the time the interface gets the information it's already too late. 

Ethernet network cable to transport MIDI over large distances, connect 2 MIDI In and 2 MIDI Out ports to patch, remap, filter and merge MIDI flows on a fine channel basis for tight MIDI throughput, latency and jitter 

Possibilities for DAWs of the future including a kind of sync reference for timing reference which an interface could sync to, hence all the timings then would be locked between the grid on the DAW screen and the MIDI info. 

Preemptible, low latency and accuracy are essential for good communication.  

One of the first things you need to do, is make sure your MIDI software sets the interface to the same MIDI channel as your keyboard (usually 1) 


Do you want to send just your master keyboard to other synths or to be able to use any keyboard with any synth?

1st option is relatively simple. Just need to send midi from your master keyboard into a midi splitter that redistributes the signal onto your synths. Each synth will be set up to receive midi on a specific channel so the only challenge is to find a way to select to which channel you are sending midi. Some master keyboards can do that although not many that have a dedicated knob or switch on the panel and most require a bit of menu diving. Could use a midi box that offers channel selection but usually this is not very workflow friendly. The software route would require using the mouse. 

2nd option is a bit more complex but superior workflow by sending midi messages into a merge box, from there into a hardware sequencer that allows to select midi channel, then on to a midi interface that distributes the signal to the synths. 

Master keyboard MIDI-in to computer. External hardware sampler MIDI-out from computer. Audio-out from sampler to audio-in on computer/device. 


Blue Ribbon Soundworks Bars &amp; Pipes Professional (1993/4) 

GM (1984), GS (1987), XG level 1-3 (1994-1997), GM level 2 (1999) 	

GM GM1 imposes several requirements beyond the MIDI 1.0 specification. While MIDI 1.0 by itself provides a communication protocol which ensures that different instruments can interoperate at a fundamental level e.g sound modules. GM goes further in two ways. First, GM requires that all compliant MIDI instruments meet a certain minimal set of features, such as being able to play at least 24 notes simultaneously (polyphony). Second, GM attaches specific interpretations to many parameters and control messages which were left unspecified in the MIDI 1.0 specification. A minimum of 128 MIDI Program Numbers (conforming to the GM 1 Instrument Patch Map) and 47 percussion sounds (conforming to the GM 1 Percussion Key Map). Support for controller number 1, 7, 10, 11, 64, 100, 101, 121 and 123; support for channel pressure and pitch bend controllers. 

General MIDI Level 2 or GM2 is a specification for synthesizers which defines several requirements beyond the MIDI standard and is based on General MIDI (GM) and Roland GS extensions. It was adopted in 1999 by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA).

* Number of Notes: 32 simultaneous notes
* MIDI Channels: 16
* Simultaneous Melodic Instruments – up to 16 (all Channels)
* Simultaneous Percussion Kits – up to 2 (Channel 10/11)

Program and bank change events
General MIDI 2 compatible synthesizers access all of the 256 instruments by setting cc#0 (Bank Select MSB) to 121 and using cc#32 (Bank Select LSB) to select the variation bank before a Program Change. Variation bank 0 contains the full GM (General MIDI 1) sound set. Variations using other bank numbers are new to General MIDI 2, and correspond to variation sounds introduced in Roland GS. 


[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CluuHrr7HG4 Major WWHWWWH, Minor WHWWHWW scale], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjm7Ti-iwz0 Chords], 


==usb audio==

 AROS currently does not support natively any USB audio interface for recording audio 

USB audio is only available for limited Amiga like OSs, independent of the USB protocol version USB1.x USB2, USB3.x, which are not backwards compatible. 

*Introduced 2000 and from 2014 USB Audio 1 UAC1 16bit 44.1kHz
*Introduced 2006 and from 2014 USB Audio 2 [https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-device-class-definition-audio-devices-release-20-errata-and-ecn-through-april UAC2] 24bit 192kHz
*Introduced 2016 and from 2024 USB Audio 3 [https://www.usb.org/documents UAC3] 32bit 384kHz 

USB group decided to rewrite the audio standard, so [https://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/record/usbaudio2.lha UAC2] and [https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/attachments/slides/3345/export/events/attachments/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/slides/3345/Linux_and_USB_Audio_Class_3___FOSDEM_2019.pdf UAC3]. They added clock selection and control, timing domains and others. Part of the changes included changing many of the descriptors that an audio device uses to describe itself to the machine. 

PsdErrorlog/PsdDevlister? The AHI driver generated only supports mono/stereo at any bit rates between 8 and 32 bit per sample, but not multichannel modes and only rates up to 65KHz (because AHI uses a 16-bit word for frequencies). If the soundcard does not offer such a PCM 8-32 bit mode at frequencies lower than 65 KHz, there's nothing much that can be done about it on the computer side other than revising and expanding the AHI standard. Most cheap USB soundcards do though. 

AHI does not support six channel playback. It only supports mono, stereo and multichannel (8 channels). Due to the multichannel mode not being used by any application so far, the usbaudio.class does not support multichannel playback, especially not &quot;upchannelling&quot; stereo to six or more channels. If this USB device does not support a two channel mode, you can't use it under AHI.

Untested but most likely to work, at least 2 mic inputs (low impedance) &amp; instruments (high impedance) and made in the last 10 years 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMuA-2FbJxE Entry level &lt;100Euro]   BOMGE U202, Behringer UMC, Presonus Studio, 
*[ Next tier &lt;200Euro]   Audient iD, Solid SSL2 and SSL2+, Lewitt, Focusrite Scarlett, Arturia MiniFuse, 
*[ Prosumer &lt;300Euro]   Focusrite Clarett+, 
*[ Professional &lt;500Euro]   RME Babyface, 
*[ Studio &gt;500Euros]    

Bands may need 4 or more mic inputs 

[http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?p=38364030 XDA Forum thread],

&lt;pre&gt;
                                            &lt;- Computer 
                                            &lt;- Mobile Phone / Tablet (OTG)
                                            &lt;- Digital Cameras 
                            &lt;- Video        &lt;- Webcams 

Base Computer &lt;-&gt; OBS like  &lt;- Audio Mixer  &lt;- Microphone(s) 

                            -&gt; Internet     -&gt; Youtube &amp; Chat 

&lt;/pre&gt;

USB AUDIO CARDS - UAC Compliant 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Description 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Records 
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia Mini Fuse 1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp 1 combi input, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia MiniFuse 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 maybe usb compliant usb-c with usb2.0, okay pre amps with good dynamic range 110dB, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, two combi inputs for mic, line or guitar, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia MiniFuse 4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant, okay 110dB dynamic range, -129dB EIN, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Arturia AudioFuse 16Rig 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1C75
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 maybe usb compliant, good 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audient iD44 mk1 mki 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 maybe usb compliant, good, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audient evo4 EVO8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audient iD4 mk2 mkII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audient id14 mk2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant, good, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audient iD24 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 maybe usb compliant and usb-c bus powered, good, , 0-in/14-out audio interface with ADAT expandability, balanced inserts
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audient iD44 Mk2 Mkii 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant, good, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-PHORIA UMC22 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1397
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-PHORIA UMC202HD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1397
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps ein -129 dBu, 24bit ADC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-PHORIA UMC404HD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1397
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps, 24bit adc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-PHORIA UMC204HD 192 Empower Tribe 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1397
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0508
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer UMC1820 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1397
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016, bus complaint?, okay midas pre amps, adc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-PHORIA UM2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1397
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 maybe usb compliant, poor zenyx pre-amps with high noise floor, plastic build no rf shielding, latency issues, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb compliant, , , midi, strictly NEC USB 2.0, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 8i6 Gen 1 MOSC0001 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe usb compliant, but 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 1 MOSC0003 
*TP1 - 3.3V, tested ok
*TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present at all time.
*TP4 - Ground
*TP6 - 48V, tested ok
*TP7 - Ground
*TP8 - Ground
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 usually avoid early Gen 1, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/08/75-focusrite-scarlett-2i4-1st-gen.html Focusrite Scarlet 2i4 Gen 1 (slide toggles) MOSC0004] 
*TP1 - 3.3V, tested 3.22v
*TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present 
*TP4 - Ground
*TP6 - measure 47.72v 
* AKM 4384ET (VDD 5v)
* Cirrus Logic CS4272-CZZ (VA 4.94v/ VD 3.2v/ VL 3.2v)
* all four HC4066 (VCC 4.96v)
* XMOS XS1-L01A-TQ128-C5 (all VDD 1.08v/ all VVDIO 3.23v/ PPLAVDD 0.99v/ PCU-VDDIO 3.23v)
2i4S
*TP1 seems to be 0V
*TP2 should be 5V
*TP3 should be 
*TP6 should be 48V
*TP8 should be 3.3V
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps JRC NJM2122 and NJM4565, [https://statics.cirrus.com/pubs/proDatasheet/CS4272_F1.pdf CS4272 adc], [https://pdf.datasheet.live/e5e5fd1c/akm.com/AK4384.pdf AK4384 output pair], Xmos XS1-L8A-64-TQ128 processor and firmware in Winbond 25X40CL 4Mbit, an SMSC Microchip USB3343 interface and a Microchip PL611 clock generator - two Intersil / Renesas ISL97519A for the phantom power rail, two OnSemi NCP1521B for the 3.3V (digital) and 1V (Xmos core) rails - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite iTrack Solo USB Audio Interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 1st Gen MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/wiki/current_audio_gear Focusrite ] Scarlett 4i4 Gen  MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen1 MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe usb compliant, , , 12v psu, the headphone outs mirror the outs on the back panel, so that's six independent outs. 4 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2019/03/38-focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen1-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 1st Gen MOSC0008]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe usb compliant, JRC NJM4565 provide most of the opamps, pair of JRC NJM2122's for inputs 1 and 2, [http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/76/cs4272_f1-43250.pdf Cirrus CS4272], 12v 1a +central psu to a pair of National Semiconductor LM2672 for 3.3V rail and the +6.9V rail, Xmos XS1–L16A–128 dual-row QFN package, firmware a Winbond 25X40C 4Mbit SPI Flash and an SMSC USB3343 interface chip, the two headphone outs are completely independent so 6 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Clarett+ 8Pre 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 great, expensive, maybe usb compliant?  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0006 
*TP6 should be 48V
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x8202
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz CS4272 as well as an additional AKM AK4384ET for the second stereo output pair, 4 screws under bottom rubber,  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/07/focusrite-scarlett-2i4-2nd-gen-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 2i4 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0014]
*TP6 should be 48V
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps NJM2122's, NJM4565's and CMOS switches (HEF4053 and HEF4066), CS4272 and a AKM AK4384ET, Xmos XU208-256-TQ64-C10 with firmware stored in a Macronix MX25L8006E 8Mbit flash memory, clocking by a Cirrus Logic CS2100, an MP1542 boost converter creates +6V and -6V rails, powering the opamps and the rest of the analog circuitry, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen2 MOSC0016
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett Solo 2nd Gen MOSC0019
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2024/03/focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen2-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 2nd Gen MOSC00]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett Solo 3rd Gen MOSC0024
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant usb-c but usb2, preamps, ad/dc 24bit 192kHz, most Focusrite gen3 interfaces have encrypted processors, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 18i6 Gen3 MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, USB2 class compliant device, but with custom mixer interface
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 3 (push in switches) MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x8210
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, USB-c bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic xfr002c and cs4272 chips, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 3rd gen MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 3rd Gen MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x8214
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, , , no screws under the rubber pads on the bottom, 12v psu, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett Solo Studio Mk3 USB Audio Interface MOSC0030 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 4th Gen USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 4i4 4th Gen USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett Studio 4th Gen USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett Solo 4th Gen MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 4th Gen MOSC00
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1235
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lewitt Connect 6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lewitt 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Motu UltraLite AVB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; usb not compliant? 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOTU M2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe not usb compliant?, usb-c, good pre amps, ad/dc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOTU M4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe not usb compliant, okay, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOTU U2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  maybe not usb compliant, good but latest had hardware revision 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOTU UltraLite-mk3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 not usb compliant, great 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MOTU UltraLite-mk5
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 not usb compliant, great 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nuemann MT48 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, okay 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Presonus AudioBox USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe not usb compliant, usb1.1 usb-b bus powered, okay pre-amps, 24bit ADC 48Khz max, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Presonus Audiobox 1818VSL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Presonus AudioBox 44VSL
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 may not be usb compliant, 12v psu, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PreSonus AudioBox 22VSL
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;|PreSonus Studio 2|4 2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, usb-b, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;|PreSonus Studio 2|6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;|PreSonus Studio 6|8 USB Audio Interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 maybe compliant, needs ext psu, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PreSonus Studio 24c 2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, good, adc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PreSonus Studio 26c 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PreSonus® Studio 68c
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PreSonus AudioBox USB 96 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 maybe usb compliant, high preamp noise, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Presonus Quantum ES2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant, okay, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Prism 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Prism Lyra 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe not usb compliant, great 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Platane UP1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe usb compliant usb- UAC2 asynchronous protocol, 64dB Low-noise Mic amplifier, 32Bit High End ADC and DAC, 16dBu High-power ti headphone amplifier
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Platane UP2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Platane 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RME Babyface/UC/UFX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 maybe not usb compliant, good 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RME Fireface UCX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 might be able to put into class compliant cc although a firewire device, pre amps, adc,  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RME Babyface Pro FS  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe not usb compliant, good 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RME Fireface UCX II
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 might be class compliant usb-b, pre amps, adc,  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ Mk1 1st Gen 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 maybe usb compliant, good, adc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Solid State Logic SSL12 SSL18 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant, bus powered, good pre-amps, up to 32-bit 192kHz AD/DA converters, 12-in 8-out, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ MkII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe usb compliant, good pre amps ein -130 dBu, ad/dc, okay latency, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Solid State Logic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Topping E1x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 maybe usb compliant, good 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Topping Pro E2x2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 maybe usb compliant, good 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;UAD UA Apollo 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;UA apollo 2nd Gen twin X (Duo/Quad), X4, X6, X8, X8P, and X16
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 bus compliant?, usb-
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;UA apollo twin x quad 3rd Gen 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 bus compliant?, usb-
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Universal Audio Volt 1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 maybe usb compliant, good, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;|Universal Audio Volt 276 2|76 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 maybe usb compliant, good, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Universal Audio Volt 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant, good, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Records 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai EIE Pro AI01 Electromusic Interface Expander - 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe not usb compliant, 4-in/4-out USB 2.0 audio interface with a built-in USB hub and MIDI I/O, up to 24-bit/96kHz 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Akai EIE Pro AI02 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;|Alesis io2 io|2, io14 io|14, io26 io|26 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 bus powered but not usb compliant, okay pre-amps, 2, 4 or 8 mics respectively, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis iO2 Express 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010  not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis Core 1 USB Audio Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe cc, mini usb, poor latency, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee Duet 1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 firewire only, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , ,  two‑channel two‑in, two‑out, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee Ensemble 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 firewire, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , ,  two‑channel 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee One USB 1st Gen 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb for basic features, , , single‑channel up to 48kHz
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee One USB 2nd Gen 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe usb compliant usb- and maybe aa batteries, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee Duet 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee One USB 3rd Gen 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee Ensemble Thunderbolt 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , ,  two‑channel 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee Boom 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c, , , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee Duet 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apogee 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ART PRO Audio Usb Mix 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 maybe usb compliant bus powered, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avid Digidesign Mbox 1 USB Audio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0dba
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;01000
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 mbox original was usb1 and not a usb class compliant device, and had the much hated &quot;focusrite designed&quot; mic preamps, light blue front plate and the sticky out feet 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 USB Audio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0dba
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 midi not usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Pro USB Audio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0dba
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 not usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini USB Audio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0dba
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 not usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Micro USB Audio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0dba
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 not usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVID MBox 3rd gen Mini or Standard but Pro is Firewire 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;behringer u-control uca202 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8bb
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2902
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;1.00
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb compliant, draws a lot of power - dac ti burr-brown - no microphone pre-amp - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer U-CONTROL UCA 222 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 maybe usb compliant,  - no microphone pre-amp - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Black Lion Audio 2x2 evolution 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 maybe usb compliant but , okay with 109dB range - poor noise floor, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic CS4272, average latency, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bomge 11s 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bomge 22s 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bomge BMG22 USB Audio Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 usb-c, 24bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bomge U202 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bomge U204 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower , may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bomge Mini 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TI Burr-Brown PCM2702E PCM2704 PCM2704C Muse Audio Mini USB DAC board 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x08bb 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2704
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TI Burr-Brown PCM2900 PCM2902 PCM2906 USB DAC board 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x08bb
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2900
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Depusheng MD22 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Depusheng USB Audio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;|Emagic emi 2|6 em2|6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 not uac 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;|Emagic emi 6|2m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 not uac 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;|Emagic emi 6|2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 not uac 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Ego Systems, Inc. in Korea (ESI) joining with RIDI GmbH 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;esi Mixvibes U46 Mk II USB audio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 not usb compliant, usb-b powered, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI ESU22
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;esi U24XL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 24 bits, 2 analogue inputs and outputs with 6.3 mm jack connection, Output L can be used as a headphone output, S / PDIF digital input - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;esi U46XL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MAYA22USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI MAYA44USB+ 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered,  xlr, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MARA22XTU 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI U22XT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 usb class compliant
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI Gigaport Ex
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2020 usb compliant?, usb-c usb3.1, , , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iConnectivity iConnectAUDIO2+ icaudio-02 USB audio interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2016 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;LexiconPro - Omega 8x4x2 (USB-1.1)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 not usb complaint 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lexicon Alpha 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lexicon Lambda
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 may not be compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Line 6 Toneport UX1 and Tone Port UX2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004  not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Line 6 TonePort UX8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 maybe not class compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Line 6 POD Studio UX1 UX2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006  not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lokchonk UX22 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljSiNmudMm0 Lokchonk UX44HD] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 usb-b , , , 2in 2out only, average latency, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie Onyx Artist 1·2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie Onyx Producer 2X2 USB Audio Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b midi 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie Onyx Blackjack
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 USB powered but maybe not usb compliant, Two Onyx Preamps, 2-in, 2-out which are combo Neutrik-type connectors to handle XLR, instrument or line level 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe usb compliant, , , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Media Assistance USB-One
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 not uac cc comliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Fast Track USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 maybe not usb compliant, - guitar 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb cc providing 24-bit/96kHz audio capabilities but requires manual configuration of the mixer settings 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio M-Track 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 usb compliant?, okay - guitar and vocal mainly 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://htyp.org/M-Audio/Fast_Track_Ultra/Linux M-Audio FastTrack Ultra] and Ultra 8R 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 maybe usb compliant, low round-trip latency, okay octane pre amps, adc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio M-Track 2x2M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre-amps, , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio M-Track (MkII) 2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre amps, , 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio M-Track Solo 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf shielding, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio M-Track DUO 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf sheild, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Air
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, okay 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NI AK1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x17CC
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.pogo.org.uk/~mark/linuxdj/ Native Instruments Traktor Audio 8 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 4 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 2 DJ], 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x17cc
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1978, 0x0839, 0x041C 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 not usb compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, [https://mixxx.discourse.group/t/problems-with-native-instruments-audio-8-dj-on-linux/14719/2 Audio 8 device has 4 subunits which are not recognized correctly], Cirrus Logic DACs spec'd at 24-bit/96KHz over a USB2, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NI Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x17CC
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 96kHz adc, ocassional dropouts, plastic build top with metal around 3/4, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Native Instruments NI Komplete Audio 1 and 2 USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x17CC
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, good pre amp ein -129.5 dBu, ad/dc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://support.native-instruments.com/hc/en-us/articles/360014683497-Apple-Silicon-Compatibility-News Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk2] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x17CC
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 192kHz adc, black aluminum glass build, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[ Native Instruments Traktor Pro] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x17cc
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 maybe usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation AudioHub 2x4 NOVHUB01 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, no xlr, focusrite sounds inside, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Novation AudioHub 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Prodipe Studio 22 Pro
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA-3 Audio Capture
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1998 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA-30 Audio Capture
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1999 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA1A UA-1D Audio Capture
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA-5 Audio Capture (Roland)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA-1000 Audio Capture
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA-1EX, Cakewalk UA-1G  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 not usb compliant driver also supports ASIO (Steinberg Audio Stream I/O Interface), noisy 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Duo Capture UA-11 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland QUAD-CAPTURE Analog 2x2 Digital 2x2 USB 2.0 4in/4out
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 not usb compliant, usb-b powered 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Manuals/Rosegarden/Setup Roland Edirol UA-101 and UA-1000 (Clemens Ladisch driver)]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/mmueller-kaffeeschluerfercom/UA-25-Firmware-Modification Roland Edirol ua-25]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 maybe usb compliant 16bit 44.1kHz sampling without MIDI but not USB class complient when in Advanced mode for 24bit or midi 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Edirol by Roland USB AudioCapture UA-25EX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00e6, 0x00e7
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 maybe usb compliant if ADVANCED DRIVER switched to OFF might play and record at 44.1kHz and 16-bit samples 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Audio Interface V-Studio 20 VS-20 Cakewalk
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Quad Cakewalk 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x012f
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 not USB class compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland DUO-CAPTURE EX UA-22 USB Audio
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0582
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0159
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe usb compliant but not be used with a USB 3.0 port that is not compatible with USB 2.0 specification, vs pre amps, adc, three AA batteries in base, or an AC adapter psb-1u 9V 2A - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix22 USB 2.0 Audio Interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix24 USB 2.0 Audio Interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg (2004 Yamaha buys) MIDI interface hardware including the CC like CC121 CC-121 and CI1 CI2 series.
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg UR12 UR22
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg UR44 usb audio interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg UR242 audio interface
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 maybe usb compliant, usb powered or 5v psu, okay pre-amps, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg UR22mkII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 maybe usb compliant, okay pre-amps ein -123 dBu, ad/dc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg UR-RT 2 USB Audio Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 maybe usb compliant, usb2.0 usb-b, pre-amps, ad/dc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg UR44C (USB3) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 maybe usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg URX22C UR22C  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 maybe usb compliant, preamps okay but little noisy, ad/dc. 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Steinberg UR22 MkIII UR series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe usb compliant usb-c, okay pre-amps, adc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tapco LiNK.USB 2x2 (Loud technologies WA, USA) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 maybe not compliant, usb-b, poor pre-amps hum, latency issues, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa-tools.git;a=blob;f=usx2yloader/README;hb=3843634ef0310a952b256bcb6a4ddd0ad4ebe396 Teac Tascam US-422 US-428 US2XYloader] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam US-122 US-224 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 not usb compliant, needing firmware usx2yloader/us122fw.ihx for audio sound card - Tascam US-122 and US-122L are not the same - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam US-122L 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x800e
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 not usb compliant, obsolete needs tascam_loader.ihx and us122fw.ihx firmware loaded each time unless automated 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam US122 US-122 Mk2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 not usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam US144 US-144 Mk2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 maybe usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac TASCAM US-200 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac US-366 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac TASCAM US-600 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac TASCAM US-800 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 may not be totally usb compliant 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Tascam iU2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 usb compliant?, 5v dc power, midi out in, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; usb compliant?, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0644
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;teyun q12 Q-12, q22 Q-22 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teyun q26 Q-26, q24 Q-24 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha UW500
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 not class compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha Audiogram 3 USB Digital Audio Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp, 16bit 44kHz adc no advanced features without dedicated asio driver, 1 xlr, 1 instrument, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha Audiogram 6 USB Digital Audio Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 maybe usb compliant, okay, 2 xlr, 2 instrument, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom UAC-232 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe not usb compliant, okay, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom UAC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe not usb compliant, okay, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Records 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.arcam.co.uk/products,rseries,usb-dacs,rPAC.htm Arcam rPac] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audioquest Dragonfly 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audioengine D1 Premium 24-bit DAC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Beresford TC-7520 (Burr Brown PCM 1716) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Beresford TC-7520 + Burson Buffer + MK3 JKSPDIF
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://epiphany-acoustics.co.uk/products-page/dacs/e-dac-24bit-miniature-usb-dac/ Epiphany E-DAC 24bit] ES9023 DAC chip 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Firestone Audio FUBAR II Mk2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Firestone Audio iLoveTW 24Bit USB DAC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;FiiO D5 ta2020 chip amp 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;FiiO E07K Andes 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;FiiO E17 Alpen 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GoVibe Magnum 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GoVibe Martini-U 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GoVibe Vulcan 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Halide Design DAC HD (Wolfson WM8716) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HRT Steamer II USB DAC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;John Kenny JKDAC uses a 24-bit/192&amp;nbsp;kHz Sabre ES9022 DAC or better JKDAC32 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; iBasso D12  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Leckerton UHA-6S MKII  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MyST 1866 PortaDAC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Objective DAC ODAC+O2  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rega DAC (Wolfson WM8742) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Records 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://www.henryaudio.com/open-source.php Henry Audio USB DAC 128 also known as QNKTC AB-1.2 open source DAC] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Henry Audio mkII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;AKM4430 DAC chip comes from Asahi Kasai 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DevilSound USB DAC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom U series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KingRex UD-01 SE (Burr-Brown PCM 2702E) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SuperPro 24/192 USB DAC (24bit 192&amp;nbsp;kHz, CS-4398 D/A chip) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Records 
| Opinion 
|-
| CMedia CM108 7.1ch emulation I2S in and out
| 0x1926
| 0x0003
| 0x0100
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| [http://www.lindy.co.uk/usb-2-audio-adapter/42961.html Lindy USB 2.0] (Chipset CM108)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| Speed-Link SL-8850-SBK Vigo ([http://mightyohm.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1036#p1030 CMedia CM108])
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| Dynamode USB SOUNDCARD 2.0 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0003
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1130
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| Dynamode Virtual 7.1 USB-SOUND7 (C-Media )
| 0x0d8c
| 0x000c 0x000e
| 1.00
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Generic White box with very little red led and white USB lead (CMedia )
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0d8c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0c000e
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;1.00
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Records 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| CM109 CiT SC-U119 5.1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Records 
| Opinion 
|-
| CMedia CM1197.1ch I2C MCU port Penguin 
| 0x0D8C
| 0x0000
| 0x010
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Records 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sweex 7.1 Startech External USB, WMA Blue metal box SYBA SD-AUD20040, Sabrent USB-SND8, Sewell Vantec NBA-200U (C-Media CM6206 CM106 like) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0d8c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0102
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;50/50 if the item is detected but does not work 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative Labs SoundBlaster X-fi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative X-Fi Go 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative X-Fi 5.1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative Sound Blaster Play! USB sound adapter (SB1140) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; working with [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=646431&amp;postcount=15 Deneb on OS3] 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Asus Xonar U1 (ASUS UA100 USB Audio Chip) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Asus Xonar U3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
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| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Records 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
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| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
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|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Griffin iMic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Transit
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Icemat Siberia (steel series) (Cmedia chipset) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;JMTek HY554, ZyXEL NSA-220, Logilink (Tenx Technology TP6911 and SSS-1623 headphone set) 
| 0x0C76 0x1130
| 0x1605 0x1607  0xf211
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; reports on other OS not good 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Plantronics &quot;DSP Adapter-01&quot; (or &quot;USB Adapter-02&quot;) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rocksmith Real Tone Cable 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RSA Intruder Predator 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;StarTech ICUSBAUDIO7
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0d8c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x000c
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;1.00
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Stoner Acoustics UD100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Teac UDH01-B  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB MKII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TerraTec Electronic GmbH Aureon Dual USB
| 0x0ccd
| 0x0077 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec Phase26
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trust 510 EX 5.1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech A-5572A USB 2.0  to 3.5mm jacks Virtual 7.1 Surround Sound Adapter or accessory of Logitech Clearchat pro USB or Logitech USB Headset H530 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0003 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x046D
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trumix TM-10 USB Audio Interface 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024  maybe cc 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Trumix TM-12 USB-C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
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| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 maybe cc usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
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| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Turtle Beach Audio Advantage Amigo Micro II USB Sound Card &amp; Headset Adapter 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10F5
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0211
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0100
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;
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|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Vantec NBA-100U 7.1 Channel 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Records--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; 
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| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}

 Companies including Access, Alesis, Allen&amp;Heath, American Audio, CME, ESI, Infrasonic, Lexicon, Numark, Presonus, Reloop, SIMS, Sound Devices, Steinberg, Swissonic, Tascam, Terrasoniq, Terratec, Yamaha and Yellowtec decided to license and bundle this driver. So fully functional custom drivers are available for Access Virus TI, Access Virus TI snow, Alesis Multimix 8 USB2.0, Alesis Multimix 16 USB2.0, Allen&amp;Heath XONE:2D, Allen&amp;Heath XONE:3D, Allen&amp;Heath XONE:4D, Allen&amp;Heath XONE:DX, Allen&amp;Heath XONE:DB4, American Audio Versa Port, CME XCORPIO, ESI ESU1808, ESI Gigaport AG / DG, ESI Maya 44 USB, Infrasonic Amon, Lexicon I-ONIX U22, Lexicon I-ONIX U42S, Lexicon I-ONIX U82S, Mindprint DI-MOD USB, Numark DJ IO, Numark NS6, Numark NS7, Numark Omni Control, Numark V7, Presonus Audiobox USB, Reloop Digital Jockey, SIMS Primus, Sound Devices USB pre, Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4, Swissonic Easy USB, Tascam M-164UF, Tascam US-122L, Tascam US-144, Tascam US-Tascam US-144mkII 122mkII, Tascam US-200, Tascam US-600, Tascam US-1641, Tascam US-1800, Tascam US-2000, Terratec Area 61, Terrasoniq Phase X64, Terratec Phase 26 USB, Yamaha UW10, Yamaha UW500, Yellowtec PUC2 and many others.

Well, those companies are using the same driver framework because all of those interfaces use the same microprocessor/firmware architecture to communicate with the USB bus. Just like almost all FireWire audio interfaces use the same TC Dice or BridgeCo chipsets. Usually it does not make sense for companies to develop their own USB1.1/USB2/FW framework for a product they are going to sell for &lt;$500.

However, that isn't the end of the story. The companies who develop audio interfaces implement different features into their devices and must update the driver and firmware to accommodate those features. That is where things can go wrong. Sometimes there is miss-communication about how things are coded, sometimes the developer who started a project leaves without transferring his knowledge to his successor, etc. You have to keep in mind that there are no &quot;big&quot; computer audio companies. Even the companies that seem big in the scale of the market, probably have fewer employees than you'd think.

A very well made interface that is designed from scratch from the ground up would be a very expensive device, regardless of whether it's USB, FW, PCIe or whatever.

Round-trip latency is the sum of the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
    ASIO input buffer
    ASIO output buffer
    A/D D/A converter latency
    The driver's hidden safety buffer
&lt;/pre&gt;
At a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k, Tascam units yield ~18ms total round-trip latency.

Typical USB audio interfaces use a large hidden safety buffer.
This helps ensure glitch-free playback... even under less than ideal circumstances. But... this comes at the expense of much higher round-trip latency. Short of doubling the sample-rate, there's no means of mitigating the higher round-trip latency.
If you have no plans of ever monitoring in realtime thru software based EFX/processing (ie: playing/monitoring DI bass thru an AmpSim plugin as you're playing), then this may not matter to you.
If you want the ability this play/monitor in realtime thru software based EFX/processing, make sure to get an audio interface that yields low round-trip latency.

As a point of reference the best PCI/e audio interfaces yield about 5ms total round-trip latency at a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k
The best Firewire and USB units yield 5.5-5.6ms total round-trip latency at those same settings.
Typical USB and Firewire units (that use a large hidden safety buffer) yield 12-18ms total round-trip latency at those same settings.

Anything above ~6ms starts to feel sluggish.
Anything above ~10ms feels like playing thru molasses.


USB Microphones 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media Electronics, Inc. CM108 Audio Controller Mic
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0d8c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x013c 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato WaveMic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato Wave:1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 no driver }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato Wave:3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 no driver lightweight }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;hyperx solocast 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;hyperx quadcast 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sennheiser CC510 USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis USB-Mic microphone podcasting kit 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audio-Technica AT2020 (AT202) AT4040
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audio-Technica AT2035 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer B1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Blue Microphones Snowball 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Blue Microphones Snowball iCE
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| cardioid only }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Blue Microphones Yeti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Blue Microphones Yeti Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MXL 2001A/600 Studio Microphone Pack / MXL 2003A Studio Condenser
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft LifeChat LX-3000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Namtai SingStar(TM) PS2 SCEH-0001 USBMIC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1415
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0.01
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| mono microphones }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Neumann 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Seiren X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Seiren Mini USB Condenser Microphone 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rockband USB Mic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rode NT1A VideoMic Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rode Podcaster 2 USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| RODECaster Pro usb audio compatible}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rode NT1A NT2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|  NT2 better }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Roland R-07
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samson Go Mic - Portable USB Microphone for Recording 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| mini usb r.h.s. and clip on the bottom left hand side}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samson Go Mic Clip On USB Microphone 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| switch to choose between Cardiod, Omni and -10&amp;nbsp;dB modes, a 3.5mm headphone socket and a USB socket}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samson C01U  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| cardoid only}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samson C03U 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Shure MV7 USB Podcast Microphone 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SONY PCM-D50 handy 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| one mini usb 5V, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony PCM-M10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| one mini usb out 5V, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SONY 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| one mini usb out, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SONY 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| one mini usb out, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TASCAM DR-1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008, one mini usb out, lithium battery}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-07 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009, one mini usb out, aa battery}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR05 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011, one mini usb port for file transfer and charging the AA batteries }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-40
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011  mini usb aa battery }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-07mkII
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 , one mini usb out, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-05X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-07X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-40X
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 , one micro usb 3 aa battery }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-05XP 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-07XP 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-40XP
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 , one usb-c, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam DR-100mkIII 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| , usb , }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tascam 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| , usb , }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2006 no driver, mini usb 5V }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0095
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2007 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H4n 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2009 no driver, mini usb 5V }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0120
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2010 no driver, mini usb 5V and display will alternate between USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H2n 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f press the Record. Press Record again to choose the default }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H4n PRO 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 untested, 2xlr, 5v mini usb, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 no driver, 5v mini usb, 2 xlr, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H1n-vp handy 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 no driver, mini usb 5V }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom H6studio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom Q3
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2008 untested usb a cord, no hdmi, 480p}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom Q3HD Handy Video Recorder 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2010 untested, built in usb-a cord, mini hdmi, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries, H.264 movies 480p }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom Q2HD Handy 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2012 untested, up 720p but no stablisation, mini usb cord, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom Q4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 untested, li-ion battery}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zoom Q4N 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1686
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2015 untested, li-ion battery}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audio Technica ATR4697-USB Boundary Microphone
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CAD Audio CAD USB Condenser Boundary Microphone 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;MXL AC-44 Boundary Conferencing Mic 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samson Audio SAUB1 Boundary Microphone (USB)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|}


USB Speakers 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Focal XS 2.1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


USB Headset Wired/Wireless 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Logitech Vantage Wired (came free with PS2 Socom3)
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Logitech G330 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Logitech Premium USB Stereo Headset 350
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Plantronics DSP-300 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Plantronics GameCom 777
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wireless
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Logitech G-930 Wireless
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/set-usb-wireless-earphones/ Plantronics Audio 995 Wireless RF] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| Sennheiser  Wireless
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be1e0QPIPK0 Mixers]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALESIS MULTIMIX 4 CHANNEL USB MIXER
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB FX (USB 1.0)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, 18v 500mA - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB 2.0 FX (USB 2.0)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Allen&amp;Heath MixWiz16
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Allen and Heath ZED Power 1000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb 8 xlr, usb-b out, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Allen &amp; Heath ZEDi-10
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; maybe not usb compliant, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer XENYX 302USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 5-Input Mixer/Audio Interface - 1 xlr - }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Xenyx Q502USB Mixer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 1 xlr - phanton power - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Xenyx Q802USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BEHRINGER XENYX 1204USB 8-Channel 2-Bus Mixer USB/Audio Interface Studio/Live
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} iec kettle psu lead - can develop constant background hiss over time 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer XENYX X1222USB
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver - 12-Channel Analog Mixer with USB Interface and Effects}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Depusheng HT-7 HT7USB 7 Channel Audio Mixer
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2023 cheap no driver, USB MP3 player to work, format your USB stick Fat32 as a Logical drive - not primary}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Depusheng XT7 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2025 cheap no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Depusheng DT8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2025 cheap no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Spirit soundcraft Folio FX8 with Lexicon Effects Processor
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} unusual power connector - [https://github.com/lack/soundcraft-utils usb routing] -  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Weymic Professional F7 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2022 no driver, cheap mixer with 3pin ac input (introduces noise) and 1 usb-a port}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Weymic Professional F7-Pro 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2022 no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Weymic A80 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2024 no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
|}


Mixer no hardware usb 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALTO Lynx MIX82FX Audio Mixer
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Alto L16 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer MXUL5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer MX602A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Eurorack UB502
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb 17.5V 3pin psu needed}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Eurorack UB802 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Eurorack UB1002 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Eurorack UB1202 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb 4 xlr, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Eurorack UB1602 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer RX1602 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer 802 XENYX 8-Input 2-Bus Mixer Small Format Mixer
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} Behringer 18.5V ???ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Xenyx 502 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer Xenyx 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Behringer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IMG stage Line MMX-122 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, iec cable}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie 802VLZ4 Mackie 802-VLZ4
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb , psu}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie 1202-VLZ Pro
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb, mains iec}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie Mix5 Mixer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}} 18v 300mA psu - 5 Channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie Mix8 Mixer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}} 9v x2 600mA psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mackie MIX12FX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, 9v 500mA x2 psu, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no usb}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.soundcraft.com/en/product_documents/en/owners_manual Soundcraft] Spirit Folio F1 Fader 100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} 16 Channel Mixer - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Soundcraft EPM6 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Soundcraft EPM8 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Harman Soundcraft EPM 12 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}} iec kettle power lead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Soundcraft EPM 16
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Soundcraft Notepad 8FX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Soundcraft Notepad UI12
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; connect via wifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Soundcraft Notepad UI16
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; connect via wifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Soundcraft Notepad 124FX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection, 14.8V x2 3 pin psu}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;t.mix xmix 1402fx mp usb
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection, mains iec, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no hardware usb connection}}
|-
|}


==Webcameras==

A USB camera has two dedicated chips: a controller or bridge and an image sensor.

There was no Commodore support for video interfaces. The only commercial, now discontinued application that defined some sort of standard was VHI Studio by iospirit.

===OLD standards===

See [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_supported_e.html support pages] and [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_faq_e.html here] and some [http://webcam-osx.sourceforge.net/cameras/index.php?orderBy=status further compatibility]


Pencam STV680
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| AIPTEK stv680 
| 0x0553 
| 0x0202 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Konica e-mini 
| 0x04c8 
| 0x0722 
|
| {{N/A|untested }}
|-
| DigitalDream l'espion XS 
| 0x1183 
| 0x0001 
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| [http://reviews.cnet.com/webcams/creative-webcam-go/1707-6502_7-1446174.html Creative WebCam Go mini] 
| 0x041e 
| 0x4007 
|
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
|}


SonixcamTool (Sonix webcams and derivates)

'''Note [http://amigadev.free.fr/sonix/ some] Sonix Webcams with a Sonix SN9C1xx controller ''and'' a pas106b or tas5110c1b sensor support bulk mode which works even with pciusb.device!'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Macally IceCam II
| 0x0c45
| 0x05d8
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Sweex MiniCam 100K 
| 0x0c45 
| 0x6005 
| 
| {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110c1b}}
|-
| Macally IceCam Portable 
| 0x0c45
| 0x6007
| 
| {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110d}}
|-
| Sweex 100K 
| 0x0c45 
| 0x6009 
| 0x0101
| {{yes|bulk works - sensor pas106b}}
|-
| [http://www.epinions.com/pr-Chicony_TwinkleCam_Webcam/display_~full_specs Chicony Twinkle DC-2110A] 
| 0x0c45
| 0x600d
| 
| {{no|no}}
|-
| Unknown
| 0x0c45
| 0x601e
| 
| {{no|no}}
|-
| USB PC Camera (SN9C102)
| 0x0c45 
| 0x6028
| 
| {{no|no - sn9c10x + pas202b}}
|-
| Trust SpaceC@m 120 and 150
| 0x0c45 
| 0x6029
| 
| {{N/A|untested - sensor pas106a}}
|-
| HiRes Webcam Live
| 0x0c45 
| 0x602c
| 
| {{no|no - sensor ov7630}}
|-
| [http://www.sweex.com/en/assortiment/sound-vision/webcams/JA000020 Sweex USB Webcam 300K]
| 0x0c45
| 0x608f
| 
| {{no|no - sensor ov7630}}
|-
| Speedlink Sphere Webcam SL-6820, 350K
| 0x0c45
| 0x613c
| 0x0101
| {{N/A|untested - sensor HV7131R}}
|-
| WB-3250P
| 0x0c45
| 0x613e
| 
| {{no|no - sensor ov7630}}
|-
| Unknown
| 0x0c45 
| 0x6207
| 
| {{no|no}}
|}

&lt;pre&gt;
micromaxx USB Camera 	STM 	1363 	514 	works 	---
USB Tower 	Lego 	1684 	1 	works 	need NCQ
Trust Spycam 100plus 	STM 	1363 	514 	works
&lt;/pre&gt;


ov51x.class - no driver
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| D-Link VGA Webcam (640x480) 
| 0x05a9
| 0x8519
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Sony PS2 EyeToy Logitech/Logicool Black (ov519) SCEH-0004 
| 0x054c
| 0x0154
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Sony PS2 EyeToy Namtai Silver (ov519) SLEH-00031 SLEH-00030
| 0x054c
| 0x0155
| 
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
|}


===UVC.class - [https://www.usb.org/document-library/video-class-v15-document-set USB Device Class Definition for Video Devices or USB Video Class]===

 AROS needs realtime isochronous transfers in EHCI and XHCI, then a usb uvc.class which might create a virtual UVC.VHI type device driver for use by AROS apps 

since 2019 the market is filled with UVC Compliant USB HDMI Capture

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Acasis 4K30 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Acasis 4K60 HD VS009
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|4k 60hz ok for chat streams}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Acasis 4K60 HDMI HDR Game Live Video Capture
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| for chat streams }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AJA U-tap HDMI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ASUS TUF CU4K30 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATEN CAMLIVE HDMI to USB-C UVC Video Capture adapter UC3020 HDMI (F) TO USB-C M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 possibly UVC and UAC standard support allows up to 1080P @ 60}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avermedia Live Streamer Cap 4K - BU113 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 uvc usb3}}  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia GC515 video capturing device 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra GC553
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra S GC553PROW 302AGC553DL2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1553
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 powered by good quality type C USB3 cable and 4K HDMI 2.0 cable}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVermedia Live Gamer Mini GC311 302AGC311DG9 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1311
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 uvc compliant up to 1080p 60fps capture and supports internal hardware H.264 encoding }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Ez Recorder 330 (ER330) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 designed to work independently and is generally not compatible as a plug-and-play UVC capture card }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Gamer extreme3 GC551G2 (LGX3) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3551
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 uvc compliant for intensive gaming streams, some vrr but no hdr with maximum recording resolution of 4K30/1080p60 from fully wired usb3 compatible cable - passing through 4K60/1080p120 Game Capture video capturing device HDMI}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra Pro GC553Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 usb3 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra 2.1 GC553G2 61GC553G20BV video capturing device 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia GC575
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVMatrix 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ClonerAlliance Flint 4KP Plus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DIGITNOW U600 video capture card 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 uvc uac  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epiphan AV.io HD
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Epiphan AV.io 4K 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato Cam Link 4K 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0FD9
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/elgatosf/capture-device-support Elgato HD60 S+]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0FD9
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x006C, 0x006E
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 4K 30FPS capture, 1080p 60FPS uvc}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato HD60 X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0FD9
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato Cam Link 4K HDMI video capture card 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0FD9
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 uvc compliant but can have usb disconnects}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EVGA XR1 USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EVGA XR1 lite USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 USB 3.0 device }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EVGA XR1 Pro USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EZcap Game Link Raw - ezcap321 usb3.1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 2160p30, 1080p120 and 1440p60 HDMI input and pass-through. - 1080p120, 2160p30 and 1440p60 recording. - Latency less than 50ms uvc}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EZCap GameDock Ultra 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 record at 4K30, 1440p60, and 1080p120}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EZcap 360 Game Capture Extreme 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023 USB 3.0, 4K 60FPS passthru and 1080p 240FPS}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;EZCAP 364 GameDock Extreme 2.1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Genki ShadowCast 1 &amp; 2, the Pro version 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HAUPPAUGE HD PVR Pro 60 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021  4K in/Out 1080P 60fps Capture and Streaming PC Connected and Stand Alone }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kondor Blue 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nanjing Magewell Electronics Co ltd USB 3.0 XI100DUSB-HDMI Pro Capture 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magewell USB3.0 Silver HDMI Full HD Video Capture Device 1080p 32011 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 usb audio extract HDMI embedded audio output via headphones}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magewell USB capture HDMI PLUS 2K 32040 320400000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2014 captures video up to 1920×1200, 1920×1080 or 2048×1080 at 60 fps over an HDMI capture from devices such as game consoles in up to DCI 4Kp60 4:2:0 input resolution, and it automatically upscales/downscales the signal to 2K for recording or streaming}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magewell USB capture HDMI Gen2 32060 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2015 1080p gets hot, 165M HDMI receiver, max input 2048x1080 60fps 4:4:4, RGB/YUV 4:4:4 8/10/12-bit, YUY 4:2:2 12-bit, up to 8-channel 24-bit HDMI-embedded audio at 192kHz, HDMI 1.4a, output from 480p to 1080p, YUY2/UYVY/RGB24/RGB32 support video cropping, up/down scaling, de-interlacing, aspect ratio conversion, color format conversion, frame rate conversion, flip and mirror, up to 2-channel IEC60958 audio streams, 5V 0.5A 2.5W, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magewell USB Capture 4K Plus 32090 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 limited by the bandwidth of USB 3.0, the maximum frame rate can only reach 30 fps when capturing}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magewell USB Capture 4K PRO
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magewell Pro Convert IP to USB 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|Captures one network eth NDI® High Bandwidth, NDI® HX2, NDI® HX3 sources or H.264/H.265 video source into software at resolutions up to 1080p60}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Magewell USB Fusion 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|versatile USB video capture device that allows users to switch between two HDMI inputs and one USB webcam input for live presentations}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ROLAND UVC-01 USB Video Capture
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2020  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc. MiraBox HSV321 ARX321 Video Capture device 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;ox1bcf
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x2c99
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 uvc uac  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;UGREEN CM716 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| uvc uac but disable HDCP on your source device (PS4/PS5, Xbox) }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VisionTek UVC HD60 Capture Card
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Acer Aspire Crystal Eye AOA110 AOA150 0.3M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2008 webcam }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Streamer CAM 313 (PW313) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2019 uvc 1080p/30 webcam}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Streamer DUO 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2021 uvc 1080p/60 webcam}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/webcams/creative-live-cam-optia-af-review-49294183/ Creative Live Cam Optia AF] 2.0M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{no|2008 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DSLR macro extensions + a cheap 50mm E-Series lens + some PVC tubing and a negative holder 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes| if uvc camera chosen}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DSLR scanning using a macro lens, for the adapter, for a 3d printed negative holder) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{yes| if uvc camera used }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech C270 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x046d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0825
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|720p }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech C910 C920 HD Pro 5Megapixels 720p 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech C920s c922 HD Pro 5Megapixels 1080p 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Brio 100 300 500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|}} 1080p 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech MX Brio 4k 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|4k}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft's LifeCam HD-3000 HD-5000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x045e
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x0779
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;1.06
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft LifeCam Cinema 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft LifeCam Studio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}} sony imx179 1080p 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}} 1/2.8” Sony IMX291 image sensor, it's a 2MP, UVC-compliant, ultra-wide-angle, low light, high-speed USB 2.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}} OV5648 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;razer kiyo 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}} 4 megapixel sensor 1080p 30fps 720p 60fps - 12 led ring light adjustable 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TeckNet C068 1.3mpixel HTD USB2.0 Camera Vimicro Z-Star Corp 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0AC8
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x3420 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x01FA
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;YEALINK(XIAMEN) NETWORK UVC50 is compatible with the UVC 1.1 protocol CP960-UVC50 and CP960-UVC80 kits PTZ, CP960-UVC30 Kit is UVC 1.5 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID 
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Amcrest ProHD 1080P WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera - 1080P (1920TVL), [https://www.ispyconnect.com/man.aspx%3Fn%3DAmcrest IP2M-841] nvr 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}} h264/rtsp, motion detection, features Sony image sensor and Ambarella processor - rtsp://[username]:[password]@[IPaddress]:[port]/cam/realmonitor?channel=[channel]&amp;subtype=[stream] - [username] - username to login to the DVR or NVR, [password] - password, [IPaddress] - IP address of the device. If you are not on the same local network, this should be the external IP address of the device's network, [port] - port number, [channel] - channel number of the stream, [stream] - view the Main or Sub stream. (main stream is 0, sub stream is 1) , eg. rtsp://admin:admin@192.108.1.108:80/cam/realmonitor?channel=1&amp;subtype=1 - utilizing RTSP ( rtsp://user:pass@ipcam1 )  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Axis all modern ones 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg or MJPEG over HTTP
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;PTZ 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DLink DCS-5222 5222L network camera 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}} camera streams H.264 over RTP controlled by RTSP 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Dlink DCS900 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wansview 1080p [http://marc.merlins.org/perso/linuxha/post_2013-11-10_Reviewing-IP-Webcams-for-Linux-and-Zoneminder_Dlink-DCS900_-Ubnt-Aircam_-Foscam-FI8904W-FI8910W_-FFI9820W_-FI9821W_-Wansview-NCB541W_-and-Zavio-F3210.html#NCM625GA NCM625GA] IP Camera WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera , Full HD Plug n Play Home Surveillance / Baby Monitor 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg - play its HD stream without problem with vlc rtsp://ip/live/ch0 and getting  jpegs http://ipaddr/mjpeg/snap.cgi?chn=0 - methods involve transcoding h.264 video from the camera into jpeg's, which is cpu intensive - able to pull images manually, using http://username:password@ip/mjpeg/snap.cgi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wansview NCB541W
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|}}
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avermedia Game Capture HD C281 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2011 standalone h.264 recording of up to component cable not hdmi but not uvc}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avermedia GL310 Live Gamer Portable (LGP Lite)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2014 not working usb2 and USB Lite no uvc}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avermedia AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable ([https://github.com/Trouffman/octv_gears_lgp Model C875])  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2014 usb2 no uvc}}   
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia LGX Live Gamer extreme GC550
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2015 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia LGX2 Live Gamer extreme2 gc550 plus gc551 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2017 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avermedia ExtremeCap UVC - BU110 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2017 maybe not uvc and uac}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable 2 Plus GC513 Micro-USB Capture Box LGP2 Plus
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x07ca
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1513
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2017 powered by a standard Micro-USB cable, video capture output up to 1080p60 capture to hdmi in, standalone sd card recording on exFAT or FAT32 of .MOV, 2160p pass-through hdmi out to tv - no vrr - [https://www.avermedia.com/uk/support/download#ans_part firmware latest 2.1.7.13, 2.1.7.14], SN74AVC8T245 8bit, DRV604 stereo, iTE IT6663FN hdmi 2.0 splitter, TLV320DAC3101 DAC, CS42L73 audio codec, CDCE913 PLL clock, W29N01HVSINA nand bios, I-Catch V35MA SOC CPU 32bit MIPS24K, ADV7480 hdmi mhl, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AVerMedia Live Gamer 4K LG4K GC573 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2018 not uvc but [https://github.com/derrod/lg4k-linux drivers here], }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Blackmagic intensity Extreme Capture Card
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2011 not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;BlackMagic Intensity Pro 4k 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2015 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato Video Capture (1VC108601000)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato Game Capture HD60 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato Game Capture HD GCHD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc https://github.com/tolga9009/elgato-gchd needs firmware mb86h57_h58_idle.bin and mb86h57_h58_enc_h.bin}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elgato HD60S Elgato Game Capture 4K60 S+ Video Capture 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|non uvc, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;August EZCap.tv model 116 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }} poor audio recording 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;E-SDS Diamond Maplin 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hauppauge 1212 HD PVR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2040
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }} analog and component only - PlayStation (.m2ts), AVCHD (ts), or XBox(.mp4) recording formats - switched the component output from the default YPbPr to RGB. 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hauppauge 1431 1445 HD PVR Gaming Edition HDMI Capture 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2040
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2014 not working, can get warm}}  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hauppauge HD Rocket 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2040
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hauppauge HD-PVR2 (model 145210 Rev E4) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2040
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0xE502
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hauppauge 1480 1482 HD PVR 2 GE Gaming Edition HDMI Capture green LED - 1498 1503 1504 Plus version with Mac support 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2040 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0xe514 0xe524
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| can get warm - [https://ez.analog.com/video/w/documents/581/adv7482-design-support-files ADV7482] [https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9201075/ video chip] with Magnum DXT H.264 encoder blob, IDR keyframe generation poor - best for model 157210 and not 157221 and Game Edition Plus (model 157320) 2040:E505 E505-00-00AF1234 [http://www.hauppauge.com/site/support/linux.html#tabs-3 ]}} 
* HDMI: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480i, 720x576i, 640x480p60.
* Component: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60*, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480p60, 720x480i, 720x576i.
* Composite: 720x480i and 720x576i 
* Audio Inputs : HDMI PCM and RCA support with Adjustable Bitrate Quality 2 Channel AAC/AC3 audio codec 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hauppauge 1512 HD PVR 2 PC blue LED with optical in input on the back 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2040
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0xe525
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }} can get quite warm - IR Blaster added - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hauppauge Colossus2 E585-00-00AF4321 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2040
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0xe585
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Ion SLIDES2PC 35mm Portable Slide &amp; Film Scanner 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Ion Pics 2 PC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ION PowerScan USB film and slide scanner
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2011 not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Koolertron Sunny 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;FilmScan35 35mm Film Negative Scanner 1304 marks spencer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;U3 HD Capture 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Ripsaw HD - Game Capture 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc}} put in usb2 slot and use video BGR3 (Emulated) and OpenRazer drivers 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Razer Ripsaw HD USB HDMI Capture Card 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1532
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0d01
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no| not uvc compliant}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Silvercrest 35mm Photo Slide Scanner 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc but not great quality}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Traveler TV 6500 SF Dia-scanner
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0ac8
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3370
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2010 not uvc and poor scans}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| not uvc }}
|-
|}


=== AR VR XR Headset ===

 AROS needs realtime isochronous transfers in EHCI and XHCI, then an usb based uvc.class to vhi type driver for virtual display and maybe more 

The primary engineering challenge of VR is motion sickness caused by a mismatch of visual and inner ear information, which is extremely well established as causing people to throw up in a wide range of contexts outside of VR. The experiences that make some people sick are low framerate. Foveated rendering doesn't solve vergence accommodation. Your eye will still be focused at infinity regardless of where you are looking, you'll just have the illusion that the foreground or background are out of focus. Eye tracking plus dynamic lenses (perhaps liquid lenses) or real light fields are necessary. 

First start with apps that have simple static features at first, then advance to dioramasa and teleportation options for 10, 20 minutes and then gradually upgrade over a timespan of four weeks to train your brain. Avoid smooth motion stuff like rollercoaster or mountain heights until much later. Even with this preparation, VR makes 40% of people seasick nausea. If so, you may be able to use VR glasses just to watch videos and some slow moving apps [https://www.emuvr.net/ emuVR] instead.

*2014-2019 1st Gen, low resolution, 
*2020-2025 2nd Gen, higher resolution, 
*2026-

Most hardware typically has a 1-3 year retail lifespan with 1-3 years of updates after. Really need &quot;right&quot; tethered PCVR rather than wireless. 
The advantage to being tethered to a PC is processing power. Any standalone headset is going to be running purely off of batteries.

VR and AR are known as XR

Technology will get immersed enough so not making people sick. Higher resolution, faster frame rates, and [https://github.com/opentrack/opentrack better tracking]. 
Eventually, hyper reality brings VR, AR and MR digital layers together as a less chaotic, optic tracking with no delay, agents understanding, experiences with objects 

3Dgs 4Dgs gassian splats bullet time slice photo snaps .ply for WebXR 

[https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/hardware/ ], 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Big Screen Beyond 1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023 pcvr 2560 x 2560, fixed IPD,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;bigscreen Beyond 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 @75Hz 2688x2688 @90Hz over pancake lenses, 116 FOV, virtual screens, custom facial plate from iphone app, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, no passthrough, 107g-196g, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;bigscreen Beyond 2e 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 total up to 90Hz pancake lens 116 FOV adjustable IPD app needed for adjustment, eye tracking, custom face mask cushion, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, seperate head strap and speaker modules extra costs, 110g-300g }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Dpvr P1 Pro 4k Ultra Vr Headset 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 wireless snapdragon, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;DPVR P2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Play for Dream MR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 android modular 3840x3552 uoled per eye 90Hz or qled mura issues, Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, eye tracking and 11 cameras 7 sensors 22 ir leds 14ms latency and foveated rendering, 1.5hrs battery, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Play for Dream GravityXR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 ultralight head gear gx100 3w }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/community/ Valve Index HMD] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 tethered PC VR headset 1440 x 1600 120Hz, 108° and 104° FOV, fresnel lenses, SteamVR2 compatible tracking ir basestations, controllers aka Knuckles, dp 1.2 and usb3 cable proprietary cable end, no battery, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Valve Steam Frame (Valve Deckard / Valve’s Index 2) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 - 2160 x 2160 up to 144Hz pancake lens, 108° and 96° FOV, wifi 6 fovelated streaming, Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 with [https://github.com/FEX-Emu/FEX fex] arm-to-x86 x64 translation layer, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony PSVR2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|2023 PCVR with adapter, two, one for each eye, 2000 x 2040 resolution OLED panels from 90Hz 120Hz refresh rates,  fresnel lenses, 116° and 102° FOV, sony proprietary headset cable end, needs additional comfort options, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VisionPro
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Goertek glasses 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive ?
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| 2016 2x 1080x1200 needs external power supply, }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive Original 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2016 108° and 96° FOV}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2016 , uvc, at least 2 powered steamvr basestations so 3 to 5 wall warts in total, proprietary cable end, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive Pro 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2017 dual 1440x1600 oled displays, 116° and 100° FOV - steamvr 2.0 basestation 2 for 5m2 area 4 for 10m2 - steamvr 2.0 joypads - low latency wireless later - type USB-c headphone adapter required, [https://github.com/CertainLach/VivePro2-Linux-Driver Rust on Linux] with [https://github.com/santeri3700/vive-pro-2-on-linux Shell], proprietary cable end, }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lynx R1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023 android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lynx R2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2026 company liquidated, 2 x 2312x2160 110 FOV pancake lenses, LynxOS android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen, openxr 1.1, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://www.virtual-boy.com/forums/t/the-oculus-rift-dk1-thread/ DK1] with [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_T4DJyy2Bo wired razer hydra controllers]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2013 pcvr LCD 1280 × 800 resolution 640 × 800 per eye up to 110° FOV, and 3DoF rotational tracking via a 1000Hz 9-axis IMU (Accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer), no positional optical tracking either inside-out or outside-in, 380g, nausea issues, , }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://github.com/facebookarchive/RiftDK2/tree/master DK2], [https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Oculus+Rift+Development+Kit+2+Teardown/27613 ifixit teardown] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2014 pcvr, 5.7&quot; Super AMOLED display with a resolution of 960 x 1080 per eye 100° field of view, 1 usb Positional Tracker DK2 camera, lots of wires}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Facebook [https://github.com/thaytan/OpenHMD/tree/rift-kalman-filter Oculus Rift CV1] [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] [] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/issues/330 AMD usb issues] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/wiki/Xorg ] [https://github.com/Doc-Ok/OculusRiftCV1Camera Live Video] [https://www.youtube.com/@thaytan Youtube] [https://github.com/Fredrum/riftOnLinux Pi] [https://github.com/OhioIon/riftDriverPi ], but not quite there with the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSsCN6HFkWc consumer CV1], [https://forum.dcs.world/topic/142259-cv1-not-working-in-dcs/#comment-2878168 orange led could be HDMI Signal is not within HDMI Spec and might be Overclocked or usb3 not getting enough power frustrating],  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3031, 0x2031, 0x0031 and 0x0211 for 3p-a basestations lighthouses, 0x045e 0x02e6 for xbox wireless adapter 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2016 powered run from your PC maybe uvc via wired dual PenTile OLED 2160x1200 (1080x1200 per eye) @ exactly 90Hz but screen door effect (space between pixels), 87 FOV, IPD from 58mm to 72mm, good 3D audio and okay mic, constellation headset 6DOF (3-axis rotational tracking + 3-axis positional tracking) with up to 3 usb infrared basestation (1 in front and 2 behind pointing upwards) on usb3 and usb2 to your PC but the tracking can be fragile so set it up on a weekly basis, wired only HDMI 1.3, USB 3.0 bus powered with proprietary plug in headset, 470g 1lb front heavy, 2 robust 1st Gen touch controllers with external sensors i.e. outside-in - 1 aa alkaline over rechargable battery each , press occulus and B buttons for 2 secs to connect, headset traps air so gets very warm inside and random disconnects due to twisting action on the top of the headset and/or cables, t4 torx screws }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Facebook Occulus Go 32Gb 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2018 discontinued 2020 android based, 1280x1440 per eye 60Hz LCD, not gaming, no inside-out and limited self tracking, }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Facebook Oculus Rift S [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0051 headset (cdc, audio, tracking data), 0x2052 usb hub, 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2019 PCVR wired dual LCD 1080 by 1200, 88 horizontal FOV, display port (fibre optic strands) and annoying USB3 copper cables (power, audio and other data) but proprietary port in the headset, cameras on the headset (&quot;inside-out&quot;) tracking so no base stations, non removeable head band and cushions and ipd hard to set, requires specific fragile Rift S/Quest1 2nd Gen Touch controllers which has a ring of translucent plastic with leds inside - t5 torx to disassemble for sticks drifting}} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Facebook Occulus Quest 1 
*032Gb
*064Gb
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0183 (single adb boot), 0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2019 android standalone wireless, 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, front heavy though, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, low clocked Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 (MSM8998) (4x Kryo 280 Gold cores ARM Cortex-A73) + (4x Kryo 280 Silver A53), 2 to 3 hrs play time, 575g, 2nd Gen touch controllers, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Meta Oculus Quest 2 KW49CM aka Codename Del Mar [https://www.meta.com/en-gb/help/quest/967070027432609/ fragile 3rd Gen Touch controllers] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cgejky8ZeoM internal battery] and selling over 20 million, more than all other quest headsets combined 
*064Gb 
*128Gb (110Gb free) 
*256Gb 
Setup continuous wifi, create Meta Oculus account, [https://developers.meta.com/horizon/ verify dev account, click on My apps], [ create Organization -&gt; My Organization Groupings], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPInS5xxF-0 finally, meta quest mobile app to switch on adb], 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x5010 (), 0x0083 (massstorage), 0x0086 (), 0x0186 (adb and xrsp [https://github.com/shinyquagsire23/xrsp_tests tests]), 0x0090 (composite adb), 0x0081 (), 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0419
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 android stand alone, lcd 1832x1920 per-eye 90Hz refresh rate, 97 FOV, fresnel lenses, 6DOF (degrees of freedom), 58-63-68 IPD settings, low clocked Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 1 apps with Meta Link cable USB-C usb3.2 pcvr maybe, b/w but no color passthrough, 6 t2 torx and 5 ph00 screws in headset (long bit), discontinued December 31, 2024, feature updates until December 2026, critical bug fixes and security updates until December 2027, 470g, Oculus + B button on right controller (move) and Menu + Y button on left controller (click) for about 3 seconds, 10W 5v 2a, RTL8153 chipset usb support, 
*V60 unable to 
*V77 pcvr issues 
*V79 unable to }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Facebook Occulus Quest Pro aka Codename Seacliffe 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2022 android standalone wireless 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, 106° and 96° FOV mini lcd local dimming, pancake lenses, limited eye tracking, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, higher clocked snapdragon xr2 gen 1 arm cpu Arm apps, 1 to 2 hrs play time, new pro controllers with 3 cameras each, battery at rear, wireless charging, color passthrough, 9V 3A or 5V 3A, 
*v77 capped wifi }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Meta Oculus Quest 3 aka Codename Eureka [ Air Light ALVR] or [ WiVRn] with fragile touch plus q3 controllers 
*128Gb
*512Gb
streaming from PC with [https://github.com/alvr-org/Monado-ALVR ALVR], runtime of [https://monado.freedesktop.org/ Monado steamvr alternative openxr openVR], with Envision GUI, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023 standalone, pancake lenses on lcd 2064 x 2208 res panel per eye 1200ppi - 104° and 96° FOV - up to 120Hz, Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 apps,  foveated rendering, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, headstrap clamshell or halo style, speaker arms fragile, color passthrough, 510g, 18W 9v 2A or 15W 5V 3A, 
*v74 ok }}
*v76 pcvr issues }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Meta Quest 3S aka Codename Ventura 
*128Gb
*256Gb
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 cpu, lcd 1832 x 1920 fresnel lenses, 97 FOV, headphone arms fragile, better air flow, no promixity sensor inside, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, passthrough, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Meta Boba 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2027 ultra-wide 180° x 120° FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Meta Tiramisu 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x2833
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2027  µOLED displays with 90 pixels per degree,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pimax 5K Super Plus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pimax 8K
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2020  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pimax 8K-X 8KX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pimax Crystal Light 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 2160 x 2160 4k 120Hz, 115° and 96° FOV, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, variable qc and customer service, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pimax Crystal Super 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 3640 x 3640 4k 90hz, 116°+ and 100° FOV,  eye tracking, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pimax Dream Air with Lighthouse(s)  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 tethered 3840 by 3552 @90Hz micro oled with pancake lens, 100 HFOV 96 VFOV but FOV IPD changes in app, link box for headset 2 split y cables, removable face gasket, 290g, steamVR2 bases and controllers, eye tracking, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pimax Dream Air SLAM 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026  Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) tracking inside-out so no base stations,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://somniumspace.com/ Somnium VR One VR1] [https://portal.vrgineers.com/user-guide/software/ open source] VR headset
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 pcvr 2880 x 2880 per eye @90 @120Hz, 125° horizontal 100° vertical FOV, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 bases, passthrough, 900g }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Varjo Aero VR-1 Headset 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 psu needed, 2 x Mini LED binocular of 150 nits, 2880x2720 per, 90Hz, FOV 102° horizontal, 73° vertical, 720g with headstrap, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 basestations, no speakers/mic, hdmi and usb3.0}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Varjo Aero XR-3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Varjo Aero XR-4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Camelo La Melaza Music Shield 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2026 no usb only bluetooth ,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;InAir 2 elite suite 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 ar  nits 46FOV , , 4h battery life, 80g, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Oakley Vanguard 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RayNeo Air 3s 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 AR 100in 46FOV 650nits, usb-c 79g  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RayNeo Air 3S Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 AR 135in virtual display 46FOV 1200nits, usb-c 80g }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RayNeo Air 4 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 AR oled vision 4000 processing, HDR10, 47 FOV }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rokid Max 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 ar 147in 50 FOV 650nits, usb-c back left, 76g, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rokid AI Spatial with Station 2 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 AR 600nits 147in 50FOV  75g, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Rokid 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| ar ai smart glass}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Viture Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 135in 46 FOV 1000nits, magnetic connector, 77g, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VITURE XR Luma 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 ar 147in 1200p 50 FOV, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Viture Luma Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 152in 52 FOV 1000nits 1200p, 3dof, , 79g, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Viture Luma Ultra 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 in  FOV, 2 cameras, 3dof 6dof,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/wheaney/XRLinuxDriver Viture Luma Pro] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Viture Beast 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 ar 1250nits 58FOV 174in, magnetic,  88g,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VITURE Beast X Glasses models (Immersive 3D Moonlight) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 based 2D to 3D conversion with support DP Alt Mode (DisplayPort over USB-C), 1200p, 3df tracking, practic lenses 58deg POV, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xreal One 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 ar 600nits, 50FOV, 3dof, usb-c 84g,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;XReal One Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 ar 700nits 57FOV 171in, usb-c, x1 3dof, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nreal now Xreal Air 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 , micro-oled 1080p, audio, virtual uvc ar displays, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nreal now Xreal Real3D 1S 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 AI based 2D to 3D conversion 57 FOV, , virtual uvc ar displays not vr, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xiami XR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Xtal 8k
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Apple Vision Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2022 tethered AR mixed reality glasses,   3300ppi, 800g, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Google XR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive Focus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 standalone }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive Focus Plus 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 android with 2 1440 x 1600 75Hz amoled, inside-out, durable motion controllers, Vive port,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive Pro EYE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2019 dual-OLED displays 2880 x 1600 combined resolution), SteamVR 2.0 tracking, foveated rendering, Tobii, it enables gaze-based menu navigation with avatar eye contact, proprietary cables, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vibe Cosmos 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2018  poor tracking and lifespan on controllers,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vibe Cosmos Elite 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2020 1440x1700 per eye resolution, 90 Hz refresh rate, 6 DoF tracking, 2880 x 1700 combined pixel resolution, 97° FoV, two controllers and two base stations. Lighthouse tracking, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive Focus Vision Wired 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive Focus 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2021 per-eye resolution of 2448×2448 at 90 Hz, a 120-degree field of view, Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HTC Vive XR Elite VR Headset Deluxe Pack 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2022 snapdragon xr2 gen 1, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pico Goblin 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2017 android based, 2.5K 1280x1440 per eye @70Hz, 92° FoV, and 3DoF (three degrees of freedom) tracking (Orientation tracking only—yaw, pitch, roll), single controller, snapdragon 820, ipd adjustment 54-71 mm, 600g,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico G2 4K
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2020 android standalone VR headset, 3840 x 2160 (4K) LCD screen, Snapdragon 835 processor, 3DoF so rotational movement (looking around, pointing) rather than positional movement (walking, leaning), does not support hand or eye tracking, 800g }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico NEO 2 EYE
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2020 6DoF 360g snapdragon 845 display 4k 75Hz tracking inside-out - magnetic field for controllers - pico software on android 8 - eye tracking }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico Neo 3 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 Snapdragon XR2 Gen, 4K 3664 x 1920 90Hz lcd, battery at rear, displayport, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Pro 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Link 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico 4 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023 2160x2160 panel per eye 75Hz 90Hz 105 FOV, Arm snapdragon xr gen 1, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico 4 ultra 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2023 2160 x 2160 @90 105 FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, streaming from PC with alvr, wireless streaming from PC with WiVRn, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, not plug and play, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico 5 aka Project Swan aka Vision Pro Competitor 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 micro-oled BOE 3840 x 3840 4000ppi per eye, MLA pancake lenses, custom pico arm cpu, pico os 6 android, eye and hand tracking, 300g,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ByteDance Pico  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung Galaxy XR VR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 3552 x 3840 @60-90 109 FOV , Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Shiftall MeganeX 8K 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2024 android  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8k MeganeX Superlight 8K] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 android (3552 x 3840 pixels) into pixel count yields 27.27MP 10-bit HDR-compatible 4K resolution micro OLED panels @90Hz, pancake lenses 94 FOV, SteamVR™ tracking, 180g, 5V 2A, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8kmk2 MeganeX 8K Mk2 MkII] [https://github.com/sboys3/CustomHeadsetOpenVR community] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 pcvr linux, 4K per eye (1.35inch micro OLED 3552x3840 10 bit HDR) 27MP @90Hz 75Hz 72Hz pancake, upto 108 hor 100 vert FOV, usb-c and dp cables to breakout box, 5V 2.1A, 200g}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Shiftall 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2026 }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Shiftall 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Acer Windows(TM) MR AH101 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 Dual 2.89” LCD panels 2880 x 1440 combined (1440 x 1440 per eye) Up to 90Hz (HDMI 2.0), or 60Hz (HDMI 1.4), Field of View FOV 95, Tracking Inside-out, lots of light leak, }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Acer H7001 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2017 wmr 1440 x 1440 per-eye resolution @90Hz refresh rate, and 100-degree field of view FOV, inside-out tracking with front-mounted cameras so no external sensors, flip-up visor design but has a &quot;screen door effect,&quot; subpar foam padding, win10 to win11 24H2,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Dell Visor Mixed Reality VRP100 VR118
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2017 2x 1440x1440 a bit of nose light leak }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2017 cheap and lots of light leak }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/HadesVR HadesVR] with [https://github.com/ManoloMancelli/Persephone-Classic-Controller Persephone Controller]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFaVjB1uNOM Persephone 3 Pro DiY 6Dof SteamVR Headset], 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP Reverb G1 VR1000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 WMR 2160 x 2160 @90Hz, 115 FOV, , hp proprietary headset cable end, 2 camera tracking but poor and controllers can be unresponsive, 500g front heavy, flight sims rather than gaming,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP 1440p Spatial Computing 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 dim display }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://forums.x-plane.org/forums/topic/294764-vr-in-linux-without-steam/ HP Reverb G2] WMR VR3000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2020 2 2160 x 2160 90Hz, needs Windows10 or Win 11 24H2, 4 camera tracking, controllers can be unresponsive, hp proprietary headset cable end, , }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HP 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mirage Solo is a Standalone VR headset
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 Qualcomm Snapdragon 835, 1280x1440 per eye resolution, 75 Hz refresh rate, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lenovo Explorer VR2511N (G0A2) VR windows mixed reality (WMR) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 LCD 2.89&quot; 1440 x 1440 per eye @90Hz, 6 DOF position tracking, 400g, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[https://github.com/relativty/relativty open source relativty] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung MHD Odyssey XE800ZAA WMR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2018 9V 500mA oled screens 2x 1440x1600 with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung MHD Odyssey+ Plus WMR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2019 dual 3.5-inch AMOLED displays 2880 x 1600 total @90Hz, 6DOF inside-out tracking with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required, use only win10 or win11 24H2,  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony PSVR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2016 2x 1080x960 up to 120Hz, lots of cables and computation brick, sony camera needed for tracking, ps4 or move controllers, }} 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Virtuality 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|1992 , , Amiga 3000 with TI chips, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Virtuix Omni 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2013 VR treadmill changed course to commercial VR and pivotted back again 2020, }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


=== HDMI CEC transmitter and receiver ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


=== TV Remote Control MCE IR transmitter and receiver ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Compro K100 K300
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|need extra software support}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elitegroup Computer Systems
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1019
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0f38
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMYLE MCE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{Maybe|acts as usb-hid with limited keyboard like controls }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hauppauge WinTV-PVR kit
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Logitech Harmony 300 i300 600 650 800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|need extra software support}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft MCE Commander 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|2005 need extra software support}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft 1039 rev 1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2005 home top of square shape direction keys}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft 1039 rev 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2006 home under circle spaced direction keys}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Microsoft 1069 SMK Manufacturing, Inc
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0609
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0334 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2007 untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Philips RC1974506/00 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0471
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0815
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony RM-MCE10E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AR21M VGX-XL100 VGN-AR21B/AR21S 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony RM-MCE20E PC REMOTE CONTROL
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony RM-MCE30E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AW21XY VGX-TP3E VGX-TP3G 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sony RM-MCE50E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGC-LA2R 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;TSDX-IR14 USB MCE Media Center External Infrared IR Receiver
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;chipsets support CIR (consumer IR) Winbond W83977F/AF, SMC IrCC 2.0 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|technical reasons it's not possible to use USB IrDA dongles}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zotac RC2604323/01G Zbox Media Remote Control with IR USB Receiver OVU710
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Anycubic Cobra 2 Max 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bambu Labs A1 Mini 3D printer 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{No|2019 EMS proprietary slicer app and cloud use, eSUN}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bambu Labs X1 Carbon 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2022  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Bambu Labs X2D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creality K1
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creality K2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creality 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Elegoo 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Lulzbot 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Prusa 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Qidi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Snapmaker U1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk|2025 tool changer  }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Sovol SV08 Max
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| open source voron model, }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;desktop pick and place machines AFARCO PNP running OpenPnP for Desktop SMT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|}


==ethwrap.class - Host Data Link &quot;Cable Bridge&quot; for data transfer==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Advance USBNET (eTEK design)
| 0x0525
| 0x9901
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| ALi Uli M5632 (chip)
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Aten (Ali Corporation) UN201
| 0x0402
| 0x5632
| 
| {{maybe|force binding from rawwarp to ethwrap}}
|-
| Belkin (eTek design see below)
| 0x050d
| 0x0004
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Digitus DN-3004 - USB Host Link
| 
| 
| 
| {{yes|works}}
|-
| EPSON USB client
| 0x0525
| 0x2888
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| eTEK
| 0x056c
| 0x8100
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| KC-190
| 0x050f
| 0x0190
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| GeneSys GL620USB
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no driver the half-duplex GL620USB is NOT supported, products using it include the Inland Pro USB Quick Link}}
|-
| GeneSys GL620USB-A
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Laplink Gold (uses NetChip 1080)
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Prolific 2301/2302 (Jaton USB ConNET) (BAFO DirectLinq) 
| 0x067b
| 0x0000 and 0x0001
| 0x0004
| {{maybe|detected but untested}}
|-
| Xircom PGUNET (uses AnchorChips 2720)
| 0x0547
| 0x2727
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
|}

==cdcacm.class - USB modem==

The CDC ACM driver exposes the USB modem as a virtual serial modem or a virtual COM port to the operating system. The driver enables sending both data and AT commands, either through ACM (separating data and AT commands over different channels) or through Serial Emulation (passing the AT commands as is and as part of the data stream).

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Alcatel OT-I650 
| 0x1bbb
| 0x0003
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Acatel Dymamode/Dynamite
| 0x06b9
| 0xa5a5
| 
| {{N/A|untested Zyxel Prestige 630-13 - untested PROLiNK Hurricane 8000 external link }}
|-
| AnyData ADU-100A ADU-E100A ADU-E100D ADU-E100H D10
| 0x16d5
| 0x6501
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| AnyData ADU-310
| 0x16d5
| 0x650
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| AnyData ADU-500A ADU-510A ADU-510L ADU-520A
| 0x16d5
| 0x6502
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| AnyData ADU-610 ADU-620
| 0x16d5
| 0x650
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| BT On-Air USB MODEM 
| 0x079b
| 0x000f
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Conexant USB MODEM CX93010 
| 0x0572
| 0x1321
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Conexant USB MODEM RD02-D400 
| 0x0572
| 0x1324
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Conexant Chipset 
| 0x06ea
| 0x0002
| 
| {{N/A|untested AUS N367 Roadster II 56 USB (Model AM5050R3) - untested }}
|-
| [http://accessrunner.sourceforge.net/ Conexant AccessRunner]
| 0x0586
| 0x330a
| 
| {{N/A|untested }}
|-
| Creative Modem Blaster USB DE5670
| 0x1690
| 0x0101
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| FIREFLY, MediaTek Inc
| 0x0e8d
| 0x0003
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Huawei E122
| 0x12d1
| 0x1446
| 
| {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=49126#forumpost49126]
|-
| Huawei E160, E160E, E160G
| 0x12d1
| 0x1003
| 
|{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=51888#forumpost51888] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6246)
|-
| Huawei E169 also known as Vodafone K3715 and Huawei K3715 
| 0x12d1
| 0x1001
| 
|{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4941&amp;forum=4&amp;post_id=44683#forumpost44683] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)
|-
| Huawei E220 &quot;Vodafone EasyBox II&quot; &quot;T-Mobile wnw Box Micro&quot; also known as Huawei K3565 
| 0x12d1
| 0x1003
|
| {{yes|works, see E169 above (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6280)}}
|-
| Huawei E1750
| 0x12d1
| 0x1001
| 
| {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6290)}}
|-
| Huawei E170, E172, E176 
| 0x12d1
| 0x1003
| 
| {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}}
|-
| Huawei E180
| 0x12d1  
| 0x1406
| 
| {{yes|Works (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}}
|-
| KYOCERA AH-K3001V 
| 0x0482
| 0x0203
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| LG CU515
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| MediaTek Inc GPS 
| 0x0e8d
| 0x3329
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Metricom GS Modem 
| 0x0870
| 0x0001
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Motorola MOTOMAGX phones 
| 0x22b8
| 0x6425
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Motorola Q Phone 
| 0x22b8
| 0x7000
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Hummingbird huc56s (Conexant) 
| 0x0572
| 0x1329
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Netcomm Roadster II 128 ISDN
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Nokia n70 N95 HSDPA
| 
| 
| 
| {{yes|works - see [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=4415&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=ASC here]}}
|-
| OGO
| 0x045E
| 0x0079
| 0090
| {{no|no driver}}
|-
| Olitec ADSL Modem V2 
| 0x08e3
| 0x0100 / 0x0102
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Onda PT502HS 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x19D2
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0001
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Radicom V92HU-E2
| 
| 
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Samsung i8510 Innov8 Symbian smartphone
| 0x04e8
| 0x6651
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=5552&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=ASC&amp;type=&amp;mode=0] 
|-
| Samsung Tocco Lite (aka GT-S5230)
| 0x04e8
| 0x6795
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=5552&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=ASC&amp;type=&amp;mode=0] 
|-
| Shiro / Aztech USB MODEM UM-3100 
| 0x0572
| 0x1328
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM 
| 0x0ace
| 0x1602
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM 
| 0x0ace
| 0x1608
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM - new version 
| 0x0ace
| 0x1611
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Zoom Telephonics Model 3095F USB MODEM 
| 0x0803
| 0x3095
| 
| {{N/A|untested}}
|-
| Ugobe Pleo
| 0x6962
| 0x0100
| 0x0100
| {{Yes|Works}}
|}


==Misc==

palmpda.class - no [http://aminet.net/package/util/libs/PdaLinkPoseidon pdalink.library and tools] in AROS 

 Palm PDA (discontinued) synchronisation requires a port of pdalink.library and its tools through virtual usbpalm.device.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Palm IIIx (OS3.1) serial rs-232 only
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Palm IIIc (OS3.5)
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Palm V
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Palm m100
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Palm m125 first USB - last with aaa batteries
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Palm m500 (OS4)
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Tungsten T (OS5) first arm cpu 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Zire 31 (OS 5.28) color arm-based
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring Visor]] – USB support out of box
|
|
|
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Handspring Treo 600 – last one for [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring]] 
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| Treo 700w
| 
| 
| 
| {{no|no }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
|}


bluetooth.class - needs Bluetooth (Viking King Harald &quot;Bluetooth&quot; Gormsson (Old Norse: Haraldr Blátǫnn Gormsson; Danish: Harald Blåtand Gormsen) stack to work (not written due to licensing fees to use the symbol merging the Younger Futhark runes for H (ᚼ) and B (ᛒ), representing Harald's initials)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
|}


ccid.class - Chip/Smart Card Interface Devices (not implemented)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;cyberJack RFID basis
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0C4B
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x9102
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0001
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{no|no driver}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{N/A|untested}}
|-
|}


dfu.class - DFU firmware upgrade
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iPhone 3, 4, 5, 5c 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x05ac
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1290 0x1292 0x1294
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 32bit use with caution could cause damage}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iPhone 5s, 6, 7, 8, X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x05ac
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| 64bit use with caution could cause damage}}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio/Midiman USB audio
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iPad 1, iPad 2 A1395 A1430, iPad 3, ipad mini A1432, iPad A1458 4th Gen (MD512LL/A),  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008-2013 32bit A4, A5 up to Apple A6X, iOS 1 to 10, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iPad Air (1st generation) A1474, A1475, A1476, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014-2015 [https://github.com/AsahiLinux 64bit], A7, iOS 11 up to 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 64bit A8, A8X, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit A9, A9X, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit A10, A10X, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 64bit A11 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;iPad Air 3rd Gen A2153, A2123, A2154, iPad Mini 5th Gen, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit A12 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;{{unk| }}
|-
|}


RocketTool (USB Rocket Launchers - Toy missile launchers)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;3px&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Original Launcher and StrikerII (includes laser)
| 0x1130
| 0x0202
| 
| {{yes|works }}
|-
| Dream Cheeky USB Missile Launcher or USB Cirus Cannon
| 0x1941
| 0x8021
| 
| {{no|no driver }}
|-
| Dream Cheeky USB Webcam Missile Launcher
| 0x1941
|
| 
| {{no|no driver }}
|-
| Rocket Baby
| 0x0a81
| 0x0701
| 
| {{no|no driver }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


DRadioTool (FM Radios - USB radio devices D-Link/Gemtek)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| D-Link DSB-R100 USB 
| 0x04b4
| 0x1002
| 0x0410
| {{yes|works }}
|-
| [http://www.neoseeker.com/forums/383/t257009-link-usb-dru-r100-radio/ GemTek USB FM Radio 21]
| 0x04b4
| 0x1002
| 
| {{N/A|untested }}
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


UproarTool (Valencia MPX mp3 player and others)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Description 
! width=&quot;3px&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;50%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| Korean D Square Valencia MPX-Player
| 0x04e8
| various
| 
| {{N/A|untested }}
|-
|}


[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIuT7rJgc8w with unlocked android bootloader], 

&lt;pre&gt;

Kill and restart the server a few times

 sudo adb kill-server
 sudo adb start-server 

And finally type in

sudo adb devices

adb devices                 Lists connected devices              

adb shell                   Opens a terminal shell on the device hollywood:/ $
su 
id
df -h
top
ls -la
ls sdcard
ls sdcard/Android
ls sdcard/Oculus
wm size 

cd ..
cd data/system              look inside bad Corejava folder 
cd data/system/etc/init     look 
cd data/system/app
cd /data
cd /dev/block


 adb shell 
 pm disable-user --user 0 com.oculus.nux.ota


adb shell am start -a android.intent.action.VIEW -d com.oculus.tv -e uri com.android.settings/.DevelopmentSettings com.oculus.vrshell/.MainActivity

Don't change your Oculus account password after doing the FB account bypass. You'll break the log-in session, and have to factory-reset and start over 

adb shell 'setprop debug.oculus.cpuLevel 5 &amp;&amp; setprop debug.oculus.gpuLevel 5 &amp;&amp; setprop debug.oculus.adaclocks.force 0 &amp;&amp; setprop debug.oculus.phaseSync 1 &amp;&amp; settings put global always_finish_activities 1 &amp;&amp; settings put global wifi_scan_throttle_enabled 1 &amp;&amp; settings put global window_animation_scale 0.25 &amp;&amp; settings put global transition_animation_scale 0.25 &amp;&amp; settings put global animator_duration_scale 0.25 &amp;&amp; sync'


 settings list --user 0 secure or global or system 
   user_setup_complete=0

 adb shell 
 screenrecord

 adb shell reboot


 adb install &lt;path_to_apk&gt;   Installs an app like adb install -g -r alvr_client_android.apk or adb install -r app.apk 

 memtester 

 lsmod 

 
adb command to enable hand tracking, possible, but root access is required 
 adb root
 oculussetting --set hand_tracking_opt_in 1 hand_tracking_enabled 1 

adb push &lt;local&gt; &lt;remote&gt;   Copies files to the device
adb pull &lt;remote&gt; &lt;local&gt;   Copies files from the device 

pull them using CFB, extract original apk using LL 

adb forward tcp:9943 tcp:9943 (Used for advanced, such as ALVR streaming)

 adb shell pm disable-user --user 0 com.oculus.partnercustomization  Enterprise versions 

adb reboot                       Performs a standard system restart
adb reboot bootloader            Restarts the device into fastboot/bootloader mode
adb reboot recovery              Restarts the device into recovery mode
adb reboot download              Reboots Samsung devices into Download Mode
adb reboot fastboot              Directly enters fastboot mode

[https://gist.github.com/pantasio/3d0eb4bb03a1e696aae8696f60730859#file-enable-usb-debug-adb usb dev debug adb]

&lt;/pre&gt;


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>kjts0ljlat0jhujybaswx6qzsurwifd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/User/Applications</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>237399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638488</id>
      <parentid>4638177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T10:05:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638488</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="231597" sha1="1t2ps2pinta77i14chsrw9wy9m8ymq8" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==


[[#Graphical Image Editing Art]]
[[#Office Application]]
[[#Audio]]

[[#Misc Application]]
[[#Games &amp; Emulation]]

[[#Application Guides]]

[[#top|...to the top]]


[[#top|...to the top]]

Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well 

If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here]

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Internet Applications 
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Web Online Browser [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&amp;highlight=odyssey&amp;rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/comm/www Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, Voyager*, [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&amp;topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Netsurf], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;YouTube Viewing and downloading videos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Odyssey 2.0 can show Youtube webpage, [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], 
|[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], 
|[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], 
|[ Wayfarer], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SimpleMail, YAM, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt; SimpleMail, YAM
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IRC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Wookiechat, AmIRC 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Wookiechat 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Torrents 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/p2p ArTorr], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CTorrent, Transmission 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;FTP 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;WYSIWYG Web Site Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Mplayer (Icecast Client only), 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiPhone with Speak Freely, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Weather Forecast 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench AWeather], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc ntpsync],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ntpsync 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Newsgroups
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Graphical Image Editing Art==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Image Editing
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Image viewing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum,
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm)  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit Photocrop]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Thumbnail Generator [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Icon Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Pixel Art Animation 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lunapaint
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D SVG based MovieSetter type 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MovieSetter*, Fantavision*
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Morphing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ GLMorph]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Cad (qcad-&gt;LibreCAD, etc.) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Xcad, MaxonCAD
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, Cycas, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;POV-Ray
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Format Converter [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen grabbing display 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record screen recorder], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Office Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Office
!width:10%;|AROS (x86)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Word-processing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&amp;forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Spreadsheets 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/spreadsheet], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Presentations
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS4--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Databases 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/database BeeBase], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;BeeBase, SQLite, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;APDF 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AmiPDF 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;APDF, vPDF, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Printing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;(some native drivers), 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;early TurboPrint included, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AOrganiser, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Accounting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Project Management Research 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SuperGantt, SuperPlan, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ],  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], 
|Kuma K-Roget*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DTP Desktop Publishing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Scanning 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SCANdal], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FxScan*, ScanQuix* 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SCANdal (Sane)
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SCANdal
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OCR
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert gOCR] 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text Editing
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Drawing Vector
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit amifig], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;video conferencing (jitsi) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;source code hosting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Gitlab, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (server)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] 
|MorphVNC, vncserver
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc rdesktop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;notifications 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Ranchero 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Ringhio 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MagicBeacon 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Audio==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Audio
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib], [], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [RNOTunes ], [ mp3Player], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer
|AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Audio 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Audio Evolution 4] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Samplitude Opus Key], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] 
|[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Tracker Music
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already],  [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker
|MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and notes manuscript 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes for AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David &quot;Talin&quot; Joiner &amp; Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction 2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Bars'n'Pipes, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sound Sampling 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude-MS Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD burn
|[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FryingPan, AmiDVD, 
|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD audio rip
|Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;cfid=0&amp;did=167 Quick CDrip],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Lame,  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Lame, 
|Lame,  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit mp3info], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Convert
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc Sox], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DJ mixing jamming 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled 
*2005 ZP100 with ZP80 
*2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp)  ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, 
*2009 ZonePlayer S5, 
*2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support),   
*2011 Play:3
*2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1,  
*2016 Arc,   Play:1,   
*Beam (Gen 2),   Playbar,  Ray,   Era 100,   Era 300,   Roam,   Move 2,   
*Sub (Gen 3),   Sub Mini,  Five,  Amp  S2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;SonosController 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SonosController
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Smart Speakers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Video Creativity and Production==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Video
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing Video 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DvPlayer, MPlayer 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Mplayer, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing DVD 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AMP2, Frogger 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2,  
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Recording
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Screenrecorder, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Create and Edit Individual Video NLE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FFMpeg/GUI 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Subtitle editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Blogging like Lemmy or kbin
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR face recognition for Vtubers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting Live 2D models with Cubism type editor 
&lt;pre&gt;
Model data (cmo3)
Basic motions (can3)
Background image (png)
Set of files for embedding (runtime folder)
• Model data (moc3)
• Motion data (motion3.json)
• Model settings file (model3.json)
• Physics settings file (physics3.json)
• Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json)
&lt;/pre&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]


==Misc Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;DOpus2, DOpus 4, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan DOpus5], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DOpus4, DOpus5, Filer, AmiDisk 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;DOpus4, DOpus5 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Verification / Repair 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2),  [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Par2, 
|-
|Application Installer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [ InstallerNG], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;InstallerNG, Grunch, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Jack
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Jack 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Binary Hexadecimal Editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Zaphod], [],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Repository
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Git]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Git
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Partition Editor formatter 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&amp;highlight=partition&amp;pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [HDToolBox]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Repair
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;ArSFSDoctor, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Multiple File renaming
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus 4 or 5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Anti Virus
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;VChecker, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc AFortune], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ IDE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], Annotate, Murks, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html ], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/ ], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Gui Creators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder],  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Catalog .cd .ct Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;FlexCat
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat
|[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Misc Application 2==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OSK On Screen Keyboard
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Reader 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Converter 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc flite], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.text2speech.com translator], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple FLite]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Display Blanker screensaver 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MultiCX, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;ModernArt Blanker, 
|-
|}


==Misc Application 3==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fractals
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ZoneXplorer, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Landscape Rendering 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PCB design
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Digital Signage
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Hollywood, Hollywood Designer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Languages 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Fun School, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/scientific mathX] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Yacas 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Yacas 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Maths Graph Function Plotting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot],
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BASIC Computer Language 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;sdlBasic
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;HAM amateur radio  [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Games &amp; Emulation==

Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and 
[http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1]

Rom patching  https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php 

Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list.

[https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search]


{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Emulation]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Amstrad CPC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL &amp; pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Arcade
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Mame, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 7800
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Atari800], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Lynx
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Jaguar
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C64
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frodo, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Vice, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore Amiga
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer UAE], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo NES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem amines]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo SNES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo N64 
*HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], 
*LLE [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Wii U]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation NEC PC Engine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], 
|[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Saturn 
*HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast 
*HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast  flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum 
|[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair QL
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sony PlayStation
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS2]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS3]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Oricutron]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Action like [https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action BOH], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Cards 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/card ], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Doom, Quake, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games MMORG like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Platform like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], 
[http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [.html Aquaria]*(openGL), 
[http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&amp;lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 3rd third person action CRPG  [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], 
||&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D],  [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library GLFW], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library Raylib 5], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}


==Application Guides==

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Web Browser===

OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0.

This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. 

This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). 

Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. 

Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc 


Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], 


DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], 

This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -&gt; Content Blocking and Windows -&gt; Messages and enter 

 https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads*
 https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview*
 https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads*

into your custom filters 


Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ],  


OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: 

So add this :
&lt;pre&gt;
copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL:
copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;
Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated 

Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …)
If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it.


Error messages 

SSL error &quot;cant verify with ca-certificates&quot;, check bios clock time date is correct 

Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros 


[https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&amp;udm=14 Google search without AI overview] 


===E-mail===

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections


====SimpleMail====

SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes.

Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list]


 GMail

Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first.

pop3: 
pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

smtp:
smtp.gmail.com (with authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 465 or 587


 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange

Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013.

If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way:

1. Email/Password
2. Manual
3. IMAP
4.

* Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked
* Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked
* POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL

 Yahoo  Mail

On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts.

Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well.


Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server

* Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 993
* Requires SSL - Yes

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server

* Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 465 or 587
* Requires SSL - Yes
* Requires authentication - Yes

Your login info

* Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com)
* Password - Your account's password
* Requires authentication - Yes


Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3

* Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
* “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
* “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
* “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

* Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.


====YAM Yet Another Mailer====

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections

This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists]

One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server.

Possible issues

Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue.


getting a &quot;Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error

Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library

 GMail 
Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL)
Port: 465 or 587

Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com')
Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com)
Password: your Gmail password

Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead.


 Outlook.com access

&lt;pre &gt;
Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com
Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias)
Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password
Outlook.com SMTP port: 587
Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes 
&lt;/pre &gt;


 Yahoo  Mail

&lt;pre &gt;
“POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
“SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.
“Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
“Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
“Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.
&lt;/pre &gt;

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3


 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 

1. Get the files to your PC.
By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received.

2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM.

3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too.

4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments.

5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format.


===FTP===

Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a &quot;thing of the past&quot;, its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort.

First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure &quot;FTP file transfer&quot; is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command:

ifconfig -a

Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan:

Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on &quot;New&quot;. 
You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine:

1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before.

2) click on Custom Options:


1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu;

2) Ensure &quot;Passive Transfers&quot; is NOT selected;

3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source:


1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and

2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's &quot;MyWorkspace&quot; contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes.

Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well.


===IRC Internet Relay Chat===

Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. 

Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying.

Other things to type in - replace &lt;message&gt; with a line of text and &lt;nick&gt; with a person's name

&lt;pre&gt;
/help

/list

/who
/whois &lt;nick&gt;

/msg &lt;nick&gt; &lt;message&gt;

/query &lt;nick&gt; 
&lt;message&gt;s
/query

/away &lt;message&gt;
/away

/quit &lt;going away message&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


[http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript].


Issue the command /me &lt;text&gt; where &lt;text&gt; is the text that should follow your nickname.
Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout

/nick &lt;newNick&gt;

/nickserv register &lt;password&gt; &lt;email address&gt;

/ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv

/nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;

Alternatives:
/ns identify &lt;password&gt;
/msg nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;


==== IRC WookieChat ====

WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities.


add smilies drawer/directory

 run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000

select a server / server window

* nickname 
* user name 
* real name - optional

Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in.


servers

* New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box 
* New Group
* Delete Entry
* Connect to server
* connect in new tab
* perform on connect

Change details

* Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: 
* Port number - no need to change
* Server password
* Channel - add #channel from below 
* auto join - can click this 
* nick registration password,

Click Connect to server button above


&lt;pre&gt;
Server: irc.freenode.net
Channel: #aros
&lt;/pre&gt;

irc://irc.freenode.net/aros

&lt;pre&gt;
Server: chat.amigaworld.net 
Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC)
Server:irc.superhosts.net
Channel #team*amiga  
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks
Server: im.bitlbee.org 
Port 6667 
Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers],

&lt;pre&gt;
#Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) 
twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net 
liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL)
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Multiple server support
&quot;Perform on connect&quot; scripts and channel auto-joins
Automatic Nickserv login
Tabs for channels and private conversations
CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND
Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers
Colours for different events
Logging and automatic reloading of logs
mIRC colour code filters
Configurable timestamps
GUI for changing channel modes easily
Configurable highlight keywords
URL Grabber window
Optional outgoing swear word filter
Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages
DCC CHAT support
Doubleclickable URL's
Support for multiple languages using LOCALE
Clone detection
Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection
Command aliases
Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style
Counter for Unread messages
Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IRC Aircos ====

Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. 


====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky====
 Servers are setup and close down at random 
You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. 

The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky
&lt;pre &gt;
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; XMPP -&gt; open and ad-free 
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; Transports (Gateways) -&gt; Proprietary closed systems 
&lt;/pre &gt;

The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead.

The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc.


You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list],

Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other.

Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password.

Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users.

Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's &quot;Windows&quot; menu and select the &quot;Agents&quot; option. The &quot;Agents List&quot; window will open.

Roster (contacts list)

[http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available

File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL.

Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN.

There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options.


 Facebook

If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway.

&lt;pre &gt;
1. launch jabberwocky
2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu
3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID
4. your password is your normal facebook password
5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field

6. click the 'add' button
7. click the 'close' button
8. click the 'connect' button
&lt;/pre &gt;

you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky.

[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&amp;forum=32 Read more here]

for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password


 Twitter

For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net],  and .

An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to]

:Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more]

 Instagram 

no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client

 ICQ

The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check.

Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/
Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window-&gt;Agents-&gt;&quot;Register&quot;. Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account.

 Yahoo Messenger

although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies

 MSN

early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time....

Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in.  You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again.  It may also take multiple tries to sign in.  (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.)

You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting.

msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window.

From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which  helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure.

1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address.

2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following:

* Select the &quot;Windows/Agents&quot; menu option in Jabberwocky.
* Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server.
* Click the Register button to open a new window asking for:
**Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address.
**Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list.
**Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address.
* Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window.

3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN.

4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works.

If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz..
then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz

or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com  You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com 
And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time...

 Google Talk

any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users.

implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format


===Video Player MPlayer===

Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using

4:3
 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi

16:9
 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi

if you want gui use;
 mplayer -gui 1 &lt;other params&gt; file.avi

&lt;pre &gt;
stack 1000000

; using AspireOS 1.xx 
; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 1.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 2.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

cd RAM:MPlayer
run MPlayer -gui &gt; Nil:
;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls &gt; Nil: 
&lt;/pre &gt;

$ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4


MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though.

AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP.

If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP

-rtsp-stream-over-tcp

If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol  server needs authentification:

-user -passwd


MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache

MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface


Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music 
 
http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls 

http://scenesat.com/

http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga

http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm

http://www.kohina.com/

http://www.remix64.com/

http://retrogamer.net/forum/

http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml

http://retrogamesquad.com/

http://www.retronauts.com/

http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/

http://www.retrogamingradio.com/

http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp


[[#top|...to the top]]

====ZunePaint==== 

simplified typical workflow

* importing and organizing and photo management
* making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time 
* exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata


Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes.


For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction.

For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common.  Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject.

Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking.

For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term.


* White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under &quot;Misc color effects&quot; tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green 
* Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery
* Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software
* Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations
* Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement
* Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) 
* Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) 
* Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - 
* Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) 
* Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size


White Balance - F12 and K

scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above.


Exposure correction

F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up

Workflows in practice

* Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z 
* Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R

First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. 
* Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. 
* Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. 
* After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK.


And save your picture


Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use

basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, 
* negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc.

adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, 
* reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon,  etc. 
* red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate,

effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) 
* blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc.

borders such as 
* dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc.

brushes e.g.
* frost, smoke, etc.

and manual control of

fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration -  lens and body profiles

perspective correction

levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows

curves -  Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast

color balance

one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc.

Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors

decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image

any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha 
If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later.

File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc.  contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr

Image Picture Formats
* low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace -  TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary.
* linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) 
An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert dcraw]

There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible.

A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values.

The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a &quot;downsampling&quot; - should prevent as much loss as possible.

Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured.

Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help 

File
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New	Ctrl+n	New
Open	Ctrl+o	Open
Close	Ctrl+w	Close
Save	Ctrl+s	Save
Save as	Shift+Ctrl+s	Save as
Revert	F12	Revert
Print	Ctrl+p	Print
Exit	Ctrl+q	Quit
 
Edit
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Undo/Redo (1 level)	Ctrl+z	Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z)
Cut	Ctrl+x	Cut
Copy	Ctrl+c	Copy
Paste	Ctrl+v	Paste
Paste Into	Shift+Ctrl+v	Paste Into
Fill with FG color	Alt+Backspace	Fill with FG color
Fill with BG color	Control+Backspace	Fill with BG color
 
Image/Colors
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Levels	Ctrl+l	Levels
Auto Contrast	Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l	Stretch Contrast (same?)
Curves	Ctrl+m	Curves
Color Balance	Ctrl+b	Color Balance
Hue/Saturation	Ctrl+u	Hue-Saturation
Desaturate	Shift+Ctrl+u	Desaturate
Invert	Ctrl+i	Invert
Default Colors	d	Default Colors
Switch Colors	x	Switch Colors
 
Layer
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New Layer	Shift+Ctrl+n	New Layer
Layer via Copy	Ctrl+j	Duplicate Layer
Bring (layer) to Front	Shift+Ctrl+]	Layer to Top
Send (layer) to Back	Shift+Ctrl+[	Layer to Bottom
Bring (layer) Forward	Ctrl+]	Raise Layer
Send (layer) Backward	Ctrl+[	Lower Layer
Select Top Layer	Shift+Alt+]	Select Top Layer
Select Bottom Layer	Shift+Alt+[	Select Bottom Layer
Select One Layer Forward	Alt+]	Select Previous Layer
Select One Layer Backward	Alt+[	Select Next Layer
Merge Down	Ctrl+e	Merge Down
Merge Visible	Shift+Ctrl+e	Merge Visible
Preserve Transparency	/	Keep Transparency
Cycle Modes Forwards	Shift+=	Next Layer Mode
Cycle Modes Backwards	Shift+-	Previous Layer Mode
 
Select
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Select All	Ctrl+a	Select All
Deselect	Ctrl+d	Select None
Inverse	Shift+Ctrl+i	Invert
Feather	Ctrl+Alt+d	Feather
 
View
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Zoom In	Ctrl+=	Zoom In
Zoom Out	Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
Fit on Screen	Ctrl+0	Zoom to Fit Window
Actual Pixels	Ctrl+Alt+0	Zoom 1:1
Show/Hide Extras	Ctrl+h	Toggle Show Selection (close enough?)
Show/Hide Guides	Ctrl+'	Toggle Show Guides
Show/Hide Grid	Ctrl+Alt+'	Toggle Show Grid
Show/Hide Rulers	Ctrl+r	Toggle Show Rulers
Snap	Ctrl+;	Snap to Guides
Scroll View Up	Page Up	Scroll Page Up
Scroll View Down	Page Down	Scroll Page Down
Scroll View Left	Ctrl+Page Up	Scroll Page Left
Scroll View Right	Ctrl+Page Down	Scroll Page Right
 
Window/Dialogs
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
?	F5	Tools Dialog
Color Tab	F6	Colors Dialog
Layers Tab	F7	Layers Dialog
Info Tab	F8	Image Information
 
Tools
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Rectangular Marquee Tool	m	Rect Select Tool
Elliptical Marquee Tool	Shift+m	Ellipse Select Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop	 
Move Tool	v	Move Tool
Lasso Tool	l	Free Select Tool
Magic Wand Tool	w	Fuzzy Select Tool
Crop Tool	c	Crop &amp; Resize Tool
Airbrush Tool	j	Airbrush Tool
Paintbrush Tool	b	Paintbrush Tool
Clone Stamp Tool	s	Clone Stamp Tool
Eraser Tool	e	Eraser Tool
Gradient Tool	g	Blend Tool
Paint Bucket Tool	Shift+g	Bucket Fill Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop	 
Blur Tool	r	Convolve Tool
Dodge Tool	o	DodgeBurn Tool
Type Tool	t	Text Tool
Pen Tool	p	Bezier Select Tool
Eye Dropper Tool	i	Color Picker Tool
Zoom Tool	z	Magnify Tool
Previous Brush	,	Previous Brush
Next Brush	.	Next Brush
First Brush	Shift+&lt;	First Brush
Last Brush	Shift+&gt;	Last Brush
Decrease Brush Size	[	Decrease Brush Size
Increase Brush Size	]	Increase Brush Size
Decrease Brush Hardness	{	Decrease Brush Hardness
Increase Brush Hardness	}	Increase Brush Hardness
 
Help
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Help	F1	Help
Context Help	Shift+F1	Context Help
 
Misc.
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Last Filter	Ctrl+f	Repeat Last Filter
?	Shift+Ctrl+f	Reshow Last Filter
Preferences	Ctrl+k	Preferences
Liquify	Shift+Ctrl+x	IWarp (close enough?)
Toggle Quick Mask	q	Toggle Quick Mask


Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape

Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. 
* Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by   and brushes for other areas. 
* Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. 
Remove fringe/halo

saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact.


Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. 
* RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) 
* YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video]


Histograms

White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. 
If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right.

RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter.  Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30%

RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) .  The alpha channel is used for &quot;alpha compositing&quot;, which can mostly be associated as &quot;opacity&quot;.  AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel.

The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph.  The highlights are represented by the right third.  And the midtones are, of course, in the middle.  The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). 
By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. 
By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .


RGB Curves

* Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens 
* Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens

Color Curves

* Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but 
* Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow.
&lt;pre&gt;
 Red &lt;-&gt; Cyan
 Green &lt;-&gt;Magenta
 Blue &lt;-&gt;Yellow 
&lt;/pre&gt;

YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e.  separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white.  A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram.   A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited.  By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .

The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much
Can be used to create a negative image but also 
With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow.
With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan.
e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green.

YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other.  
using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments

sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping.


Free royalty pictures, [www.freeimages.com ], [http://imageshack.us/ ], [http://photobucket.com/ ], [http://rawpixels.net/], [], [], [], 


====Lunapaint====

Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function

 Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail 

&lt;pre&gt;
b BRUSH
e ERASER

alt eyedropper 
v layer tool 

z ZOOM / MAGNIFY &lt; &gt; n 
spc panning 
m  marque 
q lasso 
w same color selection / region 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
, LM RM
v 
V
f  filter 
F 
.  size 

p 
,  pick color 
[] last / next color 
&lt;/pre&gt;


There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc.

Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software.

 author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added.

* add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del]
* whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble
* pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes.
* Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint.
* to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64.
* implement graphic tablet features support


**GENERAL DRAWING**

Miss it very much:
UNDO
ERASER
COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked.
BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from &quot;New project screen&quot;

Miss it somewhat:
ICON for UNDO
ICON for ERASER
ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often )
BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush

**ANIMATING**

Miss it very much:
NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project
ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush

Miss it somewhat:
ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame

In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day.


LAYERS
-Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames
-Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?).

EXPORTING IMAGES
-Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --&gt; My robot was blue now it's &quot;gold&quot; ) I think this only happens if you have layers.
-Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them)
-Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10

LOAD/SAVE (Preferences)
-Make a setting for the default &quot;Work&quot; folder.

* Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers 
* mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying)

&lt;pre&gt;
Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts 
    NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key

    [Technique]

    F1  - Paint
    F2  - Single Colour
    F3  - Replace
    F4  - Smear
    F5  - Shade
    F6  - Cycle
    F7  - Smooth
     M  - Colour Cycle

    [Brush]

     B  - Restore
     O  - Outline
     h  - Halve brush size
     H  - Double brush size
     x  - Flip brush on X axis
     X  - Double brush size on X axis only
     y  - Flip on Y 
     Y  - Double on Y
     z  - Rotate brush 90 degrees
     Z  - Stretch

    [Stencil]

     `  - Stencil On

    [Miscellaneous]

    F9  - Info Bar
    F10 - Selection Bar
    @o  - Co-Ordinates
    @a  - Anti-alias
    @r  - Colourise
    @t  - Translucent
    TAB - Colour Cycle

    [Picture]

     L  - Load
     S  - Save
     j  - Page to Spare(Flip)
     J  - Page to Spare(Copy)
     V  - View Page
     Q  - Quit

    [General Keys]

     m  - Magnify
     &lt;  - Zoom In
     &gt;  - Zoom Out
     [  - Palette Colour Up
     ]  - Palette Colour Down
     (  - Palette Colour Left
     )  - Palette Colour Right
     ,  - Eye Dropper
     .  - Pixel / Brush Toggle
     /  - Symmetry
     |  - Co-Ordinates
    INS - Perspective Control
    +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control)
     w  - Unfilled Polygon
     W  - Filled Polygon
     e  - Unfilled Ellipse
     E  - Filled Ellipse
     r  - Unfilled Rectangle
     R  - Filled Rectangle
     t  - Type/text tool
     a  - Select Font
    u/U - Undo
     d  - Brush
     D  - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon
    f/F - Fill Options
    g/G - Grid
    h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control)
     K  - Clear
     c  - Unfilled Circle
     C  - Filled Circle
     v  - Line
     b  - Scissor Select and Toggle
     B  - Brush
    {,} - Toggle between two background colours
&lt;/pre&gt;

====Lodepaint====

Pixel based painting artwork app

====Grafx2====

Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], 


====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG====

Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps


*Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping 
*Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide 
*Colour - fill stroke 
*Stroke - size 
*Brushes - 
*Layers - 
*Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows 
*Text    - 
*Transform - 


 AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) 

[[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]]

for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent

;Menu options
* Load - fig format but import(s) SVG
* Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png
* PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys 
* Deselect all points

There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted.

;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings

;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) 
* Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes,  polygon 
* Lines - polylines
* Text &quot;T&quot; button 
* Photos - bitmaps
* Compound - Glue, Break, Scale 
* POINTs - Move, Add, Remove 
* Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste 
use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s)
* Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square

;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives 
* Color
* Line Width
* Line Style
* arrowheads

;Modes 
Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc.

;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored 
* compound tools to add .fig(s) together

;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 
&lt;pre&gt;
Landscape
Center
Inches
Letter 
100.00
Single
-2
1200 2
4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01
&lt;/pre&gt;

# change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). 
# The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13.
# The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default).
# The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20.
# The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees).
# twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch.
# thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before.

* The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox.
* The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence.

; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation


[[#top|...to the top]]

===Audio===


# AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem.

# When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always).

# For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording.


====Music Mods====

Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI.

Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds.

Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock.

In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr])

If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon

*Sample
*Note - Effect 
*Track (column) - Pattern - Order

It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) 
The Note can be changed with an Effect.  A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song.

Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above).  Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head.

*Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. 
*Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of &quot;swing&quot; feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. 
*Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds.
*Moody - minor key

First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too.

This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song.

The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats.

Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section.

The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords.

Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave.

To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them.

For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth.


The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern &quot;00&quot;, then pattern &quot;02&quot;, then &quot;03&quot;, then &quot;01&quot;, etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song.

The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song.

The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D.

Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot; are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 &quot;Kick&quot;.

The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6.

The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the &quot;F&quot; effect, which is a tempo command. The &quot;04&quot; means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster).

Base pattern

When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In &quot;Wild Bunnies&quot; the base pattern is pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot;.

In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow.


Drums

Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The &quot;F&quot; command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of &quot;swing&quot; feel.

In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation.

In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The &quot;8&quot; command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix.


Bass line

There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more &quot;live&quot;.

The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key.


Chords

The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm.


Lead

Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention.

A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The &quot;461&quot; effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes.

Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 &quot;Square&quot;), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form.

Song structure

Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations.

A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus.

Other single sectional song structures are

&lt;pre&gt;
Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody 
AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s 
AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s 
Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form
ABAB Song Form
ABAC Song Form
ABCD Song Form
AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 
8-Bar Song Form
16-Bar Song Form
Hybrid / Compound Song Forms
&lt;/pre&gt;

The most common building blocks are:

#INTRODUCTION(INTRO)
#VERSE
#REFRAIN
#PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB
#CHORUS
#BRIDGE
#MIDDLE EIGHT
#SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK
#COLLISION
#CODA / OUTRO
#AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO)

The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember.

The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus.


 Playing

RCTRL:                           Play song from row 0.

LSHIFT + RCTRL:                  Play song from current row.

RALT:                            Play pattern from row 0.

LSHIFT + RALT:                   Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on '&gt;':               Play song from row 0.

Right mouse on '&gt;':              Play song from current row.

Left mouse on '|&gt;':              Play pattern from row 0.

Right mouse on '|&gt;':             Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on 'Edit/Record':     Edit mode on/off.

Right mouse on 'Edit/Record':    Record mode on/off.


 Editing 


LSHIFT + ESCAPE:                 Switch large patterns view on/off

TAB:                    Go to next track

LSHIFT + TAB:                    Go to prev. track

LCTRL + TAB:                    Go to next note in track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB:           Go to prev. note in track

SPACE:                           Toggle Edit mode On &amp; Off

(Also stop if the song is being played)

SHIFT SPACE:                     Toggle Record mode On &amp; Off

(Wait for a key note to be pressed

or a midi in message to be received)

DOWN ARROW:                      1 Line down

UP ARROW:                        1 Line up

LEFT ARROW:                      1 Row left

RIGHT ARROW:                     1 Row right

PREV. PAGE:                      16 Arrows Up

NEXT PAGE:                       16 Arrows Down

HOME / END:                      Top left / Bottom right of pattern

LCTRL + HOME / END:              First / last track

F5, F6, F7, F8, F9:              Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns

+ - (Numeric keypad):           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:    Next / Previous position

LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous instrument

LSHIFT + M:                      Toggle mute state of the current channel

LCTRL + LSHIFT + M:             Solo the current track / Unmute all

LSHIFT + F1 to F11:              Select a tab/panel

LCTRL + 1 to 4:                 Select a copy buffer


 Tracking 

1st and 2nd keys rows:           Upper octave row

3rd and 4th keys rows:           Lower octave row

RSHIFT:                          Insert a note off

/ and * (Numeric keypad)

or F1 F2:                        -1 or +1 octave

INSERT / BACKSPACE:              Insert or Delete a line in current track

or current selected block.

LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE:     Insert or Delete a line in current pattern

DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE):          Empty a column or a selected block.


 Blocks

(Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel).


LCTRL + A:          Select entire current track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern

LALT + A:          Select entire column note in a track

LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track

LCTRL + X:          Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer

LCTRL + C:          Copy the selected block into the block-buffer

LCTRL + V:          Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern

LCTRL + I:          Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection

LSHIFT + ARROWS

PREV. PAGE

NEXT PAGE: Select a block

LCTRL + R:          Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them)

LCTRL + U:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher

LCTRL + D:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower  (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + H:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher

LCTRL + L:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + W:          Save the current selection into a file


 Misc 


LALT + ENTER:     Switch between full screen / windowed mode

LALT + F4:        Exit program (Windows only)

LCTRL + S:         Save current module

LSHIFT + S:         Switch top right panel to synths list

LSHIFT + I:         Switch top right panel to instruments list


&lt;pre&gt;
C-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Volume 
B-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Jump to 
A#x  xh xx xx hhhh hhhh   Slide 
F-x    xh xx xx hhhh            Tempo 
D-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Pattern Break 
G#x  xh xx xx hhhh
&lt;/pre&gt;

h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13

d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume.

The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex.

Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly.
This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it...

The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary.

Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from.

Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. 
&lt;pre&gt;
   C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing
   ---      000
   C-3    330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30.
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
&lt;/pre&gt;
Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note.

This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up.
There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them.

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  02

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  05

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  08

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0A

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0D

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10

(You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..)  Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns.


The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa.

Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest.
Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use.

Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format.   vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) 

&lt;pre&gt;
 C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 &lt;-  Turn Arpeggio effect on
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B38 &lt;- Change datas
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B00 &lt;- Turn it off
&lt;/pre&gt;

Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21.

Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from.

Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order.
Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off.

Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well.

Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31.

Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart.

Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16.

Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop.

Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato.

Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged.

Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex).

Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work.

Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played!

Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for.

Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop &quot;movement&quot; is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000).

effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units

There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine.

It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel).

so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings.

for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top.

In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself.

For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud.

The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation.


&lt;pre&gt;
Support for the following modules formats:
669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), 
AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), 
AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), 
APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), 
FAR (Farandole Composer), 
GDM (General DigiMusic), 
IT (Impulse Tracker), 
IMF (Imago Orpheus), 
MOD (15 and 31 instruments), 
MED (OctaMED), 
MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), 
OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), 
S3M (Scream Tracker 3), 
STM (Scream Tracker), 
STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), 
ULT (UltraTracker), 
UNI (MikMod), 
XM (FastTracker 2),
Mid (midi format via timidity)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2],


====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface====

A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it).

'''Timidity'''

Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ 
 assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity
added to SYSːs/User-Startup

'''WildMidi playback'''


'''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)'''


*Sync Menu    - CAMD Receive, Send checked 
*Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup 


MCB Master Control Bus 
*Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&amp;P). 
*B&amp;P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&amp;Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes 
*CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE 


*MIDI Machine Control
*Midi Bar Display 
*Select CAMD MIDI in / out
*Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely 
 Channel   - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, 
 Subgroup  - Volume, Mute, Solo 
 Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward 
 Misc      - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up 


&lt;pre&gt;
q        - quit 

First 3 already opened when AE started 
F1       - timeline window
F2       - mixer 
F3       - control 
F4       - subgroups 
F5       - aux returns 
F6       - sample list 

i        - Load sample to use 

space    - start/stop play 
b        - reset time 0:00


s        - split mode 
r        - open recording window 
a        - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume 


[ / ]    - zoom in / out 
:        - previous track
*        - next track 

x c v f  - cut copy paste cross-fade 
g        - snap grid 


&lt;/pre&gt;


 '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]'''

 BarsnPipes debug ... in shell 

Menu (right mouse)  
*Song        - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 
*Track       - 
*Edit        -
*Tool        - 
*Timing      - SMTPE Synchronizing 
*Windows     - 
*Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option 

Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) 
*Workflow -&gt; Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, 
*Control  -&gt; Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, 

Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -&gt; Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them 

If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time 

Right mouse menu -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Environment... -&gt; ScreenMode  - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC 


'''Tracks'''

#Double-click on B&amp;P's icon. B&amp;P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&amp;P.
#Choose a track. The B&amp;P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup.
#Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record.
#Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration.
#Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel.
#Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features.


Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&amp;t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg  PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], 

Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help 


'''Tracks window'''

* blue &quot;1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group&quot; and transport tape deck VCR-type controls
* Flags 
* [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] 

Each Track has a 

*Left LHS  - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline 
*Middle    - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap 
*Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT 

Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times 


'''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)'''

After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc
 right mouse -&gt; Toolbox menu option -&gt; Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool 

Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms
[https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars &amp; Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group 


'''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' 

Accessories -&gt; Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support 


'''Song Construction'''
&lt;pre&gt;
F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Duplicator 
F5  Eraser 
F6  Toolpad 
F7  Bounding box 
F8  Lock to A-B-A 

A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, 

&lt;/pre&gt;


Bars&amp;Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations 

'''Tempo Map'''

F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Eraser 
F5  Curve 
F6  Toolpad 


Compositions

Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature 

'''Master Parameters'''

Key, Scale/Mode

'''Track Parameters'''

Dynamics 


'''Time-line Scoring'''


'''Media Madness'''


'''Mix Maestro'''


*ACCESSORIES         Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules 
*CLIPBOARD           Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks.
*INFORMATION         A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine.
*MASTER PARAMETERS   Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes.
*MEDIA MADNESS       A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc 
*METRONOME           Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required.
*MIX MAESTRO         Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software 
*RECORD ACTIVATION   Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc
*SET FLAGS           Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time 
*SONG CONSTRUCTION   Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections
*TEMPO MAP           Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves 
*TEMPO PALETTE       Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings.
*TIMELINE SCORING    Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance.
*TOOLBOX             Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available 
*TRACKS              Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools.
*TRANSPORT           Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes.


Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed.
Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory.

In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID &quot;NAME&quot; (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as &quot;NAME&quot;. On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as &quot;EMAN&quot;.  The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA).

If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard 

http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml


MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically &quot;note on&quot;, &quot;note off&quot;, &quot;program change&quot;, &quot;controller change&quot;, or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music.

* Channel     - 1 to 16 -
* Messages    - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs,  etc 
* Sequencing  - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, 
* Recording   - 
* GUI         - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes 

MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off 

MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc 

MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE 

Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. 

Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. 

Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations.

Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -&gt; PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors)

Preferences -&gt; Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF 

Prefs -&gt; Environment -&gt; screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) 

Customization -&gt; pics in gui drawer (folder) - 


Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi 

SMF is a “Standard Midi File”  ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], 

* SMF0        All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel.
* SMF1        The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels.
* SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels.


Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers?
On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality

BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. 

&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI can control 16 channels 
There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments 
handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present 
It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&amp;P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and 
MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system 
Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format 
Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Composers
&lt;pre&gt;
[https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] 

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc
1992 Bars&amp;Pipes Pro published 
November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&amp;Pipes Pro 2.5c beta
end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state 
end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 
2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Protrekkr

How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ?

First of all, midi in &amp; out capabilities of this program are rather limited.

# Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time).
# Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected).
# Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk.
# Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported.

Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row:

&lt;pre&gt;
    C-3 02 .. .. 0000....


    --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... &lt;&lt; This will set the value 
    --- .. .. .. 0000....    of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex)
    --- .. .. .. 0000....
&lt;/pre&gt;

So &quot;--- .. .. 90 2040....&quot; will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64).

You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages.

 N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal!

Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard.

Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible.

Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels.

Further devices can respond to, and transmit, &quot;breath controller&quot; data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it.

A controller keyboard may be capable of sending &quot;expression pedal&quot; data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message.

Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The &quot;voice&quot; or &quot;instrument&quot; is selected using a &quot;Program Change&quot; message on its own.

Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in &quot;banks&quot;, and the choice of instrument is made by responding to &quot;Bank Select MSB&quot; (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use &quot;Bank Select LSB&quot; (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List.


 MIDI Implementation Chart

But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart.

If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are &quot;compatible&quot;. In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart.

The chart is divided into four columns headed &quot;Function&quot;, &quot;Transmitted&quot; (or &quot;Tx&quot;), &quot;Received&quot; (or &quot;Rx&quot;), or more correctly &quot;Recognised&quot;, and finally, &quot;Remarks&quot;.

&lt;pre&gt;
The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described.
The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device.
The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to.
The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns.
&lt;/pre&gt;

There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra &quot;Notes&quot;. Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI &quot;modes&quot; and what the &quot;X&quot; and the &quot;O&quot; mean.
&lt;pre&gt;
Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; 
Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; 
Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; 
Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono.
&lt;/pre&gt;
O means &quot;yes&quot; (implemented), X means &quot;no&quot; (not implemented).

Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks &quot;**************&quot;, these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise).

Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail.

Basic Channel
But the very first set of boxes will tell us the &quot;Basic Channel(s)&quot; that the device sends or receives on. 
&quot;Default&quot; is what happens when the device is first turned on, &quot;changed&quot; is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. 
For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels.

On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be &quot;split&quot; with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel.
So we might see the default as &quot;1&quot; but the changed as &quot;1-16&quot;.

Modes.
We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes.

But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device.

If we send an &quot;Omni On&quot; message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, &quot;Omni Off&quot;.

So &quot;Omni Off&quot; (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel.

&quot;Poly&quot; (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords.

&quot;Mono&quot; (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a &quot;smoother&quot; transition.

So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4).

We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. 
Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono).

This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none.

Finally, in the &quot;Altered&quot; field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode.

Note Number
&lt;pre&gt;
The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127.
The second line, &quot;True Voice&quot; has the following in the MIDI specification: 
&quot;Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument.&quot;
My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Velocity
This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually &quot;O&quot; plus a range or &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.

After touch
This may have one or two lines two it.
If a one liner the either &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot;, yes or no.
If a two liner then it may include &quot;Keys&quot; or &quot;Poly&quot; and &quot;Channel&quot;.
This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither.

Pitch Bend
Again &quot;O&quot; for implemented, &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.
(Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.)
It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel.

Control Change
This is likely to be the largest section of the chart.
It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; respectively.
You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation.

Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers]

Program Change
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available.
True # (number): &quot;The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected.&quot;

System Exclusive
Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation.

System Common - These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation).
Song Position Pointer
Song Select
Tune Request
&lt;/pre&gt;
The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages.

System Real Time
These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
Timing Clock - often just written as &quot;Clock&quot;
Start
Stop
Continue
&lt;/pre&gt;
These three are usually just referred to as &quot;Commands&quot; and listed.
Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to.
&lt;pre&gt;
Aux. Messages
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; for implemented or not.
Aux. = Auxiliary.
Active Sense = Active Sensing.
&lt;/pre&gt;
Often with an explanation of the action of the device.

Notes
The &quot;Notes&quot; section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation.

Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification.
And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA.


 OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS

SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES
Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages

The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from &quot;MIDI by the Numbers&quot; by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete.

WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information.

MIDI 1.0 Specification

Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1000nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note Off event. 
This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1001nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note On event. 
This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1010nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). 
This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Control Change. 
This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as &quot;Channel Mode Messages&quot; (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1100nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ppppppp || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1101nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1110nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits.
|}

Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Mode Messages. 
This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are:
*All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off
*Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice.
*Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. 
c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off
c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On
* All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. 
c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.)
c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off 
c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On 
c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) 
c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off)
|}

System Common Messages

System Messages (0xF0)

The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category.

The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories.

System Common

If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes.

System Common Messages
Type Status Byte   Number of Data Bytes      Usage 
&lt;pre&gt;
Time Code Quarter Frame	0xF1	1	Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*.
Song Position	0xF2	2	Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song.
Song Select	0xF3	1	Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song.
Undefined	0xF4	0	
Undefined	0xF5	0	
Tune Request	0xF6	0	Requests that the receiver retunes itself**.
&lt;/pre&gt;
*MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification
**While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command.


System Exclusive

If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates.

System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format:

0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7
The message is bookended with distinct bytes.

It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0.
The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier.
Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning.
If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value.
&lt;pre&gt;
ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities.
ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message.
ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message.
&lt;/pre&gt;
After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes.
The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7.
The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios.

An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer.
System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer.
Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages.
 Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii]  0ddddddd  --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || &lt;!--Description--&gt;System Exclusive. 
This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0nnndddd || &lt;!--Description--&gt;MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame.
nnn = Message Type
dddd = Values
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Position Pointer. 
This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0sssssss || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Select. 
The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. 
|}


System Real-Time Messages

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Stop. Stop the current sequence.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. 
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up.
|}


Advanced Messages

Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0)

Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages.

Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages.

The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp
n is the status (0xA)
c is the channel nybble
kk is the key number (0 to 127)
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all.

Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xD)
c is the channel number
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Pitch Bend (0xE0)

Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends.

Pitch Bend Wheel

The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM
n is the status (0xE)
c is the channel number
LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value
MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value
&lt;/pre&gt;
You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000).

Control Change (0xB0)

In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below.


Continuous Controllers

These controls send the following message format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv
n is the status (0xB)
c is the MIDI channel
cc is the controller number (0-127)
vv is the controller value (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments.

The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers.

On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard.


Program Change (0xC0)

Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xc)
c is the channel
pp is the patch number (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change.

Audio &amp; Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ?
Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me:

 Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key)
 and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value
 that will make sound sync both audio/midi.

The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ?
You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the &quot;wav&quot; option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals.


Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment


====DAW Audio Evolution 4====

Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ.

Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware.

Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions

The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88.

sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only)


Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. 
* Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom)


stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right

hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option


Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format 

 sox recital.wav recital.aiff

 sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm
 sox input.wav        output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k

performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16.

 rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00

records half an hour of stereo audio 

 play existing-file.wav


24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work 

*No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI.
*No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps.
*Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output.
*No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables.
*No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. 


select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.)
The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo.

Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz.


Channels

Monitor

Gain

Inout

Output

Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port


* Options -&gt; Soundcard In/Out
* Options -&gt; SampleRate
* Options -&gt; Preferences

F6 for Sample File List

Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track &quot;not in time&quot; ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway).

If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it).

AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording.


These are the usual features found in DAWs...

* Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer 
* virtual VST instruments and plug-ins 
* automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor


* different track views 
* mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) 
* traditional two windows (track and mixer)


Mixing - mixdown

Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect.

Take look at page17 of the manual.

When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu.

Menus-&gt;Windows-&gt; Aux Returns Window

or press F5

You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are &quot;prefade&quot; so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them.


Tracking


Effects - fade in

To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out.

To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal.

There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal,

You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so

Sample -&gt; Amplify -&gt; Delay

Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard.

Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out.

Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage.

Signal Processing -


Overdub

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===Office===

====Spreadsheet Leu====

Support for some xlsx, and ods functions 


====Spreadsheet Ignition====

; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done

File formats supported 
* ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). 
* igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas.

There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment.

* Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells.
* copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -&gt; Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. 
* Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c)  to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively 
* Edit -&gt; Insert -&gt; Row  seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be...

Change Sheet name by  Object -&gt; Sheet -&gt; Properties

Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells.

Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. 
Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. 
View -&gt; Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet).

Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered.

* #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used.

;Graphs

use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents

* value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ...


;Dates 
* Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)'''
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put date in days


;Time 
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put time in seconds taken


;Database (to be done by someone else)

type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), 
* select a bunch of cells and Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) 
* Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?)
* Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ?

Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition().

Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax().

Table sorting -


;Scripts (Arexx)

;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions 
*SUM(), 
*AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(),
*IF(), AND, OR, NOT 
*LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), 
*LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(),
* DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), 
*TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), 
*EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), 
*NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(),
*DBSUM() becomes DSUM(),


;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files 
There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel)

*HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), 
*TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &amp;, PROPER(), REPT(), 
*[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), 
*PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, 
*MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), 
*DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(),


;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] 
&lt;pre&gt;
Ctrl Z - Undo

Ctrl D - Fill Down
Ctrl R - Fill right

Ctrl F - Find
Ctrl H - Replace

Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells
CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number 
Ctrl ; - Todays Date 

F2 - Edit cell
F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references

&lt;/pre&gt;


====Document Scanning - Scandal====

Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead.

Check in Trident Prefs -&gt; Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None)
If not found then reboot the computer and recheck.

Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device).

The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only
 or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx

* gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx.
* epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used

'''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes)

Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections.

Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected.

Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not.

In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. 
Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet.

In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage.


The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select &quot;NONE&quot; to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now.

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===Emulators===

==== Amiberry ====


==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ====

With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app 

There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included 

Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script:
&lt;pre&gt;
cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator
changetaskpri -1
run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config &gt;nil:
cd sys:prefs
endcli
&lt;/pre&gt;
This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time.


===Miscellaneous===

====Screensaver Blanker====

Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker.

Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or  run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange &gt;NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h).

Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options 
&lt;pre&gt;
seconds=number 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup

e.g. for 5 minutes

 run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;NIL:


*[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor.


*[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver.

Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker.

&lt;pre&gt;
cx_priority=
cx_popkey=    ie CX_POPKEY=&quot;Shift F1&quot; 
cx_popup=Yes or No

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
 Qualifier String    Input Event Class
   ----------------    -----------------
    &quot;lshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT
    &quot;rshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT
    &quot;capslock&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK
    &quot;control&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL
    &quot;lalt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_LALT
    &quot;ralt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_RALT
    &quot;lcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND
    &quot;rcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND
    &quot;numericpad&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD
    &quot;repeat&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT
    &quot;midbutton&quot;        IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON
    &quot;rbutton&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON
    &quot;leftbutton&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON
    &quot;relativemouse&quot;    IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
    Synonym     Synonym
    String     Identifier
    -------    ----------
    &quot;shift&quot;    IXSYM_SHIFT    /* look for either shift key */
    &quot;caps&quot;     IXSYM_CAPS     /* look for either shift key or capslock */
    &quot;alt&quot;      IXSYM_ALT      /* look for either alt key */

Highmap is one of the following strings:
    &quot;space&quot;, &quot;backspace&quot;, &quot;tab&quot;, &quot;enter&quot;, &quot;return&quot;, &quot;esc&quot;, &quot;del&quot;,
    &quot;up&quot;, &quot;down&quot;, &quot;right&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;f1&quot;, &quot;f2&quot;, &quot;f3&quot;, &quot;f4&quot;, &quot;f5&quot;,
    &quot;f6&quot;, &quot;f7&quot;, &quot;f8&quot;, &quot;f9&quot;, &quot;f10&quot;, &quot;help&quot;.


&lt;/pre&gt;


[[#top|...to the top]]

==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ====

WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. 

Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris &quot;Xenon&quot; Hanson&quot; from Questar 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign &quot;WCSProjects:&quot; &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects&quot; 
Assign &quot;WCSFrames:&quot;   &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -&gt; Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj
OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening 
Render by pull down menu Modules -&gt; Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], 

Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj
Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par
Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. 
Then drop-down menu and select Save As (&quot;NewName&quot;.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name)


After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. 
It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu 

*Database   - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), 
*Data Ops   - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats  
*Map View   - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor 
*Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc 
*Render     - rendering terrain 

These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock 
*Motion Editor
*Color Editor
*Ecosys Editor 


Simple minimal workflow 
*Load database (1st icon - 1st)
*Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon)
*Render scene (5th icon) 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], 

&lt;pre&gt;
.proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files 

.binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff  conversion 
.Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats 
USGS 7.5MinDEM, 

.par 


&lt;/pre&gt;


Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the &quot;Mapview&quot; (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities:

* Loading of a demonstration project.
* The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the &quot;Database-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Color-Editor&quot;.
* The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing.


The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the &quot;Mapview&quot; window is active.

The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that &quot;Color-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; (creation of roads, railways, etc.) 


The Map View (MapView) window

*Database - Objects and Topos
*View     - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move 
*Draw     - Maps and distance 
*Object   - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate 
*Motion   - Camera, Focus, path, elevation 
*Windows  - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, 


You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height.
Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above
 

ZOOM button

Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map.
Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view.

PAN button

Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything.
There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details.

Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further...


Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS
If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape.
With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value.


Ecosys Ecosystem Editor

Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated).
Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters.
&lt;pre&gt;
Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5
Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000
Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water .
Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water.
Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor.
Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All'

EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model 


Color Editor

Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first.
Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations!
So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50
&lt;pre&gt;
'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30
'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60
'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80
' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30
&lt;pre&gt;
Now we can work on pre-existing colors
&lt;pre&gt;
'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130
'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170
'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190
'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200
'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170
&lt;/pre&gt;

Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0

So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep.
Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously.


Motion Editor

Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics:
&lt;pre&gt;
-Camera Altitude: 7.0
-Camera Latitude: 36.075
-Camera Longitude: 112.133
-Focus Attitude: -2.0
-Focus Latitude: 36.275
-Focus Longitude: 112.386
-Camera : 512 → rendering window
-Camera Y: 384 → rendering window
-View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees
-Sun Longitude: 172
-Sun Latitude: -0.9
-Haze Start: 3.8
-Haze Range: 78, 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear.
Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude...
Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one.


From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain.
While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision.
Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel.


The sun

Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box.

Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again.


Animation

The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions (&quot;slide&quot;, &quot;drag&quot;...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. 


A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...).

At the bottom of the &quot;Motion-Editor&quot;, a &quot;cam-view&quot; function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images (&quot;path&quot;), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer (&quot;zbuffer&quot;), the blur, the background image, etc.


Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the &quot;Render&quot; button.

For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program.


Strengths:

* Multi-window.
* Quality of rendering.
* Accuracy.
* Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen.
* Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats 
* The &quot;zbuffer&quot; function.

Weaknesses:

* No OpenGL management 
* Calculation time.
* No network computing tool.


====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan====

Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs

If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero)

Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file

If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. (&quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; is on the right).

You should use the &quot;Data/Audio tracks&quot; page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd.

Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button

Examples

Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page &quot;ISO Builder&quot; and &quot;ADD&quot; everything you need to burn.

On the &quot;Write&quot; page i have &quot;Masterize Disc (DAO)&quot;, &quot;Close Disc&quot; and &quot;Eject after Write&quot; set.

One must not &quot;Blank disc before write&quot; if one uses a CDR


AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks

Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page and &quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; and add the .iso


====odf====

Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document.

* content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content.
* styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves.
* meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action.
* settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information.


To read document follow these steps:

* Extracting .ods file.
* Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data).
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file).
* With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables.
* Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data.
* At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface.


To write document follow these steps:

* Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template).
* Getting content.xml file.
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file.
* Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements.
* Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file.
* Zipping that file as new .ods file.

XLS file format

The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records.

These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. 
All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records.

* Workbook stream 
**Globals substream
***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) 
**Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format)
***Blank cell record
***RK cell record 32-bit number. 
***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code)
***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number)
***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST)
***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself)
***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on)
***MulRK record 
***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook.

ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), 
COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), 
CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), 
DB(), DDB(), DISC(), 
DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), 
DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), 
INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), 
ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), 
PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), 
RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), 
VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(),


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

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==Introduction==

AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces:

* [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus 
* [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases)
* [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA)
* USB 
* [[#SCSI]]  


==PCI-e==

===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)===

*Controller and firmware 
*DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming 
*Cache like SLC HMB techniques 
*NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy)


SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. 

In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. 

Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND.

General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. 

A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage 

See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed OEMs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 to date -  Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Acer Predator GM7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A	no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;IM2P33F8-512GD 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASX8200PNP1TTC 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 consumer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG ATOM 50
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Adata Legend 710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Legend 900
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin  PCIe Gen3
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  SM2263XT 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin NV7400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force LE
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Elite 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Core XT 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P1 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P2SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P3SSD8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 some have DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T705 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 dramless Phison SSD controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN660 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 gets hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN870 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN855 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S660 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S880/R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S770  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;FIKWOT FN950 FN955 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;FW-FX991-2TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN960 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S3-240GB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba  96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP EX950 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP FX900 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dram less
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD500GM280NM2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Professional TLC E12S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E18 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland TD510 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 660p m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ssdpeknw010tb
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKNU010TZ
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache  QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPELKX020T8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021   very long 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA1000M8/480G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA2000M8/250G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston KC3000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02
*KBG40ZNT256G, 
*KBG40ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG70ZNV1T0G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and &quot;MG2h&quot; version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD	with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KGB50ZNV256G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 HMB buffer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes  KIOXIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;NM610Pro 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM620
*IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L 
*MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Maxio MAP1602	no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;EQ790 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDKBA512TFH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2450 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 E19T 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2600 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium S270 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV2000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV5000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico D10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico e3500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico O7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-RKT4P-1TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 Phison E25 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZVLV1T
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*MZ-VKW5120 
*MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V6P1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, 
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, 
*Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 EVO Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V8P1T0BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022   might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , 
*2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*ZP1000GM30001,  
*ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda Q5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 515 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 no dram and qlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GM3A013, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5018-E18	on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP1000CV3A002, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 540 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530R 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A60 A80 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, 
*Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A  HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 okay but no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N  
*HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix SK500  Gen 4 (x4)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4  2230
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7512G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup MP34 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L	and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team MP33Q
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force G70 Pro  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Verbatim V15000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN500
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDAQNTW-512G-1001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 industrial  sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN750 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T1X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - various controllers and NANDs  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN850X
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  dramless cache with TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3G0C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_BLACK SN750 SE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN580
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN5000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Zhitai (Yangtze Memory)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== Mini SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin  PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid -  3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
|}


==SATA==

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) 

AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. 

The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers.

=== SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU630SS-240GQ-R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU650SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU800
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU680SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS340 Panther 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS350
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 sata2 3gbp/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial C300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 sata3 6gbps - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M550 120G to 1T 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache Micron controller  and nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial MX200 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   MLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertech
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5&quot; SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro Series 1500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel S3610 Series 2.5&quot; 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BX400G4R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 data center 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF512H6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BB800G7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BA800G4P, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  server 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KB240G7P 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston SSDNow 300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU
*7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LNS100-1TRB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NQ100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LCS-128L9S-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  no dram - sata2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;UP TO 550MB/S
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;UP TO 500MB/S
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Mushkin Reactor 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac SA500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZTechnology Agility 3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 C 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2RSTK251E19-0100
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico S500-Pro s500pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3D tlc flash nand -
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  qlc flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P220 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;P220S2TB25
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Plextor M6V
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSD7CS900-480-PB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung SM PM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE120
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 PRO
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7KE1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM883 1.92TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LH1T90
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 -  - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76E1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 QVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76Q1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871b
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra Plus
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDHP-256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 -  Marvell 88SS9188  Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDA-240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z400s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x400
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZA240CV10001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk hynix 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012  sandforce controller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SH910A 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SC300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD 
*3110A SL301STD
*3210A
*3300A
*3310A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD 
*N1A0A  , , 
*N1A1A
*N1A2A SC308STD, 
*N2A0A  , , SC311STD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  3D NAND TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Topesel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5&quot; SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 220S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS120GSSD220S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 3D TLC without dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD230S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Viathan 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S001T3V
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red SA500 NAS
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5&quot;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G1G0A 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - cheap and slow ssd - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SA530 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Xum 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;hx256gssdsata3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y3000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCie 3.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y7000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCIe 4.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}


=== SATA M.2 (M and B key) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 2280 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AXNS381E-128GM-B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S201 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan &quot;Ordinary&quot; Road Technology Co., Ltd) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 2242 120G 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD120GM242
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M.2 2280
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GM.26M2280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD1TM280
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache -  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSCKKF256G8H 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  no dram, TLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Top 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 m.2
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400M8/240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston V300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S3505AG
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-18
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON SATA 128GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV3-8D128-11 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV1-8B256-HP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LSI 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 SF37000 controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M550 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256MBF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y20M-2242 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y20M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  TLC  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung CM871 Rev 0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM871b 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM881 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020   
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD7SN6S-256G-1006 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD6SP1M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC308M280S HFS128G39TND 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC311 HFS256G39TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC401 HFS256G39TNH
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;A55
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7001T0C101 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KBG30ZMV256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba HG6 m.2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG50ZMV256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG60ZMG256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S  TS128GMTS400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M.2 SSD 600 (2260),  M.2 SSD 800S (2280) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;420S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  can run hot slc cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;430S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache - 3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;820S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   3D nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;830S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020    made in malaysia  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G3G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022    made in 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA500 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM610 m.2 sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSS0R27339, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== mSATA SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fangxiang S301
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingchuxing 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GMSA MO-300 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc 3d nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron enterprise 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M600 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico ZH-10 ZH10
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 1.8&quot; msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA370S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MSA370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA230S  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;230S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks ===

====7mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP628230-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP552605-01 250Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP693440-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series 
* 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS 
* 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; avoid if it does not have the DCM code 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST 1T 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010B7E610 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 128m cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus Thin 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LT012  ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD
* 2014 
* 2015 
* 2016 
* 2017 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500VT000 500GB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  up to 128MB cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LX025  ST1000LX015  ST2000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA MQ01ACF  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm 
* 2014 Rev T0
* 2015 Rev T1
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;wd5000lpvx 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2.5&quot; WD Blue Slim 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;AROS One 1.8 USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 2017 Malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====9.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHW2040BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   40gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHY2080BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  80gig
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| MHW2120B
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM024 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm
* 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I
* 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4
* 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM012 (500M) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus 5400.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST9160821AS
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  160gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1t
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  8g nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1T
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   32G nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK2555GSX HDD2H24 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  250g 5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2013 to 2016)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2015 to 2020) 
*2013 
*2014 
*2015 AA50/AX0D5A
*2016 AA60/AX0E1A
*
*2017 AGM AA01/AX002V
*2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A
*2020 AA71/AX0G1A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD050 500meg 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD7500BPVX 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5&quot; SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , uses Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5&quot; Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPCX 1Tb
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
* 2019
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Scorpio Black 
* 2010
* 2014 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  16m cache, 7200rpm  thailand then malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Black 
* 2016 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III  malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks ===

====11mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TP00640GB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====12.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====15mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5&quot; SATA
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST91000640NS 81Y9731 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA Laptop Optical Drives ===

Tested in usb port not hub with 
*
*13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA
*

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL-DT-ST DVDRAM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GSA T50L
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 5v 12.7mm fails early 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi LG  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT20L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009/2010 5v 1.3A  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Hitachi / LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT30N  GT32N   GT30L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT40N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT50N GT51N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GU70N (HP/Dell), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
*Rev 101 
*rev 102 2015 factory GH 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTC0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8A0
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B1
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 2013 5v 1.6a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 ok lifeline, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8E2Q
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8FB
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ260 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DC-8A2SH, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A3S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A4SH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A5LH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8DBSH1148 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A6SH (HP)
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips and LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8ABSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A5LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8ACSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD Philips 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2019 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Pioneer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DVR-TD09TBG
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008-2010 5V 1.5A 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc SATA DVD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7561S, AD-7560S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7 MM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7585H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner.  Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD7590s, AD-7591s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7760H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7711H AD-7740H 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS-L633 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-208FB/BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp.
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU40N 
*LG WP50NB40 
*LG BP50NB40 
*ASUS BW-16D1HT
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU50N 
*LG WH16NS40 
*LG WH14NS40 
*ASUS BW-16D1X-U 
*ASUS SBW-06D5H-U 
*Verbatim 43889 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


=== [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] ===

Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts 
&lt;pre&gt;
WD:      https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf
Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf
Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Seagate Barracuda 7200.9
| ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS 
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DL002 1TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST4000VX013
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Baracuda Compute 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5&quot; - 32MB Cache
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 2TB SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000DM008 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD220
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 7200rpm  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD320
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba P300 CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2010 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD4002FFWD 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
|}


==PATA==

=== IDE Desktop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| M1624TAU
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| IBM
| DHEA-38451
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SP40A2H
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST3160215ACE
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST32122A
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD102AA
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD200
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Laptop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu 
| MHV2040AH
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Toshiba
| MK2011GAP
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Compaq
| CR-594-BCQ
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8322B(CP1)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8484B(AM2A)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| LTN-485
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Creative
| CD220E
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GDA-4120B
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| LG
| CRD-8400B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Lite-On
| LTN486S
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Mitsumi
| CRMC-FX4830T
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| CDR-1700B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| DV-5800A
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| ND-2100A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| NR-7900A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Philips
| DVD8631
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Samsung
| SC-148
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SCR-2030
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SM-348B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU601
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU611-25
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Toshiba
| SD-M1202
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}

=== IDE Laptop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;H-L Hitachi LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GCC-4244N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2006 
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GCCT10N
| {{yes}}
| {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}}
| AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Philips
| SDR089
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L462C TS-L462D 
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L632H
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Sony
| DW-Q58A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Sony Optiarc
| AD-7540A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7590A
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


== SCSI ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each.</text>
      <sha1>pmsf0isl6ih3b5inrhnu6gdq1ai991e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638490</id>
      <parentid>4638489</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="115365" sha1="o2vwj2vs26vfgvz1l3i97u5knxbhzo1" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}


==Introduction==

AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces:

* [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus 
* [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases)
* [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA)
* USB 
* [[#SCSI]]  


==PCI-e==

===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)===

*Controller and firmware 
*DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming 
*Cache like SLC HMB techniques 
*NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy)


SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. 

In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. 

Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND.

General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. 

A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage 

See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed OEMs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 to date -  Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Acer Predator GM7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A	no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;IM2P33F8-512GD 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASX8200PNP1TTC 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 consumer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG ATOM 50
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Adata Legend 710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Legend 900
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin  PCIe Gen3
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  SM2263XT 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin NV7400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force LE
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Elite 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Core XT 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P1 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P2SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P3SSD8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 some have DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T705 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 dramless Phison SSD controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN660 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 gets hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN870 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN855 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S660 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S880/R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S770  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;FIKWOT FN950 FN955 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;FW-FX991-2TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN960 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S3-240GB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba  96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP EX950 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP FX900 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dram less
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD500GM280NM2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Professional TLC E12S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E18 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland TD510 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 660p m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ssdpeknw010tb
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKNU010TZ
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache  QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPELKX020T8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021   very long 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA1000M8/480G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA2000M8/250G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston KC3000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02
*KBG40ZNT256G, 
*KBG40ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG70ZNV1T0G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and &quot;MG2h&quot; version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD	with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KGB50ZNV256G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 HMB buffer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes  KIOXIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;NM610Pro 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM620
*IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L 
*MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Maxio MAP1602	no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;EQ790 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDKBA512TFH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2450 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 E19T 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2600 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium S270 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV2000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV5000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico D10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico e3500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico O7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-RKT4P-1TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 Phison E25 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZVLV1T
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*MZ-VKW5120 
*MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V6P1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, 
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, 
*Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 EVO Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V8P1T0BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022   might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , 
*2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*ZP1000GM30001,  
*ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda Q5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 515 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 no dram and qlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GM3A013, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5018-E18	on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP1000CV3A002, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 540 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530R 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A60 A80 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, 
*Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A  HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 okay but no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N  
*HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix SK500  Gen 4 (x4)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4  2230
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7512G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup MP34 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L	and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team MP33Q
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force G70 Pro  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Verbatim V15000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN500
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDAQNTW-512G-1001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 industrial  sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN750 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T1X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - various controllers and NANDs  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN850X
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  dramless cache with TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3G0C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_BLACK SN750 SE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN580
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN5000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Zhitai (Yangtze Memory)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== Mini SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin  PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid -  3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
|}


==SATA==

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) 

AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. 

The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers.

=== SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU630SS-240GQ-R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU650SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU800
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU680SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS340 Panther 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS350
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 sata2 3gbp/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial C300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 sata3 6gbps - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M550 120G to 1T 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache Micron controller  and nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial MX200 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   MLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertech
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5&quot; SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro Series 1500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel S3610 Series 2.5&quot; 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BX400G4R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 data center 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF512H6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BB800G7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BA800G4P, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  server 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KB240G7P 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston SSDNow 300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU
*7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LNS100-1TRB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NQ100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LCS-128L9S-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  no dram - sata2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;UP TO 550MB/S
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;UP TO 500MB/S
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Mushkin Reactor 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac SA500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZTechnology Agility 3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 C 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2RSTK251M21-0240, D2RSTK251E19-0100
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico S500-Pro s500pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3D tlc flash nand -
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  qlc flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P220 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;P220S2TB25
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Plextor M6V
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSD7CS900-480-PB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung SM PM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE120
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 PRO
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7KE1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM883 1.92TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LH1T90
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 -  - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76E1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 QVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76Q1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871b
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra Plus
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDHP-256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 -  Marvell 88SS9188  Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDA-240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z400s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x400
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZA240CV10001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk hynix 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012  sandforce controller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SH910A 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SC300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD 
*3110A SL301STD
*3210A
*3300A
*3310A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD 
*N1A0A  , , 
*N1A1A
*N1A2A SC308STD, 
*N2A0A  , , SC311STD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  3D NAND TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Topesel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5&quot; SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 220S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS120GSSD220S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 3D TLC without dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD230S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Viathan 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S001T3V
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red SA500 NAS
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5&quot;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G1G0A 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - cheap and slow ssd - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SA530 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Xum 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;hx256gssdsata3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y3000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCie 3.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y7000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCIe 4.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}


=== SATA M.2 (M and B key) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 2280 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AXNS381E-128GM-B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S201 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan &quot;Ordinary&quot; Road Technology Co., Ltd) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 2242 120G 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD120GM242
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M.2 2280
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GM.26M2280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD1TM280
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache -  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSCKKF256G8H 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  no dram, TLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Top 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 m.2
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400M8/240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston V300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S3505AG
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-18
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON SATA 128GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV3-8D128-11 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV1-8B256-HP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LSI 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 SF37000 controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M550 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256MBF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y20M-2242 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y20M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  TLC  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung CM871 Rev 0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM871b 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM881 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020   
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD7SN6S-256G-1006 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD6SP1M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC308M280S HFS128G39TND 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC311 HFS256G39TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC401 HFS256G39TNH
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;A55
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7001T0C101 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KBG30ZMV256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba HG6 m.2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG50ZMV256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG60ZMG256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S  TS128GMTS400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M.2 SSD 600 (2260),  M.2 SSD 800S (2280) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;420S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  can run hot slc cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;430S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache - 3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;820S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   3D nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;830S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020    made in malaysia  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G3G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022    made in 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA500 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM610 m.2 sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSS0R27339, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== mSATA SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fangxiang S301
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingchuxing 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GMSA MO-300 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc 3d nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron enterprise 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M600 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico ZH-10 ZH10
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 1.8&quot; msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA370S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MSA370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA230S  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;230S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks ===

====7mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP628230-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP552605-01 250Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP693440-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series 
* 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS 
* 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; avoid if it does not have the DCM code 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST 1T 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010B7E610 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 128m cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus Thin 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LT012  ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD
* 2014 
* 2015 
* 2016 
* 2017 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500VT000 500GB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  up to 128MB cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LX025  ST1000LX015  ST2000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA MQ01ACF  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm 
* 2014 Rev T0
* 2015 Rev T1
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;wd5000lpvx 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2.5&quot; WD Blue Slim 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;AROS One 1.8 USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 2017 Malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====9.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHW2040BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   40gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHY2080BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  80gig
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| MHW2120B
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM024 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm
* 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I
* 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4
* 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM012 (500M) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus 5400.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST9160821AS
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  160gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1t
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  8g nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1T
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   32G nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK2555GSX HDD2H24 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  250g 5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2013 to 2016)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2015 to 2020) 
*2013 
*2014 
*2015 AA50/AX0D5A
*2016 AA60/AX0E1A
*
*2017 AGM AA01/AX002V
*2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A
*2020 AA71/AX0G1A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD050 500meg 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD7500BPVX 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5&quot; SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , uses Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5&quot; Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPCX 1Tb
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
* 2019
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Scorpio Black 
* 2010
* 2014 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  16m cache, 7200rpm  thailand then malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Black 
* 2016 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III  malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks ===

====11mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TP00640GB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====12.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====15mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5&quot; SATA
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST91000640NS 81Y9731 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA Laptop Optical Drives ===

Tested in usb port not hub with 
*
*13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA
*

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL-DT-ST DVDRAM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GSA T50L
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 5v 12.7mm fails early 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi LG  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT20L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009/2010 5v 1.3A  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Hitachi / LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT30N  GT32N   GT30L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT40N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT50N GT51N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GU70N (HP/Dell), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
*Rev 101 
*rev 102 2015 factory GH 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTC0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8A0
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B1
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 2013 5v 1.6a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 ok lifeline, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8E2Q
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8FB
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ260 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DC-8A2SH, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A3S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A4SH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A5LH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8DBSH1148 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A6SH (HP)
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips and LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8ABSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A5LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8ACSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD Philips 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2019 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Pioneer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DVR-TD09TBG
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008-2010 5V 1.5A 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc SATA DVD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7561S, AD-7560S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7 MM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7585H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner.  Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD7590s, AD-7591s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7760H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7711H AD-7740H 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS-L633 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-208FB/BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp.
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU40N 
*LG WP50NB40 
*LG BP50NB40 
*ASUS BW-16D1HT
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU50N 
*LG WH16NS40 
*LG WH14NS40 
*ASUS BW-16D1X-U 
*ASUS SBW-06D5H-U 
*Verbatim 43889 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


=== [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] ===

Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts 
&lt;pre&gt;
WD:      https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf
Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf
Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Seagate Barracuda 7200.9
| ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS 
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DL002 1TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST4000VX013
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Baracuda Compute 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5&quot; - 32MB Cache
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 2TB SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000DM008 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD220
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 7200rpm  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD320
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba P300 CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2010 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD4002FFWD 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
|}


==PATA==

=== IDE Desktop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| M1624TAU
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| IBM
| DHEA-38451
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SP40A2H
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST3160215ACE
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST32122A
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD102AA
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD200
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Laptop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu 
| MHV2040AH
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Toshiba
| MK2011GAP
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Compaq
| CR-594-BCQ
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8322B(CP1)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8484B(AM2A)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| LTN-485
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Creative
| CD220E
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GDA-4120B
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| LG
| CRD-8400B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Lite-On
| LTN486S
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Mitsumi
| CRMC-FX4830T
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| CDR-1700B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| DV-5800A
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| ND-2100A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| NR-7900A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Philips
| DVD8631
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Samsung
| SC-148
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SCR-2030
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SM-348B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU601
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU611-25
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Toshiba
| SD-M1202
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}

=== IDE Laptop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;H-L Hitachi LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GCC-4244N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2006 
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GCCT10N
| {{yes}}
| {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}}
| AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Philips
| SDR089
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L462C TS-L462D 
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L632H
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Sony
| DW-Q58A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Sony Optiarc
| AD-7540A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7590A
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


== SCSI ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each.</text>
      <sha1>o2vwj2vs26vfgvz1l3i97u5knxbhzo1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638491</id>
      <parentid>4638490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="115474" sha1="0rcolpwgowx19uevqn5r1fmxoxnw7ud" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}


==Introduction==

AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces:

* [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus 
* [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases)
* [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA)
* USB 
* [[#SCSI]]  


==PCI-e==

===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)===

*Controller and firmware 
*DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming 
*Cache like SLC HMB techniques 
*NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy)


SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. 

In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. 

Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND.

General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. 

A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage 

See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed OEMs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 to date -  Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Acer Predator GM7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A	no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;IM2P33F8-512GD 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASX8200PNP1TTC 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 consumer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG ATOM 50
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Adata Legend 710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Legend 900
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin  PCIe Gen3
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  SM2263XT 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin NV7400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force LE
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Elite 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Core XT 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P1 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P2SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P3SSD8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 some have DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T705 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 dramless Phison SSD controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN660 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 gets hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN870 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN855 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S660 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S880/R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S770  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;FIKWOT FN950 FN955 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;FW-FX991-2TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN960 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S3-240GB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba  96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP EX950 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP FX900 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dram less
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD500GM280NM2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Professional TLC E12S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E18 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland TD510 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 660p m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ssdpeknw010tb
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKNU010TZ
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache  QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPELKX020T8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021   very long 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA1000M8/480G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA2000M8/250G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston KC3000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02
*KBG40ZNT256G, 
*KBG40ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG70ZNV1T0G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and &quot;MG2h&quot; version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD	with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KGB50ZNV256G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 HMB buffer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes  KIOXIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;NM610Pro 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM620
*IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L 
*MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Maxio MAP1602	no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;EQ790 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDKBA512TFH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2450 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 E19T 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2600 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium S270 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV2000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV5000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico D10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico e3500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico O7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-RKT4P-1TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 Phison E25 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZVLV1T
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*MZ-VKW5120 
*MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V6P1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, 
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, 
*Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 EVO Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V8P1T0BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022   might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , 
*2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*ZP1000GM30001,  
*ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda Q5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 515 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 no dram and qlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GM3A013, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5018-E18	on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP1000CV3A002, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 540 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530R 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A60 A80 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, 
*Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A  HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 okay but no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N  
*HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix SK500  Gen 4 (x4)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4  2230
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7512G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup MP34 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L	and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team MP33Q
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force G70 Pro  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Verbatim V15000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN500
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDAQNTW-512G-1001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 industrial  sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN750 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T1X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - various controllers and NANDs  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN850X
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  dramless cache with TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3G0C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_BLACK SN750 SE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN580
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN5000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Zhitai (Yangtze Memory)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== Mini SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin  PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid -  3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
|}


==SATA==

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) 

AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. 

The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers.

=== SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU630SS-240GQ-R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU650SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU800
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU680SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS340 Panther 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS350
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 sata2 3gbp/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial C300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 sata3 6gbps - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M550 120G to 1T 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache Micron controller  and nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial MX200 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   MLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertech
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5&quot; SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro Series 1500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel S3610 Series 2.5&quot; 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BX400G4R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 data center 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF512H6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BB800G7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BA800G4P, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  server 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KB240G7P 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston SSDNow 300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU
*7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LNS100-1TRB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NQ100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LCS-128L9S-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  no dram - sata2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;UP TO 550MB/S
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;UP TO 500MB/S
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Mushkin Reactor 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac SA500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZTechnology Agility 3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 C 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2CSTK251M21-0240, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2RSTK251E19-0100, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico S500-Pro s500pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3D tlc flash nand -
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  qlc flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P220 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;P220S2TB25
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Plextor M6V
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSD7CS900-480-PB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung SM PM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE120
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 PRO
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7KE1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM883 1.92TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LH1T90
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 -  - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76E1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 QVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76Q1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871b
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra Plus
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDHP-256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 -  Marvell 88SS9188  Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDA-240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z400s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x400
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZA240CV10001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk hynix 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012  sandforce controller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SH910A 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SC300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD 
*3110A SL301STD
*3210A
*3300A
*3310A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD 
*N1A0A  , , 
*N1A1A
*N1A2A SC308STD, 
*N2A0A  , , SC311STD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  3D NAND TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Topesel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5&quot; SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 220S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS120GSSD220S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 3D TLC without dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD230S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Viathan 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S001T3V
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red SA500 NAS
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5&quot;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G1G0A 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - cheap and slow ssd - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SA530 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Xum 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;hx256gssdsata3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y3000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCie 3.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y7000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCIe 4.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}


=== SATA M.2 (M and B key) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 2280 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AXNS381E-128GM-B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S201 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan &quot;Ordinary&quot; Road Technology Co., Ltd) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 2242 120G 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD120GM242
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M.2 2280
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GM.26M2280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD1TM280
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache -  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSCKKF256G8H 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  no dram, TLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Top 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 m.2
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400M8/240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston V300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S3505AG
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-18
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON SATA 128GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV3-8D128-11 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV1-8B256-HP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LSI 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 SF37000 controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M550 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256MBF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y20M-2242 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y20M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  TLC  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung CM871 Rev 0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM871b 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM881 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020   
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD7SN6S-256G-1006 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD6SP1M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC308M280S HFS128G39TND 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC311 HFS256G39TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC401 HFS256G39TNH
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;A55
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7001T0C101 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KBG30ZMV256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba HG6 m.2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG50ZMV256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG60ZMG256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S  TS128GMTS400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M.2 SSD 600 (2260),  M.2 SSD 800S (2280) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;420S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  can run hot slc cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;430S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache - 3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;820S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   3D nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;830S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020    made in malaysia  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G3G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022    made in 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA500 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM610 m.2 sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSS0R27339, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== mSATA SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fangxiang S301
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingchuxing 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GMSA MO-300 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc 3d nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron enterprise 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M600 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico ZH-10 ZH10
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 1.8&quot; msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA370S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MSA370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA230S  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;230S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks ===

====7mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP628230-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP552605-01 250Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP693440-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series 
* 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS 
* 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; avoid if it does not have the DCM code 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST 1T 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010B7E610 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 128m cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus Thin 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LT012  ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD
* 2014 
* 2015 
* 2016 
* 2017 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500VT000 500GB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  up to 128MB cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LX025  ST1000LX015  ST2000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA MQ01ACF  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm 
* 2014 Rev T0
* 2015 Rev T1
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;wd5000lpvx 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2.5&quot; WD Blue Slim 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;AROS One 1.8 USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 2017 Malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====9.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHW2040BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   40gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHY2080BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  80gig
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| MHW2120B
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM024 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm
* 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I
* 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4
* 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM012 (500M) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus 5400.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST9160821AS
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  160gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1t
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  8g nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1T
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   32G nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK2555GSX HDD2H24 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  250g 5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2013 to 2016)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2015 to 2020) 
*2013 
*2014 
*2015 AA50/AX0D5A
*2016 AA60/AX0E1A
*
*2017 AGM AA01/AX002V
*2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A
*2020 AA71/AX0G1A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD050 500meg 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD7500BPVX 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5&quot; SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , uses Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5&quot; Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPCX 1Tb
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
* 2019
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Scorpio Black 
* 2010
* 2014 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  16m cache, 7200rpm  thailand then malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Black 
* 2016 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III  malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks ===

====11mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TP00640GB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====12.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====15mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5&quot; SATA
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST91000640NS 81Y9731 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA Laptop Optical Drives ===

Tested in usb port not hub with 
*
*13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA
*

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL-DT-ST DVDRAM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GSA T50L
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 5v 12.7mm fails early 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi LG  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT20L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009/2010 5v 1.3A  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Hitachi / LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT30N  GT32N   GT30L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT40N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT50N GT51N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GU70N (HP/Dell), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
*Rev 101 
*rev 102 2015 factory GH 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTC0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8A0
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B1
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 2013 5v 1.6a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 ok lifeline, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8E2Q
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8FB
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ260 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DC-8A2SH, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A3S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A4SH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A5LH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8DBSH1148 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A6SH (HP)
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips and LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8ABSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A5LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8ACSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD Philips 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2019 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Pioneer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DVR-TD09TBG
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008-2010 5V 1.5A 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc SATA DVD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7561S, AD-7560S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7 MM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7585H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner.  Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD7590s, AD-7591s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7760H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7711H AD-7740H 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS-L633 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-208FB/BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp.
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU40N 
*LG WP50NB40 
*LG BP50NB40 
*ASUS BW-16D1HT
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU50N 
*LG WH16NS40 
*LG WH14NS40 
*ASUS BW-16D1X-U 
*ASUS SBW-06D5H-U 
*Verbatim 43889 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


=== [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] ===

Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts 
&lt;pre&gt;
WD:      https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf
Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf
Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Seagate Barracuda 7200.9
| ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS 
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DL002 1TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST4000VX013
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Baracuda Compute 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5&quot; - 32MB Cache
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 2TB SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000DM008 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD220
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 7200rpm  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD320
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba P300 CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2010 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD4002FFWD 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
|}


==PATA==

=== IDE Desktop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| M1624TAU
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| IBM
| DHEA-38451
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SP40A2H
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST3160215ACE
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST32122A
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD102AA
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD200
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Laptop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu 
| MHV2040AH
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Toshiba
| MK2011GAP
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Compaq
| CR-594-BCQ
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8322B(CP1)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8484B(AM2A)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| LTN-485
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Creative
| CD220E
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GDA-4120B
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| LG
| CRD-8400B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Lite-On
| LTN486S
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Mitsumi
| CRMC-FX4830T
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| CDR-1700B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| DV-5800A
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| ND-2100A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| NR-7900A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Philips
| DVD8631
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Samsung
| SC-148
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SCR-2030
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SM-348B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU601
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU611-25
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Toshiba
| SD-M1202
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}

=== IDE Laptop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;H-L Hitachi LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GCC-4244N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2006 
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GCCT10N
| {{yes}}
| {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}}
| AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Philips
| SDR089
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L462C TS-L462D 
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L632H
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Sony
| DW-Q58A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Sony Optiarc
| AD-7540A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7590A
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


== SCSI ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each.</text>
      <sha1>0rcolpwgowx19uevqn5r1fmxoxnw7ud</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638492</id>
      <parentid>4638491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:28:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="115766" sha1="swp7i2gil0djkpzak4lrnsgpciyo4af" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}


==Introduction==

AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces:

* [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus 
* [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases)
* [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA)
* USB 
* [[#SCSI]]  


==PCI-e==

===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)===

*Controller and firmware 
*DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming 
*Cache like SLC HMB techniques 
*NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy)


SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. 

In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. 

Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND.

General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. 

A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage 

See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed OEMs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 to date -  Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Acer Predator GM7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A	no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;IM2P33F8-512GD 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASX8200PNP1TTC 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 consumer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG ATOM 50
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Adata Legend 710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Legend 900
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin  PCIe Gen3
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  SM2263XT 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin NV7400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force LE
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Elite 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Core XT 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P1 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P2SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P3SSD8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 some have DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T705 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 dramless Phison SSD controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN660 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 gets hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN870 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN855 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S660 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S880/R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S770  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;FIKWOT FN950 FN955 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;FW-FX991-2TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN960 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S3-240GB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba  96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP EX950 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP FX900 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dram less
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD500GM280NM2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Professional TLC E12S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E18 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland TD510 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 660p m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ssdpeknw010tb
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKNU010TZ
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache  QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPELKX020T8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021   very long 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA1000M8/480G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA2000M8/250G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston KC3000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02
*KBG40ZNT256G, 
*KBG40ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG70ZNV1T0G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and &quot;MG2h&quot; version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD	with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KGB50ZNV256G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 HMB buffer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes  KIOXIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;NM610Pro 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM620
*IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L 
*MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Maxio MAP1602	no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;EQ790 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDKBA512TFH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2450 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 E19T 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2600 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium S270 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV2000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV5000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico D10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico e3500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico O7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-RKT4P-1TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 Phison E25 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZVLV1T
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*MZ-VKW5120 
*MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V6P1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, 
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, 
*Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 EVO Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V8P1T0BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022   might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , 
*2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*ZP1000GM30001,  
*ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda Q5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 515 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 no dram and qlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GM3A013, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5018-E18	on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP1000CV3A002, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 540 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530R 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A60 A80 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, 
*Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A  HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 okay but no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N  
*HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix SK500  Gen 4 (x4)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4  2230
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7512G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup MP34 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L	and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team MP33Q
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force G70 Pro  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Verbatim V15000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN500
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDAQNTW-512G-1001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 industrial  sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN750 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T1X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - various controllers and NANDs  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN850X
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  dramless cache with TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3G0C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_BLACK SN750 SE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN580
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN5000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Zhitai (Yangtze Memory)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== Mini SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin  PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid -  3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
|}


==SATA==

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) 

AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. 

The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers.

=== SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU630SS-240GQ-R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU650SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU800
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU680SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS340 Panther 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS350
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 sata2 3gbp/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial C300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 sata3 6gbps - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M550 120G to 1T 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache Micron controller  and nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial MX200 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   MLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertech
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5&quot; SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro Series 1500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel S3610 Series 2.5&quot; 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BX400G4R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 data center 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF512H6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BB800G7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BA800G4P, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  server 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KB240G7P 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston SSDNow 300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU
*7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LNS100-1TRB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NQ100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LCS-128L9S-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  no dram - sata2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;UP TO 550MB/S
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;UP TO 500MB/S
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Mushkin Reactor 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac SA500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZTechnology Agility 3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 C 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2CSTK251M21-0240, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2RSTK251E19-0100, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 3 128GB 2.5&quot; SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;VTX3-25SAT3-240G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 4 128GB 2.5&quot; SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;VTX4-25SAT3-128G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico S500-Pro s500pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3D tlc flash nand -
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  qlc flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P220 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;P220S2TB25
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Plextor M6V
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSD7CS900-480-PB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung SM PM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE120
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 PRO
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7KE1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM883 1.92TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LH1T90
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 -  - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76E1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 QVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76Q1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871b
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra Plus
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDHP-256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 -  Marvell 88SS9188  Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDA-240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z400s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x400
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZA240CV10001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk hynix 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012  sandforce controller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SH910A 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SC300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD 
*3110A SL301STD
*3210A
*3300A
*3310A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD 
*N1A0A  , , 
*N1A1A
*N1A2A SC308STD, 
*N2A0A  , , SC311STD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  3D NAND TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Topesel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5&quot; SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 220S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS120GSSD220S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 3D TLC without dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD230S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Viathan 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S001T3V
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red SA500 NAS
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5&quot;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G1G0A 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - cheap and slow ssd - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SA530 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Xum 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;hx256gssdsata3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y3000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCie 3.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y7000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCIe 4.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}


=== SATA M.2 (M and B key) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 2280 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AXNS381E-128GM-B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S201 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan &quot;Ordinary&quot; Road Technology Co., Ltd) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 2242 120G 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD120GM242
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M.2 2280
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GM.26M2280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD1TM280
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache -  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSCKKF256G8H 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  no dram, TLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Top 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 m.2
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400M8/240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston V300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S3505AG
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-18
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON SATA 128GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV3-8D128-11 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV1-8B256-HP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LSI 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 SF37000 controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M550 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256MBF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y20M-2242 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y20M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  TLC  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung CM871 Rev 0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM871b 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM881 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020   
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD7SN6S-256G-1006 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD6SP1M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC308M280S HFS128G39TND 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC311 HFS256G39TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC401 HFS256G39TNH
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;A55
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7001T0C101 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KBG30ZMV256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba HG6 m.2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG50ZMV256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG60ZMG256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S  TS128GMTS400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M.2 SSD 600 (2260),  M.2 SSD 800S (2280) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;420S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  can run hot slc cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;430S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache - 3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;820S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   3D nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;830S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020    made in malaysia  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G3G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022    made in 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA500 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM610 m.2 sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSS0R27339, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== mSATA SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fangxiang S301
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingchuxing 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GMSA MO-300 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc 3d nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron enterprise 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M600 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico ZH-10 ZH10
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 1.8&quot; msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA370S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MSA370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA230S  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;230S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks ===

====7mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP628230-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP552605-01 250Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP693440-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series 
* 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS 
* 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; avoid if it does not have the DCM code 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST 1T 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010B7E610 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 128m cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus Thin 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LT012  ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD
* 2014 
* 2015 
* 2016 
* 2017 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500VT000 500GB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  up to 128MB cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LX025  ST1000LX015  ST2000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA MQ01ACF  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm 
* 2014 Rev T0
* 2015 Rev T1
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;wd5000lpvx 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2.5&quot; WD Blue Slim 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;AROS One 1.8 USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 2017 Malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====9.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHW2040BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   40gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHY2080BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  80gig
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| MHW2120B
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM024 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm
* 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I
* 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4
* 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM012 (500M) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus 5400.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST9160821AS
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  160gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1t
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  8g nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1T
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   32G nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK2555GSX HDD2H24 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  250g 5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2013 to 2016)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2015 to 2020) 
*2013 
*2014 
*2015 AA50/AX0D5A
*2016 AA60/AX0E1A
*
*2017 AGM AA01/AX002V
*2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A
*2020 AA71/AX0G1A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD050 500meg 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD7500BPVX 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5&quot; SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , uses Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5&quot; Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPCX 1Tb
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
* 2019
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Scorpio Black 
* 2010
* 2014 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  16m cache, 7200rpm  thailand then malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Black 
* 2016 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III  malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks ===

====11mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TP00640GB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====12.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====15mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5&quot; SATA
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST91000640NS 81Y9731 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA Laptop Optical Drives ===

Tested in usb port not hub with 
*
*13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA
*

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL-DT-ST DVDRAM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GSA T50L
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 5v 12.7mm fails early 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi LG  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT20L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009/2010 5v 1.3A  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Hitachi / LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT30N  GT32N   GT30L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT40N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT50N GT51N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GU70N (HP/Dell), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
*Rev 101 
*rev 102 2015 factory GH 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTC0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8A0
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B1
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 2013 5v 1.6a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 ok lifeline, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8E2Q
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8FB
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ260 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DC-8A2SH, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A3S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A4SH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A5LH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8DBSH1148 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A6SH (HP)
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips and LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8ABSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A5LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8ACSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD Philips 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2019 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Pioneer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DVR-TD09TBG
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008-2010 5V 1.5A 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc SATA DVD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7561S, AD-7560S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7 MM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7585H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner.  Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD7590s, AD-7591s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7760H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7711H AD-7740H 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS-L633 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-208FB/BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp.
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU40N 
*LG WP50NB40 
*LG BP50NB40 
*ASUS BW-16D1HT
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU50N 
*LG WH16NS40 
*LG WH14NS40 
*ASUS BW-16D1X-U 
*ASUS SBW-06D5H-U 
*Verbatim 43889 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


=== [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] ===

Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts 
&lt;pre&gt;
WD:      https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf
Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf
Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Seagate Barracuda 7200.9
| ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS 
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DL002 1TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST4000VX013
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Baracuda Compute 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5&quot; - 32MB Cache
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 2TB SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000DM008 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD220
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 7200rpm  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD320
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba P300 CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2010 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD4002FFWD 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
|}


==PATA==

=== IDE Desktop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| M1624TAU
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| IBM
| DHEA-38451
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SP40A2H
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST3160215ACE
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST32122A
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD102AA
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD200
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Laptop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu 
| MHV2040AH
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Toshiba
| MK2011GAP
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Compaq
| CR-594-BCQ
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8322B(CP1)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8484B(AM2A)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| LTN-485
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Creative
| CD220E
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GDA-4120B
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| LG
| CRD-8400B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Lite-On
| LTN486S
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Mitsumi
| CRMC-FX4830T
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| CDR-1700B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| DV-5800A
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| ND-2100A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| NR-7900A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Philips
| DVD8631
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Samsung
| SC-148
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SCR-2030
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SM-348B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU601
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU611-25
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Toshiba
| SD-M1202
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}

=== IDE Laptop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;H-L Hitachi LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GCC-4244N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2006 
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GCCT10N
| {{yes}}
| {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}}
| AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Philips
| SDR089
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L462C TS-L462D 
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L632H
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Sony
| DW-Q58A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Sony Optiarc
| AD-7540A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7590A
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


== SCSI ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each.</text>
      <sha1>swp7i2gil0djkpzak4lrnsgpciyo4af</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638493</id>
      <parentid>4638492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:30:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638493</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="115806" sha1="pnwyk6utxlwz4mpls1ygm7lrh9mycja" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}


==Introduction==

AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces:

* [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus 
* [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases)
* [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA)
* USB 
* [[#SCSI]]  


==PCI-e==

===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)===

*Controller and firmware 
*DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming 
*Cache like SLC HMB techniques 
*NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy)


SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. 

In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. 

Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND.

General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. 

A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage 

See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed OEMs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 to date -  Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Acer Predator GM7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A	no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;IM2P33F8-512GD 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASX8200PNP1TTC 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 consumer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG ATOM 50
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Adata Legend 710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Legend 900
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin  PCIe Gen3
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  SM2263XT 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin NV7400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force LE
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Elite 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Core XT 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P1 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P2SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P3SSD8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 some have DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T705 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 dramless Phison SSD controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN660 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 gets hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN870 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN855 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S660 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S880/R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S770  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;FIKWOT FN950 FN955 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;FW-FX991-2TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN960 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S3-240GB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba  96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP EX950 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP FX900 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dram less
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD500GM280NM2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Professional TLC E12S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E18 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland TD510 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 660p m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ssdpeknw010tb
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKNU010TZ
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache  QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPELKX020T8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021   very long 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA1000M8/480G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA2000M8/250G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston KC3000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02
*KBG40ZNT256G, 
*KBG40ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG70ZNV1T0G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and &quot;MG2h&quot; version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD	with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KGB50ZNV256G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 HMB buffer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes  KIOXIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;NM610Pro 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM620
*IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L 
*MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Maxio MAP1602	no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;EQ790 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDKBA512TFH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2450 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 E19T 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2600 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium S270 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV2000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV5000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico D10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico e3500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico O7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-RKT4P-1TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 Phison E25 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZVLV1T
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*MZ-VKW5120 
*MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V6P1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, 
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, 
*Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 EVO Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V8P1T0BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022   might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , 
*2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*ZP1000GM30001,  
*ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda Q5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 515 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 no dram and qlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GM3A013, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5018-E18	on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP1000CV3A002, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 540 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530R 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A60 A80 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, 
*Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A  HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 okay but no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N  
*HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix SK500  Gen 4 (x4)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4  2230
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7512G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup MP34 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L	and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team MP33Q
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force G70 Pro  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Verbatim V15000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN500
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDAQNTW-512G-1001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 industrial  sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN750 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T1X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - various controllers and NANDs  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN850X
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  dramless cache with TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3G0C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_BLACK SN750 SE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN580
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN5000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Zhitai (Yangtze Memory)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== Mini SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin  PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid -  3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
|}


==SATA==

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) 

AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. 

The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers.

=== SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU630SS-240GQ-R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU650SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU800
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU680SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS340 Panther 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS350
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 sata2 3gbp/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial C300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 sata3 6gbps - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M550 120G to 1T 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache Micron controller  and nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial MX200 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   MLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertech
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5&quot; SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro Series 1500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel S3610 Series 2.5&quot; 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BX400G4R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 data center 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF512H6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BB800G7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BA800G4P, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  server 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KB240G7P 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston SSDNow 300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU
*7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LNS100-1TRB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NQ100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LCS-128L9S-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  no dram - sata2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;UP TO 550MB/S
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;UP TO 500MB/S
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Mushkin Reactor 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac SA500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;OCZSSD2-1VTX60G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZTechnology Agility 3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 C 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2CSTK251M21-0240, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2RSTK251E19-0100, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 3 128GB 2.5&quot; SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;VTX3-25SAT3-240G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 4 128GB 2.5&quot; SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;VTX4-25SAT3-128G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico S500-Pro s500pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3D tlc flash nand -
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  qlc flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P220 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;P220S2TB25
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Plextor M6V
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSD7CS900-480-PB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung SM PM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE120
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 PRO
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7KE1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM883 1.92TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LH1T90
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 -  - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76E1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 QVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76Q1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871b
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra Plus
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDHP-256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 -  Marvell 88SS9188  Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDA-240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z400s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x400
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZA240CV10001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk hynix 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012  sandforce controller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SH910A 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SC300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD 
*3110A SL301STD
*3210A
*3300A
*3310A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD 
*N1A0A  , , 
*N1A1A
*N1A2A SC308STD, 
*N2A0A  , , SC311STD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  3D NAND TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Topesel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5&quot; SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 220S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS120GSSD220S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 3D TLC without dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD230S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Viathan 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S001T3V
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red SA500 NAS
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5&quot;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G1G0A 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - cheap and slow ssd - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SA530 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Xum 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;hx256gssdsata3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y3000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCie 3.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y7000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCIe 4.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}


=== SATA M.2 (M and B key) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 2280 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AXNS381E-128GM-B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S201 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan &quot;Ordinary&quot; Road Technology Co., Ltd) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 2242 120G 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD120GM242
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M.2 2280
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GM.26M2280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD1TM280
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache -  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSCKKF256G8H 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  no dram, TLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Top 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 m.2
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400M8/240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston V300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S3505AG
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-18
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON SATA 128GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV3-8D128-11 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV1-8B256-HP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LSI 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 SF37000 controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M550 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256MBF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y20M-2242 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y20M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  TLC  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung CM871 Rev 0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM871b 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM881 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020   
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD7SN6S-256G-1006 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD6SP1M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC308M280S HFS128G39TND 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC311 HFS256G39TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC401 HFS256G39TNH
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;A55
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7001T0C101 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KBG30ZMV256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba HG6 m.2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG50ZMV256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG60ZMG256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S  TS128GMTS400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M.2 SSD 600 (2260),  M.2 SSD 800S (2280) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;420S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  can run hot slc cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;430S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache - 3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;820S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   3D nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;830S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020    made in malaysia  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G3G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022    made in 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA500 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM610 m.2 sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSS0R27339, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== mSATA SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fangxiang S301
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingchuxing 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GMSA MO-300 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc 3d nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron enterprise 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M600 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico ZH-10 ZH10
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 1.8&quot; msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA370S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MSA370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA230S  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;230S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks ===

====7mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP628230-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP552605-01 250Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP693440-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series 
* 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS 
* 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; avoid if it does not have the DCM code 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST 1T 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010B7E610 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 128m cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus Thin 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LT012  ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD
* 2014 
* 2015 
* 2016 
* 2017 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500VT000 500GB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  up to 128MB cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LX025  ST1000LX015  ST2000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA MQ01ACF  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm 
* 2014 Rev T0
* 2015 Rev T1
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;wd5000lpvx 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2.5&quot; WD Blue Slim 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;AROS One 1.8 USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 2017 Malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====9.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHW2040BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   40gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHY2080BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  80gig
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| MHW2120B
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM024 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm
* 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I
* 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4
* 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM012 (500M) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus 5400.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST9160821AS
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  160gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1t
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  8g nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1T
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   32G nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK2555GSX HDD2H24 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  250g 5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2013 to 2016)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2015 to 2020) 
*2013 
*2014 
*2015 AA50/AX0D5A
*2016 AA60/AX0E1A
*
*2017 AGM AA01/AX002V
*2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A
*2020 AA71/AX0G1A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD050 500meg 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD7500BPVX 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5&quot; SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , uses Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5&quot; Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPCX 1Tb
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
* 2019
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Scorpio Black 
* 2010
* 2014 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  16m cache, 7200rpm  thailand then malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Black 
* 2016 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III  malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks ===

====11mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TP00640GB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====12.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====15mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5&quot; SATA
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST91000640NS 81Y9731 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA Laptop Optical Drives ===

Tested in usb port not hub with 
*
*13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA
*

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL-DT-ST DVDRAM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GSA T50L
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 5v 12.7mm fails early 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi LG  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT20L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009/2010 5v 1.3A  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Hitachi / LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT30N  GT32N   GT30L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT40N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT50N GT51N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GU70N (HP/Dell), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
*Rev 101 
*rev 102 2015 factory GH 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTC0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8A0
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B1
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 2013 5v 1.6a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 ok lifeline, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8E2Q
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8FB
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ260 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DC-8A2SH, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A3S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A4SH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A5LH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8DBSH1148 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A6SH (HP)
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips and LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8ABSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A5LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8ACSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD Philips 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2019 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Pioneer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DVR-TD09TBG
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008-2010 5V 1.5A 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc SATA DVD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7561S, AD-7560S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7 MM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7585H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner.  Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD7590s, AD-7591s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7760H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7711H AD-7740H 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS-L633 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-208FB/BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp.
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU40N 
*LG WP50NB40 
*LG BP50NB40 
*ASUS BW-16D1HT
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU50N 
*LG WH16NS40 
*LG WH14NS40 
*ASUS BW-16D1X-U 
*ASUS SBW-06D5H-U 
*Verbatim 43889 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


=== [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] ===

Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts 
&lt;pre&gt;
WD:      https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf
Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf
Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Seagate Barracuda 7200.9
| ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS 
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DL002 1TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST4000VX013
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Baracuda Compute 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5&quot; - 32MB Cache
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 2TB SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000DM008 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD220
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 7200rpm  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD320
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba P300 CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2010 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD4002FFWD 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
|}


==PATA==

=== IDE Desktop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| M1624TAU
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| IBM
| DHEA-38451
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SP40A2H
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST3160215ACE
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST32122A
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD102AA
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD200
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Laptop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu 
| MHV2040AH
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Toshiba
| MK2011GAP
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Compaq
| CR-594-BCQ
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8322B(CP1)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8484B(AM2A)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| LTN-485
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Creative
| CD220E
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GDA-4120B
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| LG
| CRD-8400B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Lite-On
| LTN486S
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Mitsumi
| CRMC-FX4830T
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| CDR-1700B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| DV-5800A
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| ND-2100A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| NR-7900A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Philips
| DVD8631
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Samsung
| SC-148
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SCR-2030
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SM-348B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU601
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU611-25
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Toshiba
| SD-M1202
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}

=== IDE Laptop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;H-L Hitachi LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GCC-4244N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2006 
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GCCT10N
| {{yes}}
| {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}}
| AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Philips
| SDR089
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L462C TS-L462D 
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L632H
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Sony
| DW-Q58A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Sony Optiarc
| AD-7540A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7590A
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


== SCSI ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each.</text>
      <sha1>pnwyk6utxlwz4mpls1ygm7lrh9mycja</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikimedia/Images</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>305886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638423</id>
      <parentid>4028513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T21:49:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>minor corrections</comment>
      <origin>4638423</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="787" sha1="q4db87hefyge2b9e7ozk183gd5qekrw" xml:space="preserve">'''Images''' are a key part of illustration in Wikimedia wikis. Most images are uploaded to the [[Wikimedia/Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]], but some are uploaded to the site itself (mostly CD/DVD/game covers for copyright reasons). The Wikimedia Commons, the main upload centre for images, is meant to be used exclusively for content under a free license, including content in the public domain, content under compatible free licenses, and content you created yourself and consent to release under a free license. To insert a photo from Commons, you have to link it. I am going to use the example of a flower.

&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Flower.png|thumb|left|Caption]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

This code produces this result:
[[File:Flower.png|thumb|left|Caption]]

{{Wikimedia}}{{Status|50%}}</text>
      <sha1>q4db87hefyge2b9e7ozk183gd5qekrw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikimedia/What is Wikimedia?</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>306090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638424</id>
      <parentid>4330822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T21:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>clarify and comb</comment>
      <origin>4638424</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="910" sha1="rkl1metn29p4zcalelsgxzwvyeu30nz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wikimedia Foundation RGB logo with text.svg|thumb|The current logo of the Wikimedia Foundation (the WMF)]] 
Wikimedia is a not-for-profit organisation that owns some of the largest wikis on the internet, the most famous of which is Wikipedia. Wikimedia's goal is to deliver free information to every single person in the world. There are 16 wikis maintained by Wikimedia, each covering numerous languages, either via multi-lingual applications (Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata), or separate webservers (Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wiktionary). This book is about the foundation as a whole, and the wikis it maintains. 

Wikimedia is also used a general term to either refer to specific technical platforms, applications, user projects, (yearly) campaigns or conferences, national chapters, or user groups.

The general software is called MediaWiki.

{{Wikimedia}}{{Status|50%}}</text>
      <sha1>rkl1metn29p4zcalelsgxzwvyeu30nz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Science: An Elementary Teacher’s Guide/Elements, atoms, molecules</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>371076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638463</id>
      <parentid>4606160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:57:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>49843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Atom.svg with [[File:Helium_atom_(not_to_scale).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Naming according meaning.).</comment>
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      <text bytes="5924" sha1="sjehfgi873so9r87o0w9hju81ze049k" xml:space="preserve">==Introduction: The Building Blocks of Matter==

Children have a tendency to be curious and may ask many questions. A typical question a child may ask is what is a certain object made from? A child may ask “what is this chocolate cake made of?&quot; A typical answer would be chocolate, milk, sugar, flour etc. Then the child may press on and ask “what is chocolate made of?&quot; You would answer cocoa beans, sugar, butter, milk etc. Now the adult may be in trouble if the child presses on and asks what cocoa beans are made of and if you answer that, the child may keep asking and finally the adult will admit that he does not know. Breaking up a recipe into its ingredients is not difficult, but then breaking up the ingredients further and then breaking up those further is difficult.

What matter is made is an ancient question that has been posed for thousands of years. Greek philosophers reasoned that all matter could be broken up to its simplest component. They called these components &quot;atoms&quot;. Of course at that time the idea of the atom could not be proved with evidence and experimentation. It was not until the 19th century that scientists discovered behaviors of matter that could only be explained by the concept of the atom.

Ë===The Atom===

The atom is the smallest particle that composes all matter. It is composed of a nucleus and electrons.
There many atoms.....

[[File:Helium atom (not to scale).svg|An Atom has three basic parts]]
*Nucleus is in the center
*Protons: in red, have a positive charge and are in the nucleus
*Neutrons: in green, have no charge and are in the nucleus
*Electrons: in yellow, have a negative charge and spin around the nucleus* 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc0EtPPpZUU '''Atoms and Molecules Video''']
*The lights are now back of the day and society of the lecture notes in any way who are the best thing in the world 
The matter of anything which occupies space and has mass is called Matt
The dawn of civilization 
       EXPLANATION OF LIQUID PRESSURE ON THE BASIS OF

===Molecules===
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is often used less strictly, also being applied to ''polyatomic'' ions. The atoms of an element can combine to make molecules. A ''molecule'' is the smallest particle of a substance that has all of the properties of the substance. All substances are made up of molecules, which are so tiny that only the largest of them can be seen with a powerful electron microscope. Billions of water molecules are contained in a single drop of water. All molecules of a substance are alike and they are different from the molecules of any other substance. 
[[File:States of matter En.svg|thumb|Molecules in a gas, liquid, and solid]]


All molecules are constantly moving and striking other molecules. Gas molecules move very rapidly and they are far apart. In a liquid, the molecules move more slowly and are much closer together, but still move around relatively freely. the molecules in a solid seem to just move back and forth, or vibrate, in place since they are closely packed together. 


Examples of Molecules:
Water: Has two hydrogen and one oxygen atom.
Carbon Dioxide: Has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

They also make up most of the oceans and atmosphere. However, the majority of familiar solid substances on Earth, including most of the minerals that make up the crust, mantle, and core of the Earth, contain many chemical bonds, but are not made of identifiable molecules. Also, no typical molecule can be defined for ionic crystals (salts) and covalent crystals (network solids), although these are often composed of repeating unit cells that extend either in a plane or three-dimensionally (such as in diamond, quartz, or sodium chloride). The theme of repeated unit-cellular-structure also holds for most condensed phases with metallic bonding, which means that solid metals are also not made of molecules. In glasses (solids that exist in a vitreous disordered state), atoms may also be held together by chemical bonds without presence of any definable molecule, but also without any of the regularity of repeating units that characterizes crystals.

===Elements===

Elements are often called the building blocks of matter.  All matter is made of atoms. An element is matter that can not be broken up into other elements. All different elements have different number of protons and electrons. These elements are organized in a table called The Periodic Table of Elements. There are currently 109 known elements. The position of any particular element on the Periodic Table is based on certain characteristics of the element. Columns of elements in the Periodic Table, for instance, have similar chemical properties. 

'''The Periodic Table of Elements'''


[[Image:Periodic Table Armtuk3.svg]]


*&lt;u&gt;Compound&lt;/u&gt; is when two or more different kinds of atoms chemically combine to form a new substance.
#has its own physical and chemical properties
#different properties from those of the elements from which it was formed
-ex: water (two hydrogens atoms mixed with one oxygen atom)
*&lt;u&gt;Mixture&lt;/u&gt; is when two or more elements or compounds coexist without combining chemically. 
#elements remain separate and distinct
#each retains its own physical and chemical properties
-ex: salt mixed with pepper
*&lt;u&gt;Solution&lt;/u&gt; is when a mixture of two substances results in the molecules of one substance being spread out evenly and equally between the molecules of the other substance.
#many common solutions involve a solid dissolved into a liquid
#the solid is called a ''solute'' and the liquid is called a ''solvent''; the solute dissolves into the solvent
-ex: soda water (carbon dioxide mixed in water)
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      <text bytes="5096" sha1="3y3z8b2l9gpxpfjxsqyo9679tr2ld1y" xml:space="preserve">== Vowels (സ്വരങ്ങൾ) (Svaram) ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Malayalam !! IPA !! ISO 15919 !! English approximation 
!Pronunciation 
|-
| അ || a || a  || c'''a'''rt |||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-അ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ആ  || aː || ā  || f'''a'''ther ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ആ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഇ || ɪ || i  || s'''i'''t ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഇ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഈ  || iː || ī || s'''ea'''t ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഈ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഉ  || ʊ || u || f'''u'''ll ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഉ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഊ  || uː || ū  || f'''oo'''l ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഊ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഋ || r̥ || r̥  || bett'''er'''||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഋ.wav|100px]]
|-
| എ || e || e  || '''e'''ight ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-എ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഏ || eː || ē  || '''e'''ight (but longer)||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഏ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഐ || əɪ || ai  || m'''i'''le ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഐ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഒ || o || o  || s'''o'''le ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഒ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഓ || oː || ō || c'''oa'''t ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഓ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഔ || əʊ || au  || '''ow'''l ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഔ.wav|100px]]
|-
| അം || am ||  || - - - ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-അം.wav|100px]]
|-
| അഃ || ah ||  || - - -
| - - -
|}

== Consonants (വ്യഞ്ജനങ്ങൾ) (Vyanjanam) ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Malayalam !! IPA !! ISO 15919 !! English approximation !! Pronunciation
|-
| ക || k || k  || s'''k'''y ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ക.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഖ  || kʰ || kh  || '''kh'''an ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഖ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഗ  || ɡ || g  || '''g'''o ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഗ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഘ  || ɡʱ || gh  || '''Gh'''ana ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഘ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ങ  || ŋ || ṅ  || si'''ng''' ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ങ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ച || t͡ʃ || c  || chur'''ch''' ||[[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ച.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഛ  || t͡ʃʰ || ch || whi'''ch''' '''h'''and || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഛ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ജ  || ɟ || j  || '''j'''unior || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ജ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഝ  || ɟʱ || jh || hed'''geh'''og || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഝ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഞ  || ɲ || ñ  || co'''gna'''c || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഞ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ട || ʈ || ṭ  || '''t'''ide (but retroflex) || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ട.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഠ  || ʈʰ || ṭh  || go'''t''' '''t'''he but retroflex || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഠ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഡ  || ɖ ||  	ḍ  || '''d'''og but retroflex || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഡ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഢ || ɖʱ || ḍh  || bon'''d''' '''h'''er hair but retroflex  || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഢ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ണ || ɳ || ṇ  || Hindi Varu'''n'''a || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ണ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ത || t || t  || earthe'''d''' || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ത.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഥ  || tʰ || th  || ge'''t''' '''d'''own || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഥ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ദ  || d || d  || '''d'''ad || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ദ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ധ || dʱ || dh  || ha'''d''' '''d'''one || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ധ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ന  || n̪ ||  n || mo'''n'''th || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ന.wav|100px]]
|-
| പ || p  || p  || '''p'''ain || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-പ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഫ || f/pʰ || ph  || Has two pronunciations, either as '''f'''ootball or '''p'''an || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഫ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ബ || b || b || '''b'''ig || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ബ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഭ || bʱ || bh  || '''bh'''angra || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഭ.wav|100px]]
|-
| മ || m || m || '''m'''all || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-മ.wav|100px]]
|-
| യ  || j || y || '''y'''es || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-യ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ര  || ɾ || r || Spanish t'''r'''es || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ര.wav|100px]]
|-
| ല  || l ||  l || '''l'''isten || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ല.wav|100px]]
|-
| വ  || ʋ || v  || cur'''v'''e || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-വ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ശ || ʃ ||  ś || '''s'''ugar || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ശ.wav|100px]]
|- 
| ഷ || ʂ || ṣ  || '''sh'''un || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഷ.wav|100px]]
|-
| സ || s || s || '''s'''o || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-സ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഹ  || h || h || '''h'''ead || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഹ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ള || ɭ || ḷ  || Swedish so'''rl''' || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ള.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഴ  || ɻ || ḻ  || '''r'''un || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഴ.wav|100px]]
|-
| റ || r || ṟ  || Spanish '''r'''ojo || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-റ.wav|100px]]
|-
| ഩ  || n || ṉ  || '''n'''ot || [[File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഩ.wav|100px]]
|-
|}

== Special Consonants (ചില്ലക്ഷരം) (Chillaksharam) ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Malayalam !! IPA
|-
| ൽ || il
|-
| ൻ || N
|-
| ർ || RR
|-
| ൺ  || NN
|-
| ൾ || LL
|}

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        <id>3599298</id>
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{{TOCright}}
== Foreword ==
9-1 Physics is a textbook designed to act as a free, reliable guide for students attempting the 9-1 Physics GCSE. 

The table of contents has been structured around the [http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/resources/physics/specifications/AQA-8463-SP-2016.PDF AQA Specification]. 

This book is intended to be read chronologically. 

We recommend that you are familiar with most of GCSE Mathematics as physics, like other sciences, relies on mathematics. Also, if you want to learn how to make the most of this textbook [[9-1 Series/Make the most|please read here]]. 

__TOC__
{{Book search}}
== Energy {{stage short|0%}} ==
:[[/Energy systems/]] {{stage short|75%}}
:[[/Conservation of energy/]] {{stage short|25%}}
:[[/Energy questions/]] {{stage short|0%}}

== Electricity {{stage short|0%}} ==
:Current, Potential difference and resistance {{stage short|0%}}
:Series and parallel circuits {{stage short|0%}}
:Domestic uses and safety {{stage short|0%}}
:Energy transfers {{stage short|0%}}
:Static electricity {{stage short|0%}}
:Topic questions {{stage short|0%}}

== Particle model of matter {{stage short|0%}} ==
:Changes of state and the particle model {{stage short|0%}}
:Internal energy and energy transfers {{stage short|0%}}
:Particle model and pressure {{stage short|0%}}
:Topic questions {{stage short|0%}}

== Atomic Structure {{stage short|0%}} ==
:Atoms and isotopes {{stage short|0%}}
:[[9-1 Physics/Atoms and nuclear radiation|Atoms and nuclear radiation]] {{stage short|0%}}
:Hazards and uses of radioactive emissions and of background radiation {{stage short|0%}}
:Nuclear fission and fusion {{stage short|0%}}  (Separate Science only) 
:Topic questions {{stage short|0%}}

== Forces {{stage short|0%}} ==
:[[9-1 Physics/Forces and their interactions|Forces and their interactions]] {{stage short|0%}}
:Work done and energy transfer {{stage short|0%}}
:Forces and elasticity {{stage short|0%}}
:Moments, levers and gears {{stage short|0%}}
:Pressure and pressure differences in fluids {{stage short|0%}}
:Forces and motion {{stage short|0%}}
:[[9-1 Physics/Momentum|Momentum]] {{stage short|0%}}
:Topic questions {{stage short|0%}}

== Waves {{stage short|0%}} ==
:Waves in air, fluids and solids {{stage short|0%}}
:Electromagnetic waves {{stage short|0%}}
:Black body radiation {{stage short|0%}}
:Topic questions {{stage short|0%}}

== Electromagnetism {{stage short|0%}} ==
:Permanent and induced magnetism, magnetic forces and fields {{stage short|0%}}
:The motor effect {{stage short|0%}}
:Induced potential, transformers and the National Grid (physics only) {{stage short|0%}}
:Topic questions {{stage short|0%}}

== Space Physics {{stage short|0%}} ==
:[[9-1 Physics/Solar system|Solar system]] {{stage short|0%}}
:Red shift {{stage short|0%}}
:Topic questions {{stage short|0%}}

== Practice Papers {{stage short|0%}} ==

== Appendix ==
:[[9-1 Science/Scientific thinking|Experimental thinking]] {{stage short|0%}}

:[[9-1 Series/Make the most|How to make the most from this book]]
:I've finished the book, where next?
:[[9-1 Physics/Authors|Authorship]]

{{alphabetical|9}}
{{Shelves|Physics study guides|General Certificate of Secondary Education}}
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        <id>1937289</id>
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      <text bytes="3505" sha1="i2hydy2zbd8j7tl7bdk563gi3ac169e" xml:space="preserve">{{Nav}}Welcome to '''''Minecraft'' Speedrunning'''!

===Philosophy of speedrunning===
Speedrunning is a mode of playing in which a player learns full mastery and understanding of a game's systems over time. A player may decide to speedrun a game for fun, for personal improvement, or to compete with likeminded individuals. There is an extensive ''Minecraft'' speedrunning community scattered around the Web, who collaborate on strategies and improvements. This book will give an overview of optimal strategies for new ''Minecraft'' speedrunners. However, the core of speedrunning is constant practice. We recommend you do not reset your run whenever something goes wrong, but instead just attempt to beat the game as many times as possible, hopefully improving over time.

Top players, who have been speedrunning ''Minecraft'' for hundreds of hours, may be able to beat the game in a manner of minutes. However, just being able to beat the game in an hour is already extremely impressive!

===Preparation===
The first decision you may want to make is the version you decide to play. The most commonly played versions of ''Minecraft'' are &quot;Java Edition&quot; (for PC) and &quot;Bedrock Edition&quot; (for various platforms). PC speedrunning is generally considered ideal, as it is easier to [[How to create gaming video|record or stream]] and allows for external tools such as timers or live splits. However, you can speedrun on any version you like. You are unlikely to set a world record of ''Minecraft'' Bedrock Edition playing on iOS, but you may still enjoy the experience and improving your personal bests, if this is the platform available to you.

Generally the fastest and most popular versions of ''Minecraft'' for speedrunning are 1.16 and 1.16.1. You can opt to play in the &quot;Random Seed&quot; or &quot;Set Seed&quot; categories. The &quot;Set Seed&quot; category requires memorization and constant repetition, and is therefore more similar to most other speedrunning games. &quot;Random Seed,&quot; meanwhile, requires more creative on-the-fly thinking, as the player has to respond to randomly generated terrain and structures. In &quot;Random Seed&quot;, you will find that the success of a given run is highly dependent on luck, but you can still consistently improve your own execution. This guide is largely written from the &quot;Random Seed&quot; perspective, as it covers responding efficiently to the randomness of ''Minecraft''{{'}}s procedural world generation.

===General rules===
The ruleset of speedrunning can be defined by any group, but the larger ''Minecraft'' speedrunning community has established a consensus for various requirements. Submissions are only accepted on the speedrun.com leaderboards if the runs are played on &quot;Survival&quot; or &quot;Hardcore&quot; worlds, for example, and world generation settings must be set to &quot;default.&quot; &quot;Peaceful&quot; difficulty setting is vetted, and the game must be played on an official major release of the game from 1.0 onwards. To submit a run on public leaderboards, you must record video footage and denote the world's &quot;seed&quot;. For more specific rules, you can check the leaderboard or contact individuals in the ''Minecraft'' speedrunning community. However, you are of course free to speedrun a game on &quot;home-rules,&quot; if you are ambivalent about leaderboards. Playing your first runs just for yourself, with a stopwatch by your side, can be an excellent way to get into speedrunning.

{{Chapter navigation||Overworld}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Minecraft'' Speedrunning/Getting Started}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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      <text bytes="3541" sha1="d7mvtgjspyone0ou0cxija5nyoefwhk" xml:space="preserve">{{Nav}}Welcome to '''''Minecraft'' Speedrunning'''!

===Philosophy of speedrunning===
Speedrunning is a mode of playing in which a player learns full mastery and understanding of a game's systems over time. A player may decide to speedrun a game for fun, for personal improvement, or to compete with likeminded individuals. There is an extensive ''Minecraft'' speedrunning community scattered around the Web, who collaborate on strategies and improvements. This book will give an overview of optimal strategies for new ''Minecraft'' speedrunners. However, the core of speedrunning is constant practice. We recommend you do not reset your run whenever something goes wrong, but instead just attempt to beat the game as many times as possible, hopefully improving over time.

Top players, who have been speedrunning ''Minecraft'' for hundreds of hours, may be able to beat the game in a manner of minutes. However, just being able to beat the game in an hour is already extremely impressive!

===Preparation===
The first decision you may want to make is the version you decide to play. The most commonly played versions of ''Minecraft'' are &quot;'''Java Edition'''&quot; (for PC) and &quot;'''Bedrock Edition'''&quot; (for various platforms). PC speedrunning is generally considered ideal, as it is easier to [[How to create gaming video|record or stream]] and allows for external tools such as timers or live splits. However, you can speedrun on any version you like. You are unlikely to set a world record of ''Minecraft'' Bedrock Edition playing on iOS, but you may still enjoy the experience and improving your personal bests, if this is the platform available to you.

Generally the fastest and most popular versions of ''Minecraft'' for speedrunning are '''1.16''' and '''1.16.1'''. You can opt to play in the &quot;'''Random Seed'''&quot; or &quot;'''Set Seed'''&quot; categories. The &quot;Set Seed&quot; category requires memorization and constant repetition, and is therefore more similar to most other speedrunning games. &quot;Random Seed,&quot; meanwhile, requires more creative on-the-fly thinking, as the player has to respond to randomly generated terrain and structures. In &quot;Random Seed&quot;, you will find that the success of a given run is highly dependent on luck, but you can still consistently improve your own execution. This guide is largely written from the &quot;Random Seed&quot; perspective, as it covers responding efficiently to the randomness of ''Minecraft''{{'}}s procedural world generation.

===General rules===
The ruleset of speedrunning can be defined by any group, but the larger ''Minecraft'' speedrunning community has established a consensus for various requirements. Submissions are only accepted on the speedrun.com leaderboards if the runs are played on &quot;Survival&quot; or &quot;Hardcore&quot; worlds, for example, and world generation settings must be set to &quot;default.&quot; &quot;Peaceful&quot; difficulty setting is vetted, and the game must be played on an official major release of the game from 1.0 onwards. To submit a run on public leaderboards, you must record video footage and denote the world's &quot;seed&quot;. For more specific rules, you can check the leaderboard or contact individuals in the ''Minecraft'' speedrunning community. However, you are of course free to speedrun a game on &quot;home-rules,&quot; if you are ambivalent about leaderboards. Playing your first runs just for yourself, with a stopwatch by your side, can be an excellent way to get into speedrunning.

{{Chapter navigation||Overworld}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Minecraft'' Speedrunning/Getting Started}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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      <text bytes="5553" sha1="0ayerzfu2j8etbvo6lz0mj3vtdb1cxt" xml:space="preserve">This page covers the mechanics of starting a new game and continuing a saved game.
{{TOCright}}
=== The opening screen ===
The four main buttons on the opening screen are pretty self-explanatory:
* New - to start a new game.
* Load - to resume a saved game, you can also delete existing saved games.
* Co-op - to join or host a Co-op game.
* Exit - to exit the game.

In addition:
* The notes in upper left corner toggle background music on and off.
* The square(s) in the upper right corner toggle between full-screen and window mode.
* The small box with a speech bubble in the lower right corner allows you to select the language you want to play in. There are 12 languages built in: English, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Portuguese, Japanese, Turkish, Chinese, French, Korean, and Hungarian. You may also find mods for additional languages to download.
* The small box with a question mark opens the Credits screen.

==== Easter eggs ====
* Clicking on the leaves growing on the title sign shakes out leaves and petals. If you do this enough, Junimos will appear.
* Clicking on the 'E' in Stardew multiple times opens a door with an alien behind it.
* Clicking on the lower left nail in the 'W' multiple times causes butterflies to appear.
* Clicking the lower left corner of the sign causes popcorn to appear. If you do this enough a shape with a smiling face is added to your cursor. If you then move this to the hole in the 'R', plant appear at around the sign and birds fly out.

=== Character creation ===
Pressing the New button opens the character creation screen. You can customize the following characteristics of your character:
* Gender
* Skin color (24 options)
* Hair style (74 options)
* Shirt (112 options)
* Pants/Skirt style (4 options)
* Accessories (20 options) This allows you to select things like facial hair, jewelry and glasses.
You can use the arrow keys next to your portrait to see yourself from different angles, and clicking the dice with generate a random appearance which you can then adjust. None of the options are gender specific, though the hairstyle defaults to 1 for male and 17 for female.

You can also set your character's eye, hair and pants color using the color sliders provided.

You must fill in your character's name, the name of your farm, and your favorite thing. (Your favorite thing is mentioned as a reward when you find a certain special item.)

You can choose between 3 types of dog and 3 types on cat using Animal Preference. This will eventually determine what type of pet you can adopt.

The Skip Intro check box allows you to skip the opening cutscene. It's recommended to leave this unchecked if you're a new player.

To the right of the character creation screen you can select the farm type. This determines the terrain you'll find on your farm. The options are:
* Standard - The basic type, recommended for beginners.
* Riverland - Several streams will flow through your farm, recommended if you like fishing.
* Forest - Your farm will contain several wooded areas. Recommended for foraging.
* Hilltop - Your farm will contain rocky areas. Recommended for mining.
* Wilderness - Monsters come out at night. Recommended for battle.
* Four Corners - The farm is divided into four sections. Recommended for multiplayer.
* Beach - The farm is on an ocean beach. Good for fishing and foraging, but the soil is poor. Sometimes, supply crates with items will wash up on the shore.
* Meadowlands - Start with a barn and 2 chickens. Has a blue grass which animals like. Recommended for people who like having animals.

Finally, to the left of the character creation screen is a wrench button which allows you to set advanced options. You shouldn't need this unless you're a seasoned player.

=== Introduction cutscene ===
Your grandfather, on his deathbed, gives you a sealed envelope and tells you to open it when you feel overwhelmed by modern life. Many years later, you're working in a cubicle farm at the giant Joja corporation and you realize that you are, indeed, feeling overwhelmed by modern life. You open your grandfather's envelope and discover a deed to your grandfather's old farm located in Stardew Valley. You hop on the bus to be taken there and land at the Bus Stop where you are greeted by Robin, the local carpenter.

Robin takes you to your farm, which is now wild and overgrown after many years of neglect. There is a cabin there and Lewis, the mayor of the nearby Pelican Town, comes out. Lewis welcomes you to the valley and he and Robin leave you to settle into you new home.

The game officially starts the next morning.

=== Saving and continuing a game ===
There is no way to manually save your progress in Stardew Valley. Instead, your progress is saved automatically at the end of each day when you go to bed. The day begins at 6 AM and continues until 2 AM, a total of 20 game hours. But if you don't make it into bed by that time you will pass out from exhaustion; and if you are outside when this happens a passing neighbor will carry you to bed and your progress will also be saved. (The neighbor takes a certain percentage of your cash as compensation for their trouble.) You should try to make it to bed at a reasonable hour (around midnight) every night to make sure you're rested the next day.

At any time you can exit either to the start screen or exit the game entirely. All the progress for the day you've made will be lost, so normally this is done first thing in the morning. You can then start the day over by loading the saved game.

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  <page>
    <title>Stardew Valley/Story</title>
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      <text bytes="4448" sha1="pi4jinnh8hjf6id05lsb1elrr2x8w58" xml:space="preserve">This page outlines the story line in the game. The game is open ended, and more centered on exploration, advancing you skills, and day-to-day tasks than plot, so the story is rather minimal. Much of the content focuses on getting to know your neighbors and learning their history and hopes for the future. In some cases you can help them achieve their goals.

== The main quest ==
You have inherited your grandfather's old farm in Stardew Valley, and being dissatisfied with urban life, you decide to move there and try to get it up and running again. You'll spend a lot of time in the first season or two just clearing the land of trees and debris, and over the course of the game you will add farm buildings to make the farm run more smoothly and be more profitable.

Soon after arriving, you'll discover that the Community Center in town has fallen into disrepair and is now closed. Mayor Lewis wants to restore it, but there is no money in the city budget for the project. In fact, Lewis is seriously considering selling the building to Joja Corporation, a large shopping conglomerate who wants to convert it into warehouse. Joja Corporation has a store in town, Joja Mart, which is run by Morris, the local Joja representative. JojaMart's competition in town is Pierre's general store, and you soon learn that Pierre is struggling because of JojaMart's shady business practices.

Meanwhile, you learn that Junimos, magical forest creatures, have moved into the Community Center. They are willing to help restore it if you can bring them the items they request. There are are sets of items called bundles, and each time you bring them the items to fill up a bundle, the Junimos give you a mini-reward. Most rooms in the Community Center have a set of bundles to complete, and when you have completed all the bundles in a room the Junimos will give you a larger reward; this is usually the repair of some run-down building or piece of machinery, and will improve you're overall quality of life in the game. If you manage to complete all the rooms, then the Junimos will restore the Community Center itself. If this happens, JojaMart will close, Pierre expands his business hours, and many of your neighbors regularly visit the Community Center.

Alternatively, you can side with Morris and not bother with the Junimos. You can buy a JojaMart Membership, then purchase the repairs which would otherwise be done by the Junimos. When you complete the repairs this way, Joja Corporation takes over the Community Center and turns it into a warehouse as they planned.

== Day-to-day ==
The fate of the Community Center doesn't really affect your day-to-day activities. These include:
* Tending to crops and animals - Crops must be watered every day it doesn't rain, otherwise they stop growing. Once you obtain animals, they too need attention in order to thrive. Animals can eat grass around the farm when the weather is nice, but you have to feed them Hay in winter.
* Harvesting and selling farm products - Once your crops have matured, you can harvest them and place them in the Shipping Bin to be sold. They are collected overnight and you receive the proceeds the next morning. You can also collect animal products such as eggs and milk to sell. Eventually you will be able to process these items on your own to create more valuable products such as wine and cheese.
* Foraging and logging - You can find many items just growing wild around the valley. These can be collected and sold, or you can eat them yourself as food. You can also chop down trees around the valley; this gives you wood, a valuable resource. Trees you chop down outside the farm will eventually grow back. Trees on your farm grow from seed dropped by other trees.
* Socializing - One of the goals in the game is to become friendly with your neighbors. So when you have time, say hello to them. Giving them gifts will help (especially on their birthday), but only if you know what gifts they will appreciate.
* Exploring - There are many places in Stardew Valley to explore. Many of these can't be reached until you have upgraded equipment or some other condition has been met. A place you explore early in the game is an abandoned mine. There you can mine for minerals and fight hostile creatures.
* Quests - There are many side-quests you can complete in the game. Some are requests from you neighbors, and completing them will make them more friendly to you.

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      <text bytes="4447" sha1="6y5y37kbhpw0c13o1zhqn2217siwm54" xml:space="preserve">This page outlines the story line in the game. The game is open ended, and more centered on exploration, advancing you skills, and day-to-day tasks than plot, so the story is rather minimal. Much of the content focuses on getting to know your neighbors and learning their history and hopes for the future. In some cases you can help them achieve their goals.

== The main quest ==
You have inherited your grandfather's old farm in Stardew Valley, and being dissatisfied with urban life, you decide to move there and try to get it up and running again. You'll spend a lot of time in the first season or two just clearing the land of trees and debris, and over the course of the game you will add farm buildings to make the farm run more smoothly and be more profitable.

Soon after arriving, you'll discover that the Community Center in town has fallen into disrepair and is now closed. Mayor Lewis wants to restore it, but there is no money in the city budget for the project. In fact, Lewis is seriously considering selling the building to Joja Corporation, a large shopping conglomerate who wants to convert it into warehouse. Joja Corporation has a store in town, Joja Mart, which is run by Morris, the local Joja representative. JojaMart's competition in town is Pierre's general store, and you soon learn that Pierre is struggling because of JojaMart's shady business practices.

Meanwhile, you learn that Junimos, magical forest creatures, have moved into the Community Center. They are willing to help restore it if you can bring them the items they request. There are are sets of items called bundles, and each time you bring them the items to fill up a bundle, the Junimos give you a mini-reward. Most rooms in the Community Center have a set of bundles to complete, and when you have completed all the bundles in a room the Junimos will give you a larger reward; this is usually the repair of some run-down building or piece of machinery, and will improve your overall quality of life in the game. If you manage to complete all the rooms, then the Junimos will restore the Community Center itself. If this happens, JojaMart will close, Pierre expands his business hours, and many of your neighbors regularly visit the Community Center.

Alternatively, you can side with Morris and not bother with the Junimos. You can buy a JojaMart Membership, then purchase the repairs which would otherwise be done by the Junimos. When you complete the repairs this way, Joja Corporation takes over the Community Center and turns it into a warehouse as they planned.

== Day-to-day ==
The fate of the Community Center doesn't really affect your day-to-day activities. These include:
* Tending to crops and animals - Crops must be watered every day it doesn't rain, otherwise they stop growing. Once you obtain animals, they too need attention in order to thrive. Animals can eat grass around the farm when the weather is nice, but you have to feed them Hay in winter.
* Harvesting and selling farm products - Once your crops have matured, you can harvest them and place them in the Shipping Bin to be sold. They are collected overnight and you receive the proceeds the next morning. You can also collect animal products such as eggs and milk to sell. Eventually you will be able to process these items on your own to create more valuable products such as wine and cheese.
* Foraging and logging - You can find many items just growing wild around the valley. These can be collected and sold, or you can eat them yourself as food. You can also chop down trees around the valley; this gives you wood, a valuable resource. Trees you chop down outside the farm will eventually grow back. Trees on your farm grow from seed dropped by other trees.
* Socializing - One of the goals in the game is to become friendly with your neighbors. So when you have time, say hello to them. Giving them gifts will help (especially on their birthday), but only if you know what gifts they will appreciate.
* Exploring - There are many places in Stardew Valley to explore. Many of these can't be reached until you have upgraded equipment or some other condition has been met. A place you explore early in the game is an abandoned mine. There you can mine for minerals and fight hostile creatures.
* Quests - There are many side-quests you can complete in the game. Some are requests from your neighbors, and completing them will make them more friendly to you.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Xeverything11/updates</title>
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      <text bytes="1058176" sha1="a0hd501t9w2i8dizzov36whowjdc6si" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{User:Xeverything11/tabs}}

{{User:Xeverything11/header|Welcome to|Xeverything11's|updates talk page!|archives=
* [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2022|2022]]
* [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2023|2023]]
}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
__NOTOC__
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = User talk:Xeverything11/archives/%(year)d
|algo = old(60d)
|counter = 1
|minthreadsleft = 1
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== Tech News: 2023-03 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in &quot;{{int:last}}&quot; links on page history now contain &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=prev&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in place of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=[revision ID]&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on &lt;code&gt;{{ns:1}}:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{ns:3}}:&lt;/code&gt; namespaces.  These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as &lt;code&gt;{{ns:5}}:&lt;/code&gt;.  They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including &lt;code&gt;{{ns:4}}:&lt;/code&gt; pages (e.g., at the Village Pump).  You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417]
*On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841]
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:11, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24381020 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-04 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907]
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-05 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24455949 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sweden Finns' Day]] '''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä]]) ([[:sv:Sverigefinnarnas dag]])''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sverigefinskaflaggan.svg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sweden Finns' Day''' (Finnish: Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä, Swedish: Sverigefinnarnas dag) is an anniversary celebrated in Sweden on 24 February. The anniversary of the calendar was approved by the Swedish Academy in 2010 and was celebrated for the first time in 2011. February 24 was chosen as the birthday of Carl Axel Gottlund, a collector of folk poetry and a defender of the status of the Finnish language. The purpose of the day is to celebrate the Sweden Finns and to recognize their history, language and culture as a prominent part of Sweden's cultural heritage. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 6 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=24491747 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433]
* Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as &quot;What links here&quot; in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692]
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins=…&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Delivery robot]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Woman Takes Groceries from Dax Delivery Robot.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''delivery robot''' is an autonomous robot that provides &quot;last mile&quot; delivery services. An operator may monitor and take control of the robot remotely in certain situations that the robot cannot resolve by itself such as when it is stuck in an obstacle. Delivery robots can be used in different settings such as food delivery, package delivery, hospital delivery, and room service. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:26, 13 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site.  You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:49, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24540832 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Buddha Dhatu Jadi]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Swarno Mandir.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Buddha Dhatu Jadi''' (Bengali: বুদ্ধ ধাতু জাদি; Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓဓာတုစေတီ also known as the Bandarban Golden Temple) is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Dhatu are the material remains of a holy person, and in this temple the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangladesh and has the second-largest Buddha statue in the country.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 20 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February.

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:58, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24570514 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Alina Scholtz]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Alina Scholtz''' (24 September 1908 – 25 February 1996) was a Polish landscape architect, known as one of country's pioneers in developing the field. Throughout her career she worked on various public and private projects for cemeteries, parks and green spaces. Some of her most noted works include the grounds of a villa on Kielecka Street in Warsaw for which she won a Silver Medal at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris, the memorial cemetery to the victims of the Palmiry massacre, and landscaping projects along the East-West traffic route of Warsaw. In addition to her design work, she served as one of the founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architects. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 27 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24634242 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mary Nzimiro]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Mary Nzimiro''', birthname Mary Nwametu Onumonu, MBE (1898–1993) was a pioneering Nigerian businesswoman, politician and women's activist. In 1948, she was appointed principal representative of the United Africa Company (UAC) for Eastern Nigeria, while maintaining textile and cosmetics retail outlets of her own in Port Harcourt, Aba and Owerri. By the early 1950s, she was among the richest individuals in West Africa, becoming a resident of the exclusive Bernard Carr Street in Port Harcourt. On the political front, she was a member of the influential National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, becoming a member of its executive committee in 1957 and vice-president of the NCNC Estern Women's Association in 1962. During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), she organized Igbo women in support of the Biafrans. As a result she lost most of her property in Port Harcourt and returned to her native Oguta where she died in 1993. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:47, 6 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023.
* On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24676916 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elizabeth Langdon Williams]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Elizabeth Langdon Williams.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elizabeth Langdon Williams''' (February 8, 1879 in Putnam, Connecticut – 1981 in Enfield, New Hampshire) was an American human computer and astronomer whose work helped lead to the discovery of Pluto, or Planet X. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 13 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24700189 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Peerless Quartet - I Didn't Raise my Boy to be a Soldier.ogg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
an American anti-war song that was influential within the pacifist movement that existed in the United States before it entered World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:31, 20 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:26, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24732558 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:es:Diana Aguavil]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Diana Aguavil]]) ([[:pt:Diana Aguavil]])        ''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Diana Aguavil.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Diana Alexandra Aguavil Calazacón''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Ecuadorian indigenous leader, since 25 August 2018, the first female governor of the Tsáchila nationality after 104 years of male administrations and winning the 2018 Tsáchila election. She was also the second woman to become a candidate.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:39, 27 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609]
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521]
* Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24780854 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-14 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.hoverIntent&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hover()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;on()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194]
* Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242]
* You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__ARCHIVEDTALK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word.  There will also be a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mw-archivedtalk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221]

'''Future changes'''
* The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:40, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24820268 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-15 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the &quot;{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}&quot; option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24851886 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-16 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lucy Salani]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Lucy Salani]]) ([[:fr:Lucy Salani]])        ''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Lucy Salani.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lucy Salani''' was an Italian activist and is considered the only Italian transgender person to have survived the Nazi concentration camps.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:06, 17 April 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=24872966 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature &quot;{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}&quot;. Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for &quot;{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}&quot; for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246]

'''Problems'''
* At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:55, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-17 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ca:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]) ([[:eu:María Fernanda Castro Maya]])        ''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''María Fernanda Castro Maya''' is a Mexican self-advocate disability rights activist.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:55, 24 April 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316]

'''Problems'''
* Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940]
* For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794]

'''Changes later this week'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24933592 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-18 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sonia Orbuch]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sonia Shainwald Orbuch''' (born Sarah Shainwald, May 24, 1925 – September 30, 2018) was an American Holocaust educator. During the Second World War she was a Jewish resistance fighter in eastern Poland.

Orbuch hid in the forests of Poland with her family during the Second World War. She joined a group of Soviet partisans, being renamed Sonia in case she was captured, and helped fight against the Germans. After the war, she returned home, where she met her future husband. After having a daughter in a refugee camp in Germany, the family eventually emigrated to the United States.

She spent the rest of life in public engagement, speaking about her experiences and in 2009, published her autobiography, Here, There Are No Sarahs: A Woman's Courageous Fight Against the Nazis and Her Bittersweet Fulfillment of the American Dream. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 06:24, 1 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits]
* The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-19 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nadia Ghulam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:es:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:ca:Nadia Ghulam]])''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Nadia Ghulam (cropped).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Nadia Ghulam Dastgir''' is an Afghan woman who spent ten years posing as her dead brother to evade the Taliban's strictures against women. Her book about her experiences, written with Agnès Rotger and published in 2010, El secret del meu turbant (The Secret of My Turban), won the Prudenci Bertrana Prize for fiction. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:37, 8 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wikitext&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;moin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html+handlebars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;preload=MediaWiki:July&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337]

'''Problems'''
* Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;de&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[:de:Modul:Graph]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&amp;action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750]

'''Future changes'''
* During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805]
* There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;jquery.tipsy&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with &lt;code&gt;.tipsy(&lt;/code&gt; can be commented out. &lt;code&gt;OO.ui.PopupWidget&lt;/code&gt; can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-20 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Purple Day]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Epilepsy Warrior Brooch May 2018 Purple Day.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Purple Day''' is a global grassroots event that was formed with the intention to increase worldwide awareness of epilepsy, and to dispel common myths and fears of this neurological disorder. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:17, 15 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] 

'''Future changes'''
* There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The &quot;recent edits&quot; time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250]

'''Changes later this week'''
* An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;

16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25028325 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-22 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Valencian Art Nouveau]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Modernismo valenciano]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Santuario Novelda.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Valencian Art Nouveau''' (Spanish: modernismo valenciano, Valencian: modernisme valencià), is the historiographic denomination given to an art and literature movement associated with the Art Nouveau in the Valencian Community, in Spain.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:46, 29 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has &quot;{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}&quot; options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - &quot;check all&quot; checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252]	

'''Problems'''
* For a few days earlier this month, the &quot;Add interlanguage link&quot; item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25079963 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-23 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Alessandra Korap]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Alessandra Korap]])         ''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Alessandra Korap''' is an indigenous leader and Brazilian environmental activist from the Munduruku ethnic group. Her main work is defending the demarcation of indigenous territory and denouncing the illegal exploitation and activities of the mining and logging industries. Alessandra is internationally recognized for her work.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:33, 5 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750]
* Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for &quot;{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}&quot;. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081]

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25114640 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-24 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cassinga Day]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cassinga Day''' is a national public holiday in Namibia remembering the Cassinga Massacre. Commemorated annually on 4 May, the date &quot;remembers those (approximately 600) killed in 1978 when the South African Defence Force attacked a SWAPO base at Cassinga in southern Angola&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:07, 12 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341]
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937]
* The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064]

'''Problems'''
* For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__TOC__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101]
* Currently, the &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason &gt; input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&amp;diff=22859956&amp;oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''Future changes'''
* From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:52, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25133779 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; or pressing &lt;code&gt;ctrl + shift + p&lt;/code&gt;. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:09, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25159510 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-26 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rawon]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rawon Setan.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Rawon''' (Javanese: ꦫꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀) is an Indonesian beef soup. Originating from East Java, rawon utilizes the black keluak nut as the main seasoning, which gives a dark color and nutty flavor to the soup. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to all &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prop=extlinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the &lt;code&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mbox-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|targets=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|skins=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&lt;/bdi&gt;) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268]
* All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126]
* The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-27 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hook echo]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Tornadic classic supercell radar.gif|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''hook echo''' is a pendant or hook-shaped weather radar signature as part of some supercell thunderstorms. It is found in the lower portions of a storm as air and precipitation flow into a mesocyclone, resulting in a curved feature of reflectivity. The echo is produced by rain, hail, or even debris being wrapped around the supercell 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 3 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25231546 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles.
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159]
* [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431]
* The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&amp;messages=&amp;x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the &quot;Completion&quot; for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810]
* [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218]

'''Future changes'''
* There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]
* There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25278797 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-29 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Esther Cooper Jackson]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Esther Cooper Jackson]]) ([[:simple:Esther Cooper Jackson]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Esther Cooper Jackson, 1968, Great Barrington.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Esther Victoria Cooper Jackson''' was an American civil rights activist and social worker. She was one of the founding editors of the magazine Freedomways. She also was an organizational and executive secretary at the Southern Negro Youth Congress.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:14, 17 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-ca&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-gb&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthsetmentorstatus&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthmanagementorlist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25289122 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-30 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cut of pork]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:American Pork Cuts.svg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''cuts of pork''' are the different parts of the pig which are consumed as food by humans. The terminology and extent of each cut varies from country to country. There are between four and six primal cuts, which are the large parts in which the pig is first cut: the shoulder (blade and picnic), loin, belly (spare ribs and side) and leg 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 24 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]   On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25332248 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-31 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Gunhild Cross]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Gunhildkorset.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Gunhild Cross''' (Danish: Gunhildkorset), named for its first owner, Gunhild, a daughter of Svend III of Denmark, is a mid-12th-century crucifix carved in walrus tusk and with both Latin and Runic inscriptions. It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Denmark. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:48, 31 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates.
* The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338]
* The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open &quot;office hours&quot;|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]

'''Problems'''
* It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25362228 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-32 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Polyura athamas]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Close wing mud-puddling position of Charaxes bharata (C.&amp; R. Felder,1867) - Indian Nawab.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Polyura athamas''''', the common nawab, is a species of fast-flying canopy butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the Charaxinae (rajahs and nawabs) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:14, 7 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on &quot;{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}&quot; in your settings and use the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; button in the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:21, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25420038 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-33 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Women's page]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:&quot;Doings in Pittsburg Society&quot; The Pittsburg Press February 1, 1920.png|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''women's page''' (sometimes called home page or women's section) of a newspaper was a section devoted to covering news assumed to be of interest to women. Women's pages started out in the 19th century as society pages and eventually morphed into features sections in the 1970s. Although denigrated during much of that period, they had a significant impact on journalism and in their communities. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:51, 14 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] &lt;!-- TODO replace wiki codes --&gt;

'''Future changes'''
* A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 06:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25428668 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-34 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Insect toxin]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Insektengift]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:PDB 1lmr EBI.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Insect toxins''' are various protein toxins produced by insect species. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:32, 21 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868]
* From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages.
** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created:
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:blk:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540]
*** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|&lt;code&gt;s:su:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539]
** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are:
*** Wikifunctions ([[f:|&lt;code&gt;f:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|&lt;code&gt;w:gpe:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969]
*** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|&lt;code&gt;n:guw:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kbd:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|&lt;code&gt;w:fat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;

15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25497111 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-35 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Manchester Blitz]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Air Raid Damage in Britain- Manchester HU49833.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Manchester Blitz''' (also known as the Christmas Blitz) was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester and its surrounding areas in North West England during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:16, 28 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166]
* Wikisource users can now use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpbengalicurrency&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;pagelist&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tag.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932]
* Two preferences have been relocated. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}&quot; is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|&quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab at some wikis. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}&quot; is now also shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab at all wikis, instead of the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]].
* All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;=&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]].
* A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25510866 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-36 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ghana Independence Act 1957]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ghana Independence Act 1957''' is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted the Gold Coast fully responsible government within the British Commonwealth of Nations under the name of Ghana 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 4 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294]
* One new wiki has been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|&lt;code&gt;w:tly:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166]
'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:34, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25566983 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-37 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Betrayal trauma]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:sv:Svektrauma]]) ([[:ar:صدمة الخيانة]]) ([[:ko:배신 트라우마]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Betrayal trauma''' is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:49, 11 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}&quot;), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115]
* When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called &quot;[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]&quot;. Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely &quot;newsworthy&quot; topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25589064 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-38 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:es:Genocidio del Putumayo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Putumayo genocide]]) ([[:ca:Genocidi del Putumayo]])''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:The Putumayo - the devil's paradise, travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an account of the atrocities committed upon the Indians therein (1913) (14782203995).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Putumayo genocide''' is the term which is used in reference to the enslavement, massacres and ethnocide of the indigenous population of the Amazon at the hands of the Peruvian Amazon Company, specifically in the area between the Putumayo River and the Caquetá River during the Amazon rubber boom period from 1879 to 1912. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:38, 18 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25623533 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there.
* Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;namespaces&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces.

'''Future changes'''
* New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_groups&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_editcount&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25655264 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for &quot;{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}&quot;. This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;&lt;var&gt;contentModels&lt;/var&gt;&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;wikitext&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;css&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:27, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25686930 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|&lt;code&gt;w:fon:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139]
* At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under &quot;Images recommendations&quot; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#page-actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-views&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25712895 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-42 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Athyma nefte]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:VB 019 Color Sergeant UP.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Athyma nefte''''', the colour sergeant, is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in tropical South and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 16 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=25693965 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click &quot;Log in&quot; or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the &quot;Discussion&quot; tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25745824 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-43 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Typhoon Rusa]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rusa 2002-08-27 0350Z.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Typhoon Rusa''' was the most powerful typhoon to strike South Korea in 43 years. It was the 21st JTWC tropical depression, the 15th named storm, and the 10th typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season. It developed on August 22 from the monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, well to the southeast of Japan. For several days, Rusa moved to the northwest, eventually intensifying into a powerful typhoon. On August 26, the storm moved across the Amami Islands of Japan, where Rusa left 20,000 people without power and caused two fatalities. Across Japan, the typhoon dropped torrential rainfall peaking at 902 mm (35.5 in) in Tokushima Prefecture. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:50, 23 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=25693965 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:17, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25782286 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-44 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hein Eersel]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:nl:Hein Eersel]]) ([[:it:Hein Eersel]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:HeinEersel.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christiaan Hendrik &quot;Hein&quot; Eersel''' was a Surinamese linguist and cultural researcher. He served as Minister of Education and Population Development in the cabinet of acting Prime Minister Arthur Johan May. He was also the first chancellor of the University of Suriname. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:09, 30 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=25797248 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]).
* The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 
* Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]].
* The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25801989 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:06, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25838105 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-45 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Reclaim the Night]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Reclaim the Night]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Reclaim the Night 2014.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Reclaim the Night''' is a movement started in Leeds in 1977 as part of the Women's Liberation Movement. Marches demanding that women be able to move throughout public spaces at night took place across England until the 1990s. Later, the organisation was revived and sponsors annual and national marches against rape and violence against women. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:40, 8 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-46 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ishe Komborera Africa]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Ishe Komborera Africa.mp3|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
&quot;'''Ishe Komborera Africa'''&quot; (Shona for: God Bless Africa), also called &quot;Ishe Komborera Zimbabwe&quot; (Shona for: God Bless Zimbabwe), was the Zimbabwean national anthem from 1980 to 1994. It was the country's first national anthem after gaining independence in 1980. It is a translation of 19th-century South African schoolteacher Enoch Sontonga's popular African hymn &quot;Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika&quot; into Zimbabwe's native Shona and Ndebele languages. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 13 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Four new wikis have been created:
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;w:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|&lt;code&gt;w:dga:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|&lt;code&gt;w:bbc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320]
** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|&lt;code&gt;q:bjn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695]
* Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;meta.domain == &quot;canary&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25859263 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-47 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Bhagavata Mela]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Bhagavata Mela''' is a classical Indian dance that is performed in Tamil Nadu, particularly the Thanjavur area. It is choreographed as an annual Vaishnavism tradition in Melattur and nearby regions, and celebrated as a dance-drama performance art. The dance art has roots in a historic migration of practitioners of Kuchipudi, another Indian classical dance art, from Andhra Pradesh to the kingdom of Tanjavur.

The term Bhagavata, state Brandon and Banham, refers to the Hindu text Bhagavata Purana. Mela is a Sanskrit word that means &quot;gathering, meeting of a group&quot; and connotes a folk festival. The traditional Bhagavata Mela performance acts out the legends of Hinduism, set to the Carnatic style music. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 04:07, 20 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25884616 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-48 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Zanskari]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Zaniskari]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Zaniskari Horse in Ladakh, India.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Zaniskari''' or '''Zanskari''' is a breed of small mountain horse or pony from Ladakh, in northern India. It is named for the Zanskar valley or region in Kargil district. It is similar to the Spiti breed of Himachal Pradesh, but is better adapted to work at high altitude. Like the Spiti, it shows similarities to the Tibetan breeds of neighbouring Tibet. It is of medium size, and is often grey in colour. The breed is considered endangered, as there are only a few hundred alive today, and a conservation programme has been started at Padum, Zanskar, in the Kargil district of Ladakh. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:44, 27 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499]
* The deployment of &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]&quot; announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:09, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25906379 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-49 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sheikh Hussein]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Sheikh Hussein]]) ([[:it:Scec Hussèn]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sheikh Hussein.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sheikh Hussein''' is a town in south-eastern Ethiopia. The site has been recorded in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage List since 2011 as a religious, cultural and historical site. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:34, 4 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754]
* The &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot; will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/]
* Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]].

'''Events'''
* Registration &amp; Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25914435 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-50 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Applaudissements aux fenêtres pendant la pandémie de Covid-19]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Aplauso por los trabajadores de la salud]]) ([[:gl:Aplauso ao persoal sanitario]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Koronabirus konfinamendua Lasarten 2020-03-29.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
During the COVID-19 pandemic, applauding daily at a scheduled hour was a gesture of acclamation, recognition and gratitude towards health professionals in tribute to their work at the time. This habit emerged in January 2020 in Wuhan, where the pandemic originated, and then spread to several cities around the world during the quarantines and sanitary cordons ordered as preventive measures, Italy being the first one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:26, 11 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the &quot;choosing own vs not own work&quot; step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the &quot;impact module&quot; and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:13, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25945501 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-51 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Aerial view of Subway Island, July 2019.JPG|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge''' is a wildlife refuge in New York City managed by the National Park Service as part of Gateway National Recreation Area. It is composed of the open water and intertidal salt marshes of Jamaica Bay. It lies entirely within the boundaries of New York City, divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn to the west and Queens to the east. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The &quot;Move Page&quot; feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]].
* The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25959059 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-52 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plant blindness]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Cécité botanique]]) ([[:de:Pflanzenblindheit]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Plant blindness 0323.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Plant blindness''' is an informally-proposed form of cognitive bias, which in its broadest meaning, is a human tendency to ignore plant species. This includes such phenomena as not noticing plants in the surrounding environment, not recognizing the importance of plant life to the whole biosphere and to human affairs, a philosophical view of plants as an inferior form of life to animals and/or the inability to appreciate the unique features or aesthetics of plants. Related terms include plant‐neglect, zoo-centrism, and zoo‐chauvinism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 25 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-02 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pax airship disaster]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Catástrofe do dirigível Pax]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sim new-mcclures-magazine 1902-09 19 5 (page 75 crop).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Pax''''' '''airship disaster''' was the explosion of the ''Pax'' airship on May 12, 1902, in Paris, which killed the Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo and the French mechanic Georges Saché.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 12:14, 8 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-02 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:20, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26026251 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-03 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Conversion to Islam]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Conversion à l'islam]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Conversion to Islam''' is accepting Islam as a religion or faith and rejecting any other religion or irreligion. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:11, 15 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as &quot;ES2015&quot;) and ES7 (&quot;ES2016&quot;). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;requiresES6&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957]
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388]
* An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module was deprecated and replaced with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966]

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26074460 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-04 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kinder der Landstrasse]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Kinderdlandstrasse plakat.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kinder der Landstrasse''' (literally: Children of the Country Road) was a project implemented by the Swiss foundation Pro Juventute from 1926 to 1973. The project aimed to assimilate the itinerant Yenish people in Switzerland by forcibly removing their children from their parents and placing them in orphanages or foster homes. Approximately 590 children were affected by this program. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:04, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26096197 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-05 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Qurm Nature Reserve]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Al-Qurm Wetlands.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Qurm Nature Reserve''' is a national nature reserve in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Located on the Gulf of Oman coast, the reserve protects a mangrove forest and the surrounding wetland in a small estuary within the urban area of Qurm. Established in 1975, the reserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area since 1994, and as a protected Ramsar site since 2013. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].&lt;!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011]
* There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the &quot;Tools&quot; menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;targets&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26137870 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-06 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Timurid architecture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Gur-e-Amir Mausolueum - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7488414078).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Timurid architecture''' was an important stage in the architectural history of Iran and Central Asia during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The Timurid Empire (1370–1507), founded by Timur (d. 1405) and conquering most of this region, oversaw a cultural renaissance. In architecture, the Timurid dynasty patronized the construction of palaces, mausoleums, and religious monuments across the region. Their architecture is distinguished by its grand scale, luxurious decoration in tilework, and sophisticated geometric vaulting. This architectural style, along with other aspects of Timurid art, spread across the empire and subsequently influenced the architecture of other empires from the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 5 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]].
*On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about &quot;action blocks&quot;]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199]

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26180971 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-07 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Adoration of the Magi (Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, The Adoration of the Magi.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''''Adoration of the Magi''''' is a tondo, or circular painting, of the Adoration of the Magi assumed to be that recorded in 1492 in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence as by Fra Angelico. It dates from the mid-15th century and is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Most art historians think that Filippo Lippi painted more of the original work, and that it was added to some years after by other artists, as well as including work by assistants in the workshops of both the original masters. It has been known as the Washington Tondo and Cook Tondo after Herbert Cook, and this latter name in particular continues to be used over 50 years after the painting left the Cook collection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 07:00, 12 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation]

'''Problems'''
*There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed.  

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:49, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26223994 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-08 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:nl:Graf met de handjes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Weg langs het kerkhof tegenover 1, Roermond.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The monument '''Van Gorkum-Van Aefferden''', more well known as the &quot;'''grave with the little hands'''&quot; is a monumental Tombstone in the Dutch city of Roermond.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:24, 19 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you have the &quot;{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}&quot; option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984]
* There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively.
*Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]].
*The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid.
* The CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property can now be used in HTML &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;style&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-09 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Doorway effect]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''doorway effect''' is a known psychological event where a person's short-term memory declines when passing through a doorway moving from one location to another when it would not if they had remained in the same place. People experience this effect by forgetting what they were going to do, thinking about, or planning upon entering a different room. This is thought to be due to the change in one's physical environment, which is used to distinguish boundaries between remembered events: memories of events encountered in the present environment are more accessible than those beyond it. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:30, 26 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value &lt;code&gt;wgGlobalGroups&lt;/code&gt; now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get(&quot;wgGlobalGroups&quot;)))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;changetags&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26294125 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-10 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sissieretta Jones]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:1899 poster of Mme. M. Sissieretta Jones.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones''' (January 5, 1868, or 1869 – June 24, 1933) was an American soprano. She sometimes was called &quot;The Black Patti&quot; in reference to Italian opera singer Adelina Patti. Jones' repertoire included grand opera, light opera, and popular music 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 4 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Special:Book&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; page (as well as the associated &quot;Create a book&quot; functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437]
* [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace.  Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details.
* Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget_definition&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespaces and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gadgets-definition-edit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272]
* A usability improvement to the &quot;Add a citation&quot; in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
*  All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233]
* The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?useparsoid=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]).
*

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26329807 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-11 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Preventative Coup of November 11]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Golpe de Estado en Brasil de 1955]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Exército na casa de Café Filho.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Preventative Coup of November 11''' sometimes called the '''1955 Brazilian coup d'état''' or referred to as an &quot;anti-coup&quot; or a &quot;counter-coup&quot; (Portuguese: ''Novembrada, Movimento de 11 de Novembro, Contragolpe, Golpe Preventivo do Marechal Lott'') was a series of military and political events led by Henrique Teixeira Lott that resulted in Nereu Ramos assuming the presidency of Brazil until being peacefully succeeded by Juscelino Kubitschek a few months later. The bloodless coup removed Carlos Luz from the presidency because he was suspected of plotting to prevent Kubitschek from taking office. As a result of the tensions, Brazil had three presidents in the span of a single week.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498]
*The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26374013 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-12 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hojang Taret]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Hojang Taret''' is a classical Meitei language play based on Euripides's ancient Greek tragedy The Phoenician Women. It is directed by Oasis Sougaijam and produced by The Umbilical Theatre in Imphal, Kangleipak. It depicts the moral ambiguities of conflict between brothers resulting to the ruination of the ancient city of Thebes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The notice &quot;Language links are at the top of the page&quot; that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/]
* Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:40, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26410165 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-13 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Magna Lykseth-Skogman]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Magna Lykseth in Tristan och Isolde at Kungliga Operan 1909 - SMV - GL164.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Magna Elvine Lykseth-Skogman''' (6 February 1874 – 13 November 1949), also known as Magna Lykseth-Schjerven, was a Norwegian-born Swedish operatic soprano. After making her début at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1901 as Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, she was engaged there until 1918 becoming the company's prima donna. She performed leading roles in a wide range of operas but is remembered in particular for her Wagnerian interpretations, creating Brünnhilde in the Swedish premières of Siegfried and Götterdämmerung, and Isolde in 1909. Considered to be one of the most outstanding Swedish opera singers of her generation, she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus medal in 1907 and became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1912 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:00, 25 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:57, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26446209 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-14 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lidder Valley]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Lidder Valley''' or Liddar Valley is a Himalayan sub-valley that forms the southeastern corner of Anantnag district in Indian-administered Kashmir. The Lidder River flows down the valley. The entrance to the valley lies 7 km northeast from Anantnag town and 62 km southeast from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 40-km-long gorge valley with an average width of 3 km. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:15, 1 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26462933 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-15 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Operation Kraai]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Overzicht van het vliegveld te Djokja vanuit de 'Control Tower', Bestanddeelnr 5128.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Operation Kraai''' (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the de facto Republic of Indonesia in December 1948 after negotiations failed. With the advantage of surprise the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as de facto Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was however followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch, leading to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:47, 8 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey.
* Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727]
* Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:38, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-16 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Павильон Росси]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Rossi Pavilion]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Pavillon Rossi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rossi's Pavilion in Mikhailovsky Garden. Saint-Petersburg. 1825..jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rossi Pavilion''' (Russian: Павильон Росси) is a pavilion on the bank of the Moyka River in the Mikhailovsky Garden in Saint Petersburg. It was designed by architect Carlo Rossi in the early 1820s and built in 1825 during his redevelopment of the garden. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:53, 15 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the &quot;{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435]
* A new variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;page_last_edit_age&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769]

'''Future changes'''
* Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-17 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Devorà Ascarelli]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Debora Ascarelli]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Devorà Ascarelli]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Devorà Ascarelli''' was a 16th-century Italian poet living in Rome, Italy. Ascarelli may have been the first Jewish woman to have a book of her own work published. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:35, 22 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086]
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26647188 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-18 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1989 Serbian general election]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:sr:Председнички избори у Србији 1989.]])&amp;#32;([[:vi:Tổng tuyển cử Serbia 1989]])''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Parliament of SR Serbia (1989–1991).svg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''General elections were held in Serbia''', a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, on 12 November 1989 to elect the president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and delegates of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Voting for delegates also took place on 10 and 30 November 1989. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously. These were the first direct elections conducted after the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the delegate electoral system, and the last elections conducted under a one-party system. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:32, 29 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''

[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491]
* Seven new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|&lt;code&gt;w:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|&lt;code&gt;w:kus:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|&lt;code&gt;w:igl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kaa:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|&lt;code&gt;s:my:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|&lt;code&gt;s:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|&lt;code&gt;s:ka:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085]
* You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501]
* Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]].

'''Problems'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mapstyle=&quot;osm&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:34, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26689057 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-19 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heinrich Bünting]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Heinrich Bünting''' (1545 – 1606) was a Protestant pastor and theologian. He is best known for his book of woodcut maps titled Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae (Travel book through Holy Scripture) first published in 1581. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the &lt;code&gt;SiteAdminHelper&lt;/code&gt;. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled &quot;All public logs&quot;, but it only shows some logs. This label will now say &quot;Main public logs&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729]

'''Future changes'''
* A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension.
* Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot;. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:45, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26729363 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-20 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:var(--background-color-backdrop-dark, #DDDDDD); border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:var(--color-inverted, #000000); padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ruyan (district)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:رویان (طبرستان)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Northern Iran and its surroundings during the Iranian intermezzo.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ruyan''' (Persian: رویان), later known as Rustamdar (رستمدار), was the name of a mountainous district that encompassed the western part of Tabaristan/Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. In Iranian mythology, Ruyan appears as one of the places that the legendary archer Arash shot his arrow from, reaching the edge of Khorasan to mark the border between Iran and Turan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:39, 13 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214]
* If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] &quot;{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}&quot;, then the template-page feature &quot;{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}&quot; will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907]
* [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute. This is identical in usage to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137]
* The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]&quot; feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295]

'''Future changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; database table (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table instead (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). In your existing SQL queries:
*# Replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN linktarget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ON&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; statement
*# Below that add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
** See &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T222224]]&lt;/bdi&gt; for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-21 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Turlough (lake)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Turlough]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Turlough]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Carran Turlough.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''turlough''' is a seasonal or periodic water body found mostly in limestone karst areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. [...] The water bodies fill and empty with the changes in the level of the water table, usually being very low or empty during summer and autumn and full in the winter. As groundwater levels drop the water drains away underground through cracks in the karstic limestone.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351]
* New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]  The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26786311 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-22 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Geiranger Church]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Geiranger kirke]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Iglesia parroquial, Geiranger, Noruega, 2019-09-07, DD 84-97 PAN.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Geiranger Church''' (Norwegian: Geiranger kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stranda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Geiranger, and the end of the famous Geirangerfjorden. It is the church for the Geiranger parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in an octagonal design in 1842 using plans drawn up by the architect Hans Klipe. The church seats about 165 people. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:48, 27 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.collapsible&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.multicol&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.reflist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.coordinates&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.topicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26832205 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-23 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Guillermo Larrazábal]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Guillermo Larrazábal Arzubide''' (10 February 1907 – 1983) was a Spanish stained glass artist who was active in Ecuador. He is considered Ecuador's most important stained glass artist. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 3 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class, Parsoid now also adds the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705]

'''Problems'''
* There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] 
* On multilingual wikis that use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;translate&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-25 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:de:Magdalena Zeger]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Magdalena Zeger''' ([mak.da.ˈleː.na ˈt͡seː.gɐ], * 1491; † 16. January 1568 in Kolding) was a calendar maker, astronomer and astrologist. Her Hamburg almanacs and forecasts from 1561 and 1563 have been preserved. Zeger's calendars are the first independent publications by a woman in the field of astronomy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:29, 17 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954]
* The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370]

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph]
* Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]&lt;!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-26 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Koreans in Micronesia]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:zh:朝鮮裔密克羅尼西亞人]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Koreans in Micronesia''' used to form a significant population before World War II, when most of the region was ruled as the South Seas Mandate of the Empire of Japan; for example, they formed 7.3% of the population of Palau in 1943. However, after the area came under the control of the United States as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, most Koreans returned to their homeland. As of 2013, about seven thousand South Korean expatriates &amp; immigrants and Korean Americans reside in the Marianas (Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), which have remained under U.S. control, while only around two hundred South Korean expatriates reside in the independent countries of Micronesia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:03, 24 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717]
* The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515]

'''Problems'''
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Roller printing on textiles]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Silverstudio.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Roller printing''' on fabrics is a textile printing process patented by Thomas Bell of Scotland in 1783 in an attempt to reduce the cost of the earlier copperplate printing. This method was used in Lancashire fabric mills to produce cotton dress fabrics from the 1790s, most often reproducing small monochrome patterns characterized by striped motifs and tiny dotted patterns called &quot;machine grounds&quot;. Improvements in the technology resulted in more elaborate roller prints in bright, rich colours from the 1820s; Turkey red and chrome yellow were particularly popular. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:44, 1 July 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364]
* Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] 
* If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode]
* Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458]
* Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|&lt;code&gt;w:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] 

'''Problems'''
* Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119]

'''Future changes'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27038456 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:simple:India naming dispute]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ur:انڈیا نام کا تنازعہ]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''India naming dispute''' in 1947 refers to the argument over the use of the name India during and after the partition of British Raj, between the countries of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This dispute involved key figures such as Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British Raj, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and a founder of Pakistan. By 1947, the British Raj was going to be divided into two new nation states – Hindustan and Pakistan. Jinnah was initially convinced that Hindustan would not use the term India, since it lacked indigenous pedigree, etymologically and historically India meant the Indus Valley (modern-Pakistan). He also opposed the use of the name India as it would cause confusion regarding history. The disagreement had significant implications for national identity and international recognition. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 8 July 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. 
* Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia.
* Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects.

'''Problems'''
* A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. 

'''Future changes'''
* The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:32, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27080357 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Adumu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Maasai 2012 05 31 2782 (7522645058).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Adumu''', is a type of dance that the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice. Young Maasai warriors generally perform the energetic and acrobatic dance at ceremonial occasions including weddings, religious rites, and other significant cultural events. The Adumu dance is characterized by a sequence of jumps performed by the dancers, who stand in a circle and alternately jump while keeping their bodies as straight and upright as possible. In addition to wearing vividly colored shúkàs (clothes) and beaded jewelry, the dancers are typically clad in traditional Maasai costume. Traditional Maasai songs and chants are also performed during the dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:15, 15 July 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page.
* The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]].
* Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]].
* Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895]
* Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:2019-11-16, Glockenspiel, Neues Münchner Rathaus, IMG 7463 edit Christoph Braun.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rathaus-Glockenspiel''' is a large mechanical clock located in Marienplatz Square, in the heart of Munich, Germany. Famous for its life-size characters, the clock twice daily re-enacts scenes from Munich's history. First is the story of the marriage of Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine in 1568, followed by the story of the Schäfflerstanz, also known as the coopers' dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 22 July 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature News'''
* Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public.
* Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]
*  Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329]
* Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. 
* Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/]

'''Project Updates'''
*  Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language.

'''Learn more'''
* Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. 
* How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 23 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])&amp;#32;([[:nl:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek Schinkelstraat Amsterdam architect HH Baanders 1902.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek''' (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə koːkaːˈinəfaːˌbrik]; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or NCF was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for medical purposes in the 20th century. It imported its raw materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies and sold its products across Europe, making good profits especially in the early years of World War I. The NCF produced morphine, heroin and ephedrine as well. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 29 July 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]].

'''Bugs status'''
* Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing.
* Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week.

'''Project updates'''
* There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]].
* There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|&lt;code&gt;voy:cs:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] 

'''Learn more'''
* There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times.
* There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images.
* Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:11, 29 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Suffrage drama]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pamphlet from NAWSA for women's suffrage plays, page 1.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Suffrage drama''' (also known as suffrage plays or suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women's suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914. Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 5 August 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. These will reduce the need for &lt;code&gt;Template:Dir&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Template:BCP47&lt;/code&gt; on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the &quot;what links here&quot; database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623]
* Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces.
* The tracking category &quot;Pages using Timeline&quot; has been renamed to &quot;Pages using the EasyTimeline extension&quot; [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match.

'''Project updates'''
* Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]].

'''Learn more'''
* There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]].
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available.
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Karatgurk]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Karatgurk]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the Australian Aboriginal mythology of the Aboriginal people of south-eastern Australian state of Victoria, the '''Karatgurk''' were seven sisters who represented the constellation known in western astronomy as the Pleiades. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 12 August 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses.

'''Project updates'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|&lt;code&gt;w:bdr:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 12 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:B1 (classification)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''B1''' is a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some other sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class.

The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.

Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]].
* Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&amp;namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&amp;namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;categories&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; property of &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372]

'''Bugs status'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with &lt;code&gt;Talk:WP:&lt;/code&gt; so that their titles start with &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia talk:&lt;/code&gt;), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]].
* Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee.

'''Learn more'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers.
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Erzi (village)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Caucasus, Ingushetia, Ингушские боевые и смотровые башни, горы Кавказа.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Erzi''' (Russian: Эрзи; Ingush: Аьрзи, romanized: Ärzi, lit. 'Eagle') is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement (administrative center) of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:19, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]].
* Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Bugs status'''
* Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization.
* Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013.

'''Learn more'''
* If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]].
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:34, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633]
* Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243]
* Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]].

'''Project updates'''
* A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded.

'''Learn more'''
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:08, 3 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cappadocian calendar]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cappadocian calendar''' was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:42, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;entity:getSitelink()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356]

'''Project updates'''
*  Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]
* Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Improvements and Maintenance'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]].
* The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag &quot;Edit Check (references) activated&quot; was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692]
* It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-message-box&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=&amp;title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;cdx-message&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499]

'''Technical project updates'''
* Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]

'''Tech in depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: 
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task.
** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Independence Day (Albania)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Independence Day''' (Albanian: Dita e Pavarësisë) is a public holiday in Albania observed on 28 November. It commemorates the Albanian Declaration of Independence (from the Ottoman Empire), which was ratified by the All-Albanian Congress on 28 November 1912, establishing the state of Albania. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:29, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]]
* Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]&quot;. Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]].
* The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166]
* Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223]
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: 
** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too.
** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content.

'''In depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the &quot;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]&quot; and &quot;[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]&quot; subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:37, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27493779 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wildlife of Bahrain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Birds in Al-Areen Wildlife Park.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The wildlife of the archipelago of Bahrain, is more varied than might be expected of this small group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Apart from a strip of the north and west of the main island, where crops are grown with irrigation, the land is arid. With a very hot dry summer, a mild winter, and brackish groundwater, the plants need adaptations in order to survive. Nevertheless, 196 species of higher plant have been recorded here, as well as about seventeen species of terrestrial mammals, many birds and reptiles, and many migratory birds visit the islands in autumn and spring. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month.
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?veaction=editsource&lt;/code&gt; to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796]
* For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the &quot;donate&quot; link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to &quot;Create an account&quot;. This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585]
* The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]].
* View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis.

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/]

'''Meetings and events'''
* October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa
* November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:21, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27530062 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new &quot;Revert Risk&quot; machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422]
* View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* It is now possible for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; code blocks to offer readers a &quot;Copy&quot; button if the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;copy=1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932]
* Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]].
* Five new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|&lt;code&gt;w:kge:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|&lt;code&gt;m:mos:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|&lt;code&gt;q:gor:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|&lt;code&gt;n:shn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27557422 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Little Danes experiment]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:آزمایش دانمارکی‌های کوچک]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Children play at a Danish Red Cross-run orphanage in Greenland.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''little Danes experiment''' was a 1951 Danish operation where 22 Greenlandic Inuit children were sent to Danish foster families in an attempt to re-educate them as &quot;little Danes&quot;. While the children were all supposed to be orphans, most were not. Six children were adopted while in Denmark, and sixteen returned to Greenland, only to be placed in Danish-speaking orphanages and never live with their families again. Half of the children experienced mental health disturbances, and half of them died in young adulthood. The government of Denmark officially apologised in 2020, after several years of demands from Greenlandic officials. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:16, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722]
* WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''hastemplate''&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''incategory''&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29]
* View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the &quot;search engine&quot; option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975]

'''In depth'''
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27597254 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kharayeb]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Muharram 1Oth-Ashouraa 2007 in Kharayeb - panoramio.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kharayeb''' (Arabic: الخرايب) is a historic town in the Sidon District in the South Governorate, Lebanon. The town is 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, and stands at an average altitude of 190 m (620 ft) above sea level. The town boasts a rich historical legacy, with archaeological excavations revealing a complex settlement history spanning from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. Notably, Kharayeb's origins can be traced back to the Persian period (539–330 BC), when it played a pivotal role in the region's agricultural and economic landscape, culminating in the construction of its Phoenician temple around the 6th century BC. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:38, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the &quot;Donate&quot; button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years.
[[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]].
* Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]].
* View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556]
* It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}&lt;/code&gt; parser function. For example, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will show as &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. Previously, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#time:…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timef&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timefl&lt;/code&gt; for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{USERLANGUAGE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; instead of using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{int:lang}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects.
* The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content.

'''Meetings and events'''
* 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel.
* 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27634672 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas horror]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Terror navideño]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Christmascarol1843 -- 169.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas horror''' is a fiction genre and film genre that incorporates horror elements into a seasonal setting. It is popular in multiple countries.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27647428 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia].
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set &lt;code&gt;emitTransitionOnStep&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag &lt;code&gt;allowAutomaticBack&lt;/code&gt; to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528]
*  Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the &quot;Nuke&quot; tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:57, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27668811 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Placenta cake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:simple:Placenta cake]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bucharest, Greek pie-maker, 1880.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Placenta cake''' is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves, baked and then covered in honey. The dessert is mentioned in classical texts such as the Greek poems of Archestratos and Antiphanes, as well as the De agri cultura of Cato the Elder. It is often seen as the predecessor of baklava and börek. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:16, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949]
* Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help.
* The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446]
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/]

'''In depth'''
* Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance.
*  The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available.  It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27693917 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Trisomy 16]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chromosome 16.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Trisomy 16''' is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two. It is the most common trisomy leading to miscarriage and the second most common chromosomal cause of it, closely following X-chromosome monosomy. About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:09, 11 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27708700 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463]
* View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]&lt;/code&gt;, the logic of Wikibase function &lt;code&gt;getAllStatements&lt;/code&gt; changed to behave like &lt;code&gt;getBestStatements&lt;/code&gt;. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]].

'''In depth'''
* Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488]

'''Meetings and events'''
* 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] &amp; [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:08, 12 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27732268 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 18 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27735014 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057]
* View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380]

'''In depth'''
* There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas.
* Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''.
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:01, 19 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27806858 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27846897 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]].
* The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for bold and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928]
* Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;bswiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;elwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;euwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiquote&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiversity&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikivoyage&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;idwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;lvwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;plwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;ptwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;urwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;viwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. 
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to &quot;protected&quot; [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and un-selecting &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Live Autocompletion&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27847039 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Two new parser functions were added this week. The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt; language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]].
* Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/]
* Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;arwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;cawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;mediawikiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;orwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiktionary&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wikidatawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910]
* This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the &quot;Download as PDF&quot; system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:23, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27873992 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#wikimedia-techdocs&lt;/bdi&gt; IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted.
* The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the &quot;[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=specialcx&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=es&amp;to=en All collection]&quot; category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;page-collection&gt; &lt;/page-collection&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion.
* The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365]
* The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveUrl&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveDate&lt;/code&gt;, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1261320172&amp;oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&amp;q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&amp;regex=1&amp;title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|&lt;code&gt;voy:id:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726]
* Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system.
* The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27919424 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27933909 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history.
* Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information.
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:25, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:55, 23 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of &quot;national security&quot;. The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:56, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Julemerke]])&amp;#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;inproject:&lt;/code&gt; keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|&lt;code&gt;w:tig:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise.
* Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its &lt;code&gt;sub&lt;/code&gt; field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139]
* Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt; until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&amp;#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:20, 20 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846]
* On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as &quot;manually patrolled&quot; instead of &quot;autopatrolled&quot;, which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's &quot;Insert link&quot; feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912]
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:37, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam (&quot;Great Leader&quot;). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:30, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year.

'''Updates for editors'''
* iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145]
* Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki_user_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dump, the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; field will be renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;is_anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:15, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:20, 3 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use the &quot;Special characters&quot; editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722]
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements.
* Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki.
** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json&lt;/code&gt; to include entries for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;preprint&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;standard&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;dataset&lt;/code&gt;; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1189164774&amp;oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1270832208&amp;oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset'].
** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270829051&amp;oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270831369&amp;oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveID&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;identifier&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repository&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;organization&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repositoryLocation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;committee&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;versionNumber&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|&lt;code&gt;w:knc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 10 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''

* The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;Special pages&quot; portlet link will be moved from the &quot;Toolbox&quot; into the &quot;Navigation&quot; section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211]
* As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]&lt;/code&gt;). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a &quot;default for all languages&quot;]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511]
* The function &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;getDescription&lt;/code&gt; was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660]
* As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/related&lt;/code&gt; endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;morelike&lt;/code&gt;&quot; action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/]

'''In depth'''

* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the &quot;Contribute&quot; menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. 
* The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer &quot;Yes&quot; or &quot;No&quot; to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the &lt;code&gt;{{#special:Homepage}}&lt;/code&gt; for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at &lt;code&gt;{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}&lt;/code&gt;. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]]
* Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102]
* You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324]
* When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like &quot;1.23&quot; or localized alphabetic markers like &quot;a b c&quot; in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed.  As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like &quot;1.23&quot; once the alphabetic markers are all used.
* The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements.
* A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488]
* Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640]
* Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; is deprecated. Tools requiring &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; must explicitly declare &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.Uri&lt;/code&gt; as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;URL&lt;/code&gt; API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative &quot;informal and ad-hoc group&quot; in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 24 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:sat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&amp;A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:42, 25 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28296129 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; link is accessible from the &quot;{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180]
* Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw-ref&lt;/code&gt;&quot; from their local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=8&amp;title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw:referencedBy&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you.
* When editors embed a file (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:MediaWiki.png]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109]
* When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010]
* When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline.
* Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|&lt;code&gt;w:syl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:31, 4 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28334563 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:50, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844]
* The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline &amp; Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;aramadan@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;!
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors.
* An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:10, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28372257 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive.

Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of &quot;immense artistic value&quot; by Le Monde. It has also been described as the &quot;Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema&quot; by The Guardian. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC].

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=ig&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as &quot;Collections&quot;, from wiki-projects and campaigns.
* On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard.
* The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]].
* Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation.
* The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28412594 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28433698 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag).
* Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time.
* Administrators at wikis that have a customized &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]&lt;/bdi&gt; should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;* specialpages-url|specialpages&lt;/code&gt;. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927]
* The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]].
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Api&lt;/code&gt; JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;userAgent&lt;/code&gt; parameter: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );&lt;/code&gt;. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:43, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28443127 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:52, 31 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 1 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28473566 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28454663 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;font-size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;line-height&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;size-icon&lt;/code&gt;.
* The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28507470 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 14 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28454663 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]
* File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for.
* To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662]
* &quot;Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?&quot; This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies.
* On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]].
* The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:25, 15 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28540654 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&amp;#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16]
* A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Following its publication on HuggingFace, the &quot;Structured Contents&quot; dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect &quot;peacock&quot; or &quot;overly-promotional&quot; or &quot;non-neutral&quot; language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:01, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28578245 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]].
* Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_ipindex&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_compat&lt;/code&gt; are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on &quot;Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects&quot;. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28585685 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:28, 5 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28583422 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May.

'''Updates for editors'''
* For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released:
** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities.
** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Intl&lt;/code&gt; library or the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.DateFormatter&lt;/code&gt; library. The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]].
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (&lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;wbt_*&lt;/code&gt;) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28665011 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28709947 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|&quot;Get shortened URL&quot;]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]].
* Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]].
* The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|&lt;code&gt;w:nup:&lt;/code&gt;]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references.
* The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/data-parsoid&lt;/code&gt; REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:38, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28714188 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28731710 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test.

'''Updates for editors'''

* From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]]  [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]].
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template.
* Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.title&lt;/code&gt; object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;isDisambiguationPage&lt;/code&gt;. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.loader.load&lt;/code&gt;. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;gitlab.wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt; without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28724712 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Tread plate]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato.

We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 06:03, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28751788 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]&lt;/code&gt; parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019]
* This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future.
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The previously deprecated &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]&lt;/code&gt; views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; views instead.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28788673 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 05:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;_default&lt;/code&gt; key in the local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]&lt;/bdi&gt; page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=clientlogin&lt;/code&gt; will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205]
* From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28819186 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 9 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716]
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121]
* Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492]
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]].
* Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageImage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageAssessments&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28846858 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Future self]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pl:Przyszła jaźń]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the psychology of self, the '''future self''' concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected (e.g., similarity, closeness) to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self, they are more likely to save for retirement, make healthy decisions, and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:39, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pictorial map]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:نقشه تصویری]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:絵地図]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Blake Britain Spearhead of Attack.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pictorial maps''' (also known as illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird's-eye view maps, and geopictorial maps) depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. It is a type of map in contrast to road map, atlas, or topographic map. The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:18, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001]
* Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519]
* A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;all_links&lt;/code&gt; variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;new_links&lt;/code&gt; for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the &quot;Add a Link&quot; Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:QEUH.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Queen Elizabeth University Hospital''' (QEUH) is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan, in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major Emergency Departments; one for adults and one for children. There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services, to send patients directly, without having to be processed through the Emergency Department. The retained buildings from the former Southern General Hospital include the Maternity Unit, the Institute of Neurological Sciences, the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and the laboratory. The whole facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and is one of the largest acute hospital campuses in Europe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599]
* Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's &quot;Find in page&quot; function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special &quot;favourite list&quot;. The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:41, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28917415 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''Non-constituency Member of Parliament''' (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, as stipulated in Article 39 of the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the opposition candidates with the highest vote shares among the unelected. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:10, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]].
* Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22]
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]].
* Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]].
* It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of &quot;Connecting People through Linked Open Data&quot;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 8 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28930584 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immunolabeling]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Immunolabeling process image.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Immunolabeling''' is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
---[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:44, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the &quot;featured&quot; tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now!
* [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:10, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28980963 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Vespa analis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Plumpy hornet on the ground - 1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Vespa analis''''', the yellow-vented hornet, is a species of common hornet found in Southeast Asia 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:28, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28984647 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the &quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=fi#/ ... More]&quot; category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new &quot;{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}&quot; filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257]
* Administrators can now limit &quot;Add a Link&quot; to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot;]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test &amp; &quot;Add a Link&quot; Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 &amp; 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmcloud.org&lt;/code&gt;. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29005283 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Baía dos Porcos - Fernando de Noronha (32811749914).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:40, 28 July 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598]
* On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:27, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29051727 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Xie Zhiliu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Xie Zhiliu''' (Chinese: 谢稚柳; 1910–1997) was a leading traditional painter, calligrapher, and art connoisseur of modern China. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 4 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439]
* Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035]
* Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account&lt;/code&gt; and use a value defined in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipboptions&lt;/code&gt;. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets can now include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.vue&lt;/code&gt; files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099]
* Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918]
* Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task.
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:41, 5 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29083927 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lethocerus patruelis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lethocerus patruelis.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lethocerus patruelis''''' is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is native to southeastern Europe, through Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India and Burma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29085671 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]].
* The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an &quot;X&quot; to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other &quot;X&quot; button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944]
* Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for &quot;Group results by page&quot; on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of &quot;One common data source, multiple local wikis&quot;. Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons]
* Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.addWarning()&lt;/code&gt; function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29106516 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ikiza]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:CIA map of Burundi and surrounding countries during 1972 killings.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ikiza''' (variously translated from Kirundi as the Catastrophe, the Great Calamity, and the Scourge), or the Ubwicanyi (Killings), was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed, while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 18 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to &quot;Thank&quot; individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849]
* An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716]
* An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227]
* Five new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|&lt;code&gt;s:tl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|&lt;code&gt;s:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|&lt;code&gt;w:rki:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|&lt;code&gt;b:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:39, 19 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29127690 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Corallite]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) - ZooKeys-227-001-g004.jpeg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''corallite''' is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: &lt;code&gt;width: fit-content&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;ruby-align&lt;/code&gt;; relative units such as &lt;code&gt;lh&lt;/code&gt;; and custom strings in &lt;code&gt;list-style-type&lt;/code&gt;. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619]
* On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455]
* Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240]
* Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. &lt;code&gt;rc_new&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rc_type&lt;/code&gt; are being removed in favor of &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt;. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt; instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29175124 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Diksam Plateau]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Dixam plateau (6407168437).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Diksam Plateau''' or Dixam Plateau (Arabic: دكسم) is a limestone plateau in Socotra, Yemen. The Firmihin forest, located east of the Dirhur canyon within the plateau, has the highest concentration of Dragon's Blood Trees on the entire island. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29196010 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Ttongsul]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ja:トンスル]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Ttongsul (imitation).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''ttongsul''' (똥술), o vino di feci, è una tradizionale preparazione medicinale coreana con gradazione alcolica al 9% a base di feci, solitamente umane e preferibilmente di bambino. Nato probabilmente traendo spunto dalla medicina tradizionale cinese, nelle credenze popolari il vino di feci avrebbe proprietà benefiche per molti tipi di malesseri: sarebbe un rimedio per dolori muscolari, ustioni, infiammazioni, epilessia e fratture ossee.

Sebbene alcuni media occidentali abbiano in passato riportato che questa bevanda sia diffusa tra la popolazione coreana, al giorno d'oggi un numero molto limitato di persone ne fa uso, dopo aver subito un declino di popolarità nei secoli scorsi, tanto che la maggioranza dei giovani coreani non ne ha mai sentito parlare.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 8 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] 
* Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698]
* Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:15, 9 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29238161 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-38 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pak Kum-chol]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pak Kum-chol in 1961 (cropped).jpg|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pak Kum-chol''' was a North Korean politician. Having been a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle, he became a high-ranking politician after the liberation of Korea. Pak aligned himself with his former guerrilla brothers in arms from the Kapsan Operation Committee to form a faction within the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) called the &quot;Kapsan faction&quot;. This faction sought to replace Kim Il Sung with Pak. Kim retaliated by purging the faction in 1967 in what is known as the Kapsan faction incident. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* References lists that are made using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941]
* Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]].
* Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including:
** for the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and end-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599]
** for both &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;insource:&lt;/code&gt; keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\d&lt;/code&gt;), whitespace (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\s&lt;/code&gt;), and word characters (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\w&lt;/code&gt;); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\r&lt;/code&gt;), newline (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\n&lt;/code&gt;), tab (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\t&lt;/code&gt;), and unicode (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\uHHHH&lt;/code&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212]
* When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]].
* Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288]
* The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets.
* Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. 
* A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:08, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29263921 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Federation of Central America (1921–1922)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Federación de Centro América (1921-1922)]])&amp;#32;([[:ar:اتحاد أمريكا الوسطى (1921-1922)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Central America's Northern Triangle (orthographic projection).png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Federation of Central America''' (Spanish: Federación de Centro América)[1] was a short-lived federal republic that existed in Central America between 1921 and 1922. The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:45, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29311347 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:56, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29305556 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori.

Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29341788 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:54, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29355230 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:48, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects.
'''Updates for editors'''
* Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), instead of via a redirect to an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;creationdate:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;lasteditdate:&lt;/code&gt;, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&gt;2024&lt;/code&gt;) and relative dates (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;today-1d&lt;/code&gt;), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593]
* [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402]
* An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The field &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rev_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the revision database table is being removed in favor of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;content_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the &lt;code&gt;rest.php&lt;/code&gt; path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:24, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:06, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. 

'''Updates for editors'''

* Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579]
* This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095]
* Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:00, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' &quot;Final Solution&quot; to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;rest.php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]].
* Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:37, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29478670 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:51, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]].
* Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]].
* The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/]
* Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures.
* A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]].
* Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
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|}

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29558323 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958]
* For users with &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools &quot;{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778]
* Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861]
* Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as &quot;Get shortened URL&quot;. There are 30 wikis that also install an older &quot;ShortUrl&quot; extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;class=&quot;title-shortlink&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188]
* On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board.
* MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29552512 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.

For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29584005 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29606150 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29627457 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November.
* Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]].
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|&lt;code&gt;s:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''&quot;Report Visual Bug&quot;'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
* Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;hackathon@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:27, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29627455 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29627457 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the &quot;DWIM&quot; (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;und&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;cxfcnmt&lt;/span&gt;'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;ru&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;счастье&lt;/span&gt;'' (&quot;happiness&quot;) that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734]
* Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}&quot; preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
*  Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;format=xml'''&amp;xlst={stylesheet}'''&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/]
* The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Main graph or &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:57, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The term &quot;'''halachic state'''&quot; (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 08:01, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]].
* The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476]
* Two new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|&lt;code&gt;w:tok:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|&lt;code&gt;q:pcm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:58, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29732328 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:29, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Latn&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''bedniereba''&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Cyrl&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''бедниереба''&lt;/bdi&gt; will now suggest the existing article about &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ბედნიერება&lt;/bdi&gt; (&quot;happiness&quot;). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development.
* Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project.
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025.
* A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711]
* Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:46, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29796010 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:26, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-52 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324]
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping &quot;First Steps&quot; in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, to avoid potential conflicts with other &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw&lt;/code&gt; attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:46, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29831856 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:00, 5 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso.

Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:45, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:34, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze.

Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:30, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29943403 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese.

Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome.

Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:18, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:32, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:44, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:31, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30086330 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&amp;#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 11:43, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:04, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would &quot;not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland&quot;. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:52, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:30, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:07, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30245038 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30306870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:27, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30306870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:56, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:34, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:01, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30432763 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30458046 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kuwait National Assembly Building]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Kuwait City Arabian Gulf Street 10.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Kuwait National Assembly Building''' is the building that housed the National Assembly of Kuwait.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1972, it was completed in 1982 under the direction of his son Jan. The structural design was by Max Walt. The building was seriously damaged in February 1991 when retreating Iraqi troops set it on fire but has since been restored. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:16, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30464799 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30498077 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Macau National Security Law]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lei relative à defesa da segurança do Estado projecto.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Macau National Security Law''' is a law in Macau which prohibits and punishes acts of treason, secession, and subversion against the Central government, as well as preparative acts leading to any of the three acts. Taken into effect on 3 March 2009, the purpose of the law is to fulfil Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, the de facto constitution of the Macau Special Administration Region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:21, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30524429 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:22, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&amp;#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as &quot;The Forbidden Fruit&quot;). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a &quot;scientific fraud&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:32, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30584502 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Umuganda&quot;Rwandan community work&quot;.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine.

The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:55, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:09, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>a0hd501t9w2i8dizzov36whowjdc6si</sha1>
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      <text bytes="110016" sha1="ekqgfncpkztxe4qre8e3t6jo3s57kyq" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Counter-Vandalism Unit Members]]
{{User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ/ꠝꠣꠔ ꠇꠕꠣ}}

== Sourcing ==

Hello and thanks for your recent contributions! I'd just like to note that there are some pages in [[Sylheti]] that don't have any sourcing, despite being about historical/cultural information. Since there are a variety of ways you can add references (e.g. inline citations, reference list at the bottom of the page, etc), I'd like to encourage you to establish a reference style guide for this book to make things easier, and then use that reference method on pages where it applies. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

:Hello! Thank you for your message and for pointing it out. I'll work on creating a reference method and start adding sources to pages where it's needed. Cheers! — [[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|contribs]]) 07:27, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

== Cookbook notes ==

Hello and thanks for your cookbook contributions! A couple notes:
* When adding fractions, please use the symbol (e.g. ½ not 1/2). You can find these in the editor.
* Please make sure you are linking to the correct pages when they exist. For example, [[Cookbook:Sweet potatoes]] does not exist but [[Cookbook:Sweet Potato]] is correct. [[Cookbook:Chicken bouillon]] does not exist, but [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth]] is correct. Paying attention to capitalization and plurals is often important here.
* Make sure to only capitalize improper nouns at the beginning of a sentence of line, not in the middle. You can see the edits I've made to your recipes as guidance.
* Be mindful of where you put an instruction when listing an ingredient. For example &quot;1 cup coconut, grated&quot; is not the same as &quot;1 cup grated coconut&quot;.

Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

: Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], thank you for the feedback and the guidelines for cookbook contributions. I'll make sure to follow these points in my future contributions. If I have any questions, I'll reach out. Thanks again for your help! --[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|contribs]]) 21:18, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

== This Month in Education: September 2023 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 05:01, 10 October 2023 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: October 2023 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:34, 8 November 2023 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: November 2023 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 08:24, 14 December 2023 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: January 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:02, 10 February 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: February 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:38, 20 March 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: March 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:28, 28 April 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: April 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:20, 14 May 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: May 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]]
&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: June 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:58, 9 July 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: August 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:22, 11 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: October 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:57, 12 November 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: November 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:13, 10 December 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: January 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 1 • January 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey|Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education|Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran|Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra|Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey |Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania|Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia|Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia|Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil|Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:56, 5 February 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: February 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 2 • February 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute|Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs|Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of &quot;Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom&quot; in Yemen|Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of &quot;Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom&quot; in Yemen]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica |Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles|Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar|Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: March 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 3 • March 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia|A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia|Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania|Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme|Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March|Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: April 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 4 • April 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia|Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/The Workshops Wikimedia &amp; Education are back in Brazil|The Workshops Wikimedia &amp; Education are back in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools|EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja|Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues |Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania|Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza|Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: May 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 5 • May 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania|Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania|Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May|Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program|Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop|Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia |The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Wikimedia MKD's &quot;Lajka&quot; workshop in Skopje|Wikimedia MKD's &quot;Lajka&quot; workshop in Skopje]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:58, 28 May 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: June 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:19, 27 June 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: July 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: August 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: September 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism &amp; Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism &amp; Folklore 2025 Winners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU &amp; Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU &amp; Alvan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:10, 2 October 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: October 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/&quot;WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!&quot; winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|&quot;WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!&quot; winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA &amp; Amman Arab University|JDACA &amp; Amman Arab University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:05, 2 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: November 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 &amp; 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 &amp; 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: December 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop in St Aloysius University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:22, 17 December 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: January 2026 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto &quot;25x25&quot; llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:26, 28 January 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: February 2026 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:56, 3 March 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: March 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:21, 1 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: April 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:01, 27 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: May 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 5 • May 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities|Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania|Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Debating free license in Brazil|Debating free license in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India|Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects|Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges|Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem|Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria|Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia MKD's Education News &amp; Activities|Wikimedia MKD's Education News &amp; Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year|Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:53, 1 June 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== 2...c6?! · Gunderam gambit ==
There is not much to say about this. The Gunderam Gambit, characterized by the move 2...c6?!, is considered a very dubious response to the King's knight opening as it blocks the knight on b8 from developing to its natural square, and sacrifices a center pawn for almost no compensation.

'''[[/3. Nxe5/]]''' is the most critical move. White captures a free pawn and challenges Black to prove compensation. However, there is one trap. After 3...Nf6, a careless 4. d3?? loses to 4...Qa5+! forking king and knight.

'''[[/3. Bc4/]]''' fails to capitalize on Black's weak move. This is surprisingly the most common amateur move.

'''[[/3. g3/]]''' is a sideline which tries to fianchetto the bishop despite it already having a clear diagonal.
== References ==
===See also===
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Wheat Flour</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>468801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638349</id>
      <parentid>4535166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:12:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32443-05</username>
        <id>3599264</id>
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      <text bytes="3617" sha1="am8a3l7c5w3v0rw6y6952cmc2momp3z" xml:space="preserve">{{Ingredient}}

Wheat varieties are typically known as '''hard''' or '''soft''', depending on gluten content. Hard wheats are high in gluten, and soft wheats are low. Hard flour, or &quot;bread&quot; flour, is high in gluten and so forms a certain toughness which holds its shape well once baked. Soft flour is low in gluten and so results in a finer texture. Soft flour is usually divided into &quot;cake&quot; flour, which is the lowest in gluten, and &quot;pastry&quot; flour, which has slightly more gluten than cake flour.

In terms of the parts of the grain (the grass seed) used in flour -- the endosperm or starchy part, the oil-containing germ or protein part, and the bran or fiber part -- there are three general types of flour. &quot;White&quot; flour is made from the endosperm only. &quot;Whole wheat&quot; flour is made from the entire grain. A &quot;germ&quot; flour may also be made from the endosperm and germ, excluding the bran. The germ is sometimes sold by itself, as &quot;wheatgerm&quot;.

Flower

* [[Cookbook:Whole Wheat Flour|'''Whole wheat flour''']] (or wholemeal flour) is ground from the entire wheat kernel, including the germ and the bran.

* [[Cookbook:Graham Flour|'''Graham flour''']] is a white flour with coarsely ground bran and wheatgerm mixed back in. It thus contains all three parts of the wheat kernel as whole wheat flour does, but it has a different texture.

* [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|'''Cake flour''']], is a weak or low-gluten flour, ground from soft wheat, which is wheat with a low gluten content.  Its texture is very soft and smooth and its colour very white. Cake flour is used for delicate baked goods and cakes that require a low gluten content in order to achieve a light product. Cake flour is slightly softer than [[Cookbook:Pastry Flour|'''pastry flour''']], although one sometimes hears the terms used interchangeably. It may be mixed with bread dough in order to lighten the latter for some of the sweeter yeast doughs.

* [[Cookbook:Pastry Flour|'''Pastry flour''']], like [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|cake flour]] is a weak or low gluten flour but is slightly stronger than the latter.  It does not have the whiteness of cake flour however, being more similar to the creamy colour of bread flour. It is used in good such as pie doughs, biscuits, scones, muffins and cookies.  It may be blended with bread flour in order to lighten it for some of the sweeter yeast doughs.

* '''All-purpose flour''', (known as plain flour in Europe) is a blended white flour containing a medium amount of gluten (around 10%).

* [[Cookbook:Maida|'''Maida''']] is a super-refined white flour used in [[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|Indian cuisine]]. It is mainly used to make pastries and other bakery items like breads and biscuits. Some maida may have [[Cookbook:Tapioca Starch|tapioca starch]] added.

* [[Cookbook:Flour|'''Self-rising flour''']] (also called &quot;Self-raising flour&quot;) is an all-purpose flour that has a [[Cookbook:Leavening Agent|leavening agent]] blended into it for convenience. One cup of self-rising flour can be replaced by one cup of all-purpose flour plus one teaspoon of [[Cookbook:Baking Powder|baking powder]] and a pinch of [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]].


Wheat flour is the main ingredient in most types of [[Cookbook:Bread|breads]] and pastries. Wheat is so widely used because of an important property: when wheat flour is mixed with water, a complex protein called gluten develops. The gluten development is what gives wheat dough an elastic structure that allows it to be worked in a variety of ways, and which allows the retention of gas bubbles in an intact structure, resulting in a sponge-like texture to the final product.</text>
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      <id>4638350</id>
      <parentid>4638349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:12:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32443-05</username>
        <id>3599264</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4638349|4638349]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-32443-05|~2026-32443-05]] ([[User talk:~2026-32443-05|discuss]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3609" sha1="7u71l9rim4daoenrtuj6mwca90l3xqm" xml:space="preserve">{{Ingredient}}

Wheat varieties are typically known as '''hard''' or '''soft''', depending on gluten content. Hard wheats are high in gluten, and soft wheats are low. Hard flour, or &quot;bread&quot; flour, is high in gluten and so forms a certain toughness which holds its shape well once baked. Soft flour is low in gluten and so results in a finer texture. Soft flour is usually divided into &quot;cake&quot; flour, which is the lowest in gluten, and &quot;pastry&quot; flour, which has slightly more gluten than cake flour.

In terms of the parts of the grain (the grass seed) used in flour -- the endosperm or starchy part, the oil-containing germ or protein part, and the bran or fiber part -- there are three general types of flour. &quot;White&quot; flour is made from the endosperm only. &quot;Whole wheat&quot; flour is made from the entire grain. A &quot;germ&quot; flour may also be made from the endosperm and germ, excluding the bran. The germ is sometimes sold by itself, as &quot;wheatgerm&quot;.

* [[Cookbook:Whole Wheat Flour|'''Whole wheat flour''']] (or wholemeal flour) is ground from the entire wheat kernel, including the germ and the bran.

* [[Cookbook:Graham Flour|'''Graham flour''']] is a white flour with coarsely ground bran and wheatgerm mixed back in. It thus contains all three parts of the wheat kernel as whole wheat flour does, but it has a different texture.

* [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|'''Cake flour''']], is a weak or low-gluten flour, ground from soft wheat, which is wheat with a low gluten content.  Its texture is very soft and smooth and its colour very white. Cake flour is used for delicate baked goods and cakes that require a low gluten content in order to achieve a light product. Cake flour is slightly softer than [[Cookbook:Pastry Flour|'''pastry flour''']], although one sometimes hears the terms used interchangeably. It may be mixed with bread dough in order to lighten the latter for some of the sweeter yeast doughs.

* [[Cookbook:Pastry Flour|'''Pastry flour''']], like [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|cake flour]] is a weak or low gluten flour but is slightly stronger than the latter.  It does not have the whiteness of cake flour however, being more similar to the creamy colour of bread flour. It is used in good such as pie doughs, biscuits, scones, muffins and cookies.  It may be blended with bread flour in order to lighten it for some of the sweeter yeast doughs.

* '''All-purpose flour''', (known as plain flour in Europe) is a blended white flour containing a medium amount of gluten (around 10%).

* [[Cookbook:Maida|'''Maida''']] is a super-refined white flour used in [[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|Indian cuisine]]. It is mainly used to make pastries and other bakery items like breads and biscuits. Some maida may have [[Cookbook:Tapioca Starch|tapioca starch]] added.

* [[Cookbook:Flour|'''Self-rising flour''']] (also called &quot;Self-raising flour&quot;) is an all-purpose flour that has a [[Cookbook:Leavening Agent|leavening agent]] blended into it for convenience. One cup of self-rising flour can be replaced by one cup of all-purpose flour plus one teaspoon of [[Cookbook:Baking Powder|baking powder]] and a pinch of [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]].


Wheat flour is the main ingredient in most types of [[Cookbook:Bread|breads]] and pastries. Wheat is so widely used because of an important property: when wheat flour is mixed with water, a complex protein called gluten develops. The gluten development is what gives wheat dough an elastic structure that allows it to be worked in a variety of ways, and which allows the retention of gas bubbles in an intact structure, resulting in a sponge-like texture to the final product.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5/3. Nxe5/3...f6</title>
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    <id>468892</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:50:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Y7at7Y</username>
        <id>3582263</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reformatted + templates.</comment>
      <origin>4638479</origin>
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      <text bytes="596" sha1="4eyinnl3i0zdito7cyeo792pksdxp21" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Busch-Gass gambit
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C40]]
|parent=[[../|Busch-Gass gambit]]
}}
== 3...f6? ==

This move, seemingly attacking the knight, allows White to win with '''[[/4._Qh5|4. Qh5+!]]''' because it allows 4...g6 5. Nxg6! hxg6 6. Qxh8 when White is up material. Other legal moves instead of 4...g6 would lead to checkmate.

For example: 

* 4...Ke7?? leads to:
'''5. Qf7+!''' Kd6 6. Nc4+ Kc6 7. Qd5+ Kb5 8. Ne5+ Ka4 9. Qc4+ Bb4 10. Qb5#

* 4...Kf8?? simply leads to a checkmate in one, with '''5. Qf7#'''.
== References ==
{{ChessMid}}
{{BookCat}}
{{ChessFooter}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Ne7</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>470703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638480</id>
      <parentid>4447969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:56:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Y7at7Y</username>
        <id>3582263</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tidied up.</comment>
      <origin>4638480</origin>
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      <text bytes="3870" sha1="ortwl004y0uo5mno2w62xqpjklgqi3z" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|King's knight opening
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C40]]
|parent=[[../|King's knight opening]]
}}
==2...Ne7?!==
{{Chess/sideline}}
An unorthodox and rare response to White's 2. Nf3. While it is seldom seen at high levels of play, this gambit seeks to confuse the opponent and create dynamic, unbalanced positions. Black's idea is to support a later ...f5 pawn push or prepare unexpected central play. White has several responses to take advantage of Black's unusual move:

:*'''3. Nxe5''' is a critical response, directly challenging Black's setup. After 3...d6, White can retreat with 4. Nf3, where Black must play carefully to justify the unorthodox knight placement. 
:*'''3. d4''' strikes in the center and exploiting Black's delayed development. Black typically responds with 3...exd4, leading to an open game where White has a central advantage.
:*'''3. Bc4''' develops another piece actively, aiming at Black's weak f7 square. This often forces Black to play defensively with moves like 3...d6 or defend their e-pawn and open up their bishop with 3...Ng6.
:*'''3. c3''' prepares to establish a strong pawn center with d4. Black may reply with 3...d6, maintaining flexibility, or even 3...f5, leading to sharp play.
:*'''3. Nc3''' develops a piece and prepares to control the center. Black can transpose into standard openings or continue with ...Ng6 or ...d6, aiming for later counterplay.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Ne7'''
&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;8&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;9&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;10&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;11&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;12&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;13&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Classical Variation&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxd4&lt;br&gt;d5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exd5&lt;br&gt;Qxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Be3&lt;br&gt;Nbc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nb5&lt;br&gt;Qd8&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bf4&lt;br&gt;Nd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qxd5&lt;br&gt;Qxd5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxc7+&lt;br&gt;Kd8&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxa8&lt;br&gt;Bf5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;Kc8&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;0-0-0&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Balanced&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;3. Nxe5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nxe5&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;f5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;exf5&lt;br&gt;Bxf5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bc4&lt;br&gt;Qd7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;0-0&lt;br&gt;O-O-O&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;Ng6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Be3&lt;br&gt;Kb8&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Balanced&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Reversed King's Gambit&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bc4&lt;br&gt;Ng6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Balanced&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

{{ChessMid}}

==Example Games==
This strange gambit has been used in a few notable games. Below are some examples with full game details:

* '''Jadanowski, Lukasz vs. Toczek, Grzegorz'''  
Event: Warsaw AIG Life Rapid  
Site: Warsaw  
Date: 12/18/2005  
Round: 9  
Score: ½-½  
ECO: C40 King's Knight Opening  
Moves: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Ne7 3. d4 d5 4. exd5 Nxd5 5. Bc4 Be7 6. O-O O-O 7. Bxd5 Qxd5 8. Bf4 c6 9. Nc3 Be6 10. Qe1 Nd7 11. Ng5 Qe4 ½-½  

* '''Keskin, Ilkin Zeynep vs. Halpert, Alexandra'''  
Event: Eskisehir EU Fest-B Girls 3rd  
Site: Eskisehir  
Date: 04/20/2004  
Round: 2.9  
Score: 0-1  
ECO: C40 King's Knight Opening  
Moves: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Ne7 3. Nxe5 Na6 4. Nc3 Nf5 5. exf5 Bc5 6. Bc4 d6 7. Nf3 Kf8 8. O-O Bxf5 9. b4 Bb6 10. Re1 h5 11. Ba3 h4 12. b5 Bxb4 13. Bxb4 h3 14. g4 Rh6 15. Rxb7 Kg8 16. g5 Rh8 17. Ne2 Be6 18. Nf4 Re8 19. Rxe6 Rxe6 20. Nxe6 fxe6 21. Ne5 Qxg5 22. Rb8+ Kh7 23. Qd3+ g6 24. Qxh3+ Kg7 25. Qh8# 0-1  

* '''Balog, Marton vs. Foldi, Martin'''  
Event: Gyongyos Matra Cup  
Site: Gyongyos  
Date: 07/23/2003  
Round: 2  
Score: 1-0  
ECO: C40 King's Knight Opening  
Moves: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Ne7 3. Nxe5 f6 4. Nf3 g6 5. d4 Bg7 6. Bc4 d6 7. Nc3 Bd7 8. O-O Nb6 9. h3 a6 10. a4 Rb8 11. Re1 b5 12. axb5 axb5 13. Bxb5 Nb4 14. Bxd7+ Qxd7 15. b3 O-O 16. Ba3 Na6 17. e5 fxe5 18. dxe5 dxe5 19. Qxd7 1-0

==References==
===See also===
{{ChessMid}}
{{reflist}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A-level Chemistry/WJEC/Module 3/Acid-Base Equilibria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>475070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638378</id>
      <parentid>4638178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:28:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ewen</username>
        <id>19329</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3632" sha1="aaj27nsi22lah15p6mvnrrod0opmiwr" xml:space="preserve">== Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution ==

The pH of a weak acid solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]) = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA])

=== Derivation ===
For any equilibrium

For the dissociation equilibrium of any acid

:HA(aq) ⇌ H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)

the acid dissociation constant, ''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;, is defined as

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

Two assumptions are required:

'''1''' The concentrations of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) and A&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) are equal, or in symbols:

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = [OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

:The reason this is an approximation is that a very slightly higher concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) exists in reality, due to the autodissociation of water, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) {{unicode|⇌}}  H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq).  We neglect this effect since water produces a far lower concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) than most weak acids. If you were studying an exceptionally weak acid (you won't at A-level), this assumption might begin to cause big problems.

'''2''' The amount of HA at equilibrium is the same as the amount originally added to the solution.

:[HA(aq)] = [HA(aq)]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;

:This cannot be quite true, otherwise HA wouldn't be an ''acid''.  It is, however, a close numerical approximation to experimental observations of the concentration of HA in most cases.

The effect of assumption '''1''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

The effect of assumption '''2''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{acid}] } &lt;/math&gt;

which can be rearranged to give

&lt;math&gt;[\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 = K_a \left [ \mbox{acid} \right ]&lt;/math&gt;

and therefore

&lt;math&gt;[\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] = \sqrt{K_a \left [ \mbox{acid} \right ]}&lt;/math&gt;

By definition,

&lt;math&gt;\mbox{pH} = -\log_{10}{ \left ( \left [ \mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)} \right ] \right ) }&lt;/math&gt;

so

&lt;math&gt;\mbox{pH} = -\log_{10}{ \left ( \sqrt{K_a \left [ \mbox{acid} \right ]} \right ) }&lt;/math&gt;

We can also add,

&lt;math&gt;{pK_a} = -\log_{10}{({K_a})}&lt;/math&gt;

so

&lt;math&gt;\mbox{pH} = 0.5({pK_a}-\log_{10}{[\mbox{acid}]})&lt;/math&gt;

== Indicators ==

Indicators are weak acids or bases which have strong colours and/or the conjugate acid/base has a different, strong, colour.

Examples:

* Methyl red is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 5.1 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Methyl orange is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 3.5 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic/neutral solution (the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A molecule) but above pH 9.5 it forms the pink A&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

In an exam, you will be given details about any indicators so there is no need to learn the details.

The p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; value of the indicator is sometimes referred to as p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt;. You need to choose an indicator that rapidly changes colour at the endpoint of a titration i.e. the p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; is at the steepest part of the pH/titre curve.

[[Image:PH-Titrationskurve.svg|thumb|The most rapid pH change in the graph above is around pH 7, so we need to choose an indicator with a similar p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; value.]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <origin>4638379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3826" sha1="2yfytld818rt4gmkol8w4xcgts0f2hp" xml:space="preserve">== Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution ==

The pH of a weak acid solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

=== Derivation ===
For any equilibrium

For the dissociation equilibrium of any acid

:HA(aq) ⇌ H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)

the acid dissociation constant, ''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;, is defined as

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

Two assumptions are required:

'''1''' The concentrations of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) and A&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) are equal, or in symbols:

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = [OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

:The reason this is an approximation is that a very slightly higher concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) exists in reality, due to the autodissociation of water, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) {{unicode|⇌}}  H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq).  We neglect this effect since water produces a far lower concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) than most weak acids. If you were studying an exceptionally weak acid (you won't at A-level), this assumption might begin to cause big problems.

'''2''' The amount of HA at equilibrium is the same as the amount originally added to the solution.

:[HA(aq)] = [HA(aq)]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;

:This cannot be quite true, otherwise HA wouldn't be an ''acid''.  It is, however, a close numerical approximation to experimental observations of the concentration of HA in most cases.

The effect of assumption '''1''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

The effect of assumption '''2''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA}_o] } &lt;/math&gt;

which can be rearranged to give

&lt;math&gt;[\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 = K_a \left [ \mbox{HA}_o \right ]&lt;/math&gt;

and therefore

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

By definition,

:pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

so

:pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

We can also add,

:p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;

so

:pH = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

== Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution ==

The pH of a weak acid solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]) = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA])

== Indicators ==

Indicators are weak acids or bases which have strong colours and/or the conjugate acid/base has a different, strong, colour.

Examples:

* Methyl red is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 5.1 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Methyl orange is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 3.5 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic/neutral solution (the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A molecule) but above pH 9.5 it forms the pink A&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

In an exam, you will be given details about any indicators so there is no need to learn the details.

The p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; value of the indicator is sometimes referred to as p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt;. You need to choose an indicator that rapidly changes colour at the endpoint of a titration i.e. the p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; is at the steepest part of the pH/titre curve.

[[Image:PH-Titrationskurve.svg|thumb|The most rapid pH change in the graph above is around pH 7, so we need to choose an indicator with a similar p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; value.]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2yfytld818rt4gmkol8w4xcgts0f2hp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638380</id>
      <parentid>4638379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:56:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ewen</username>
        <id>19329</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution */</comment>
      <origin>4638380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4332" sha1="86927j0cnx83fz53sxprkcmzgu1cqaf" xml:space="preserve">== Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution ==

The pH of a weak acid solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

=== Derivation ===
For any equilibrium

For the dissociation equilibrium of any acid

:HA(aq) ⇌ H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)

the acid dissociation constant, ''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;, is defined as

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

Two assumptions are required:

'''1''' The concentrations of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) and A&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) are equal, or in symbols:

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = [OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

:The reason this is an approximation is that a very slightly higher concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) exists in reality, due to the autodissociation of water, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) {{unicode|⇌}}  H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq).  We neglect this effect since water produces a far lower concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) than most weak acids. If you were studying an exceptionally weak acid (you won't at A-level), this assumption might begin to cause big problems.

'''2''' The amount of HA at equilibrium is the same as the amount originally added to the solution.

:[HA(aq)] = [HA(aq)]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;

:This cannot be quite true, otherwise HA wouldn't be an ''acid''.  It is, however, a close numerical approximation to experimental observations of the concentration of HA in most cases.

The effect of assumption '''1''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

The effect of assumption '''2''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA}_o] } &lt;/math&gt;

which can be rearranged to give

&lt;math&gt;[\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 = K_a \left [ \mbox{HA}_o \right ]&lt;/math&gt;

and therefore

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

By definition,

:pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

so

:pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

We can also add,

:p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;

so

:pH = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

== Calculating the pH of a buffer solution ==

The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; + log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA])

In general, we can assume that if we mix a weak acid and its salt, [HA] is the acid concentration and [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the salt concentration. Both assumptions are slightly incorrect, but the errors tend to cancel each other out.

If we part-neutralise a weak acid with a strong base, [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the concentration of neutralised acid and [HA] is concentration of the excess acid. If you half-neutralise a weak acid then [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] = [HA]. This makes log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA]) = 0 and so pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;.

== Indicators ==

Indicators are weak acids or bases which have strong colours and/or the conjugate acid/base has a different, strong, colour.

Examples:

* Methyl red is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 5.1 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Methyl orange is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 3.5 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic/neutral solution (the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A molecule) but above pH 9.5 it forms the pink A&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

In an exam, you will be given details about any indicators so there is no need to learn the details.

The p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; value of the indicator is sometimes referred to as p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt;. You need to choose an indicator that rapidly changes colour at the endpoint of a titration i.e. the p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; is at the steepest part of the pH/titre curve.

[[Image:PH-Titrationskurve.svg|thumb|The most rapid pH change in the graph above is around pH 7, so we need to choose an indicator with a similar p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; value.]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>86927j0cnx83fz53sxprkcmzgu1cqaf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638381</id>
      <parentid>4638380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:59:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ewen</username>
        <id>19329</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Calculating the pH of a buffer solution */</comment>
      <origin>4638381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4596" sha1="msu2co3cmapnbj55660tgxlql36ujd9" xml:space="preserve">== Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution ==

The pH of a weak acid solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

=== Derivation ===
For any equilibrium

For the dissociation equilibrium of any acid

:HA(aq) ⇌ H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)

the acid dissociation constant, ''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;, is defined as

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

Two assumptions are required:

'''1''' The concentrations of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) and A&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) are equal, or in symbols:

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = [OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

:The reason this is an approximation is that a very slightly higher concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) exists in reality, due to the autodissociation of water, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) {{unicode|⇌}}  H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq).  We neglect this effect since water produces a far lower concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) than most weak acids. If you were studying an exceptionally weak acid (you won't at A-level), this assumption might begin to cause big problems.

'''2''' The amount of HA at equilibrium is the same as the amount originally added to the solution.

:[HA(aq)] = [HA(aq)]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;

:This cannot be quite true, otherwise HA wouldn't be an ''acid''.  It is, however, a close numerical approximation to experimental observations of the concentration of HA in most cases.

The effect of assumption '''1''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

The effect of assumption '''2''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA}_o] } &lt;/math&gt;

which can be rearranged to give

&lt;math&gt;[\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 = K_a \left [ \mbox{HA}_o \right ]&lt;/math&gt;

and therefore

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

By definition,

:pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

so

:pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

We can also add,

:p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;

so

:pH = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

== Calculating the pH of a buffer solution ==

The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; + log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA])

The ratio [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA] is equal to the number of moles of each species: [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA] = ''n''(A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;)/''n''(HA). This is because the two solutes are in the same volume of solution. This means that buffers are not affected by dilution.

In general, we can assume that if we mix a weak acid and its salt, [HA] is the acid concentration and [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the salt concentration. Both assumptions are slightly incorrect, but the errors tend to cancel each other out.

If we part-neutralise a weak acid with a strong base, [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the concentration of neutralised acid and [HA] is concentration of the excess acid. If you half-neutralise a weak acid then [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] = [HA]. This makes log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA]) = 0 and so pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;.

== Indicators ==

Indicators are weak acids or bases which have strong colours and/or the conjugate acid/base has a different, strong, colour.

Examples:

* Methyl red is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 5.1 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Methyl orange is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 3.5 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic/neutral solution (the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A molecule) but above pH 9.5 it forms the pink A&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

In an exam, you will be given details about any indicators so there is no need to learn the details.

The p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; value of the indicator is sometimes referred to as p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt;. You need to choose an indicator that rapidly changes colour at the endpoint of a titration i.e. the p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; is at the steepest part of the pH/titre curve.

[[Image:PH-Titrationskurve.svg|thumb|The most rapid pH change in the graph above is around pH 7, so we need to choose an indicator with a similar p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; value.]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>msu2co3cmapnbj55660tgxlql36ujd9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638466</id>
      <parentid>4638381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T04:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ewen</username>
        <id>19329</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Calculating the pH of a buffer solution */</comment>
      <origin>4638466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4968" sha1="0lwc1ph1zbwsjv8l69o5bpjkc03wp5x" xml:space="preserve">== Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution ==

The pH of a weak acid solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

=== Derivation ===
For any equilibrium

For the dissociation equilibrium of any acid

:HA(aq) ⇌ H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)

the acid dissociation constant, ''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;, is defined as

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

Two assumptions are required:

'''1''' The concentrations of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) and A&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) are equal, or in symbols:

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = [OH&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

:The reason this is an approximation is that a very slightly higher concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) exists in reality, due to the autodissociation of water, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) {{unicode|⇌}}  H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) + OH&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;(aq).  We neglect this effect since water produces a far lower concentration of H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq) than most weak acids. If you were studying an exceptionally weak acid (you won't at A-level), this assumption might begin to cause big problems.

'''2''' The amount of HA at equilibrium is the same as the amount originally added to the solution.

:[HA(aq)] = [HA(aq)]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;

:This cannot be quite true, otherwise HA wouldn't be an ''acid''.  It is, however, a close numerical approximation to experimental observations of the concentration of HA in most cases.

The effect of assumption '''1''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}] [\mbox{A}^- \mbox{(aq)}] }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

The effect of assumption '''2''' is that

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA} \mbox{(aq)}] } &lt;/math&gt;

becomes

&lt;math&gt; K_a =  \frac{ [\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 }{ [\mbox{HA}_o] } &lt;/math&gt;

which can be rearranged to give

&lt;math&gt;[\mbox{H}^+ \mbox{(aq)}]^2 = K_a \left [ \mbox{HA}_o \right ]&lt;/math&gt;

and therefore

:[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)] = √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

By definition,

:pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(aq)]

so

:pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

We can also add,

:p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;

so

:pH = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

== Calculating the pH of a buffer solution ==

The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; + log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA])

The ratio [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA] is equal to the number of moles of each species: [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA] = ''n''(A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;)/''n''(HA). This is because the two solutes are in the same volume of solution. This means that buffers are not affected by dilution.

In general, we can assume that if we mix a weak acid and its salt, [HA] is the acid concentration and [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the salt concentration. Both assumptions are slightly incorrect, but the errors tend to cancel each other out.

If we part-neutralise a weak acid with a strong base, [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the concentration of neutralised acid and [HA] is concentration of the excess acid. If you half-neutralise a weak acid then [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] = [HA]. This makes log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA]) = 0 and so pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;.

[[File:Buffer titration graph.svg|thumb|upright=2|centre|Simulated titration of an acidified solution of a weak acid (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = 4.7, ''c'' = 0.010 mol dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) with alkali. The end point is when 1.0 ml of alkali are added. When half-neutralised with 0.50 ml of alkali, the pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = 4.7 (green lines). The pure acid has a pH of 3.35.]]

== Indicators ==

Indicators are weak acids or bases which have strong colours and/or the conjugate acid/base has a different, strong, colour.

Examples:

* Methyl red is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 5.1 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Methyl orange is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 3.5 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic/neutral solution (the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A molecule) but above pH 9.5 it forms the pink A&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

In an exam, you will be given details about any indicators so there is no need to learn the details.

The p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; value of the indicator is sometimes referred to as p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt;. You need to choose an indicator that rapidly changes colour at the endpoint of a titration i.e. the p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; is at the steepest part of the pH/titre curve.

[[Image:PH-Titrationskurve.svg|thumb|The most rapid pH change in the graph above is around pH 7, so we need to choose an indicator with a similar p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; value.]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>0lwc1ph1zbwsjv8l69o5bpjkc03wp5x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638467</id>
      <parentid>4638466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T04:59:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ewen</username>
        <id>19329</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Derivation */</comment>
      <origin>4638467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2751" sha1="kjfa12b3g4swa5uljwmkbaa4l3lc30w" xml:space="preserve">== Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution ==

The pH of a weak acid solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

== Calculating the pH of a buffer solution ==

The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; + log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA])

The ratio [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA] is equal to the number of moles of each species: [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA] = ''n''(A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;)/''n''(HA). This is because the two solutes are in the same volume of solution. This means that buffers are not affected by dilution.

In general, we can assume that if we mix a weak acid and its salt, [HA] is the acid concentration and [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the salt concentration. Both assumptions are slightly incorrect, but the errors tend to cancel each other out.

If we part-neutralise a weak acid with a strong base, [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the concentration of neutralised acid and [HA] is concentration of the excess acid. If you half-neutralise a weak acid then [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] = [HA]. This makes log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA]) = 0 and so pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;.

[[File:Buffer titration graph.svg|thumb|upright=2|centre|Simulated titration of an acidified solution of a weak acid (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = 4.7, ''c'' = 0.010 mol dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) with alkali. The end point is when 1.0 ml of alkali are added. When half-neutralised with 0.50 ml of alkali, the pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = 4.7 (green lines). The pure acid has a pH of 3.35.]]

== Indicators ==

Indicators are weak acids or bases which have strong colours and/or the conjugate acid/base has a different, strong, colour.

Examples:

* Methyl red is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 5.1 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Methyl orange is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 3.5 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic/neutral solution (the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A molecule) but above pH 9.5 it forms the pink A&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

In an exam, you will be given details about any indicators so there is no need to learn the details.

The p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; value of the indicator is sometimes referred to as p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt;. You need to choose an indicator that rapidly changes colour at the endpoint of a titration i.e. the p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; is at the steepest part of the pH/titre curve.

[[Image:PH-Titrationskurve.svg|thumb|The most rapid pH change in the graph above is around pH 7, so we need to choose an indicator with a similar p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; value.]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>kjfa12b3g4swa5uljwmkbaa4l3lc30w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638469</id>
      <parentid>4638467</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T05:09:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ewen</username>
        <id>19329</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution */</comment>
      <origin>4638469</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3490" sha1="ngza1v44rq9w6v8tythan733row2u69" xml:space="preserve">== Calculating the pH of a weak acid solution ==

The pH of a weak acid solution can be calculated approximately using the following formulae:

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; √(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; - log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)

[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt; is the original concentration of acid, which we assume is the same as the concentration of acid after it has partly dissociated.

Example; If p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = 4.7 and ''c'' = 0.010 mol dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; then '''either''':

:''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = 10&lt;sup&gt;-p''K''a&lt;/sup&gt; = 10&lt;sup&gt;-4.7&lt;/sup&gt; = 2.00 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; mol dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;

√(''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; x [HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;) = √(2.00 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; x 0.010)
: = √(2.00 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt;)
: = 4.47 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-4&lt;/sup&gt;

pH = -log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; (4.47 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-4&lt;/sup&gt;) = 3.35

'''or''':

:- log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt; = - log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;(0.010) = 2.00

:pH = 0.5 x (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; - log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[HA]&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;)
:= 0.5 x (4.7 + 2) = 0.5 x 6.7 = 3.35

== Calculating the pH of a buffer solution ==

The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated approximately using the following formula:

pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; + log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA])

The ratio [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA] is equal to the number of moles of each species: [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA] = ''n''(A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;)/''n''(HA). This is because the two solutes are in the same volume of solution. This means that buffers are not affected by dilution.

In general, we can assume that if we mix a weak acid and its salt, [HA] is the acid concentration and [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the salt concentration. Both assumptions are slightly incorrect, but the errors tend to cancel each other out.

If we part-neutralise a weak acid with a strong base, [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] is the concentration of neutralised acid and [HA] is concentration of the excess acid. If you half-neutralise a weak acid then [A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;] = [HA]. This makes log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;([A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;]/[HA]) = 0 and so pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;.

[[File:Buffer titration graph.svg|thumb|upright=2|centre|Simulated titration of an acidified solution of a weak acid (p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = 4.7, ''c'' = 0.010 mol dm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) with alkali. The end point is when 1.0 ml of alkali are added. When half-neutralised with 0.50 ml of alkali, the pH = p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; = 4.7 (green lines). The pure acid has a pH of 3.35.]]

== Indicators ==

Indicators are weak acids or bases which have strong colours and/or the conjugate acid/base has a different, strong, colour.

Examples:

* Methyl red is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 5.1 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Methyl orange is red in acidic solution (the HA molecule) but above pH 3.5 it forms the yellow A&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

* Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic/neutral solution (the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A molecule) but above pH 9.5 it forms the pink A&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; ion.

In an exam, you will be given details about any indicators so there is no need to learn the details.

The p''K''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; value of the indicator is sometimes referred to as p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt;. You need to choose an indicator that rapidly changes colour at the endpoint of a titration i.e. the p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; is at the steepest part of the pH/titre curve.

[[Image:PH-Titrationskurve.svg|thumb|The most rapid pH change in the graph above is around pH 7, so we need to choose an indicator with a similar p''K''&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt; value.]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ngza1v44rq9w6v8tythan733row2u69</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program/2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>479225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638353</id>
      <parentid>4637916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:40:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32674-83</username>
        <id>3599276</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Got rid of unnecessary code and comments</comment>
      <origin>4638353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="67711" sha1="1ix5ws5owtfodpme3w27ao8a3q2qyyx" xml:space="preserve">{{or}}
'''Ant Simulation''' This is for the 2026 AQA A-level Computer Science Specification (7517).

This is where suggestions can be made about what some of the questions might be and how we can solve them.

Please be respectful and do not vandalise the page, as this may affect students' preparation for exams!

==Section C Mark distribution comparison==
Mark distribution for this year:

The 2026 paper 1 will contain '''five''' questions worth '''3, 5, 2, 2 and 1 mark(s) (13 total)'''.

The 2025 paper contained 4 questions worth 2 marks each (8 total).

The 2024 paper contained 3 questions worth 11 marks in total (3+2+6=11).

The 2023 paper contained 6 questions worth 13 marks

The 2022 paper contained 5 questions worth 17 marks.

The 2021 paper contained 4 questions worth 13 marks.


== Section C Predictions ==


'''Predictions:'''

# Basically, Logically, technically, finally, 
# a) What is Encapsulation? b) What is a specific purpose of encapsulation being used in this program?
# What is Inheritance? And give an example of polymophism in the code?


Note: at least for the Python skeleton code, there is no exception handling. In past papers which have had exception handling in the code, there were 1 to 2 mark questions asked about it in this section. Should exception handling come up, it would have to be in section D.


==Section D Mark distribution comparison==
Mark distribution for this year:
* The 2026 paper 1 contains 4 questions: a 5 mark, an 8 mark and two 12 mark questions.

These marks include the screen capture(s), so the marks for the coding will be 1-2 marks lower.

* The 2025 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 5 mark, a 6 mark and two 14 mark questions.
* The 2024 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 5 mark, a 6 mark and two 14 mark questions.
* The 2023 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 5 mark, a 9 mark, a 10 mark and one 13 mark question.
* The 2022 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 5 mark, a 9 mark, a 11 mark and one 13 mark question.
* The 2021 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 6 mark, an 8 mark, a 9 mark and one 14 mark question.
* The 2020 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 6 mark, an 8 mark, a 11 mark and one 12 mark question.
* The 2019 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 5 mark, an 8 mark, a 9 mark and one 13 mark question.
* The 2018 paper 1 contained 5 questions: a 2 mark, a 5 mark, two 9 mark and one 12 mark question.
* The 2017 paper 1 contained 5 questions: a 5 mark, three 6 mark and one 12 mark question.


== Section D Predictions ==
Current questions are speculation by contributors to this page

== Simulation 1 ==
=== '''When inspecting a cell, ensure that the cell reference they have entered is within the bounds of the simulation, asking them to input a cell again again if not'''===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
Coombe Wood School - South Croydon
Around line 60:
 case &quot;3&quot;:
     int Row = 0, Column = 0;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

 //START OF CHANGE: loop until valid cell is entered
     do
     {
         GetCellReference(ref Row, ref Column);
         if (Row &lt; 1 || Row &gt; ThisSimulation.NumberOfRows || Column &lt; 1 || Column &gt; ThisSimulation.NumberOfColumns)
         {
             Console.WriteLine($&quot;Invalid cell! Please enter a row between 1-{ThisSimulation.NumberOfRows} and a column between 1-{ThisSimulation.NumberOfColumns}.&quot;);
         }
         else
         {
             break;
         }
     } while (true);
     //END OF CHANGE


//End of Change
//Note Before: This requires some amending as non integer values such as strings can still cause errors :P (Non-Coombe Wood School Student)
//Ok, it's been a week and it still hasn't been changed, it really needs to be fixed cause it still causes errors for non integer values :/ (Non-Coombe Wood School Student)

Around line 130:
//START OF CHANGE
public int NumberOfRows, NumberOfColumns;
protected int StartingFoodInNest, StartingNumberOfFoodCells, StartingNumberOfNests;
//END OF CHANGE


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Java}}
Harington School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JAVA&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//add Simulation parameter, which must be included as an argument whenever getCellReference is called
static void getCellReference(IntWrapper row, IntWrapper column, Simulation thisSim) {
    System.out.println();
    do {
	    System.out.print(&quot;Enter row number: &quot;);
	    row.value = Integer.parseInt(scanner.nextLine());
    } while (row.value &gt; thisSim.numberOfRows || row.value &lt; 1);
	do {
	    System.out.print(&quot;Enter column number: &quot;);
	    column.value = Integer.parseInt(scanner.nextLine());
	} while (column.value &gt; thisSim.numberOfColumns || column.value &lt; 1);
        
    System.out.println();
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
Salty Springs - credit  to salty springs, hop off pls dont do trickss on itt :/
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
#part of the simulation class
    def CheckCellExists(self, Row, Column):
        if Row &lt;= self._NumberOfRows and Row &gt;= 1 and Column &lt;= self._NumberOfColumns and Column &gt;= 1:
            return True
        return False

#in Main()
        elif Choice == &quot;3&quot;:
            Row = 0
            Column = 0
            Row, Column = GetCellReference() #get specific cell *howls*
            while not ThisSimulation.CheckCellExists(Row,Column):
                print(&quot;Invalid cell&quot;)
                Row, Column = GetCellReference() #get specific cell
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Add an error message when a blank grid space is entered and ask the user to retry  ''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
Coombe Wood School - South Croydon

            //START OF CHANGE &quot;Add an error message when a blank grid space is entered&quot;
            Console.WriteLine();

                while (true)
                {
                    Console.Write(&quot;Enter row number: &quot;);
                    string rowInput = Console.ReadLine();

                    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(rowInput) || !int.TryParse(rowInput, out Row) || Row &lt;= 0)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine(&quot;Invalid row input. Please enter a valid positive number.&quot;);
                        continue;
                    }

                    Console.Write(&quot;Enter column number: &quot;);
                    string colInput = Console.ReadLine();
                    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(colInput) || !int.TryParse(colInput, out Column) || Column &lt;= 0)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine(&quot;Invalid column input. Please enter a valid positive number.&quot;);
                        continue;
                    }

                    // If both inputs are valid
                    break;
                }

                Console.WriteLine();
   }
            //END OF CHANGE &quot;Add an error message when a blank grid space is entered&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Java}}

King Olie of Harington School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JAVA&quot;&gt;

static void getCellReference(IntWrapper row, IntWrapper column, int maxRow, int maxColumn) {
    System.out.println();
    System.out.print(&quot;Enter row number: &quot;);
    row.value = Integer.parseInt(scanner.nextLine());        
    
    while (row.value &lt; 0 || row.value &gt; maxRow) {
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println(&quot;That was invalid you little punk. Try Again.&quot;);
        System.out.print(&quot;Enter row number: &quot;);
        row.value = Integer.parseInt(scanner.nextLine());
    }

    System.out.print(&quot;Enter column number: &quot;);
    column.value = Integer.parseInt(scanner.nextLine());
    
    while (column.value &lt; 0 || column.value &gt; maxColumn) {
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println(&quot;That was invalid you little punk. Try Again.&quot;);
        System.out.print(&quot;Enter row number: &quot;);
        row.value = Integer.parseInt(scanner.nextLine());
    }
    
    System.out.println();
 }

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|Java}}

Harington School DM
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java&quot;&gt;

//line 101
static void getCellReference(IntWrapper row, IntWrapper column) {
    System.out.println();
    System.out.print(&quot;Enter row number: &quot;);
    String inputRow = scanner.nextLine();
        
    while(inputRow == &quot;&quot; || inputRow == &quot; &quot;) {
    	System.out.print(&quot;Invalid input, please try again\n&quot;);
       	inputRow = scanner.nextLine();
    }
    row.value = Integer.parseInt(inputRow);
        
    System.out.print(&quot;Enter column number: &quot;);
    String inputCol = scanner.nextLine();
        
    while(inputCol == &quot;&quot; || inputCol == &quot; &quot;) {
        System.out.print(&quot;Invalid input. please try again\n&quot;);
        inputCol = scanner.nextLine();
    }
    column.value = Integer.parseInt(inputCol);
    System.out.println();
}

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}

13D - VC - Guildford County School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
# replace GetCellReference() with this, around line 65, it adds a check to see if the selected spot is valid

def GetCellReference():
    print()
    while True:
        row_input = input(&quot;Enter row number: &quot;).strip()
        if not row_input or not row_input.isdigit() or int(row_input) &lt;= 0:
            print(&quot;Invalid row input. Please enter a valid positive number.&quot;)
            continue

        col_input = input(&quot;Enter column number: &quot;).strip()
        if not col_input or not col_input.isdigit() or int(col_input) &lt;= 0:
            print(&quot;Invalid column input. Please enter a valid positive number.&quot;)
            continue

    # If both inputs are valid
        Row = int(row_input)
        Column = int(col_input)
        break
    print()
    return Row, Column

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Fix the error that occurs when trying to inspect a cell not in the range of the grid''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}

Coombe Wood School - South Croydon
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 
public string GetCellDetails(int Row, int Column)
{
    //START OF CHANGE
    if (Row &lt; 1 || Row &gt; NumberOfRows || Column &lt; 1 || Column &gt; NumberOfColumns)
    {
        return $&quot;Cell ({Row}, {Column}) is out of range.&quot;;
    }
   // END OF CHANGE
Add this to the start of the GetCellDetails

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}

13D - JK - Guildford County School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
# replace GetCellDetails with this in the simulation class (around line 220), it adds a try/except for if the index is out of range

    def GetCellDetails(self, Row, Column):
        try:
            CurrentCell = self._Grid[self.__GetIndex(Row, Column)]
            Details = CurrentCell.GetDetails()
            N = self.GetNestInCell(CurrentCell)
            if N is not None:
                Details += f&quot;Nest present ({N.GetFoodLevel()} food)&quot; + &quot;\n\n&quot;
            if self.GetNumberOfAntsInCell(CurrentCell) &gt; 0:
                Details += &quot;ANTS\n&quot;
                for A in self._Ants:
                    if A.InSameLocation(CurrentCell):
                        Details += A.GetDetails() + &quot;\n&quot;
                Details += &quot;\n\n&quot;
            if self.GetNumberOfPheromonesInCell(CurrentCell) &gt; 0:
                Details += &quot;PHEROMONES\n&quot;
                for P in self._Pheromones:
                    if P.InSameLocation(CurrentCell):
                        Details += f&quot;Ant {P.GetBelongsTo()} with strength of {P.GetStrength()}&quot; + &quot;\n\n&quot;
                Details += &quot;\n\n&quot;
            return Details
        except:
            print(&quot;Cell was out of range\n&quot;)

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}
{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}

City of Norwich School

This fixes the issue where an IndexError is thrown when inspecting a cell outside of the bounds of the map. One unique case this fix catches is inspecting a cell at position '''(0,0)'''. Row and column indexing starts at 1, so there should be no cell at (0, 0) and an IndexError should be thrown when trying to obtain it. However, this does not happen and cell details are still returned.

When inspecting a cell, the cell's position is converted to a grid list index using the '''__GetIndex(self, Row, Column)''' method. Cell instances are stored in a 1D list (_Grid), so a cell's position has to be converted to its index within the grid list. Grid list indices are calculated using the formula:

&lt;math&gt;(Row - 1) * NumberOfColumns + Column - 1 = GridListIndex&lt;/math&gt;

When the row is '''0''' and the column is '''0''', this equation evaluates to a '''negative''' value regardless of which simulation is used. For example, this evaluates to '''-6''' when using simulation 1 as it has a map with 5 rows and 5 columns. Negative indices are still valid in Python, but unlike positive indices, they go from right to left and indexing starts at -1. As a result, a cell instance is still obtained and an IndexError is not thrown.

The following fix catches all erroneous cases except for empty strings, non-numeric characters and decimals. The fix begins at line 38 in the program in the Main() subroutine.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
    while Choice != &quot;9&quot;:
        DisplayMenu()
        Choice = GetChoice()
        if Choice == &quot;1&quot;:
            print(ThisSimulation.GetDetails())
        elif Choice == &quot;2&quot;:
            StartRow = 0
            StartColumn = 0
            EndRow = 0
            EndColumn = 0
            StartRow, StartColumn = GetCellReference()
            EndRow, EndColumn = GetCellReference()
            print(ThisSimulation.GetAreaDetails(StartRow, StartColumn, EndRow, EndColumn))
        elif Choice == &quot;3&quot;:
            Row = 0
            Column = 0
            # Change start
            valid_cell = False
            while not valid_cell:
                Row, Column = GetCellReference()
                if (Row &gt; 0
                        and Column &gt; 0
                        and Row &lt;= SimulationParameters[1]
                        and Column &lt;= SimulationParameters[2]):
                    valid_cell = True
                else:
                    print(&quot;Invalid cell position!&quot;)
            # Change end
            print(ThisSimulation.GetCellDetails(Row, Column))
        elif Choice == &quot;4&quot;:
            ThisSimulation.AdvanceStage(1)
            print(&quot;Simulation moved on one stage\n&quot;)
        elif Choice == &quot;5&quot;:
            NumberOfStages = int(input(&quot;Enter number of stages to advance by: &quot;))
            ThisSimulation.AdvanceStage(NumberOfStages)
            print(f&quot;Simulation moved on {NumberOfStages} stages&quot; + &quot;\n&quot;)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}
== Simulation 2 ==

=== Fix the error of the cell still increasing pheromones after it is empty  ===

{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
AL- Coombe Wood School - South Croydon

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public void AdvanceStage(int NumberOfStages)
{
    for (int Count = 1; Count &lt;= NumberOfStages; Count++)
    {
        List&lt;Pheromone&gt; PheromonesToDelete = new List&lt;Pheromone&gt;();
        foreach (Pheromone P in Pheromones)
        {
            P.AdvanceStage(Nests, Ants, Pheromones);
            if (P.GetStrength() == 0)
            {
                PheromonesToDelete.Add(P);
            }
        }
        foreach (Pheromone P in PheromonesToDelete)
        {
            Pheromones.Remove(P);
        }
        foreach (Ant A in Ant)
        {
            A.AdvanceStage(Nests, Ants, Pheromones);
            Cell CurrentCell = Grid[GetIndex(A.GetRow(), A.GetColumn())];
            if (A.GetFoodCarried() &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; A.IsAtOwnNest())
            {
                AddFoodToNest(A.GetFoodCarried(), A.GetRow(), A.GetColumn());
                A.UpdateFoodCarried(-A.GetFoodCarried());
            }
            else if (CurrentCell.GetAmountOfFood() &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; A.GetFoodCarried() == 0)
            {
                int FoodObtained;
                do
                {
                    FoodObtained = RGen.Next(1, A.GetFoodCapacity() + 1);
                } while (FoodObtained &gt; CurrentCell.GetAmountOfFood() || (A.GetFoodCarried() + FoodObtained) &gt; A.GetFoodCapacity());
                CurrentCell.UpdateFoodInCell(-FoodObtained);
                A.UpdateFoodCarried(FoodObtained);
                //start of change
                //removes pheromones from empty cells
                if (CurrentCell.GetAmountOfFood() == 0)
                {
                    Pheromones.RemoveAll(P =&gt; P.InSameLocation(CurrentCell));
                }
                //end of change
            }

            else
            {
                if (A.GetFoodCarried() &gt; 0)
                {
                    UpdateAntsPheromoneInCell(A);
                }
                A.ChooseCellToMoveTo(GetIndicesOfNeighbours(A.GetRow(), A.GetColumn()),
                                     GetIndexOfNeighbourWithStrongestPheromone(A.GetRow(), A.GetColumn()));
            }
        }
        foreach (Nest N in Nests)
        {
            N.AdvanceStage(Nests, Ants, Pheromones);
        }
    }

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


=== When selecting the option 'Display area details', selecting an area by using a point further from the top-left than the second point results in nothing being displayed. Fix this error such that, when this is input, it displays the same result if the points were input in the other order  ===

{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
DA- Coombe Wood School - South Croydon

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public string GetAreaDetails(int StartRow, int StartColumn, int EndRow, int EndColumn)
{
    //start of changes
    if (StartRow &gt; EndRow)
    {
        int temp = StartRow;
        StartRow = EndRow;
        EndRow = temp;
    }
    if (StartColumn &gt; EndColumn)
    {
        int temp = StartColumn;
        StartColumn = EndColumn;        EndColumn = temp;
    }
    //end of changes
    string Details = &quot;&quot;;
    for (int Row = StartRow; Row &lt;= EndRow; Row++)
    {
        for (int Column = StartColumn; Column &lt;= EndColumn; Column++)
        {
            Details += $&quot;{Row}, {Column}: &quot;;
            Cell TempCell = Grid[GetIndex(Row, Column)];
            if (GetNestInCell(TempCell) != null)
            {
                Details += &quot;| Nest |  &quot;;
            }
            int NumberOfAnts = GetNumberOfAntsInCell(TempCell);
            if (NumberOfAnts &gt; 0)
            {
                Details += $&quot;| Ants: {NumberOfAnts} |  &quot;;
            }
            int NumberOfPheromones = GetNumberOfPheromonesInCell(TempCell);
            if (NumberOfPheromones &gt; 0)
            {
                Details += $&quot;| Pheromones: {NumberOfPheromones} |  &quot;;
            }
            int AmountOfFood = TempCell.GetAmountOfFood();
            if (AmountOfFood &gt; 0)
            {
                Details += $&quot;| {AmountOfFood} food |  &quot;;
            }
            Details += Environment.NewLine;
        }
    }
    return Details;
}


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
LMW- Caistor Grammar School - Caistor
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
elif Choice == &quot;2&quot;:
      StartRow = 0
      StartColumn = 0
      EndRow = 0
      EndColumn = 0
      StartRow, StartColumn = GetCellReference()
      EndRow, EndColumn = GetCellReference()

      StartRow,EndRow=min(StartRow,EndRow),max(StartRow,EndRow)
      StartColumn,EndColumn=min(StartColumn,EndColumn),max(StartColumn,EndColumn)

      print(ThisSimulation.GetAreaDetails(StartRow, StartColumn, EndRow, EndColumn))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== Fix the error where the game ends without a message when there are no more ants remaining ===

{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
KO- Coombe Wood School - South Croydon

public void AdvanceStage(int NumberOfStages)
    {
        for (int Count = 1; Count &lt;= NumberOfStages; Count++)
        {
            List&lt;Pheromone&gt; PheromonesToDelete = new List&lt;Pheromone&gt;();
            foreach (Pheromone P in Pheromones)
            {
                P.AdvanceStage(Nests, Ants, Pheromones);
                if (P.GetStrength() == 0)
                {
                    PheromonesToDelete.Add(P);
                }
            }
            foreach (Pheromone P in PheromonesToDelete)
            {
                Pheromones.Remove(P);
            }
            foreach (Ant A in Ants)
            {
                A.AdvanceStage(Nests, Ants, Pheromones);
                Cell CurrentCell = Grid[GetIndex(A.GetRow(), A.GetColumn())];
                if (A.GetFoodCarried() &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; A.IsAtOwnNest())
                {
                    AddFoodToNest(A.GetFoodCarried(), A.GetRow(), A.GetColumn());
                    A.UpdateFoodCarried(-A.GetFoodCarried());
                }
                else if (CurrentCell.GetAmountOfFood() &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; A.GetFoodCarried() == 0)
                {
                    int FoodObtained;
                    do
                    {
                        FoodObtained = RGen.Next(1, A.GetFoodCapacity() + 1);
                    } while (FoodObtained &gt; CurrentCell.GetAmountOfFood() || (A.GetFoodCarried() + FoodObtained) &gt; A.GetFoodCapacity());
                    CurrentCell.UpdateFoodInCell(-FoodObtained);
                    A.UpdateFoodCarried(FoodObtained);
                }
                else
                {
                    if (A.GetFoodCarried() &gt; 0)
                    {
                        UpdateAntsPheromoneInCell(A);
                    }
                    A.ChooseCellToMoveTo(GetIndicesOfNeighbours(A.GetRow(), A.GetColumn()),
                                         GetIndexOfNeighbourWithStrongestPheromone(A.GetRow(), A.GetColumn()));
                }
            }
            foreach (Nest N in Nests)
            {
                N.AdvanceStage(Nests, Ants, Pheromones);
            } // start of change
            if (Ants.Count == 0)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(&quot;game over&quot;);
                Console.ReadKey();
                Environment.Exit(0);
            } // end of change
        }
}
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
AE - Guildford County Sixth
# At the end of the simulation.advancestage() method
            if len(self._Ants) == 0:
                print(&quot;Simulation is ending at&quot;,self._Stage,&quot; because no more Ants remain&quot;)
                self.Running = False
                break

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== Limit skippable stages so the user can't skip straight to when the ants die (adds more playability) ===

{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
AS- Coombe Wood School - South Croydon

Simulation ThisSimulation = new Simulation(SimulationParameters);
string Choice;
 Do
Case 5 replace the code with this code:
case &quot;5&quot;:
//start of change
    Console.Write(&quot;Enter number of stages to advance by (max 5): &quot;);
    int NumberOfStages = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

    if (NumberOfStages &gt; 5)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(&quot;You can't advance more then 5 stages&quot;);
        NumberOfStages = 5;
    }
    else if (NumberOfStages &lt; 1)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(&quot;You have to atleast advance 1 stage.&quot;);
        NumberOfStages = 1;
    }
    ThisSimulation.AdvanceStage(NumberOfStages);
    Console.WriteLine($&quot;Simulation moved on {NumberOfStages} stages{Environment.NewLine}&quot;);//end of change
 break;

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
13C - NC - Guildford County School&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
#import copy module

import copy

#start of change
elif Choice == &quot;5&quot;:
            backupsimulation=copy.deepcopy(ThisSimulation)
            print(backupsimulation.GetDetails())
            NumberOfStages = int(input(&quot;Enter number of stages to advance by: &quot;))
            ThisSimulation.AdvanceStage(NumberOfStages)
            if ThisSimulation._Ants==[]:
                print('you have advanced too many stages (all ants dead)')
                ThisSimulation=backupsimulation  
            print(f&quot;Simulation moved on {NumberOfStages} stages&quot; + &quot;\n&quot;)
#end of change
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

== Simulation 3 ==

== Simulation 4 ==
=== '''Prevent nests from culling ants from other nests''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
NG - Lancaster Royal Grammar School - Lancaster
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
## START OF CHANGE ~line 421

    def AdvanceStage(self, Nests, Ants, Pheromones):
        if Ants is None:
            return
        AntsToCull = 0
        Count = 0
        for A in Ants:
            if self.IsAntInNest(A):
                if A.GetTypeOfAnt() == &quot;queen&quot;:
                    Count += 10
                else:
                    Count += 2
        self.ChangeFood(-int(Count))
        NestAnts = [A for A in Ants if self.IsAntInNest(A)]
        if self._FoodLevel == 0 and len(NestAnts) &gt; 0:
            AntsToCull += 1
        if self._FoodLevel &lt; len(NestAnts): 
            AntsToCull += 1
        if self._FoodLevel &lt; len(NestAnts) * 5:
            AntsToCull += 1
            if AntsToCull &gt; len(NestAnts):
                AntsToCull = len(NestAnts)
            random.shuffle(Ants)
            Pos = 0
            while AntsToCull &gt; 0 and len(Ants) &gt; Pos:
                if self.IsAntInNest(Ants[Pos]):
                    if Ants[Pos].GetTypeOfAnt() == &quot;queen&quot;:
                        self._NumberOfQueens -= 1
                    Ants.pop(Pos)
                    AntsToCull -= 1
                else:
                    Pos += 1
        else:
            for A in range(1, self._NumberOfQueens + 1):
                RNo1 = random.randint(0, 99)
                if RNo1 &lt; 50:
                    RNo2 = random.randint(0, 99)
                    if RNo2 &lt; 2:
                        Ants.append(QueenAnt(self._Row, self._Column, self._Row, self._Column))
                    else:
                        Ants.append(WorkerAnt(self._Row, self._Column, self._Row, self._Column))
        return Nests, Ants, Pheromones

    def IsAntInNest(self, Ant):
        return (Ant.GetNestRow() == self._Row and Ant.GetNestColumn() == self._Column)
        
## END OF CHANGE
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

== General Questions ==

=== Have the program exit when the user decides to quit ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
DO - Coombe Wood School - South Croydon
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Line 71 - After the get choice 
//start of change
           if (Choice == &quot;9&quot;)
          {
                Environment.Exit(0);
            }
           Console.ReadLine();
//End of Change

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
13D - JK - Guildford County School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
#Line 45 - after the processing for the other inputs
#start of change
          if Choice == &quot;9&quot;:
                quit()
#End of Change

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Fix the error in selecting the simulation when a value between 1 and 4 is &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; entered''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
RT - Coombe Wood School - South Croydon
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

        static void Main()
        {
            List&lt;int&gt; SimulationParameters = new List&lt;int&gt;();
            Console.Write(&quot;Enter simulation number: &quot;);
            string SimNo = Console.ReadLine();
            switch (SimNo)
            {
                case &quot;1&quot;:
                    SimulationParameters = new List&lt;int&gt; { 1, 5, 5, 500, 3, 5, 1000, 50 };
                    break;
                case &quot;2&quot;:
                    SimulationParameters = new List&lt;int&gt; { 1, 5, 5, 500, 3, 5, 1000, 100 };
                    break;
                case &quot;3&quot;:
                    SimulationParameters = new List&lt;int&gt; { 1, 10, 10, 500, 3, 9, 1000, 25 };
                    break;
                case &quot;4&quot;:
                    SimulationParameters = new List&lt;int&gt; { 2, 10, 10, 500, 3, 6, 1000, 25 };
                    break;
//start of change
               default:
                    Console.WriteLine(&quot;Enter a number between 1-4&quot;);
                    Main();
                    break;
            }
;
//End of Change
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Java}}
LT - Harington School&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception 
    {
        ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt; simulationParameters = new ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt;();
        
        while(simulationParameters.isEmpty())	
        {
            System.out.print(&quot;Enter simulation number: &quot;);
            String simNo = scanner.nextLine();
            
            switch (simNo) 
            {
                case &quot;1&quot;:
                    simulationParameters = new ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt;(Arrays.asList(1, 5, 5, 500, 3, 5, 1000, 50));
                    break;
                case &quot;2&quot;:
                    simulationParameters = new ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt;(Arrays.asList(1, 5, 5, 500, 3, 5, 1000, 100));
                    break;
                case &quot;3&quot;:
                    simulationParameters = new ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt;(Arrays.asList(1, 10, 10, 500, 3, 9, 1000, 25));
                    break;
                case &quot;4&quot;:
                    simulationParameters = new ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt;(Arrays.asList(2, 10, 10, 500, 3, 6, 1000, 25));
                    break;
                default:
                    System.out.println(&quot;\nInvalid Input!&quot;);
                    break;
            }
            
            System.out.println();
        }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
13C - ZH - Guildford County School &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
def Main():
    SimulationParameters = []
    SimNo = input(&quot;Enter simulation number (1-4): &quot;)
    while SimNo not in [&quot;1&quot;,&quot;2&quot;,&quot;3&quot;,&quot;4&quot;]: 
        SimNo = input(&quot;Enter simulation number (1-4): &quot;)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Add an option to create a new nest. This should be allowed to be done only once per simulation. You do &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; need to check whether there is a nest already at that location''' ===

{{CPTAnswerTab|Java}}
Harington School - LC

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//Start around line 70 after case 5
//Create new local boolean variable nestCreated
//Start of change
case &quot;6&quot;:
    if (nestCreated == true) {
        System.out.println(&quot;New nest already created, you can only create 1&quot;);
    }
    else {
        IntWrapper nestRow = new IntWrapper(0), nestColumn = new IntWrapper(0);
        getCellReference(nestRow, nestColumn);
        thisSimulation.setUpANestAt(nestRow.value, nestColumn.value);
        nestCreated = true;
    }
    break;
//End of change
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|Java}}
King Olie of Harington School

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//Start around line 70 after case 5
//Create new static boolean variable doneAddedNess set to false

case &quot;6&quot;:
if(!doneAddedNess) {
    System.out.println(&quot;Adding a ness &quot;);

    System.out.println(&quot;x: &quot;);
    int x = scanner.nextInt();
	                	
    System.out.println(&quot;y: &quot;);
    int y = scanner.nextInt();
	                	
    thisSimulation.setUpANestAt(x,y);
    doneAddedNess = true;
}

else {
    System.out.println(&quot;you have already added a nest this game silly.&quot;);
}
break;


// in displayMenu
System.out.println(&quot;6. Add a ness (once per game)&quot;);

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
JD - John Port Spencer Academy

CHANGE ~ line 54

        elif Choice == &quot;6&quot;:
            if nestCreated != True:
                print(&quot;Add a nest&quot;)
                x = int(input(&quot;X coord: &quot;))
                y = int(input(&quot;Y coord: &quot;))
                ThisSimulation.SetUpANestAt(x, y)
                nestCreated = True
            else:
                print(&quot;Already added a nest&quot;)

END CHANGE

        elif Choice == &quot;9&quot;:
            quit()

--------------------------
def DisplayMenu():
    print()
    print(&quot;1. Display overall details&quot;)
    print(&quot;2. Display area details&quot;)
    print(&quot;3. Inspect cell&quot;)
    print(&quot;4. Advance one stage&quot;)
    print(&quot;5. Advance X stages&quot;)
    CHANGE FOR OPTION 6 ADDED
    print(&quot;6. Add a nest (1 per game)&quot;)
   
ENDCHANGE


{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Add an end to the simulation when there are 0 ants''' ===

{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
Coombe Wood School - South Croydon  
Around line 60:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//start of change
// Add to end of Advance stage:

if (Ants.Count == 0)
{
    Console.WriteLine(&quot;All ants are dead. Game Over!&quot;);
    Console.ReadKey();
    Environment.Exit(0);
}
//END OF CHANGE
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Java}}
King Olie of Harington School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

public void advanceStage(int numberOfStages) {
	
	boolean anyAntsLeft = false;
	
    for (int count = 1; count &lt;= numberOfStages; count++) {
    	
    	anyAntsLeft = false;
    	
        ArrayList&lt;Pheromone&gt; pheromonesToDelete = new ArrayList&lt;Pheromone&gt;();
        for (Pheromone p : pheromones) {
            p.advanceStage(nests, ants, pheromones);
            if (p.getStrength() == 0) {
                pheromonesToDelete.add(p);
            }
        }
        for (Pheromone p : pheromonesToDelete) {
            pheromones.remove(p);
        }
        for (Ant a : ants) {
            a.advanceStage(nests, ants, pheromones);
            
            anyAntsLeft = true;
            
            Cell currentCell = grid.get(getIndex(a.getRow(), a.getColumn()));
            if ((a.getFoodCarried() &gt; 0) &amp;&amp; a.isAtOwnNest()) {
                addFoodToNest(a.getFoodCarried(), a.getRow(), a.getColumn());
                a.updateFoodCarried(-a.getFoodCarried());
            } else if ((currentCell.getAmountOfFood() &gt; 0) &amp;&amp; (a.getFoodCarried() == 0) &amp;&amp; (a.getFoodCapacity() &gt; 0)) {
                int foodObtained;
                do {
                    foodObtained = rGen.nextInt(a.getFoodCapacity()) + 1;
                } while (!(foodObtained &lt;= currentCell.getAmountOfFood()
                         &amp;&amp; (a.getFoodCarried() + foodObtained) &lt;= a.getFoodCapacity()));
                currentCell.updateFoodInCell(-foodObtained);
                a.updateFoodCarried(foodObtained);
            } else {
                if (a.getFoodCarried() &gt; 0) {
                    updateAntsPheromoneInCell(a);
                }
                a.chooseCellToMoveTo(getIndicesOfNeighbours(a.getRow(), a.getColumn()), getIndexOfNeighbourWithStrongestPheromone(a.getRow(), a.getColumn()));
            }
        }
        for (Nest n : nests) {
            n.advanceStage(nests, ants, pheromones);
        }
    }
    
    if(!anyAntsLeft) {
    	System.out.println(&quot;No ants detected ending sim&quot;);
    	System.exit(0);
    	// i know this is a bad habit. But i dont know other ways of stopping it easily without changing code in diffrent areas... laziness wins.
    }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
13D - JS - Guildford County School

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
# Around line 20, just before DisplayMenu() and just after Choice = &quot;&quot;
# start of change
if len(ThisSimulation._Ants) == 0:
    print(&quot;No more ants, you lost!&quot;)
    quit()
# End of Change
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
LMW - Caistor Grammar School - Caistor

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
def GetDetails(self):
    Details = &quot;&quot;
    for Row in range(1, self._NumberOfRows + 1):
        for Column in range(1, self._NumberOfColumns + 1):
            Details += f&quot;{Row}, {Column}: &quot;
            TempCell = self._Grid[self.__GetIndex(Row, Column)]
            if self.GetNestInCell(TempCell) is not None:
                Details += &quot;| Nest |  &quot;
            NumberOfAnts = self.GetNumberOfAntsInCell(TempCell)
            if NumberOfAnts &gt; 0:
                Details += f&quot;| Ants: {NumberOfAnts} |  &quot;
            # Edit Begins Here
            elif NumberOfAnts == 0:
                print(&quot;No Ants Remaining - Simulation over&quot;)
                quit()
            # Edit Ends Here
            NumberOfPheromones = self.GetNumberOfPheromonesInCell(TempCell)
            if NumberOfPheromones &gt; 0:
                Details += f&quot;| Pheromones: {NumberOfPheromones} |  &quot;
            AmountOfFood = TempCell.GetAmountOfFood()
            if AmountOfFood &gt; 0:
                Details += f&quot;| {AmountOfFood} food |  &quot;
            Details += &quot;\n&quot;
    return Details
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''If the Queen is dead the simulation will end''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
AL- Coombe Wood School - South Croydon
public override void AdvanceStage(List&lt;Nest&gt; Nests, List&lt;Ant&gt; Ants, List&lt;Pheromone&gt; Pheromones)
{
    if (Ants == null)
    {
        return;
    }
    int AntsToCull = 0;
    int Count = 0;
    foreach (Ant A in Ants)
    {
        if (A.GetNestRow() == Row &amp;&amp; A.GetNestColumn() == Column)
        {
            if (A.GetTypeOfAnt() == &quot;queen&quot;)
            {
                Count += 10;
            }
            else
            {
                Count += 2;
            }
        }
        //start of change
        if (NumberOfQueens &lt; 1)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(&quot;The Queen has died, the simulation cannot continue&quot;);
            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(2000);
            Environment.Exit(0);
        } // end of change
    }

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
King Olie of Harington School

    public void advanceStage(int numberOfStages) 
    {
    boolean queen = false;
    for (int count = 1; count &lt;= numberOfStages; count++) 
    { 
        queen = false;
        
        for (Ant a : ants) 
        {
            a.advanceStage(nests, ants, pheromones);
            if(a.getTypeOfAnt() == &quot;queen&quot;)
             {
                queen = true;}
        }
    }            
    if(!queen) 
    {
        System.out.println(&quot;No queen detected ending sim&quot;);
        System.exit(0);            	
        // i know this is a bad habit. But i dont know other ways of stoping it easily without changing code in diffrent areas. 
    }
    }
    // it looks like code is ending like and some if and for loops but I just removed the inside to shorten it but kepts some stuff         so you can ruffly see where it should be.  
// this code lookes terible becuse i cant figgure out how to present it well in the edditer please feel free to make it look better. I tried my best. 


{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
AE - Guildford County Sixth
# At the end of Simulaton.AdvanceStage()
            queen = False
            for i in self._Ants:
                if i.GetTypeOfAnt() == &quot;queen&quot;:
                    queen = True
            if not queen:
                print(&quot;Simulation is ending at&quot;,self._Stage,&quot; because no more queen ants remain&quot;)
                self.Running = False
                break
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Add an explanation of each simulation before the user is prompted to input the simulation number''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
KW - Coombe Wood School - South Croydon

// START OF CHANGE - below the FIRST SimNo SWITCH
switch (SimNo)
{
    case &quot;1&quot;:
        Console.WriteLine(&quot;This is simulation 1, a 5x5 grid with one nest and three food sources when started. Pheromone strength: 1000 with decay 50&quot;);
        break;
    case &quot;2&quot;:
        Console.WriteLine(&quot;This is simulation 2, a 5x5 grid with one nest and three food sources when started. Pheromone strength: 1000 with decay 100&quot;);
        break;
    case &quot;3&quot;:
        Console.WriteLine(&quot;This is simulation 3, a 10x10 grid with one nest and three food sources when started. Pheromone strength: 1000 with decay 25&quot;);
        break;
    case &quot;4&quot;:
        Console.WriteLine(&quot;This is simulation 4, a 10x10 grid with two nests and three food sources when started. Pheromone strength: 1000 with decay 25&quot;);
        break;
}
// END OF CHANGE
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
King Olie of Harington School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JAVA&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//START OF CHANGE
static void displaySims() {

// yes i just copy and pasted the values from the Preliminary Material
System.out.println(&quot;1. Simulation 1 is a 5×5 grid with one nest. Five ants belong to that nest (one queen and four\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;workers). At the start of the simulation the nest has 500 food units in it. There are three sources\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;of food in the grid. It is possible that some of the food sources could be in the same cell as each\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;other. The strength of a new pheromone is 1000 and the pheromone decay rate is\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;50 per stage&quot;);
System.out.println(&quot;2. Simulation 2 is the same as simulation 1 except the pheromone decay rate is 100 per stage&quot;);
System.out.println(&quot;3. Simulation 3 is a 10×10 grid with one nest. Nine ants belong to that nest (one queen and eight\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;workers). At the start of the simulation the nest has 500 food units in it. There are three sources\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;of food in the grid. It is possible that some of the food sources could be in the same cell as each\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;other. The strength of a new pheromone is 1000 and the pheromone decay rate is\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;25 per stage&quot;);
System.out.println(&quot;4. Simulation 4 is a 10×10 grid with two nests. Six ants belong to each nest (one queen and five\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;workers). At the start of the simulation each nest has 500 food units in it. There are three sources\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;of food in the grid. It is possible that some of the food sources could be in the same cell as each\r\n&quot;
    			+ &quot;other. The strength of a new pheromone is 1000 and the pheromone decay rate is 25 per stage&quot;);
System.out.println(&quot;5. custom sim (added by king olie)&quot;);
    	
}
//END OF CHANGE
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
13D - JK - Guildford County School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
#Add this function anywhere in the program
#start of change
def printSimDetails(params):
    print()
    print(&quot;This Simulation has:&quot;)
    print(&quot; - &quot; + str(params[0]) + &quot; nests&quot;)
    print(&quot; - a &quot;  + str(params[1]) + &quot;x&quot; + str(params[2]) + &quot; grid&quot;)
    print(&quot; - &quot; + str(params[3]) + &quot; starting food in the nests&quot;)
    print(&quot; - &quot; + str(params[4]) + &quot; cells with food to start with&quot;)
    print(&quot; - &quot; + str(params[5]) + &quot; ants in each nest&quot;)
    print(&quot; - &quot; + str(params[6]) + &quot; strength for new pheremones&quot;)
    print(&quot; - &quot; + str(params[7]) + &quot; pheremone decay&quot;)
    print()
#End of Change


#put this just after the elifs to check simulation parameters (around line 20)

#start of change
printSimDetails(SimulationParameters)
#end of change

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

==='''Add a custom simulation. The user should be able to enter their own values for the simulation parameters'''===
{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
King Olie of Harington School

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JAVA&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//START OF CHANGE
case &quot;5&quot;: // new sim  
    System.out.println(&quot;Please enter the values for the following: &quot;);
            	
    System.out.println(&quot;Starting number of nests: &quot;);
    int startNumberOfNests = scanner.nextInt();
            	
    System.out.println(&quot;Number of Rows&quot;);
    int numberOfRows = scanner.nextInt();
            	
    System.out.println(&quot;Number of columns: &quot;);
    int numberOfColums = scanner.nextInt();
            	
    System.out.println(&quot;Starting Food In Nest: &quot;);
    int startingFoodInNests = scanner.nextInt();
            	
    System.out.println(&quot;Starting number of food cells: &quot;);
    int startingNumberOfFoodCells = scanner.nextInt();
            	
    System.out.println(&quot;Starting ants in nest: &quot;);
    int startingAntsInNests = scanner.nextInt();
            	
    System.out.println(&quot;New pheromone strength: &quot;);
    int newPheromoneStrength = scanner.nextInt();
            	
    System.out.println(&quot;New pheromone Decay: &quot;);
    int newPheromoneDecay = scanner.nextInt();
            	
    simulationParameters = new ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt;(Arrays.asList(startNumberOfNests, numberOfRows, numberOfColums, startingFoodInNests, startingNumberOfFoodCells, startingAntsInNests, newPheromoneStrength, newPheromoneDecay));
    break;
//END OF CHANGE
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
13A - RH -  Aylesbury Grammar School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
# Line 20
# CHANGE
    elif SimNo == &quot;5&quot;:
        print(&quot;Please enter the following values&quot;)
        startNumberOfNests = input(&quot;Starting number of nests: &quot;)
        numberOfRows = input(&quot;Number of rows: &quot;)
        numberOfColumns = input(&quot;Number of columns: &quot;)
        startingFoodInNests = input(&quot;Starting Food In Nest: &quot;)
        startingNumberOfFoodCells = input(&quot;Starting number of food cells: &quot;)
        startingAntsInNests = input(&quot;Starting ants in nest: &quot;)
        newPheromoneStrength = input(&quot;New pheromone strength: &quot;)
        newPheromoneDecay = input(&quot;New pheromone Decay: &quot;)

        SimulationParameters = [
            startNumberOfNests,
            numberOfRows,
            numberOfColumns,
            startingFoodInNests,
            startingNumberOfFoodCells,
            startingAntsInNests,
            newPheromoneStrength,
            newPheromoneDecay
        ]
# END CHANGEsam

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Add a simulation number 5 with its own parameters''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
Coombe Wood School - South Croydon
Around line 36
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//START OF CHANGE
case &quot;5&quot;:
    SimulationParameters = new List&lt;int&gt; {3, 15,15,500 , 3, 4, 1000, 25};
    break;
//END OF CHANGE
//YOU CAN CHANGE ANY OF THE NUMBERS IN THE LIST TO MAKE YOUR OWN SIMULATION
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
King Olie of Harington School
Line ~82
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JAVA&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//START OF CHANGE
case &quot;5&quot;:
    simulationParameters = new ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt;(Arrays.asList(300, 105,105,5000 , 30, 40, 1000000, 2500));
    break;
//END OF CHANGE
//YOU CAN CHANGE ANY OF THE NUMBERS IN THE LIST TO MAKE YOUR OWN SIMULATION
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
13D - JT - Guildford County School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
#Around line 19, after the elif for SimNo 4
#start of change
     elif SimNo == &quot;5&quot;:
        SimulationParameters = [3, 20, 20, 1000, 6, 12, 2000, 50]
#End of Change

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Make the grid be displayed as an actual grid '''===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
DA - Coombe Wood School - South Croydon
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//You need to add all 3 parts for it to work add the red bits only, the black is just to see where
//Around line 67

DisplayMenu();
Choice = GetChoice();
switch (Choice)
{
    case &quot;1&quot;:
        Console.WriteLine(ThisSimulation.GetDetails());
        break;
    case &quot;2&quot;:
        int StartRow = 0, StartColumn = 0, EndRow = 0, EndColumn = 0;
        GetCellReference(ref StartRow, ref StartColumn);
        GetCellReference(ref EndRow, ref EndColumn);
        Console.WriteLine(ThisSimulation.GetAreaDetails(StartRow, StartColumn, EndRow, EndColumn));
        break;
    case &quot;3&quot;:
        int Row = 0, Column = 0;
        GetCellReference(ref Row, ref Column);
        Console.WriteLine(ThisSimulation.GetCellDetails(Row, Column));

        break;
    case &quot;4&quot;:
        ThisSimulation.AdvanceStage(1);
        Console.WriteLine($&quot;Simulation moved on one stage{Environment.NewLine}&quot;);
        break;
    case &quot;5&quot;:
        Console.Write(&quot;Enter number of stages to advance by: &quot;);
        int NumberOfStages = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
        ThisSimulation.AdvanceStage(NumberOfStages);
        Console.WriteLine($&quot;Simulation moved on {NumberOfStages} stages{Environment.NewLine}&quot;);
        break;
     //start of change
    case &quot;7&quot;;
        ThisSimulation.DisplayGrid();
        Break;
//end of change

//Around line 125
static void DisplayMenu()
{
    Console.WriteLine();
    Console.WriteLine(&quot;1. Display overall details&quot;);
    Console.WriteLine(&quot;2. Display area details&quot;);
    Console.WriteLine(&quot;3. Inspect cell&quot;);
    Console.WriteLine(&quot;4. Advance one stage&quot;);
    Console.WriteLine(&quot;5. Advance X stages&quot;);
//start of change   
 Console.WriteLine(&quot;7. Display grid view&quot;);
//end of change    
Console.WriteLine(&quot;9. Quit&quot;);
    Console.WriteLine();
    Console.Write(&quot;&gt; &quot;);
}
//After the getdetails string ends, put this outside the brackets
 public void DisplayGrid()
 {
     for (int row = 1; row &lt;= NumberOfRows; row++)
     {
         for (int col = 1; col &lt;= NumberOfColumns; col++)
         {
             Cell currentCell = Grid[GetIndex(row, col)];

             string cellDisplay = &quot;[&quot;;

             bool hasContent = false;

             if (GetNestInCell(currentCell) != null)
             {
                 cellDisplay += &quot;N&quot;;
                 hasContent = true;
             }

             if (GetNumberOfAntsInCell(currentCell) &gt; 0)
             {
                 cellDisplay += &quot;A&quot;;
                 hasContent = true;
             }

             if (currentCell.GetAmountOfFood() &gt; 0)
             {
                 cellDisplay += &quot;F&quot;;
                 hasContent = true;
             }

             if (GetNumberOfPheromonesInCell(currentCell) &gt; 0)
             {
                 cellDisplay += &quot;P&quot;;
                 hasContent = true;
             }

             if (!hasContent)
             {
                 cellDisplay += &quot; &quot;;
             }

             cellDisplay += &quot;]&quot;;
             Console.Write(cellDisplay + &quot; &quot;);
         }
         Console.WriteLine();
     }
 }
//END OF CHANGE
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
King olie of Harington
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JAVA&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

public String getDetails() { // use format tools
        	
        	String addes =  &quot;| %-35s &quot;;
        	String layout = &quot;&quot;;
        	String layerRowAdds = &quot;-&quot;;
        	String layerRow = &quot;&quot;;
        	
        	String output = &quot;&quot;;
        	String[] details = new String[numberOfColumns];
        	
        	for (int i  = 0; i &lt; numberOfColumns; i++) {
        		layout += addes;
        		details[i] = &quot;&quot;;	
        	}
        	
        	for (int i  = 0; i &lt; (38 * numberOfColumns); i++) {
        		layerRow += layerRowAdds;
        	}
        	
        	layout += &quot;|&quot;;
            
            boolean didSomethink = false;
            for (int row = 1; row &lt;= numberOfRows; row++) {
                for (int column = 1; column &lt;= numberOfColumns; column++) {
                	
                    Cell tempCell = grid.get(getIndex(row, column));
                    if (getNestInCell(tempCell) != null) {
                        details[column-1] += &quot;Nest; &quot;;
                        didSomethink = true;
                    }
                    int numberOfAnts = getNumberOfAntsInCell(tempCell);
                    if (numberOfAnts &gt; 0) {
                    	details[column-1] += &quot;Ants: &quot; + numberOfAnts + &quot;; &quot;;
                        didSomethink = true;
                    }
                    
                    int numberOfPheromones = getNumberOfPheromonesInCell(tempCell);
                    if (numberOfPheromones &gt; 0) {
                    	details[column-1] += &quot;Pheromones: &quot; + numberOfPheromones + &quot;; &quot;;
                        didSomethink = true;
                    }
                    
                    int amountOfFood = tempCell.getAmountOfFood();
                    if (amountOfFood &gt; 0) {
                    	details[column-1] += amountOfFood + &quot; food; &quot;;
                        didSomethink = true;
                    }
                    
                    if(!didSomethink) {
                    	details[column-1] = &quot;BLANK&quot;;
                    }
                    
                    didSomethink = false;   
                }
                output += layerRow + &quot;\n&quot;;
                output += String.format(layout, details) + &quot;\n&quot;;
                
                for (int i  = 0; i &lt; numberOfRows; i++) {
            		details[i] = &quot;&quot;;
            	} 
            }
            output += layerRow + &quot;\n&quot;;
            return output;
        }

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|Python - only works for a 5 x 5..}}SB - John Port Spencer Academy

    def GetDetails(self):
        print(&quot;GetDetails from Simulation - code started&quot;)
        Details = &quot;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n&quot;
        for Row in range(1, self._NumberOfRows + 1):
            row = &quot;|&quot;
            for Column in range(1, self._NumberOfColumns + 1):
                count = 0
                cell = &quot;&quot;
                TempCell = self._Grid[self.__GetIndex(Row, Column)]
                if self.GetNestInCell(TempCell) is not None:
                    cell += &quot;Nest&quot;
                    count += 1
                NumberOfAnts = self.GetNumberOfAntsInCell(TempCell)
                if NumberOfAnts &gt; 0:
                    if count &gt;= 1:
                        cell += f&quot; Ants: {NumberOfAnts}&quot;
                    else:
                        cell += f&quot;Ants: {NumberOfAnts}&quot;
                    count += 1
                NumberOfPheromones = self.GetNumberOfPheromonesInCell(TempCell)
                if NumberOfPheromones &gt; 0:
                    if count &gt;= 1:
                        cell += f&quot; Pheromones: {NumberOfPheromones}&quot;
                    else:
                       cell += f&quot;Pheromones: {NumberOfPheromones}&quot;
                    count += 1
                AmountOfFood = TempCell.GetAmountOfFood()
                if AmountOfFood &gt; 0:
                    if count &gt;= 1:
                        cell += f&quot; {AmountOfFood} food&quot;
                    else:
                       cell += f&quot;{AmountOfFood} food&quot;
                    count += 1
                if count == 0:
                    cell += &quot;       &quot;
                cell = cell.center(30)
                cell += &quot;|&quot;
                row += cell
            Details += row
            num = len(row)
            Details += f&quot;\n{num*'-'}\n&quot;
        return Details

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}RC
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;
    def GetDetailsGrid(self):
        Details = []
        for Row in range(1, self._NumberOfRows + 1):
            RowGrid = []
            for Column in range(1, self._NumberOfColumns + 1):
                item = &quot;&quot;
                TempCell = self._Grid[self.__GetIndex(Row, Column)]
                if self.GetNestInCell(TempCell) is not None:
                    item += &quot;Nest &quot;
                NumberOfAnts = self.GetNumberOfAntsInCell(TempCell)
                if NumberOfAnts &gt; 0:
                    item += f&quot;Ants: {NumberOfAnts} &quot;
                NumberOfPheromones = self.GetNumberOfPheromonesInCell(TempCell)
                if NumberOfPheromones &gt; 0:
                    item += f&quot;Pheromones: {NumberOfPheromones} &quot;
                AmountOfFood = TempCell.GetAmountOfFood()
                if AmountOfFood &gt; 0:
                    item += f&quot;{AmountOfFood} food &quot;
                RowGrid.append(item)
            Details.append(RowGrid)
        return Details
    
    def DisplayGrid(self):
        for i in self.GetDetailsGrid():
            for j in i:
                print('|{:^32s}|'.format(j),end='')
            print(&quot;&quot;)
        print(&quot;&quot;)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
AE - Guildford County School
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python3&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
#method for the Simulation class
def DisplayGrid(self):
        for row in range(0,self._NumberOfRows):
            Details = &quot;&quot;
            for column in range(self._NumberOfColumns):
                    Details += &quot;|&quot;
                    addSpace = True
                    CurrentCell = self._Grid[self.__GetIndex(row, column)]
                    N = self.GetNestInCell(CurrentCell)
                    if N is not None:
                        Details += f&quot;Nest: ({N.GetFoodLevel()} food)&quot;
                        addSpace = False
                    if self.GetNumberOfAntsInCell(CurrentCell) &gt; 0:
                        Details += &quot;Ants: &quot; + str(self.GetNumberOfAntsInCell(CurrentCell))
                        addSpace = False
                    if self.GetNumberOfPheromonesInCell(CurrentCell) &gt; 0:
                        Details += &quot;Pheromones:&quot;
                        for P in self._Pheromones:
                            if P.InSameLocation(CurrentCell):
                                Details += f&quot;Ant {P.GetBelongsTo()}: strength = {P.GetStrength()}&quot;
                        addSpace = False
                    if addSpace:
                        Details += &quot;      &quot;
                    Details += &quot;|&quot;
            print(Details)
            print()
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
Harington School - use of String.format() to evenly space the cell widths
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JAVA&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
public String getDetails() {
    String cellFormat = &quot;%-11s|&quot;;
    String separator = &quot;-&quot;;
    for(int i=0; i&lt;numberOfColumns; i++) {
    	separator += &quot;------------&quot;;
    }
	String details = &quot;&quot;;
    for (int row = 1; row &lt;= numberOfRows; row++) {
    	details += separator+&quot;\n&quot;;
    	details+=&quot;|&quot;;
        for (int column = 1; column &lt;= numberOfColumns; column++) {
            Cell tempCell = grid.get(getIndex(row, column));
            String cellDetails = &quot;&quot;;
            if (getNestInCell(tempCell) != null) {
                cellDetails += &quot;N &quot;;
            }
            int numberOfAnts = getNumberOfAntsInCell(tempCell);
            if (numberOfAnts &gt; 0) {
                cellDetails += &quot;A&quot; + numberOfAnts + &quot; &quot;;
            }
            int numberOfPheromones = getNumberOfPheromonesInCell(tempCell);
            if (numberOfPheromones &gt; 0) {
            	cellDetails += &quot;P&quot; + numberOfPheromones + &quot; &quot;;
            }
            int amountOfFood = tempCell.getAmountOfFood();
            if (amountOfFood &gt; 0) {
                cellDetails += &quot;F&quot; + amountOfFood + &quot; &quot;;
            }
            details += String.format(cellFormat, cellDetails);
        }
        details+=&quot;\n&quot;;
    }
    return details+separator;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Add appropriate error handling so that the program does not close when an invalid input is entered'''===
{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}
JD - Coombe Wood School - South Croydon
Changes takes place in the Main void, in the fifth switch case - 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;C#&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//START OF CHANGE
         case &quot;5&quot;:
     Console.WriteLine(&quot;Enter in number of stages to advance, it must be under 20 digits&quot;);
     string NumberOfStages = (Console.ReadLine()); //string used since it won't instantly crash the code when a &quot;number&quot; that's too long is input

     if (NumberOfStages.Length &gt; 19 || !NumberOfStages.All(char.IsDigit)) //the max ulong (unsigned 64 bit) number is 1.8x10^19, a 20 digit number. we exlude 20 digit numbers since if someone typed a 20 digit number bigger than 1.8x10^19, the code would crash. we also check to see if every character in the string is a digit
     {
         Console.WriteLine(&quot;Number entered is too large, or you have entered in letters. going back to main menu&quot;);
         break;

     }
        
     ulong NumberOfStagesULong = (ulong)Convert.ToInt64(NumberOfStages); //converting string to ulong, so it can be used later

     ThisSimulation.AdvanceStage((int)NumberOfStagesULong);
// END OF CHANGE
     Console.WriteLine($&quot;Simulation moved on {NumberOfStages} stages{Environment.NewLine}&quot;);
     break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

==='''Make  a fighter ant class that fights and defends their nest from other types of ants'''===
{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
King Olie of Harington School

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JAVA&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
//START OF CHANGE
static class FighterAnt extends Ant{
// I wanted everything in one class so some best practice may not be used. 
int health = 100;

FighterAnt(int startRow, int startColumn, int nestInRow, int nestInColumn) {
    super(startRow, startColumn, nestInRow, nestInColumn);
    typeOfAnt = &quot;fighter&quot;;
    health = 100;
}

//ant 0 is this ant and ant 1 is the other ant and it is the winner of the fight. only one surviver
		
// if healths out of 100 that could be the prob of hitting
public int fightEachOther(int healthOfOtherAnt) {
			
    Random ranGen = new Random();
	// you add 1 to each as the next int is exclusive with the last value. aka if 100 was input the output would be from 0-99
	if(healthOfOtherAnt &lt; health) { // this ant wins
	    healthOfOtherAnt -= ranGen.nextInt(healthOfOtherAnt +1);
        health -= ranGen.nextInt((int) (health * 0.25 +1));
	}
			
	else if(healthOfOtherAnt &gt; health) { // other ant wins
	    health -= ranGen.nextInt(health + 1);
		healthOfOtherAnt -= ranGen.nextInt((int) (healthOfOtherAnt * 0.25 +1));
	}
			
	else { // luck, may the best win.
	    healthOfOtherAnt -= ranGen.nextInt(healthOfOtherAnt +1);
		health -= ranGen.nextInt(health +1);	
	}

// if if statements in java are only 1 line long this works. no brakets needed
    if (health &lt;= 0 &amp;&amp; healthOfOtherAnt &lt;= 0 )
        return 2; // both ants died
     
     else if(health &lt;= 0)
        return 1; // this ant lost
     
    else if(healthOfOtherAnt &lt;= 0)
        return 0; // this ant won

    else
        return 99; // no ants died
			
	return 0;
}

// following pheromones to fight / protect food. 
@Override
public void chooseCellToMoveTo(ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt; listOfNeighbours, int indexOfNeighbourWithStrongestPheromone) {
    IntWrapper r, c;
    if (amountOfFoodCarried &gt; 0) {
        if (row &gt; nestRow) {
        row -= 1;
        } else if (row &lt; nestRow) {
               row += 1;
           }
            if (column &gt; nestColumn) {
                column -= 1;
            } else if (column &lt; nestColumn) {
                column += 1;
            }
      } else if (indexOfNeighbourWithStrongestPheromone == -1) {           
            int indexToUse = chooseRandomNeighbour(listOfNeighbours);
            r = new IntWrapper(row);
            c = new IntWrapper(column);
            changeCell(indexToUse, r, c);
            row = r.value;
            column = c.value;
      
    } else {
        int indexToUse = listOfNeighbours.indexOf(indexOfNeighbourWithStrongestPheromone);
        r = new IntWrapper(row);
        c = new IntWrapper(column);
        changeCell(indexToUse, r, c);
        row = r.value;
        column = c.value;
        }
   }

public int getAntsHealth() {
	return health;
}
    	
 }
//END OF CHANGE
// this is at no means complete. please amend and add more functionality and add your name. This is a mock up. 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Add an option to read a file which can be used for the Simulation Parameters''' ===

{{CPTAnswerTab|Test File}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Test File&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

name &gt; sim1file.txt
Content:
--start file--
10
50
50
690
676
420
5000
5000
--end file--
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
king Olie of Harington&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

       
System.out.println(&quot;Select (S)imulation or load a (F)ile: &quot;);
String enterOption = scanner.nextLine();
       
enterOption.toUpperCase();
       
if(enterOption.contentEquals(&quot;F&quot;)) {
    System.out.println(&quot;Enter File name with extention (.txt): &quot;);
    String file = scanner.nextLine();
       	 
    /**
    * file should be:
    * value1
    * value2
    * value3 
    * ...
    */
       	 
    simulationParameters = new ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt;(); 
    
    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
    String line;
    while ((line = br.readLine()) != null){
        simulationParameters.add(Integer.parseInt(line));
    }
}
        
else {
     System.out.print(&quot;Enter simulation number: &quot;);

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== Edit the Simulation class to add the same amount of food to the food cells as is added to each nest ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
king Olie of Harington&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

Simulation(ArrayList&lt;Integer&gt; simulationParameters) {
...
    addFoodToCell(row, column, startingFoodInNest);
...
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''After a set of simulation parameters has been selected, display the simulation values''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
king Olie of Harington&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;


String output;
        
output = &quot;startingNumberOfNests is &quot; + simulationParameters.get(0) +&quot;\n&quot;;
output += &quot;numberOfRows is &quot; + simulationParameters.get(1) +&quot;\n&quot;;
output += &quot;numberOfColumns is &quot; + simulationParameters.get(2) +&quot;\n&quot;;
output += &quot;startingFoodInNest is &quot; + simulationParameters.get(3) +&quot;\n&quot;;
output += &quot;startingNumberOfFoodCells is &quot; + simulationParameters.get(4) +&quot;\n&quot;;
output += &quot;startingAntsInNest is &quot; + simulationParameters.get(5) +&quot;\n&quot;;
output += &quot;newPheromoneStrength is &quot; + simulationParameters.get(6) +&quot;\n&quot;;
output += &quot;pheromoneDeca is &quot; + simulationParameters.get(7);
        
System.out.println(output);
        
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

=== '''Prevent food from spawning within one cell of a nest ''' ===
{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
king Olie of Harington&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

for (Nest n : nests) {
    int x = n.getRow();
    int y = n.getColumn();
    
    int xdiff = Math.abs(x) - Math.abs(row);
    int ydiff = Math.abs(x) - Math.abs(row);
    
    xdiff = Math.abs(xdiff);
    ydiff = Math.abs(ydiff);
    if(xdiff == 1 || ydiff == 1 || (n.getRow() == row &amp;&amp; n.getColumn() == column)) {
    allowed = false;
    }
}
        
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}

{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
Bill Robinson&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
# At the end of Simulation.__init__()
    for N in self._Nests:
        if abs(N.GetRow() - Row) &lt; 2 and abs(N.GetColumn() - Column) &lt; 2:
	        Allowed = False
self.AddFoodToCell(Row, Column, 500)
        
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


=== '''Swaps values in &quot;Display area details&quot; when the first cell entered is larger than the second one. [13]''' ===

{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
Charlotte of Harington &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
In the &quot;getAreaDetails()&quot; method:

            if(startRow&gt;endRow) {
            	int temp = startRow;
            	startRow = endRow;
            	endRow = temp;
            	
            	temp= startColumn;
            	startColumn = endColumn;
            	endColumn = temp;
            }
            
            if(startRow == endRow) {
            	if(startColumn&gt;endColumn) {
            		int temp = startColumn;
            		startColumn = endColumn;
            		endColumn = temp;
            	}
            }

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|JAVA}}
King Olie of Harington &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;java&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

//This is a better presented and commented version of the code above from charlotte i did work on this myself but realsied their method was better so i used hers and added comments. While calling me a idiot. 

if(startRow &gt; endRow) {
    int temp = startRow; //flip it so the start row is smaller 
    startRow = endRow;
    endRow = temp;

    temp = startColumn; // fliping collum so the area slected is the same
    startColumn = endColumn;
    endColumn = temp;
}
            
if(startRow == endRow) { 
// if the rows equal and start colum is bigger then end coloum
// then you must flip the coloums to get the right area selected
    if(startColumn &gt; endColumn) {
        int temp = startColumn;
        startColumn = endColumn;
        endColumn = temp;
    }
}

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}


{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}
Bill Robinson &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
# addition of first 4 lines below to choice 2 in Main():

if StartRow &gt; EndRow:
    StartRow, EndRow = EndRow, StartRow
if StartColumn &gt; EndColumn:
    StartColumn, EndColumn = EndColumn, StartColumn
print(ThisSimulation.GetAreaDetails(StartRow, StartColumn, EndRow, EndColumn))

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}</text>
      <sha1>1ix5ws5owtfodpme3w27ao8a3q2qyyx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Perma/TECH</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>479736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638473</id>
      <parentid>4607157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T05:58:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rodrigo</username>
        <id>695403</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ SEO</comment>
      <origin>4638473</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2763" sha1="0ty67z9ok6n988h82x99gpdveetvjj2" xml:space="preserve">{{BookCat}}{{Wikipedia|Environmental technology}}[[hu:Perma/TECH]]
:'''Focus''': Equipment, energy systems, and appropriate technology.
:'''Description''': This knowledge domain focuses on the development and use of tools, technologies, and energy systems that are sustainable, accessible, and adaptable to local contexts. This includes renewable energy solutions (solar, wind, biogas), low-tech innovations, and open-source designs that empower communities to meet their needs without reliance on centralized or environmentally harmful systems. The emphasis is on simplicity, durability, and the ability to repair and repurpose tools, fostering self-reliance and resilience.

:''Here, in [[Perma|Open Book of Permaculture]] you can share your knowledge - proven ideas and practical insights to help develop a manual on this topic.''

== Energy Supply ==
* '''[[Perma/TECH/Solar Panel System|Solar Panel System]]'''
:: Photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight into electrical energy.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Green Computing|Green Computing]]'''
::  Study and practice of using computing resources efficiently..

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Wind Turbine Generator|Wind Turbine Generator]]'''
:: A device that converts wind energy into electrical energy.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Micro Hydro Power Plant|Micro Hydro Power Plant]]'''
:: A system that harnesses energy from smaller watercourses.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Biogas Reactor|Biogas Reactor]]'''
:: A device that produces gas from organic waste for energy generation.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Solar Collector System|Solar Collector System]]'''
:: A device that converts sunlight into thermal energy, typically used for hot water preparation and heating assistance.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Heat Pump|Heat Pump]]'''
:: Extracts environmental thermal energy (from air, soil, or water) and transfers it at a higher temperature into the building for heating or cooling using a compression principle.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Biomass Boiler|Biomass Boiler]]'''
:: Generates thermal energy by burning solid organic materials (e.g., wood, pellets, briquettes) for heating and domestic hot water.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Heat Recovery Ventilator|Heat Recovery Ventilator]]'''
:: Utilizes the heat from outgoing stale air to preheat incoming fresh air, minimizing heat loss from ventilation.

== Water Movement Systems ==
* '''[[Perma/TECH/Drip Irrigation System|Drip Irrigation System]]'''
:: An efficient irrigation technique that slowly delivers water.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Rainwater Harvesting System|Rainwater Harvesting System]]'''
:: A system for collecting and storing rainwater.

== Organizations ==
* [Perma/TECH/Open Source Ecology Open Source Ecology] An open source, libre economy is an efficient economy which increases innovation by open collaboration.</text>
      <sha1>0ty67z9ok6n988h82x99gpdveetvjj2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638474</id>
      <parentid>4638473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T06:01:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rodrigo</username>
        <id>695403</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Organizations */</comment>
      <origin>4638474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2770" sha1="db57z1vdhkjjbqcmultqtujbn6da4pg" xml:space="preserve">{{BookCat}}{{Wikipedia|Environmental technology}}[[hu:Perma/TECH]]
:'''Focus''': Equipment, energy systems, and appropriate technology.
:'''Description''': This knowledge domain focuses on the development and use of tools, technologies, and energy systems that are sustainable, accessible, and adaptable to local contexts. This includes renewable energy solutions (solar, wind, biogas), low-tech innovations, and open-source designs that empower communities to meet their needs without reliance on centralized or environmentally harmful systems. The emphasis is on simplicity, durability, and the ability to repair and repurpose tools, fostering self-reliance and resilience.

:''Here, in [[Perma|Open Book of Permaculture]] you can share your knowledge - proven ideas and practical insights to help develop a manual on this topic.''

== Energy Supply ==
* '''[[Perma/TECH/Solar Panel System|Solar Panel System]]'''
:: Photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight into electrical energy.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Green Computing|Green Computing]]'''
::  Study and practice of using computing resources efficiently..

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Wind Turbine Generator|Wind Turbine Generator]]'''
:: A device that converts wind energy into electrical energy.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Micro Hydro Power Plant|Micro Hydro Power Plant]]'''
:: A system that harnesses energy from smaller watercourses.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Biogas Reactor|Biogas Reactor]]'''
:: A device that produces gas from organic waste for energy generation.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Solar Collector System|Solar Collector System]]'''
:: A device that converts sunlight into thermal energy, typically used for hot water preparation and heating assistance.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Heat Pump|Heat Pump]]'''
:: Extracts environmental thermal energy (from air, soil, or water) and transfers it at a higher temperature into the building for heating or cooling using a compression principle.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Biomass Boiler|Biomass Boiler]]'''
:: Generates thermal energy by burning solid organic materials (e.g., wood, pellets, briquettes) for heating and domestic hot water.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Heat Recovery Ventilator|Heat Recovery Ventilator]]'''
:: Utilizes the heat from outgoing stale air to preheat incoming fresh air, minimizing heat loss from ventilation.

== Water Movement Systems ==
* '''[[Perma/TECH/Drip Irrigation System|Drip Irrigation System]]'''
:: An efficient irrigation technique that slowly delivers water.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Rainwater Harvesting System|Rainwater Harvesting System]]'''
:: A system for collecting and storing rainwater.

== Organizations ==
* '''[[Perma/TECH/Ope Source Ecology|Open Source Ecology]]''' An open source, libre economy is an efficient economy which increases innovation by open collaboration.</text>
      <sha1>db57z1vdhkjjbqcmultqtujbn6da4pg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638475</id>
      <parentid>4638474</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T06:01:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rodrigo</username>
        <id>695403</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Organizations */</comment>
      <origin>4638475</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2771" sha1="j52h3zhswt9zscfo97puofpzkktay59" xml:space="preserve">{{BookCat}}{{Wikipedia|Environmental technology}}[[hu:Perma/TECH]]
:'''Focus''': Equipment, energy systems, and appropriate technology.
:'''Description''': This knowledge domain focuses on the development and use of tools, technologies, and energy systems that are sustainable, accessible, and adaptable to local contexts. This includes renewable energy solutions (solar, wind, biogas), low-tech innovations, and open-source designs that empower communities to meet their needs without reliance on centralized or environmentally harmful systems. The emphasis is on simplicity, durability, and the ability to repair and repurpose tools, fostering self-reliance and resilience.

:''Here, in [[Perma|Open Book of Permaculture]] you can share your knowledge - proven ideas and practical insights to help develop a manual on this topic.''

== Energy Supply ==
* '''[[Perma/TECH/Solar Panel System|Solar Panel System]]'''
:: Photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight into electrical energy.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Green Computing|Green Computing]]'''
::  Study and practice of using computing resources efficiently..

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Wind Turbine Generator|Wind Turbine Generator]]'''
:: A device that converts wind energy into electrical energy.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Micro Hydro Power Plant|Micro Hydro Power Plant]]'''
:: A system that harnesses energy from smaller watercourses.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Biogas Reactor|Biogas Reactor]]'''
:: A device that produces gas from organic waste for energy generation.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Solar Collector System|Solar Collector System]]'''
:: A device that converts sunlight into thermal energy, typically used for hot water preparation and heating assistance.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Heat Pump|Heat Pump]]'''
:: Extracts environmental thermal energy (from air, soil, or water) and transfers it at a higher temperature into the building for heating or cooling using a compression principle.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Biomass Boiler|Biomass Boiler]]'''
:: Generates thermal energy by burning solid organic materials (e.g., wood, pellets, briquettes) for heating and domestic hot water.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Heat Recovery Ventilator|Heat Recovery Ventilator]]'''
:: Utilizes the heat from outgoing stale air to preheat incoming fresh air, minimizing heat loss from ventilation.

== Water Movement Systems ==
* '''[[Perma/TECH/Drip Irrigation System|Drip Irrigation System]]'''
:: An efficient irrigation technique that slowly delivers water.

* '''[[Perma/TECH/Rainwater Harvesting System|Rainwater Harvesting System]]'''
:: A system for collecting and storing rainwater.

== Organizations ==
* '''[[Perma/TECH/Ope Source Ecology|Open Source Ecology]]''' 
An open source, libre economy is an efficient economy which increases innovation by open collaboration.</text>
      <sha1>j52h3zhswt9zscfo97puofpzkktay59</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Perma/ECON</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>479741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638484</id>
      <parentid>4607163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:35:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rodrigo</username>
        <id>695403</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Financial and Economic Tools */</comment>
      <origin>4638484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2884" sha1="kpnyur8mknfwg6vqr9r87j8svo9oe4d" xml:space="preserve">{{BookCat}}[[hu:Perma/GAZD]]{{Wikipedia|Sharing economy}}

Permaculture is based on the ethical principle of '''Fair Share'''. Its goal is to create local, resilient, regenerative, and ethical economic systems.
:''Here, in [[Perma|Open Book of Permaculture]] you can share your knowledge - proven ideas and practical insights to help develop a manual on this topic.''

== Alternative Trading Systems ==
* [[Perma/ECON/LETS|Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS)]]
:: Community-based systems where members use local currency units (e.g., &quot;bobbins&quot; or &quot;nuts&quot;) to exchange goods and services.

* [[Perma/ECON/Favor Banks|Favor Banks]]
:: Community exchange tools based on favors and mutual aid, rather than traditional money.

* [[Perma/ECON/WWOOF|WWOOFing (Volunteering on Organic Farms)]]
:: A volunteer labor exchange program where participants receive accommodation, food, and training in organic farms in return for their work.

== Producer and Sales Strategies ==
* [[Perma/ECON/CSA|Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)]]
:: Consumers purchase a share of a farm's harvest, receiving seasonal produce directly from the producer.

* [[Perma/GAZD/Box Schemes|Box Schemes]]
:: Customers buy a box of seasonal produce at a fixed price, directly from the producer.

* [[Perma/ECON/Market Gardening|Intensive Market Gardening]]
:: Small-scale, targeted production that enables high yields and year-round sales directly to consumers.

* [[Perma/ECON/Short Local Supply Chains|Short Local Supply Chains]]
:: Minimizing intermediary steps between producer and consumer to keep goods local.

== Financial and Economic Tools ==
* [[Perma/ECON/Community Currency|Community Currency]]
:: Currencies designed to circulate only within a specific geographic area, boosting local economic activity.

* [[Perma/ECON/Ethical Banks and Investments|Ethical Banks and Investments]]
:: Financial institutions that consider environmental and social impacts (ESG criteria) in their investment decisions.

* [[Perma/ECON/Tradeable Energy Quotas|Tradeable Energy Quotas]]
:: Government systems that allocate carbon emission allowances to limit global emissions.

* [[Perma/ECON/SAFA Agricultural Assessment|SAFA Agricultural Assessment]]
:: A framework developed by the FAO (UN Food and Agriculture Organization) to measure the sustainability of agricultural systems across four dimensions: Environment, Society, Economy, and Governance.

* [[Perma/ECON/Life Cycle Cost Analysis|Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCA)]]
:: Analysis of the costs and impacts (e.g., environmental footprint) of a product or service throughout its entire life cycle.

* [[Perma/ECON/Open Access Resources|Open Access Resources]]
:: Free online information resources (e.g., scientific articles, plans) that facilitate knowledge sharing without financial barriers.
**'''[[Perma/TECH/Ope Source Ecology|Open Source Ecology]]''' organization</text>
      <sha1>kpnyur8mknfwg6vqr9r87j8svo9oe4d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:User97104</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>483147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638382</id>
      <parentid>4634319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T18:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638382</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52" sha1="5dpb4nx4s6csbf4slwtze22eu61zaob" xml:space="preserve">Hello, world! {{Print version|Chess Opening Theory}}</text>
      <sha1>5dpb4nx4s6csbf4slwtze22eu61zaob</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638388</id>
      <parentid>4638382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T18:23:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="mhossoc85z4nlxgrxcnycnhae9ll2vh" xml:space="preserve">Hello, world! {{Print version}}</text>
      <sha1>mhossoc85z4nlxgrxcnycnhae9ll2vh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FlightGear Flight Simulator/Getting Started</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638407</id>
      <parentid>4637450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T20:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fcbs3</username>
        <id>3546790</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Using the keyboard and/or mouse */</comment>
      <origin>4638407</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12848" sha1="kviru9naned6grxqlnpl3uhmiwskjj7" xml:space="preserve">This page will introduce the process of getting started with FlightGear.

== Running FlightGear ==
=== Starting FlightGear ===
The easiest way to start FlightGear is to use the desktop icon. This starts the graphical interface FlightGear Qt launcher where you can choose aircraft, start position etc. Remember the Qt launcher only has basic options to get you started. A lot of options for graphics, scenery, weather, environment, input devices etc. are available from the menu inside the simulator.

Many users choose however to start FlightGear directly from the command line. The executable name is &lt;code&gt;fgfs&lt;/code&gt; and can be run without options. If it is &quot;not found&quot;, it is likely not in your path. The location depends on your particular system and choices you made during compile and installation. There is a list of Command Line Parameters which must be used to change many options, like the aircraft you want. The most important:

 fgfs --launcher             # opens the FlightGear Qt launcher
 fgfs --show-aircraft        # displays a list of installed aircraft
 fgfs --aircraft=c172p       # start FG with the aircraft &quot;c172p&quot; (from the list)

The Qt launcher also lets users add command line parameters for options that are normally changed from the menu inside the simulator, as well as quite advanced options that are only available from the command line (as of August 2020).

=== Configuring rendering and UI ===
[[File:FlightGear Rendering options 2024.1.png|thumb|Rendering options]]
If your render quality or framerate is too low, click &quot;View &gt; Rendering Options&quot; to adjust the graphic settings. For newer hardware, it's recommended to set &quot;graphics quality&quot; to high and check &quot;use disk space for faster loading&quot;, &quot;animated jetways&quot; and &quot;satellite photoscenery&quot;.

If the menu text appears too small on high DPI or large screens, you can manually change the menubar font size by editing the data file, or simply click &quot;Debug &gt; Cycle GUI Style&quot;.

=== Using the keyboard and/or mouse ===
Users with limited access to a joystick or other controllers sometimes use the keyboard or mouse to control their aircraft. Using the keyboard to fly can be difficult and the mouse is recommended over the keyboard for flying, yet even a cheap joystick would improve the experience so much.

To get help with keyboard commands, with FlightGear running, go to the ''Help'' menu, look under ''Basic Keys'' (for simulator related commands) and ''Common Aircraft Keys'' (for commands universal to all aircraft) and ''Aircraft Help'' (for key commands specific to your aircraft). If the main menu is hidden, press F10.

To use the mouse to fly the aircraft, press Tab (the cursor should change to a cross) and move the mouse to direct the aircraft. Press Tab again to look around (cursor should show a two sided arrow), and press Tab again to return to normal mode, used to click stuff in the cockpit. You can click &quot;File &gt; Input Devices &gt; Mouse Config&quot; to adjust the mouse sensitivity.

For most users lacking a rudder axis control, it’s difficult to manually coordinate aileron and rudder movements during a turn. To enable auto-coordination and make flight easier, you may click &quot;Settings&quot;, then click the &quot;Show more&quot; button on the right of &quot;General&quot;, and finally click &quot;Enable auto-coordination&quot; in the launcher.

=== First time in the cockpit ===
Finding your way around the cockpit can be daunting the first time.

Where is the &quot;virtual cockpit&quot;? Not all FlightGear aircraft come with an interior actually, some research projects may not even come with an exterior model. A 2D panel may display over the 3D cockpit if one exists. You may turn this off through ''Main Menu'' &amp;gt; ''View'' &amp;gt; ''View Options'' and deselecting ''Show 2D panel'' in the ''Display Options'' section, or by pressing Shift+P. Otherwise, you should be sitting in the virtual cockpit when FlightGear starts, as long as the Cockpit View is selected (if not pressing Ctrl+V should get you to the pilot view).

You may find it difficult to read some of the displays, dials and gauges on the instrument panel. You can use the ''view'' mode of the mouse (press Tab until you get a cursor shaped like a double arrow) to pan and the mouse wheel to zoom, or pan with the joystick hat and zoom with X and Shift+X.

One of the first steps that many take on entering an unfamiliar cockpit is to press Ctrl+C to highlight all the &quot;hotspots&quot;, that is instrument controls, buttons, knobs, etc. Many aircraft also offer a specific help menu.

Some functions, such as starter or magneto, may be difficult to use or simply lack clickable &quot;hotspots&quot;, especially in aircraft models which are in development. In most cases you can go for the equivalent controls on a 2D panel or resort to the keyboard. The keyboard always work according to the assignments listed on the ''Help'' menu, but sometimes these are reassigned by an aircraft or configFile:FlightGear Rendering options 2024.1.pnguration. Again, remember to check all the help dialogs.

=== Starting the engine ===
You are eager to fly, but the engine is off. Well, turning on the engines is not always easy. Some aircraft have an ''autostart'' entry in their custom menu, but here is a general procedure that should work in many cases:

In general to start the engine on a piston-engine type aircraft, you need (after making sure the game is not paused p):
# Fuel: Some aircraft start the simulation with no fuel. You can add it in ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Fuel and Payload''.
# Correct fuel mixture: This is generally ''rich'', so push the red knob all the way in, or use the key m to enrich (Shift+m leans.)
# Magnetos set on ''both'': Turn the key or press &amp;#125; ''three times'' to move through ''R'', ''L'', ''Both''.
# Throttle: Some engines start better with a little gas.
# Run the starter: Click the ''Start'' position of the key on the panel, or press s. Hold the starter for sufficient time, even 10 seconds.

Starting all engines in a multi-engine aircraft is similar to the single engine - except you must follow the same start sequence for each and every engine. FlightGear provides a convenient way to do this for all engines at once: Press ~ and all the procedure above will work for all the engines. Note though that the default 2D panel is connected to ''only one engine'' and the ~ trick might not work. Also, give some gas to be sure that all the engines are on.

These instructions may not work for jet aircraft, helicopters, or other types of aircraft with complex start procedures. Check the instructions in the aircraft help menu (press ?) and/or look at the aircraft's article on this wiki. In general to start the engine on a jet engine type aircraft, you need to:
# Set cutoff ''ON'' 
# Engage the starter
# Once the engines spools up to approximately 5% N1, set cutoff ''OFF''
# Disengage the starter once the engine has reached operational speed

== Learning to fly ==
=== FlightGear's Manual ===
FlightGear has an official manual that covers the basics of flight. As a beginner, you may want to start with &quot;Chapter 8: A Basic Flight Simulator Tutorial.&quot;

=== Tutorials ===
Many aircraft have their own interactive tutorials. With tutorials, you can learn to operate particular aircraft but also learn to fly. You can access tutorials by going to ''Main menu'' &amp;gt; ''Help'' &amp;gt; ''Tutorial''. A great place to start is the tutorial for the Cessna 172P aircraft, commonly used in real life to learn to fly fixed-winged aircraft.

If the tutorial starts without a runway and surrounded by water, your setup of FlightGear is missing the scenery for the airport at which the tutorial was supposed to run. To get scenery see the #Getting scenery section above.

== Making your first flight ==
=== Realism ===
One of the most frequent questions novice pilots ask about any flight simulator, but more so to FlightGear, is &quot;Why is my aircraft turning left all the time?&quot; Although it could be due to wind gusts crossing the runway, it is more likely due to the propeller torque and p-factor.

In certain other flight simulators, despite marketing slogans to the contrary, some settings are turned down to make the aircraft easier to fly. This reduces effects such as the above. The realism is always turned up in FlightGear.

Here are some of the FlightGear realism points, which may be confusing to first time pilots:
* &quot;Left turning syndrome&quot; for the previously mentioned reasons.
* Compass turning error: A compass, when subjected to the forces of flight, tends to turn in the opposite direction for a brief period before settling on the correct heading. This is not a malfunction (see also the Wikipedia article Aircraft compass turns).
* The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) is also subject to error.
* The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) is driven by a gyroscope (that is why it is sometimes called a Directional Gyroscope), which is subject to ''gyro drift''. The indicator will drift from its current heading and must be periodically (every ~15 minutes) calibrated to agree with the magnetic compass heading.
* You cannot just cancel a turn or climb by centering the yoke or stick. You must turn or push the stick the other way to get to level and level flight. But even then, the plane will not maintain its altitude or heading by itself. A common mistake is trying to find a hands off yoke position. While with trimming one could leave the plane for a couple of seconds, one must use autopilot or constantly adjust the yoke.

Many forces act on an aircraft in flight as well as on the avionics and instruments used for control and navigation, and may be counter-intuitive. Pilots must learn to recognize these phenomena and compensate for their effects. ''FlightGear models instrument errors that exist in the real world''.

=== Airports and navigation aids ===
When you first start FlightGear, whether from the command line or the graphical interface of the launchers, you may wonder how to determine what airports are available. The launcher displays a list of airports, but you will not see details such as tower or ILS frequencies. You will not find a map showing VORs and their frequencies. What can you do? See Getting aeronautical charts.

In-sim, there is a map you can use in ''Main Menu'' &amp;gt; ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Map'', which will allow you to see navigation data and the position of airports and aids. For more help with navigation see Understanding navigation.

=== Flying using the autopilot ===
Some aircraft require you to use the autopilot available from the ''Autopilot'' menu, which is the original FlightGear autopilot. This is a ''generic'' autopilot and as such, many aircraft come with their own ''specific'' autopilot, frequently a model of the real life one.

For aircraft that provide their own autopilot, you should use the autopilot controls available in the virtual cockpit. This means clicking on the instrument panel in the virtual cockpit. The Autopilot menu will be grayed out and unavailable when the aircraft supplies its own autopilot in some aircraft, including the Airbuses and the C172P.

The Cessna 172 comes with a Bendix/King KAP140 Autopilot in its virtual cockpit. You can use both the autopilot device in the cockpit and the autopilot settings from the menu.

== Advanced ==
=== Flying ===
* If you continue to fly light civilian aircraft, Cessna 182S which is more complex than C172P and PA28 are good choices.
* If you are interested in flying airlines, Airbus A320 family, Boeing 777/787, MD-11 and MD-80 are suggested.
* If you are fascinated by fighter aircrafts, choose a highly rated military aircraft (such as F-16/F-15), and enable multiplayer damage or install Bombable.
* If you switch to helicopters, it is recommended to fly Eurocopter EC130 B4.

Besides common aircraft, there are also detailed space shuttles available.

=== Scenery ===
It is fascinating to explore the scenery (or just test the graphics/frame rate) with UFO. First of all, increase your graphics quality. If you don't see buildings initially, keep FG open and wait for a while for TerraSync to finish downloading and for the buildings to appear.
There are plenty of well-developed airports and scenery areas. You can also explore the scenery objects on the model map.

=== Multiplayer ===
FlightGear has some multiplayer servers that will let you fly in more lively skies, see Howto: Multiplayer. There are also OpenRadar and ATC-pie, standalone programs that will let you be an air traffic controller.

There is also a multiplayer map that lets you see who is online right now, and even what navaids are nearby.

=== Addons ===
FlightGear has a lot of third-party addons containing enhancements. For beginners, Logbook and Which Runway may be the most useful addons.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.flightgear.org/New_to_FlightGear&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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      <text bytes="12804" sha1="qs835mw94tw2b3nr8qbr14828qsgo83" xml:space="preserve">This page will introduce the process of getting started with FlightGear.

== Running FlightGear ==
=== Starting FlightGear ===
The easiest way to start FlightGear is to use the desktop icon. This starts the graphical interface FlightGear Qt launcher where you can choose aircraft, start position etc. Remember the Qt launcher only has basic options to get you started. A lot of options for graphics, scenery, weather, environment, input devices etc. are available from the menu inside the simulator.

Many users choose however to start FlightGear directly from the command line. The executable name is &lt;code&gt;fgfs&lt;/code&gt; and can be run without options. If it is &quot;not found&quot;, it is likely not in your path. The location depends on your particular system and choices you made during compile and installation. There is a list of Command Line Parameters which must be used to change many options, like the aircraft you want. The most important:

 fgfs --launcher             # opens the FlightGear Qt launcher
 fgfs --show-aircraft        # displays a list of installed aircraft
 fgfs --aircraft=c172p       # start FG with the aircraft &quot;c172p&quot; (from the list)

The Qt launcher also lets users add command line parameters for options that are normally changed from the menu inside the simulator, as well as quite advanced options that are only available from the command line (as of August 2020).

=== Configuring rendering and UI ===
[[File:FlightGear Rendering options 2024.1.png|thumb|Rendering options]]
If your render quality or framerate is too low, click &quot;View &gt; Rendering Options&quot; to adjust the graphic settings. For newer hardware, it's recommended to set &quot;graphics quality&quot; to high and check &quot;use disk space for faster loading&quot;, &quot;animated jetways&quot; and &quot;satellite photoscenery&quot;.

If the menu text appears too small on high DPI or large screens, you can manually change the menubar font size by editing the data file, or simply click &quot;Debug &gt; Cycle GUI Style&quot;.

=== Using the keyboard and/or mouse ===
Users with limited access to a joystick or other controllers sometimes use the keyboard or mouse to control their aircraft. Using the keyboard to fly can be difficult and the mouse is recommended over the keyboard for flying, yet even a cheap joystick would improve the experience so much.

To get help with keyboard commands, with FlightGear running, go to the ''Help'' menu, look under ''Basic Keys'' (for simulator related commands) and ''Common Aircraft Keys'' (for commands universal to all aircraft) and ''Aircraft Help'' (for key commands specific to your aircraft). If the main menu is hidden, press F10.

To use the mouse to fly the aircraft, press Tab (the cursor should change to a cross) and move the mouse to direct the aircraft. Press Tab again to look around (cursor should show a two sided arrow), and press Tab again to return to normal mode, used to click stuff in the cockpit. You can click &quot;File &gt; Input Devices &gt; Mouse Config&quot; to adjust the mouse sensitivity.

For most users lacking a rudder axis control, it’s difficult to manually coordinate aileron and rudder movements during a turn. To enable auto-coordination and make flight easier, you may click &quot;Settings&quot;, then click the &quot;Show more&quot; button on the right of &quot;General&quot;, and finally click &quot;Enable auto-coordination&quot; in the launcher.

=== First time in the cockpit ===
Finding your way around the cockpit can be daunting the first time.

Where is the &quot;virtual cockpit&quot;? Not all FlightGear aircraft come with an interior actually, some research projects may not even come with an exterior model. A 2D panel may display over the 3D cockpit if one exists. You may turn this off through ''Main Menu'' &amp;gt; ''View'' &amp;gt; ''View Options'' and deselecting ''Show 2D panel'' in the ''Display Options'' section, or by pressing Shift+P. Otherwise, you should be sitting in the virtual cockpit when FlightGear starts, as long as the Cockpit View is selected (if not pressing Ctrl+V should get you to the pilot view).

You may find it difficult to read some of the displays, dials and gauges on the instrument panel. You can use the ''view'' mode of the mouse (press Tab until you get a cursor shaped like a double arrow) to pan and the mouse wheel to zoom, or pan with the joystick hat and zoom with X and Shift+X.

One of the first steps that many take on entering an unfamiliar cockpit is to press Ctrl+C to highlight all the &quot;hotspots&quot;, that is instrument controls, buttons, knobs, etc. Many aircraft also offer a specific help menu.

Some functions, such as starter or magneto, may be difficult to use or simply lack clickable &quot;hotspots&quot;, especially in aircraft models which are in development. In most cases you can go for the equivalent controls on a 2D panel or resort to the keyboard. The keyboard always work according to the assignments listed on the ''Help'' menu, but sometimes these are reassigned by an aircraft or configuration. Again, remember to check all the help dialogs.

=== Starting the engine ===
You are eager to fly, but the engine is off. Well, turning on the engines is not always easy. Some aircraft have an ''autostart'' entry in their custom menu, but here is a general procedure that should work in many cases:

In general to start the engine on a piston-engine type aircraft, you need (after making sure the game is not paused p):
# Fuel: Some aircraft start the simulation with no fuel. You can add it in ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Fuel and Payload''.
# Correct fuel mixture: This is generally ''rich'', so push the red knob all the way in, or use the key m to enrich (Shift+m leans.)
# Magnetos set on ''both'': Turn the key or press &amp;#125; ''three times'' to move through ''R'', ''L'', ''Both''.
# Throttle: Some engines start better with a little gas.
# Run the starter: Click the ''Start'' position of the key on the panel, or press s. Hold the starter for sufficient time, even 10 seconds.

Starting all engines in a multi-engine aircraft is similar to the single engine - except you must follow the same start sequence for each and every engine. FlightGear provides a convenient way to do this for all engines at once: Press ~ and all the procedure above will work for all the engines. Note though that the default 2D panel is connected to ''only one engine'' and the ~ trick might not work. Also, give some gas to be sure that all the engines are on.

These instructions may not work for jet aircraft, helicopters, or other types of aircraft with complex start procedures. Check the instructions in the aircraft help menu (press ?) and/or look at the aircraft's article on this wiki. In general to start the engine on a jet engine type aircraft, you need to:
# Set cutoff ''ON'' 
# Engage the starter
# Once the engines spools up to approximately 5% N1, set cutoff ''OFF''
# Disengage the starter once the engine has reached operational speed

== Learning to fly ==
=== FlightGear's Manual ===
FlightGear has an official manual that covers the basics of flight. As a beginner, you may want to start with &quot;Chapter 8: A Basic Flight Simulator Tutorial.&quot;

=== Tutorials ===
Many aircraft have their own interactive tutorials. With tutorials, you can learn to operate particular aircraft but also learn to fly. You can access tutorials by going to ''Main menu'' &amp;gt; ''Help'' &amp;gt; ''Tutorial''. A great place to start is the tutorial for the Cessna 172P aircraft, commonly used in real life to learn to fly fixed-winged aircraft.

If the tutorial starts without a runway and surrounded by water, your setup of FlightGear is missing the scenery for the airport at which the tutorial was supposed to run. To get scenery see the #Getting scenery section above.

== Making your first flight ==
=== Realism ===
One of the most frequent questions novice pilots ask about any flight simulator, but more so to FlightGear, is &quot;Why is my aircraft turning left all the time?&quot; Although it could be due to wind gusts crossing the runway, it is more likely due to the propeller torque and p-factor.

In certain other flight simulators, despite marketing slogans to the contrary, some settings are turned down to make the aircraft easier to fly. This reduces effects such as the above. The realism is always turned up in FlightGear.

Here are some of the FlightGear realism points, which may be confusing to first time pilots:
* &quot;Left turning syndrome&quot; for the previously mentioned reasons.
* Compass turning error: A compass, when subjected to the forces of flight, tends to turn in the opposite direction for a brief period before settling on the correct heading. This is not a malfunction (see also the Wikipedia article Aircraft compass turns).
* The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) is also subject to error.
* The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) is driven by a gyroscope (that is why it is sometimes called a Directional Gyroscope), which is subject to ''gyro drift''. The indicator will drift from its current heading and must be periodically (every ~15 minutes) calibrated to agree with the magnetic compass heading.
* You cannot just cancel a turn or climb by centering the yoke or stick. You must turn or push the stick the other way to get to level and level flight. But even then, the plane will not maintain its altitude or heading by itself. A common mistake is trying to find a hands off yoke position. While with trimming one could leave the plane for a couple of seconds, one must use autopilot or constantly adjust the yoke.

Many forces act on an aircraft in flight as well as on the avionics and instruments used for control and navigation, and may be counter-intuitive. Pilots must learn to recognize these phenomena and compensate for their effects. ''FlightGear models instrument errors that exist in the real world''.

=== Airports and navigation aids ===
When you first start FlightGear, whether from the command line or the graphical interface of the launchers, you may wonder how to determine what airports are available. The launcher displays a list of airports, but you will not see details such as tower or ILS frequencies. You will not find a map showing VORs and their frequencies. What can you do? See Getting aeronautical charts.

In-sim, there is a map you can use in ''Main Menu'' &amp;gt; ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Map'', which will allow you to see navigation data and the position of airports and aids. For more help with navigation see Understanding navigation.

=== Flying using the autopilot ===
Some aircraft require you to use the autopilot available from the ''Autopilot'' menu, which is the original FlightGear autopilot. This is a ''generic'' autopilot and as such, many aircraft come with their own ''specific'' autopilot, frequently a model of the real life one.

For aircraft that provide their own autopilot, you should use the autopilot controls available in the virtual cockpit. This means clicking on the instrument panel in the virtual cockpit. The Autopilot menu will be grayed out and unavailable when the aircraft supplies its own autopilot in some aircraft, including the Airbuses and the C172P.

The Cessna 172 comes with a Bendix/King KAP140 Autopilot in its virtual cockpit. You can use both the autopilot device in the cockpit and the autopilot settings from the menu.

== Advanced ==
=== Flying ===
* If you continue to fly light civilian aircraft, Cessna 182S which is more complex than C172P and PA28 are good choices.
* If you are interested in flying airlines, Airbus A320 family, Boeing 777/787, MD-11 and MD-80 are suggested.
* If you are fascinated by fighter aircrafts, choose a highly rated military aircraft (such as F-16/F-15), and enable multiplayer damage or install Bombable.
* If you switch to helicopters, it is recommended to fly Eurocopter EC130 B4.

Besides common aircraft, there are also detailed space shuttles available.

=== Scenery ===
It is fascinating to explore the scenery (or just test the graphics/frame rate) with UFO. First of all, increase your graphics quality. If you don't see buildings initially, keep FG open and wait for a while for TerraSync to finish downloading and for the buildings to appear.
There are plenty of well-developed airports and scenery areas. You can also explore the scenery objects on the model map.

=== Multiplayer ===
FlightGear has some multiplayer servers that will let you fly in more lively skies, see Howto: Multiplayer. There are also OpenRadar and ATC-pie, standalone programs that will let you be an air traffic controller.

There is also a multiplayer map that lets you see who is online right now, and even what navaids are nearby.

=== Addons ===
FlightGear has a lot of third-party addons containing enhancements. For beginners, Logbook and Which Runway may be the most useful addons.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.flightgear.org/New_to_FlightGear&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638411</id>
      <parentid>4638408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T21:02:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fcbs3</username>
        <id>3546790</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="12240" sha1="hh0q5qzakwnn1ogl8pecdyvq5220jeg" xml:space="preserve">This page will introduce the process of getting started with FlightGear.

== Running FlightGear ==
=== Starting FlightGear ===
The easiest way to start FlightGear is to use the desktop icon. This starts the graphical interface FlightGear Qt launcher where you can choose aircraft, start position etc. Remember the Qt launcher only has basic options to get you started. A lot of options for graphics, scenery, weather, environment, input devices etc. are available from the menu inside the simulator.

Many users choose however to start FlightGear directly from the command line. The executable name is &lt;code&gt;fgfs&lt;/code&gt; and can be run without options. If it is &quot;not found&quot;, it is likely not in your path. The location depends on your particular system and choices you made during compile and installation. There is a list of Command Line Parameters which must be used to change many options, like the aircraft you want. The most important:

 fgfs --launcher             # opens the FlightGear Qt launcher
 fgfs --show-aircraft        # displays a list of installed aircraft
 fgfs --aircraft=c172p       # start FG with the aircraft &quot;c172p&quot; (from the list)

The Qt launcher also lets users add command line parameters for options that are normally changed from the menu inside the simulator, as well as quite advanced options that are only available from the command line (as of August 2020).

=== Configuring rendering and UI ===
[[File:FlightGear Rendering options 2024.1.png|thumb|Rendering options]]
If your render quality or framerate is too low, click &quot;View &gt; Rendering Options&quot; to adjust the graphic settings. For newer hardware, it's recommended to set &quot;graphics quality&quot; to high and check &quot;use disk space for faster loading&quot;, &quot;animated jetways&quot; and &quot;satellite photoscenery&quot;.

If the menu text appears too small on high DPI or large screens, you can manually change the menubar font size by editing the data file, or simply click &quot;Debug &gt; Cycle GUI Style&quot;.

=== Using the keyboard and/or mouse ===
Users with limited access to a joystick or other controllers sometimes use the keyboard or mouse to control their aircraft. Using the keyboard to fly can be difficult and the mouse is recommended over the keyboard for flying, yet even a cheap joystick would improve the experience so much.

To get help with keyboard commands, with FlightGear running, go to the ''Help'' menu, look under ''Basic Keys'' (for simulator related commands) and ''Common Aircraft Keys'' (for commands universal to all aircraft) and ''Aircraft Help'' (for key commands specific to your aircraft). If the main menu is hidden, press F10.

To use the mouse to fly the aircraft, press Tab (the cursor should change to a cross) and move the mouse to direct the aircraft. Press Tab again to look around (cursor should show a two sided arrow), and press Tab again to return to normal mode, used to click stuff in the cockpit. You can click &quot;File &gt; Input Devices &gt; Mouse Config&quot; to adjust the mouse sensitivity.

For most users lacking a rudder axis control, it’s difficult to manually coordinate aileron and rudder movements during a turn. To enable auto-coordination and make flight easier, you may click &quot;Settings&quot;, then click the &quot;Show more&quot; button on the right of &quot;General&quot;, and finally click &quot;Enable auto-coordination&quot; in the launcher.

=== First time in the cockpit ===
Finding your way around the cockpit might be challenging the first time.

You can use Ctrl+V to switch to the cockpit view. If the text on the panel are too small, you can use the ''view'' mode of the mouse (press Tab until you get a cursor shaped like a double arrow) to pan and the mouse wheel to zoom, or pan with the joystick hat and zoom with X and Shift+X.

One of the first steps that many take on entering an unfamiliar cockpit is to press Ctrl+C to highlight all the &quot;hotspots&quot;, that is instrument controls, buttons, knobs, etc. Many aircraft also offer a specific help menu.

Some functions, such as starter or magneto, may be difficult to use or simply lack clickable &quot;hotspots&quot;, especially in aircraft models which are in development. In most cases you can use the keyboard. The keyboard always work according to the assignments listed on the &quot;Help &gt; Aircraft help&quot; or &quot;Help &gt; Common aircraft keys&quot; menu, but sometimes common aircraft keys are reassigned by an aircraft or configuration. Again, remember to check all the help dialogs.

=== Starting the engine ===
You are eager to fly, but the engine is off. Well, turning on the engines is not always easy. Some aircraft have an ''autostart'' entry in their custom menu, but here is a general procedure that should work in many cases:

In general to start the engine on a piston-engine type aircraft, you need (after making sure the game is not paused p):
# Fuel: Some aircraft start the simulation with no fuel. You can add it in ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Fuel and Payload''.
# Correct fuel mixture: This is generally ''rich'', so push the red knob all the way in, or use the key m to enrich (Shift+m leans.)
# Magnetos set on ''both'': Turn the key or press &amp;#125; ''three times'' to move through ''R'', ''L'', ''Both''.
# Throttle: Some engines start better with a little gas.
# Run the starter: Click the ''Start'' position of the key on the panel, or press s. Hold the starter for sufficient time, even 10 seconds.

Starting all engines in a multi-engine aircraft is similar to the single engine - except you must follow the same start sequence for each and every engine. FlightGear provides a convenient way to do this for all engines at once: Press ~ and all the procedure above will work for all the engines. Note though that the default 2D panel is connected to ''only one engine'' and the ~ trick might not work. Also, give some gas to be sure that all the engines are on.

These instructions may not work for jet aircraft, helicopters, or other types of aircraft with complex start procedures. Check the instructions in the aircraft help menu (press ?) and/or look at the aircraft's article on this wiki. In general to start the engine on a jet engine type aircraft, you need to:
# Set cutoff ''ON'' 
# Engage the starter
# Once the engines spools up to approximately 5% N1, set cutoff ''OFF''
# Disengage the starter once the engine has reached operational speed

== Learning to fly ==
=== FlightGear's Manual ===
FlightGear has an official manual that covers the basics of flight. As a beginner, you may want to start with &quot;Chapter 8: A Basic Flight Simulator Tutorial.&quot;

=== Tutorials ===
Many aircraft have their own interactive tutorials. With tutorials, you can learn to operate particular aircraft but also learn to fly. You can access tutorials by going to ''Main menu'' &amp;gt; ''Help'' &amp;gt; ''Tutorial''. A great place to start is the tutorial for the Cessna 172P aircraft, commonly used in real life to learn to fly fixed-winged aircraft.

If the tutorial starts without a runway and surrounded by water, your setup of FlightGear is missing the scenery for the airport at which the tutorial was supposed to run. To get scenery see the #Getting scenery section above.

== Making your first flight ==
=== Realism ===
One of the most frequent questions novice pilots ask about any flight simulator, but more so to FlightGear, is &quot;Why is my aircraft turning left all the time?&quot; Although it could be due to wind gusts crossing the runway, it is more likely due to the propeller torque and p-factor.

In certain other flight simulators, despite marketing slogans to the contrary, some settings are turned down to make the aircraft easier to fly. This reduces effects such as the above. The realism is always turned up in FlightGear.

Here are some of the FlightGear realism points, which may be confusing to first time pilots:
* &quot;Left turning syndrome&quot; for the previously mentioned reasons.
* Compass turning error: A compass, when subjected to the forces of flight, tends to turn in the opposite direction for a brief period before settling on the correct heading. This is not a malfunction (see also the Wikipedia article Aircraft compass turns).
* The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) is also subject to error.
* The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) is driven by a gyroscope (that is why it is sometimes called a Directional Gyroscope), which is subject to ''gyro drift''. The indicator will drift from its current heading and must be periodically (every ~15 minutes) calibrated to agree with the magnetic compass heading.
* You cannot just cancel a turn or climb by centering the yoke or stick. You must turn or push the stick the other way to get to level and level flight. But even then, the plane will not maintain its altitude or heading by itself. A common mistake is trying to find a hands off yoke position. While with trimming one could leave the plane for a couple of seconds, one must use autopilot or constantly adjust the yoke.

Many forces act on an aircraft in flight as well as on the avionics and instruments used for control and navigation, and may be counter-intuitive. Pilots must learn to recognize these phenomena and compensate for their effects. ''FlightGear models instrument errors that exist in the real world''.

=== Airports and navigation aids ===
When you first start FlightGear, whether from the command line or the graphical interface of the launchers, you may wonder how to determine what airports are available. The launcher displays a list of airports, but you will not see details such as tower or ILS frequencies. You will not find a map showing VORs and their frequencies. What can you do? See Getting aeronautical charts.

In-sim, there is a map you can use in ''Main Menu'' &amp;gt; ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Map'', which will allow you to see navigation data and the position of airports and aids. For more help with navigation see Understanding navigation.

=== Flying using the autopilot ===
Some aircraft require you to use the autopilot available from the ''Autopilot'' menu, which is the original FlightGear autopilot. This is a ''generic'' autopilot and as such, many aircraft come with their own ''specific'' autopilot, frequently a model of the real life one.

For aircraft that provide their own autopilot, you should use the autopilot controls available in the virtual cockpit. This means clicking on the instrument panel in the virtual cockpit. The Autopilot menu will be grayed out and unavailable when the aircraft supplies its own autopilot in some aircraft, including the Airbuses and the C172P.

The Cessna 172 comes with a Bendix/King KAP140 Autopilot in its virtual cockpit. You can use both the autopilot device in the cockpit and the autopilot settings from the menu.

== Advanced ==
=== Flying ===
* If you continue to fly light civilian aircraft, Cessna 182S which is more complex than C172P and PA28 are good choices.
* If you are interested in flying airlines, Airbus A320 family, Boeing 777/787, MD-11 and MD-80 are suggested.
* If you are fascinated by fighter aircrafts, choose a highly rated military aircraft (such as F-16/F-15), and enable multiplayer damage or install Bombable.
* If you switch to helicopters, it is recommended to fly Eurocopter EC130 B4.

Besides common aircraft, there are also detailed space shuttles available.

=== Scenery ===
It is fascinating to explore the scenery (or just test the graphics/frame rate) with UFO. First of all, increase your graphics quality. If you don't see buildings initially, keep FG open and wait for a while for TerraSync to finish downloading and for the buildings to appear.
There are plenty of well-developed airports and scenery areas. You can also explore the scenery objects on the model map.

=== Multiplayer ===
FlightGear has some multiplayer servers that will let you fly in more lively skies, see Howto: Multiplayer. There are also OpenRadar and ATC-pie, standalone programs that will let you be an air traffic controller.

There is also a multiplayer map that lets you see who is online right now, and even what navaids are nearby.

=== Addons ===
FlightGear has a lot of third-party addons containing enhancements. For beginners, Logbook and Which Runway may be the most useful addons.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.flightgear.org/New_to_FlightGear&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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      <id>4638412</id>
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        <id>3546790</id>
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      <text bytes="12238" sha1="hkg6pvbr4mi8yndc9iy9m9rjqs1hqn6" xml:space="preserve">This page will introduce the process of getting started with FlightGear.

== Running FlightGear ==
=== Starting FlightGear ===
The easiest way to start FlightGear is to use the desktop icon. This starts the graphical interface FlightGear Qt launcher where you can choose aircraft, start position etc. Remember the Qt launcher only has basic options to get you started. A lot of options for graphics, scenery, weather, environment, input devices etc. are available from the menu inside the simulator.

Many users choose however to start FlightGear directly from the command line. The executable name is &lt;code&gt;fgfs&lt;/code&gt; and can be run without options. If it is &quot;not found&quot;, it is likely not in your path. The location depends on your particular system and choices you made during compile and installation. There is a list of Command Line Parameters which must be used to change many options, like the aircraft you want. The most important:

 fgfs --launcher             # opens the FlightGear Qt launcher
 fgfs --show-aircraft        # displays a list of installed aircraft
 fgfs --aircraft=c172p       # start FG with the aircraft &quot;c172p&quot; (from the list)

The Qt launcher also lets users add command line parameters for options that are normally changed from the menu inside the simulator, as well as quite advanced options that are only available from the command line (as of August 2020).

=== Configuring rendering and UI ===
[[File:FlightGear Rendering options 2024.1.png|thumb|Rendering options]]
If your render quality or framerate is too low, click &quot;View &gt; Rendering Options&quot; to adjust the graphic settings. For newer hardware, it's recommended to set &quot;graphics quality&quot; to high and check &quot;use disk space for faster loading&quot;, &quot;animated jetways&quot; and &quot;satellite photoscenery&quot;.

If the menu text appears too small on high DPI or large screens, you can manually change the menubar font size by editing the data file, or simply click &quot;Debug &gt; Cycle GUI Style&quot;.

=== Using the keyboard and/or mouse ===
Users with limited access to a joystick or other controllers sometimes use the keyboard or mouse to control their aircraft. Using the keyboard to fly can be difficult and the mouse is recommended over the keyboard for flying, yet even a cheap joystick would improve the experience so much.

To get help with keyboard commands, with FlightGear running, go to the ''Help'' menu, look under ''Basic Keys'' (for simulator related commands) and ''Common Aircraft Keys'' (for commands universal to all aircraft) and ''Aircraft Help'' (for key commands specific to your aircraft). If the main menu is hidden, press F10.

To use the mouse to fly the aircraft, press Tab (the cursor should change to a cross) and move the mouse to direct the aircraft. Press Tab again to look around (cursor should show a two sided arrow), and press Tab again to return to normal mode, used to click stuff in the cockpit. You can click &quot;File &gt; Input Devices &gt; Mouse Config&quot; to adjust the mouse sensitivity.

For most users lacking a rudder axis control, it’s difficult to manually coordinate aileron and rudder movements during a turn. To enable auto-coordination and make flight easier, you may click &quot;Settings&quot;, then click the &quot;Show more&quot; button on the right of &quot;General&quot;, and finally click &quot;Enable auto-coordination&quot; in the launcher.

=== First time in the cockpit ===
Finding your way around the cockpit may be challenging the first time.

You can use Ctrl+V to switch to the cockpit view. If the text on the panel are too small, you can use the ''view'' mode of the mouse (press Tab until you get a cursor shaped like a double arrow) to pan and the mouse wheel to zoom, or pan with the joystick hat and zoom with X and Shift+X.

One of the first steps that many take on entering an unfamiliar cockpit is to press Ctrl+C to highlight all the &quot;hotspots&quot;, that is instrument controls, buttons, knobs, etc. Many aircraft also offer a specific help menu.

Some functions, such as starter or magneto, may be difficult to use or simply lack clickable &quot;hotspots&quot;, especially in aircraft models which are in development. In most cases you can use the keyboard. The keyboard always work according to the assignments listed on the &quot;Help &gt; Aircraft help&quot; or &quot;Help &gt; Common aircraft keys&quot; menu, but sometimes common aircraft keys are reassigned by an aircraft or configuration. Again, remember to check all the help dialogs.

=== Starting the engine ===
You are eager to fly, but the engine is off. Well, turning on the engines is not always easy. Some aircraft have an ''autostart'' entry in their custom menu, but here is a general procedure that should work in many cases:

In general to start the engine on a piston-engine type aircraft, you need (after making sure the game is not paused p):
# Fuel: Some aircraft start the simulation with no fuel. You can add it in ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Fuel and Payload''.
# Correct fuel mixture: This is generally ''rich'', so push the red knob all the way in, or use the key m to enrich (Shift+m leans.)
# Magnetos set on ''both'': Turn the key or press &amp;#125; ''three times'' to move through ''R'', ''L'', ''Both''.
# Throttle: Some engines start better with a little gas.
# Run the starter: Click the ''Start'' position of the key on the panel, or press s. Hold the starter for sufficient time, even 10 seconds.

Starting all engines in a multi-engine aircraft is similar to the single engine - except you must follow the same start sequence for each and every engine. FlightGear provides a convenient way to do this for all engines at once: Press ~ and all the procedure above will work for all the engines. Note though that the default 2D panel is connected to ''only one engine'' and the ~ trick might not work. Also, give some gas to be sure that all the engines are on.

These instructions may not work for jet aircraft, helicopters, or other types of aircraft with complex start procedures. Check the instructions in the aircraft help menu (press ?) and/or look at the aircraft's article on this wiki. In general to start the engine on a jet engine type aircraft, you need to:
# Set cutoff ''ON'' 
# Engage the starter
# Once the engines spools up to approximately 5% N1, set cutoff ''OFF''
# Disengage the starter once the engine has reached operational speed

== Learning to fly ==
=== FlightGear's Manual ===
FlightGear has an official manual that covers the basics of flight. As a beginner, you may want to start with &quot;Chapter 8: A Basic Flight Simulator Tutorial.&quot;

=== Tutorials ===
Many aircraft have their own interactive tutorials. With tutorials, you can learn to operate particular aircraft but also learn to fly. You can access tutorials by going to ''Main menu'' &amp;gt; ''Help'' &amp;gt; ''Tutorial''. A great place to start is the tutorial for the Cessna 172P aircraft, commonly used in real life to learn to fly fixed-winged aircraft.

If the tutorial starts without a runway and surrounded by water, your setup of FlightGear is missing the scenery for the airport at which the tutorial was supposed to run. To get scenery see the #Getting scenery section above.

== Making your first flight ==
=== Realism ===
One of the most frequent questions novice pilots ask about any flight simulator, but more so to FlightGear, is &quot;Why is my aircraft turning left all the time?&quot; Although it could be due to wind gusts crossing the runway, it is more likely due to the propeller torque and p-factor.

In certain other flight simulators, despite marketing slogans to the contrary, some settings are turned down to make the aircraft easier to fly. This reduces effects such as the above. The realism is always turned up in FlightGear.

Here are some of the FlightGear realism points, which may be confusing to first time pilots:
* &quot;Left turning syndrome&quot; for the previously mentioned reasons.
* Compass turning error: A compass, when subjected to the forces of flight, tends to turn in the opposite direction for a brief period before settling on the correct heading. This is not a malfunction (see also the Wikipedia article Aircraft compass turns).
* The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) is also subject to error.
* The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) is driven by a gyroscope (that is why it is sometimes called a Directional Gyroscope), which is subject to ''gyro drift''. The indicator will drift from its current heading and must be periodically (every ~15 minutes) calibrated to agree with the magnetic compass heading.
* You cannot just cancel a turn or climb by centering the yoke or stick. You must turn or push the stick the other way to get to level and level flight. But even then, the plane will not maintain its altitude or heading by itself. A common mistake is trying to find a hands off yoke position. While with trimming one could leave the plane for a couple of seconds, one must use autopilot or constantly adjust the yoke.

Many forces act on an aircraft in flight as well as on the avionics and instruments used for control and navigation, and may be counter-intuitive. Pilots must learn to recognize these phenomena and compensate for their effects. ''FlightGear models instrument errors that exist in the real world''.

=== Airports and navigation aids ===
When you first start FlightGear, whether from the command line or the graphical interface of the launchers, you may wonder how to determine what airports are available. The launcher displays a list of airports, but you will not see details such as tower or ILS frequencies. You will not find a map showing VORs and their frequencies. What can you do? See Getting aeronautical charts.

In-sim, there is a map you can use in ''Main Menu'' &amp;gt; ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Map'', which will allow you to see navigation data and the position of airports and aids. For more help with navigation see Understanding navigation.

=== Flying using the autopilot ===
Some aircraft require you to use the autopilot available from the ''Autopilot'' menu, which is the original FlightGear autopilot. This is a ''generic'' autopilot and as such, many aircraft come with their own ''specific'' autopilot, frequently a model of the real life one.

For aircraft that provide their own autopilot, you should use the autopilot controls available in the virtual cockpit. This means clicking on the instrument panel in the virtual cockpit. The Autopilot menu will be grayed out and unavailable when the aircraft supplies its own autopilot in some aircraft, including the Airbuses and the C172P.

The Cessna 172 comes with a Bendix/King KAP140 Autopilot in its virtual cockpit. You can use both the autopilot device in the cockpit and the autopilot settings from the menu.

== Advanced ==
=== Flying ===
* If you continue to fly light civilian aircraft, Cessna 182S which is more complex than C172P and PA28 are good choices.
* If you are interested in flying airlines, Airbus A320 family, Boeing 777/787, MD-11 and MD-80 are suggested.
* If you are fascinated by fighter aircrafts, choose a highly rated military aircraft (such as F-16/F-15), and enable multiplayer damage or install Bombable.
* If you switch to helicopters, it is recommended to fly Eurocopter EC130 B4.

Besides common aircraft, there are also detailed space shuttles available.

=== Scenery ===
It is fascinating to explore the scenery (or just test the graphics/frame rate) with UFO. First of all, increase your graphics quality. If you don't see buildings initially, keep FG open and wait for a while for TerraSync to finish downloading and for the buildings to appear.
There are plenty of well-developed airports and scenery areas. You can also explore the scenery objects on the model map.

=== Multiplayer ===
FlightGear has some multiplayer servers that will let you fly in more lively skies, see Howto: Multiplayer. There are also OpenRadar and ATC-pie, standalone programs that will let you be an air traffic controller.

There is also a multiplayer map that lets you see who is online right now, and even what navaids are nearby.

=== Addons ===
FlightGear has a lot of third-party addons containing enhancements. For beginners, Logbook and Which Runway may be the most useful addons.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.flightgear.org/New_to_FlightGear&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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      <timestamp>2026-06-01T21:40:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fcbs3</username>
        <id>3546790</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="12227" sha1="bg7svp0vkk4j5xt61f2m5zkpodmnxtr" xml:space="preserve">This page will introduce the process of getting started with FlightGear.

== Running FlightGear ==
=== Starting FlightGear ===
The easiest way to start FlightGear is to use the desktop icon. This starts the graphical interface FlightGear Qt launcher where you can choose aircraft, start position etc. Remember the Qt launcher only has basic options to get you started. A lot of options for graphics, scenery, weather, environment, input devices etc. are available from the menu inside the simulator.

Many users choose however to start FlightGear directly from the command line. The executable name is &lt;code&gt;fgfs&lt;/code&gt; and can be run without options. If it is &quot;not found&quot;, it is likely not in your path. The location depends on your particular system and choices you made during compile and installation. There is a list of Command Line Parameters which must be used to change many options, like the aircraft you want. The most important:

 fgfs --launcher             # opens the FlightGear Qt launcher
 fgfs --show-aircraft        # displays a list of installed aircraft
 fgfs --aircraft=c172p       # start FG with the aircraft &quot;c172p&quot; (from the list)

The Qt launcher also lets users add command line parameters for options that are normally changed from the menu inside the simulator, as well as quite advanced options that are only available from the command line (as of August 2020).

=== Configuring rendering and UI ===
[[File:FlightGear Rendering options 2024.1.png|thumb|Rendering options]]
If your render quality or framerate is too low, click &quot;View &gt; Rendering Options&quot; to adjust the graphic settings. For newer hardware, it's recommended to set &quot;graphics quality&quot; to high and check &quot;use disk space for faster loading&quot;, &quot;animated jetways&quot; and &quot;satellite photoscenery&quot;.

If the menu text appears too small on high DPI or large screens, you can manually change the menubar font size by editing the data file, or simply click &quot;Debug &gt; Cycle GUI Style&quot;.

=== Using the keyboard and/or mouse ===
Users with limited access to a joystick or other controllers sometimes use the keyboard or mouse to control their aircraft. Using the keyboard to fly can be difficult and the mouse is recommended over the keyboard for flying, yet even a cheap joystick would improve the experience so much.

To get help with keyboard commands, with FlightGear running, go to the ''Help'' menu, look under ''Basic Keys'' (for simulator related commands) and ''Common Aircraft Keys'' (for commands universal to all aircraft) and ''Aircraft Help'' (for key commands specific to your aircraft). If the main menu is hidden, press F10.

To use the mouse to fly the aircraft, press Tab (the cursor should change to a cross) and move the mouse to direct the aircraft. Press Tab again to look around (cursor should show a two sided arrow), and press Tab again to return to normal mode, used to click stuff in the cockpit. You can click &quot;File &gt; Input Devices &gt; Mouse Config&quot; to adjust the mouse sensitivity.

For most users lacking a rudder axis control, it’s difficult to manually coordinate aileron and rudder movements during a turn. To enable auto-coordination and make flight easier, you may click &quot;Settings&quot;, then click the &quot;Show more&quot; button on the right of &quot;General&quot;, and finally click &quot;Enable auto-coordination&quot; in the launcher.

=== First time in the cockpit ===
Finding your way around the cockpit may be challenging the first time.

You can use Ctrl+V to switch to the cockpit view. If the text on the panel are too small, you can use the ''view'' mode of the mouse (press Tab until you get a cursor shaped like a double arrow) to pan and the mouse wheel to zoom, or pan with the joystick hat and zoom with X and Shift+X.

One of the first steps that many take on entering an unfamiliar cockpit is to press Ctrl+C to highlight all the &quot;hotspots&quot;, that is instrument controls, buttons, knobs, etc. Many aircraft also offer a specific help menu.

Some functions, such as starter or magneto, may be difficult to use or simply lack clickable &quot;hotspots&quot;, especially in aircraft models which are in development. In most cases you can use the keyboard. The keyboard always work according to the assignments listed on the &quot;Help &gt; Aircraft help&quot; or &quot;Help &gt; Common aircraft keys&quot; menu, but sometimes some keys are reassigned by an aircraft or configuration. Again, remember to check all the help dialogs.

=== Starting the engine ===
You are eager to fly, but the engine is off. Well, turning on the engines is not always easy. Some aircraft have an ''autostart'' entry in their custom menu, but here is a general procedure that should work in many cases:

In general to start the engine on a piston-engine type aircraft, you need (after making sure the game is not paused p):
# Fuel: Some aircraft start the simulation with no fuel. You can add it in ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Fuel and Payload''.
# Correct fuel mixture: This is generally ''rich'', so push the red knob all the way in, or use the key m to enrich (Shift+m leans.)
# Magnetos set on ''both'': Turn the key or press &amp;#125; ''three times'' to move through ''R'', ''L'', ''Both''.
# Throttle: Some engines start better with a little gas.
# Run the starter: Click the ''Start'' position of the key on the panel, or press s. Hold the starter for sufficient time, even 10 seconds.

Starting all engines in a multi-engine aircraft is similar to the single engine - except you must follow the same start sequence for each and every engine. FlightGear provides a convenient way to do this for all engines at once: Press ~ and all the procedure above will work for all the engines. Note though that the default 2D panel is connected to ''only one engine'' and the ~ trick might not work. Also, give some gas to be sure that all the engines are on.

These instructions may not work for jet aircraft, helicopters, or other types of aircraft with complex start procedures. Check the instructions in the aircraft help menu (press ?) and/or look at the aircraft's article on this wiki. In general to start the engine on a jet engine type aircraft, you need to:
# Set cutoff ''ON'' 
# Engage the starter
# Once the engines spools up to approximately 5% N1, set cutoff ''OFF''
# Disengage the starter once the engine has reached operational speed

== Learning to fly ==
=== FlightGear's Manual ===
FlightGear has an official manual that covers the basics of flight. As a beginner, you may want to start with &quot;Chapter 8: A Basic Flight Simulator Tutorial.&quot;

=== Tutorials ===
Many aircraft have their own interactive tutorials. With tutorials, you can learn to operate particular aircraft but also learn to fly. You can access tutorials by going to ''Main menu'' &amp;gt; ''Help'' &amp;gt; ''Tutorial''. A great place to start is the tutorial for the Cessna 172P aircraft, commonly used in real life to learn to fly fixed-winged aircraft.

If the tutorial starts without a runway and surrounded by water, your setup of FlightGear is missing the scenery for the airport at which the tutorial was supposed to run. To get scenery see the #Getting scenery section above.

== Making your first flight ==
=== Realism ===
One of the most frequent questions novice pilots ask about any flight simulator, but more so to FlightGear, is &quot;Why is my aircraft turning left all the time?&quot; Although it could be due to wind gusts crossing the runway, it is more likely due to the propeller torque and p-factor.

In certain other flight simulators, despite marketing slogans to the contrary, some settings are turned down to make the aircraft easier to fly. This reduces effects such as the above. The realism is always turned up in FlightGear.

Here are some of the FlightGear realism points, which may be confusing to first time pilots:
* &quot;Left turning syndrome&quot; for the previously mentioned reasons.
* Compass turning error: A compass, when subjected to the forces of flight, tends to turn in the opposite direction for a brief period before settling on the correct heading. This is not a malfunction (see also the Wikipedia article Aircraft compass turns).
* The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) is also subject to error.
* The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) is driven by a gyroscope (that is why it is sometimes called a Directional Gyroscope), which is subject to ''gyro drift''. The indicator will drift from its current heading and must be periodically (every ~15 minutes) calibrated to agree with the magnetic compass heading.
* You cannot just cancel a turn or climb by centering the yoke or stick. You must turn or push the stick the other way to get to level and level flight. But even then, the plane will not maintain its altitude or heading by itself. A common mistake is trying to find a hands off yoke position. While with trimming one could leave the plane for a couple of seconds, one must use autopilot or constantly adjust the yoke.

Many forces act on an aircraft in flight as well as on the avionics and instruments used for control and navigation, and may be counter-intuitive. Pilots must learn to recognize these phenomena and compensate for their effects. ''FlightGear models instrument errors that exist in the real world''.

=== Airports and navigation aids ===
When you first start FlightGear, whether from the command line or the graphical interface of the launchers, you may wonder how to determine what airports are available. The launcher displays a list of airports, but you will not see details such as tower or ILS frequencies. You will not find a map showing VORs and their frequencies. What can you do? See Getting aeronautical charts.

In-sim, there is a map you can use in ''Main Menu'' &amp;gt; ''Equipment'' &amp;gt; ''Map'', which will allow you to see navigation data and the position of airports and aids. For more help with navigation see Understanding navigation.

=== Flying using the autopilot ===
Some aircraft require you to use the autopilot available from the ''Autopilot'' menu, which is the original FlightGear autopilot. This is a ''generic'' autopilot and as such, many aircraft come with their own ''specific'' autopilot, frequently a model of the real life one.

For aircraft that provide their own autopilot, you should use the autopilot controls available in the virtual cockpit. This means clicking on the instrument panel in the virtual cockpit. The Autopilot menu will be grayed out and unavailable when the aircraft supplies its own autopilot in some aircraft, including the Airbuses and the C172P.

The Cessna 172 comes with a Bendix/King KAP140 Autopilot in its virtual cockpit. You can use both the autopilot device in the cockpit and the autopilot settings from the menu.

== Advanced ==
=== Flying ===
* If you continue to fly light civilian aircraft, Cessna 182S which is more complex than C172P and PA28 are good choices.
* If you are interested in flying airlines, Airbus A320 family, Boeing 777/787, MD-11 and MD-80 are suggested.
* If you are fascinated by fighter aircrafts, choose a highly rated military aircraft (such as F-16/F-15), and enable multiplayer damage or install Bombable.
* If you switch to helicopters, it is recommended to fly Eurocopter EC130 B4.

Besides common aircraft, there are also detailed space shuttles available.

=== Scenery ===
It is fascinating to explore the scenery (or just test the graphics/frame rate) with UFO. First of all, increase your graphics quality. If you don't see buildings initially, keep FG open and wait for a while for TerraSync to finish downloading and for the buildings to appear.
There are plenty of well-developed airports and scenery areas. You can also explore the scenery objects on the model map.

=== Multiplayer ===
FlightGear has some multiplayer servers that will let you fly in more lively skies, see Howto: Multiplayer. There are also OpenRadar and ATC-pie, standalone programs that will let you be an air traffic controller.

There is also a multiplayer map that lets you see who is online right now, and even what navaids are nearby.

=== Addons ===
FlightGear has a lot of third-party addons containing enhancements. For beginners, Logbook and Which Runway may be the most useful addons.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.flightgear.org/New_to_FlightGear&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>bg7svp0vkk4j5xt61f2m5zkpodmnxtr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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        <username>LodestarChariot2</username>
        <id>3138880</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added image.</comment>
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      <text bytes="8549" sha1="0i2kt113jtoa7qepms9m5063vqs9auv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Faraz Forghan Parast, Kyle Dase, Thomas Sherriff, Tahmineh Farnoud, Alan Colin Arce, Brittany Amell, Graham Jensen, Tim Sobie, and Ray Siemens, with the Implementing New Knowledge Environments (INKE) and Electronic Textual Cultures Lab (ETCL) Research Groups'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Table of Contents==
[[File:YutongLiu-KingstonSchool of Art Talkingto AI-2560x3620.jpg|frameless|250px|right]]
{{Book Search}}
===[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Ideas | Essential Ideas]]===
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Ideas#Executive Summary: A Snapshot of this Work | Executive Summary]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Ideas#Summative Overview: A More Detailed Snapshot | Summative Overview]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Ideas#Recommendations: Summarized the from the Analytical Overview | Recommendations]]

===[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction |Introduction: A Detailed Analytical Overview]]===
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Mapping the Terrain | Mapping the Terrain]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Four Cross-Cutting Tensions | Four Cross-Cutting Tensions]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Fundamentals and Ideologies of AI | Fundamentals and Ideologies of AI]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Geographic Diversity in AI Imaginaries | Geographic Diversity in AI Imaginaries]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Knowledge Foundations | Knowledge Foundations]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Open Social Scholarship Principles | Open Social Scholarship Principles]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#AI and Open | AI and “Open”]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#AI and Social | AI and “Social”]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#AI and Scholarship | AI and “Scholarship”]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Audiences and Differential Impacts | Audiences and Differential Impacts]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Phenomena, Relations, and Ongoing Inquiry | Phenomena, Relations, and Ongoing Inquiry]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Conceptual Mapping | Conceptual Mapping]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Introduction#Focused Areas for Further Intervention | Focused Areas for Further Intervention]]

===[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Contexts | Essential Contexts]]===
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Contexts#Histories and Theories of AI | Histories &amp; Theories of AI]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Contexts#Past Relation to OSS-Aligned Communities | Past Relation to OSS-Aligned Communities]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Contexts#Bias and Technological Determinism | Bias and Technological Determinism]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Contexts#Knowledge Foundations | Knowledge Foundations]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Essential Contexts#Open Social Scholarship | Open Social Scholarship]]

===[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Open | AI and “Open”]]===
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Open#Open Access | Open Access]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Open#Open Data | Open Data]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Open#Open Source | Open Source]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Open#Open Science | Open Science]]

===[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Social | AI and “Social”]]===
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Social#Platforms | Platforms]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Social#Governance, Leadership, and Policy | Governance, Leadership, and Policy]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Social#Critical Literacies | Critical Literacies]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Social#Globalism, Colonialism and Influence | Globalism, Colonialism and Influence]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Social#Diversity, Determinism, Bias and Justice | Diversity, Determinism, Bias and Justice]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Social#Community, Connection and the Human | Community, Connection and the Human]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Social#Human, Labour and Environmental Costs | Human, Labour and Environmental Costs]]

===[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship | AI and “Scholarship”]]===
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#Research Methods and Practices | Research Methods and Practices]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#Forms of Research Output | Forms of Research Output]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#Teaching and Pedagogy | Teaching and Pedagogy]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#Service and Peer Review | Service and Peer Review]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#AI and Scholarship Infrastructures | AI and Scholarship Infrastructures]]
**[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#Organizational Infrastructures | Organizational Infrastructures]]
**[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#Publishing, Communication, Engagement Infrastructures | Publishing, Communication, Engagement Infrastructures]]
**[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#Accountability-related Infrastructures | Accountability-related Infrastructures]]
*[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship#Audience | Audience]]

===[[Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/Complete Alphabetical List of References | Complete Alphabetical List of References]]===


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: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:00, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
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:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

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:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:37, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
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:Done. //[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
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Long-term abuse. Spam / spambot. [[Special:CentralAuth/OmranTokhi7]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Omran Tokhi Nickname OT7/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:25, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 04:29, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
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* {{userlinks|~2026-28014-44}}

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:{{done}} by @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:58, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
== Can't log in :( ==

Xania here. I am logged in on Wikipedia but can't log in here even though it has always been automatic when switching between the two. Wikibooks seems to want me to authenticate myself via my authenticator app which I have not done before. Allows me to also use a recovery code which I do not have. How do I log in guys? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|&amp;#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:15, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
: I believe it might be the CheckUser permission requiring 2FA (on parity with interface administrators and oversighters) as that group has restrictions. You might need to temporarily request to the [[m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards]] to remove CU access from your account to enable 2FA; however, since this project only has 2 CUs, [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]'s CU rights would be temporarily suspended. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
: Thanks, I've left a notice on the Steward's board.--[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|&amp;#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:59, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::This happened before when your CU rights were removed because you hadn't enrolled in 2FA. I presume you must have enrolled to get the CU rights back. Are you really sure you've never used any authenticator here? [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:49, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:::See [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:MarcGarver#Check_User previous discussion] from last year [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:51, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks. Good to know. I had completely forgotten that discussion. I will have to install some old authenticators and see which works.--[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|&amp;#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 17:09, 16 May 2026 (UTC)
: Logged in finally. Seems I had recovery codes (totally forgotten about them) saved but no authenticator so each time I log in I'll need to use the codes.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:54, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

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== No data in page linked to by Wikidata ==

The page, [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSSH/Third_Party_Utilities OpenSSH: Third Party Utilities] has no data and thus should not be linked to from [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139625509 Q139625509]  How can the link be deleted?  Thanks.  [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:06, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

:Same for Q139611668 and Q139611580.  All three links should be deleted / removed as the destination pages in the en.wikibook do not have any data but instead normal prose.  - [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 05:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:Same for Q139806271, Q139806269, Q139806266, Q139806265, Q139806264, Q139806263, Q139806262, Q139806261, Q139806260, Q139806258, Q139806256, Q139806255, Q139625509, Q139611668, and Q139611580.  There seems to be some new kind of vandalism going on.  Perhaps there is a better page to report it on instead of this one? • [[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] ([[User talk:Larsnooden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Larsnooden|contribs]]) 17:37, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Larsnooden|Larsnooden]] Given that this situation is happening on Wikidata, there is nothing that English Wikibooks admins can do. Please report this matter to the Wikidata administrators. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:13, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
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: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 18 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="51031" sha1="2uqgj0eefuobke1y21erolqxtxa8efy" xml:space="preserve">==Histories &amp; Theories of AI==

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Ali, Syed Mustafa, Stephanie Dick, Sarah Dillon, Matthew L. Jones, Jonnie Penn, and Richard Staley. 2023. “Histories of Artificial Intelligence: A Genealogy of Power.” ''BJHS Themes'' 8: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2023.15.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

The work of these authors seeks to move beyond “conventional origin myths” of AI by contextualizing the academic historical approach within their interdisciplinary backgrounds. As a result, Ali et al. argue that histories of broader processes (like industrialization, colonialism, and social science) can represent the “genealogy” of AI, which is not identified as a specific object but as a grouping of diverse technologies under a loose banner, requiring an equally diverse approach. Although AI is the “flagship of the Information Age”, it was clearly conditioned by the “Management Age”, as these “genealogies” feature four common thematic threads of “hidden labour”, “encoded behaviour”, “disingenuous rhetoric” and “cognitive injustice”. AI is therefore not only situated within the history of computing, but the history of control, the product of the interacting formalist and empiricist views of “intelligence” within Cold War epistemology. In many ways, AI’s refinement of formal abstraction reinforces and impresses Western systems and structures, so these authors do not critique AI with the goal of improvement, but to clarify what AI “is”, “is not”, and perhaps “should not” be.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Anderson, Marc M. 2024. “AI as Philosophical Ideology: A Critical Look Back at John McCarthy’s Program.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 37 (2): 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-024-00731-1.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

This paper critically analyzes the synthesis of McCarthy’s AI development program, identifying its goals’ nature, purpose, relationship to society, and implications upon morality and social control. Firstly, Anderson considers the most problematic themes of McCarthy’s early and middle writings, then arguing that McCarthy’s later works consolidated his stance by replacing “tentative assumptions” with “statements whose linkages with contemporaneous analytic philosophy are made unequivocally” and thereby present AI as “the outcome of a certain philosophical way of looking at the world”. Here, Anderson emphasizes McCarthy’s biases towards objectivism, scientism, and analytic behaviourism; tendency to enable progress in AI by waiting to identify risks; positioning of philosophy as subordinate “handmaiden” to science; and uneasy presupposition humans have innate knowledge of the world’s object character (which AI will need added). To Anderson, the sum of the “ethical” aspects, “philosophical” aspects, and “competitive” nature of McCarthy’s program give it all the fundamental “characteristics of an ideological program”. This ideology has had deep direct influence, for example by joining AI ethics to consequentialist dilemmas like the “Trolley problem”, and deep indirect influence, for example by influencing a modular and component technical approach. Anderson argues this “ideology” was caused by McCarthy’s motive of making a “servile” and “stripped down model of human mental engagement without emotional qualities”. Overall, Anderson argues McCarthy’s conception of AI as a “perfectly rational abstraction of human thinking” involves severe misconceptions around rationality, and has “come to serve as a blind for increasing techno-corporate control of society” with its propagation of the belief that “AI systems should be controlled as servants”.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜.” In ''Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency'', 610–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Bender et al. critically analyze the environmental and social risks of ever larger language models trained with huge uncurated datasets from the web. Their first concern is the environmental costs of training language models, which require increasing energy and compute requirements that further environmental damages that are more likely to fall on marginalized populations. Their social concerns are that language models have the potential to reproduce hegemonic views, reinforce stereotypes, and further reify inequality due to the unrepresentativeness of their training data. Despite the increasing amounts of data ingested in these models, the authors argue that size does not guarantee diversity because there are people who are not on the web (and therefore not included in training data), the content of marginalized people online is less likely to be included in these large datasets and, if it is, it might be filtered out during the data preparation process. Therefore, the authors urge developers to stop using larger training datasets if they cannot be documented. As an alternative, they suggest curating and documenting smaller datasets created for specific purposes, evaluating models by the amount of resources they consume, and developing research that centers the people who are more likely to be adversely affected by the resulting technology.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Berry, David M. 2025. “Synthetic Media and Computational Capitalism: Towards a Critical Theory of Artificial Intelligence.” ''AI &amp; Society'' 40: 5257–5269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02265-2'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Berry develops a critical theory of artificial intelligence centered on what he terms the &quot;algorithmic condition&quot;—a historical moment when computational systems generate cultural content indistinguishable from human production, thereby destabilizing traditional markers of authenticity and authorship. Engaging with Frankfurt School critical theory, particularly concepts of false consciousness and reification, Berry argues that contemporary AI represents a qualitative transformation he calls &quot;the Inversion,&quot; where machine-generated works not only replicate but actively reshape the grounds upon which experience and meaning are constituted. This moves beyond mechanical reproduction (Benjamin) or cybernetic feedback (Wiener) toward what Berry theorizes as &quot;post-consciousness,&quot; where boundaries between individual and synthetic consciousness become porous. His concept of &quot;diffusionisation&quot; describes how AI systems dissolve cultural forms into probabilistic vector spaces and reconstitute them through latent space manipulation, producing &quot;AI slop&quot;—low-quality synthetic content that infiltrates information ecosystems with garbled meaning. Berry positions this transformation within &quot;computational capitalism,&quot; arguing that algorithmic mediation now structures forms of life in ways that demand new critical methods. His &quot;constellational analysis&quot; proposes mapping the interdependencies among technical systems, cultural production, and political-economic structures to resist subsumption into algorithmic logics. Where earlier automation debates focused on task substitution, Berry foregrounds how synthetic media transforms the infrastructure of meaning-making itself, rendering questions of interpretability and embedded bias not as technical problems but as symptoms of deeper epistemic and political reconfigurations under computational conditions.

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'''Chun, J., &amp; Elkins, K. (2023). “The Crisis of Artificial Intelligence: A New Digital Humanities Curriculum for Human-Centred AI.” ''International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing'' 17 (2). https://doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2023.0310'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Chun and Elkins position AI's rapid advancement as precipitating multiple interlocking crises—in higher education, in diversity and inclusion within technology fields, and in the broader socioeconomic fabric—that demand a specifically humanities-oriented pedagogical response. Their intervention challenges the prevalent assumption that AI literacy should emerge from STEM-dominated curricula, arguing instead that Digital Humanities offers distinctive pathways for cultivating critical engagement with computational systems. Where conventional computer science education treats AI as primarily a technical phenomenon requiring engineering skills, Chun and Elkins foreground reflective and collaborative meaning-making, insisting that the most effective AI tools amplify rather than replace human intellectual engagement. Their framework explicitly connects pedagogical design to civic preparation, positioning students not as mere consumers or operators of AI systems but as critically engaged citizens capable of interrogating the social and economic implications of algorithmic mediation. Drawing on theories of human-centered computing, they articulate an AI DH curriculum structured around two core commitments: opening meaningful research avenues for humanities scholars working with computational methods and addressing DEI shortcomings by engaging students traditionally alienated by conventional STEM pathways. Their approach implicitly challenges the epistemic authority claims embedded in AI discourse—the fantasy that technical expertise alone can adjudicate questions about algorithmic deployment—by insisting that humanistic inquiry offers essential resources for navigating AI's transformative effects on knowledge production, labor organization, and cultural representation.

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'''Chung, Hiu-Fung. 2025. “Betting on (Un)Certain Futures: Sociotechnical Imaginaries of AI and Varieties of Techno-Developmentalism in Asia.” ''Information, Communication &amp; Society'', 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2025.2535427.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Chung redirects scholarly attention from dominant AI powers—China, the United States—to economically advanced but geographically non-dominant Asian societies: Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Mobilizing the concept of &quot;techno-developmentalism&quot; to analyze how developmental states harness technological innovation for political-economic projects, Chung identifies three distinct imaginaries that emerge from specific historical, institutional, and geopolitical conditions. Singapore's &quot;cybernetic pragmatism&quot; deploys AI to legitimize neoliberal authoritarianism, embedding computational governance as a continuation of technocratic rule. Hong Kong's &quot;techno-entrepreneurship&quot; imaginary seeks to refashion financial capitalism through AI-driven innovation, positioning the territory as a global fintech hub amid shifting relationships with mainland China. Taiwan's &quot;defensive survival modality&quot; frames AI development as simultaneously addressing internal socioeconomic instability and external threats from superpower rivalry, particularly cross-strait tensions. Chung's analysis challenges the Global North/South binary that structures much AI governance literature, revealing how small advanced economies navigate strategic coupling with global tech industries while managing profound uncertainties about AI-centric reforms. His discourse analysis of policy documents from the early 2010s through 2024 demonstrates how national imaginaries encode assumptions about automation's effects on labor markets, the appropriate balance between state coordination and market mechanisms, and the role of computational infrastructure in securing geopolitical position. This comparative framework illuminates how different state formations mobilize AI to address divergent crises of legitimacy, capital accumulation, and sovereign security.

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'''van Es, Karin, and Dennis Nguyen. 2024. “‘Your Friendly AI Assistant’: The Anthropomorphic Self-Representations of ChatGPT and Its Implications for Imagining AI.” ''AI &amp; Society'' 40: 3591–3603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-02108-6.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

van Es and Nguyen analyze how “social-technical imaginaries” invoked by “self-representations” of GenAI could influence public perception of the technology. These “socio-technical imaginaries” are a category of trending concept, which can exist in contrast, as both utopian and dystopian conceptions of AI are present in public discourse. These are dynamically changeable, often strategically promoted by tech companies to influence regulation, and influenced by a variety of media technologies and ecologies with equally diverse social, cultural, and political implications. The authors identify a range of current “socio-technical imaginaries” of AI. This includes: misconceived “magical thinking”, largely produced by poor terminology; speculative, exaggerative debates on AI capabilities, which distract from actualized and present risks; visual motifs correlating intelligence, efficiency, logic, duty, and trust, which are not inherent to Generative AI; and anthropomorphism, which brings a slew of problems surrounding social biases. To study AI “self-representations”, van Es and Nguyen have ChatGPT generate fifty images and fifty-eight sections of text, responding to several variations of the prompt “create an image of yourself”. The authors then perform an empirical, qualitative-exploratory analysis of this content to examine which “socio-technical imaginaries” dominate the material. These images most significantly emphasized ChatGPT’s alleged “social intelligence”, depicted as a friendly research assistant possessing “real” intellect - ironically often surrounded by books. Anthropomorphism was usually present, with eighty-two percent of images portraying AI as humanoid, and a further six percent as a human brain. Futuristic motifs like holograms, metallic shades, and the cosmos portrayed AI as near-magical. Textual responses expressed these same themes, demonstrating consistent messaging. Taken together, these generated responses encourage overlooking the ethical and legal challenges posed by trending GenAI technologies, “overestimate their capabilities”, and “potentially lead to mistakenly perceive them as trustworthy companions”. This raises questions as to what extent specific guidelines to these responses were programmed by OpenAI, or indicative of popular opinion.

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'''Jones, Matthew L. 2023. “AI in History.” ''American Historical Review'' 128 (3): 1360–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad361.'''
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Jones explores how evolving approaches to AI research reflect upon the importance of studying artificial intelligence’s history. He believes traditional attempts to produce “symbolic” AI have been proven as misguided, comparing their failures to the traditionally unpopular “empiricist” approach. This approach is now dominant and involves the use of large-scale algorithms to capitalize upon the “unreasonable effectiveness of data” via “machine learning”. However, this shift in trends has also forced the meaning and capabilities of “artificial intelligence” to be reconsidered, now threatening “professions centred on particularity” like history. In response, Jones argues modern AI cannot be considered a “neutral substratum” but as a reflection of human creations - including their best and worst traits. Historians are experts at detecting bias, and this understanding of AI’s historical context is clearly necessary for its appropriate application, so historians should be playing a fundamental role in ensuring AI’s critical use. Jones believes historians can best do this by highlighting the “traces of labour” that can illustrate the “granular complex reality” of AI.

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'''Klein, Lauren, Meredith Martin, André Brock, Maria Antoniak, Melanie Walsh, Jessica Marie Johnson, Lauren Tilton, and David Mimno. 2025. “Provocations from the Humanities for Generative AI Research.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 26. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19190.'''
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Klein et al. explore the stakes of engaging with AI by juxtaposing the humanistic scholar’s investigation of the ‘human’ with the ‘anti-human’ approach of AI, a dichotomy they contextualize within late-stage capitalism. Klein et al. argue that AI’s generalist, binary approach ‘distorts “culture’ to content’. AI programs thereby conduct a ‘statistical enactment of… ideology’, imposing an objectivist European modernist framework of understanding upon the data. This binary conception of data is highlighted within ideas of ‘pure’ versus ‘toxic’ training data, which dismiss that the material inherently ‘reflects cultures and consists of expressions of those cultures’. Even content not being included ‘biases’ the rest of the data, so the best practices of open scholarship cannot fix the root issue - the only way to resolve the issues caused by ‘bias’ is to target the sources of the underlying structural problems. Klein et al. argue this flawed situation was fueled by ‘corporate spokespeople parroting AI hype’ to research - and that this relationship’s politicization should be a particular source of concern. Klein et al. argue AI can still serve a purpose, however. They propose AI with smaller datasets will produce more accurate information when tailored for specific topics and with input from experts of the humanities. Humanists cannot solely effect change, however, as ‘technical researchers must recognize the institutional asymmetries’ of administrative support and funding available to ensure development of ‘humanistic’ AI is a truly equal and interdisciplinary effort. 

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'''McIntosh, Timothy R., Susnjak, Teo, Liu, Tong, Watters, Paul, and Halgamuge, Malka N.. 2023. “From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q* (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscape.” ''Technologies''. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13020051 '''
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McIntosh et al. offer a survey of AI development’s frontiers targeted at fellow experts of the field, focussing on evolving “agentic” AI and its resulting research applications. Covering developments, they primarily employ case studies to demonstrate how multimodal AI could eclipse undynamic LLMs, but various “advanced learning techniques” and developments in model architecture are also outlined. On this topic, a table is presented to quantify the relevance of research fields and subfields of AI development. Agentic AI’s possible applications include aiding research by bolstering academic integrity, its market relevance, and its “creative” purposes. McIntosh et al. even argue that development of AGI with “symbolic reasoning” and “probabilistic inference” could handle issues like climate change, considered as a long-term but significant possibility. Therefore, this work is primarily theoretical, with McIntosh et al. centralizing AI’s idealistic applications. However, they do acknowledge AI must be developed with ethical and social principles, for which interdisciplinary cooperation is necessary. 

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'''Richter, V., Katzenbach, C., &amp; Schäfer, M. S. (2025). “Imaginaries of Artificial Intelligence.” ''Computers in Human Behavior''. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2025.108682'''
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Richter, Katzenbach, and Schäfer systematize the concept of &quot;sociotechnical imaginaries&quot; as an analytical framework for understanding how collective visions of AI futures shape governance, investment, and public discourse. Engaging explicitly with science and technology studies scholarship—particularly Jasanoff and Kim's formulation of imaginaries as &quot;collectively held, institutionally stabilized, and publicly performed visions&quot;—they demonstrate how AI's meaning emerges through contested negotiations among stakeholders from industry, government, academia, media, and civil society. Their comparative analysis across the United States, China, and Germany challenges simplistic national characterizations, revealing heterogeneous and often contradictory imaginaries even within single regulatory regimes. Where US discourse fragments across multiple geographic AI hubs, German imaginaries center on EU policy compliance and regulatory frameworks, while Chinese articulations align tightly with party-state directives that minimize local variation. Richter and colleagues argue that these imaginaries function performatively, not merely representing AI's future but actively mobilizing resources, legitimating interventions, and establishing trajectories for development. Their framework illuminates how benchmark cultures, optimization narratives, and investor expectations become embedded in technical choices through discursive processes that precede and exceed engineering decisions. By foregrounding stakeholder co-dependencies and cross-national dynamics, the authors position AI imaginaries as sites where epistemological assumptions about intelligence, automation, and progress become institutionalized through political-economic mechanisms—a contribution that connects discourse analysis to questions of power, accountability, and the material reorganization of labor and knowledge production.

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'''Whiteley, Paul. 2023. “Why Artificial Intelligence Is a Misnomer.” ''London School of Economics and Political Science Politics and Policy Blog'', October 19. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/why-artificial-intelligence-is-a-misnomer/'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Whiteley criticizes the use of the term artificial intelligence, noting that while such technologies can be valuable for automating specific tasks, the term John McCarthy used in the 1950s was a “disservice.” He argues that the term anthropomorphizes what is essentially a form of computer-assisted statistical analysis. Much of what we call AI functions as a sophisticated prediction system that processes vast amounts of data to produce answers, without any real understanding of the underlying concepts or theories. Whiteley further distinguishes between algorithms, which follow set procedures to identify patterns and make predictions, and inference, which involves interpreting and explaining why those patterns occur. He concludes that the ultimate goal in the field of AI is to create systems capable of predicting behavior across diverse problems. However, he emphasizes that current AI algorithms remain highly specialized, excelling in narrow tasks but lacking the flexibility and understanding required for true general intelligence.

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'''Zeffiro, Andrea. 2024. “Automating (In)securities: Cybersecurity’s AI Imaginaries.” Paper presented at EASST/4S, 2024. https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/easst-4s2024/p/14156.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Zeffiro interrogates cybersecurity's AI imaginaries through case studies of IBM Watson for Cybersecurity, CrowdStrike's Charlotte AI, and Google's Sec-PaLM, revealing how corporate narratives of AI as &quot;game changer&quot; and &quot;democratizing force&quot; systematically obscure differential vulnerabilities and normative biases. Her analysis challenges the prevalent framing of AI-driven threat detection as technically neutral automation, arguing instead that these systems encode and amplify assumptions about what constitutes risk, who merits protection, and whose insecurities remain invisible. Drawing on critical security studies and science and technology studies, Zeffiro demonstrates how generative AI applications in cybersecurity automate not merely data collection and pattern recognition but also the normative judgments about threat hierarchies embedded in training regimes and performance metrics. Her concept of &quot;automating insecurities&quot; captures this dual process: while AI tools promise enhanced security through real-time threat response with minimal human intervention, they simultaneously institutionalize particular understandings of vulnerability that reflect corporate priorities and market positioning in the &quot;AI arms race.&quot; Zeffiro's analysis connects these imaginaries to epistemic claims about AI's inevitability, showing how IBM, CrowdStrike, and Google construct future visions that naturalize their technological approaches while marginalizing alternative security paradigms. By foregrounding what these imaginaries omit—the differential distribution of cyber vulnerabilities across social positions, the political economy of security infrastructure, the discretionary authority embedded in algorithmic triage—Zeffiro positions cybersecurity AI as participating in broader patterns of automation that redistribute power and accountability rather than merely enhancing technical capabilities.

== Past Relation to OSS-Aligned Communities ==

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'''Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2024. ''Beyond Open vs. Closed: Emerging Consensus and Key Questions for Foundation AI Model Governance''. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/07/beyond-open-vs-closed-emerging-consensus-and-key-questions-for-foundation-ai-model-governance?lang=en.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

The report dismantles the binary framing—open vs. closed—that has organized foundation model governance debates, replacing it with a multidimensional spectrum where weight release is only one variable among many (architecture, training data, documentation, licensing terms, structured access). Seven consensus points establish that &quot;openness&quot; serves multiple, sometimes conflicting values (transparency, competition, safety, inclusion) and that weight release amplifies both beneficial and harmful potential without symmetry—its irreversibility and resistance to post-release monitoring create a qualitatively different governance problem than closed deployment, even though closed models' theoretical safety advantages are unevenly realized in practice. The report introduces &quot;precautionary friction&quot; (staged/structured release calibrated to marginal risk over a defined baseline) as the operative governance concept, explicitly rejecting both blanket openness and blanket restriction. Seventeen open questions then expose the infrastructure gaps: evaluation science remains embryonic, post-release monitoring is under-theorized, risk thresholds published by labs lack enforcement specificity, and Global South labor and data contributions are structurally undervalued. This source clarifies the claim that software-style &quot;open source&quot; maps poorly onto foundation models and that hybrid, graduated-release frameworks are where policy consensus is actually forming.

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'''Mitra, Bhaskar, Henriette Cramer, and Olya Gurevich. 2024. “Sociotechnical Implications of Generative Artificial Intelligence for Information Access.” ''arXiv'' (July 16, 2024). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.11612.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Bhaskar et al. diagnose “information access” under generative AI as a sociotechnical settlement rather than a neutral upgrade to search: models do not just retrieve, they intermediate credibility, reshape attention, and re-allocate epistemic authority through interfaces that compress provenance and uncertainty. Their framing is especially useful for open, social scholarship because it links familiar problems of access (indexing, ranking, evaluation) to newer constraints created by platform dependence, opaque model behavior, and the enclosure of research pathways behind proprietary tooling and data. Read through the lenses of industry capture and AI imaginaries, the chapter clarifies how promises of universal assistants can normalize monopoly infrastructures while shifting audit burdens onto users and public institutions. It also implicitly strengthens open communities’ insistence on reproducibility: without open benchmarks, inspectable logs, and preservable corpora, “trustworthy information” becomes a brand claim rather than an evaluable property. The ideas bridge directly to libraries, repositories, and information policy by treating curation, metadata, and stewardship as counter-monopoly infrastructure for accountable AI-mediated access.

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'''Open Source Initiative. The Open Source AI Definition 1.0 (2024–2025). https://opensource.org/ai'''
&lt;/div&gt;

OSI’s Open Source AI Definition 1.0 operationalizes “open” as a bundle of enforceable freedoms rather than a branding claim, and it does so by porting the open source software tradition into the AI stack where “source” is more than just code. The definition makes the four freedoms—use, study, modify, share—the evaluative core, then adds a crucial precondition: exercising any of these rights requires access to the preferred form for making modifications and the means to use the system. That move is the governance lever: it blocks “open weights” releases from standing in for openness when the artifacts needed to understand or change system behavior are withheld. On OSI’s framing, openness is not satisfied by permissive inference access or a model file alone; it is satisfied when the system is provisioned so that auditability and alteration are practically possible, including transparency sufficient to trace how results were created and where components (notably data sources) come from. The definition is therefore designed as an anti-openwashing instrument: it supplies a community standard that can be applied to legal/technical packaging to distinguish genuinely open AI systems from hybrid offerings that preserve vendor control through restrictions or missing components. OSI explicitly positions this as policy-relevant infrastructure—an interpretive anchor for regulators and OSS communities trying to resist enclosure pressures while preserving permissionless collaboration. This is a community standard, not a journal article; it is nonetheless important for governance, policy, and OSS alignment.

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'''Vake, Domen, Bogdan Šinik, Jernej Vičič, and Aleksandar Tošić. 2025. “Is Open Source the Future of AI? A Data‑Driven Approach.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', January 27. https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.16403'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Vake et al. analyze the data of open-source large language models shared on HuggingFace to explore if the open-source community influences the development of LLMs. The authors found that the AI open-source community is expanding rapidly, and it has enhanced the performance of a handful of popular models. However, open-source AI depends on businesses to develop base models and release them openly, but there are few incentives to do so because it risks their intellectual property and competitive edge. Furthermore, AI is different from the development of open-source software because the general public cannot privately run these models. Therefore, the authors conclude that the future of AI development could be similar to the software-as-a-service model, in which the open-source community contributes to model development, while companies generate revenue from model usage.

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'''White, Matt, Ibrahim Haddad, Cailean Osborne, Xiao-Yang Liu, Ahmed Abdelmonsef, Sachin Varghese, and Arnaud Le Hors. 2024. “The Model Openness Framework: Promoting Completeness and Openness for Reproducibility, Transparency, and Usability in AI.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', March 20. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.13784'''
&lt;/div&gt;

White et al.'s Model Openness Framework (MOF) represents an effort to translate open-source software principles into AI research practices, addressing the growing gap between claims of &quot;openness&quot; and actual transparency in AI model development. Developed through the Linux Foundation's AI &amp; Data Foundation, the framework establishes a three-tiered classification system that specifies which components (code, data, documentation, trained weights, evaluation procedures) must be released under open licenses for models to qualify as &quot;Class III: Open Model,&quot; &quot;Class II: Open Tooling,&quot; or &quot;Class I: Open Science.&quot; The authors' intervention addresses what they term &quot;openwashing&quot;—the strategic use of &quot;open source&quot; rhetoric by companies releasing models with restrictive licenses or incomplete artifacts. By codifying 17 critical components for complete model releases, they make visible the specific practices required for reproducibility and scrutiny, challenging the binary conception of openness inherited from software. Their framework reveals that AI &quot;openness&quot; exists on a spectrum of completeness, from minimal weight release to full disclosure of training data, intermediate checkpoints, and development documentation. Positioned within debates about responsible AI development, the MOF represents a community-driven effort to establish norms before they become ossified by corporate practice or regulatory fiat. The authors draw explicitly on open science principles (FAIR data, reproducibility standards) while adapting them to AI's unique characteristics—particularly the centrality of training data and the distinction between model architecture (code) and trained parameters (data).

== Bias and Technological Determinism ==

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'''Akter, Shahriar, Grace McCarthy, Shahriar Sajib, Katina Michael, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, John D’Ambra, and K. N. Shen. 2021. “Algorithmic Bias in Data-Driven Innovation in the Age of AI.” ''International Journal of Information Management'' 60: 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102387.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Akter and colleagues theorize algorithmic bias as emerging from three distinct but interacting sources—data bias, method bias, and societal bias— positioning bias as structural phenomenon inscribed across the entire data-driven innovation (DDI) lifecycle rather than localized technical artifact amenable to isolated correction. Their case study of Australia's Robo-Debt scheme demonstrates how algorithmic systems inherit and amplify existing inequities and foregrounds &quot;dynamic managerial capability&quot; as essential for addressing bias. The authors challenge purely technical approaches, arguing instead that organizational capacity to recognize, interrogate, and respond to bias across data provenance, algorithmic design, and deployment contexts determines whether DDI produces equitable or discriminatory outcomes. This positions bias mitigation as ongoing institutional work requiring cross-functional expertise rather than one-time technical intervention. Their framework implicitly contests technological determinism by revealing how managerial choices about data collection priorities, acceptable error rates, and stakeholder consultation shape algorithmic outcomes in ways that exceed engineering decisions. The emphasis on societal bias as distinct category acknowledges that algorithms operate within and reproduce broader patterns of structural inequality—assumptions about creditworthiness, employability, or welfare eligibility that reflect historical discrimination. Akter et al.'s intervention thus connects bias scholarship to organizational studies and innovation management, positioning algorithmic fairness not as mathematical property but as emergent from institutional practices, power relations, and the political-economic contexts within which DDI unfolds. 

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'''Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein, Gemma Newlands, Min Kyung Lee, Christine T. Wolf, Eliscia Kinder, and Will Sutherland. 2021. “Algorithmic Management in a Work Context.” ''Big Data &amp; Society'' 8 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211020332.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Analyzes algorithmic management as a sociotechnical phenomenon reshaping power, discretion, and information flows in organizations; details opacity at technical and organizational levels. Exposes determinist narratives in “smart” automation of management decisions; shows how design choices redistribute authority and labor—central to a nondeterministic, governance-forward stance.

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'''Sartori, L., &amp; Theodorou, A. 2022. “A sociotechnical perspective for the future of AI: narratives, inequalities, and human control.” ''Ethics and Information Technology'' 24 (1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09624-3'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Sartori and Theodorou position AI as a &quot;magnifying glass&quot; that automates and amplifies existing social inequalities rather than introducing bias as a novel technical problem, directly challenging narratives that frame fairness as achievable through post hoc algorithmic adjustment. Their sociotechnical framing insists that intelligent machines operate within specific institutional contexts where historical patterns of discrimination become encoded in data collection, annotation practices, and deployment decisions—a structural account that resists reduction to technical fixes. The authors engage critically with the AI technical community's emphasis on transparency, explainability, accountability, and contestability, acknowledging these as necessary but insufficient responses that risk becoming &quot;panaceas&quot; if divorced from attention to power asymmetries and organizing visions. Their analysis of technological narratives reveals how AI discourse reflects and reproduces traditional lines of social, economic, and political inequality: who gets to articulate AI futures, whose concerns register as legitimate risks, and which imaginaries gain institutional traction. By foregrounding narratives as both reflecting organizing visions and constituting &quot;tangible signs&quot; of inequality, Sartori and Theodorou demonstrate how deterministic framing—treating AI development as inevitable—forecloses deliberation about alternative design pathways. Their call for &quot;diverse approaches&quot; and &quot;richer knowledge about narratives&quot; positions non-determinism as methodological commitment: attending to contingent choices, plural stakeholder perspectives, and varied criteria of success that resist singular optimization logics. This intervention connects bias scholarship to governance debates, arguing that human control requires not just technical interpretability but institutional mechanisms for contestation that acknowledge AI practice as fundamentally interdisciplinary and politically consequential.

== Knowledge Foundations ==

===Diversity===

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'''Arbuckle, Alyssa. 2020. “How Can We Broaden and Diversify Humanities Knowledge Translation?” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 2. https://doi.org/10.48404/pop.2020.12'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Articulates diversity as a condition for valid public-facing scholarship; emphasizes inclusive modes of knowledge translation and participatory approaches resonant with OSS.

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'''Arthur, Paul L., Lyida Hearn, Lucy Montgomery, Hugh Craig, Alyssa Arbuckle, &amp; Ray Siemens. (2021). “Open Scholarship in Australia: A Review of Needs, Barriers, and Opportunities.” ''Digital Scholarship in the Humanities'' 36 (4), 795–812. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa063'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Australian context scan identifies structural barriers and opportunities for diverse participation in open scholarship.

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'''Crompton, Constance, Lori Antranikan, Ruth Truong, &amp; Paige Maskell. 2020. “Familiar Wikidata: The Case for Building a Data Source We Can Trust.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 2. https://doi.org/10.48404/pop.2020.02'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Makes the case for community governance and trust in open data infrastructures to safeguard plural representation and mitigate erasure in knowledge graphs.

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'''Fanning, Katie, Claire Kim, and Jon Saklofske. 2023. “Interactive Inspirations: The Case for Incorporating Joy and Play in Open Social Scholarship.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.012'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Argues that Open Social Scholarship must move beyond simple open access by cultivating &quot;joy and play&quot; as critical, anti-capitalist methodologies for community engagement. They demonstrate this through a prototype parody app and use its practical limitations to expose the structural friction between sustaining non-extractive digital commons and the realities of privatized app ecosystems and precarious academic funding.

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'''Rockwell, Geoffrey, Kaylin Land, and Andrew MacDonald. 2021. “Social Analytics Through Spyral.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 3. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2021.004 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Demonstrates community-aware analytics for scholarly communities; touches on representational choices and the risks of flattening diverse practices through metrics.

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'''Siemens, Lynne, and the INKE Research Group (2023). “I Stayed for the Community: Collaboration and Community in an Open Social Scholarship Research Project.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.013'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Views the success of open social scholarship as depending heavily on &quot;heritage relationships&quot; and the invisible labor of interpersonal maintenance, treating cross-sector collaboration as a deliberate methodological challenge rather than a natural byproduct of funding. Highlights a structural tension between community-driven qualitative goals and rigid academic metrics, urging institutions to formally recognize and resource the relational infrastructure that sustains Digital Humanities projects.

===Mobilisation===

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'''Arbuckle, Alyssa, Ray Siemens, Jon Bath, Constance Crompton, Laura Estill, Tanja Niemann, Jon Saklofske, and Lynne Siemens. 2022. “An Open Social Scholarship Path for the Humanities”. ''The Journal of Electronic Publishing'' 25 (2). https://doi.org/10.3998/jep.1973'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Defines OSS practices and infrastructures to support translation, engagement, and reciprocal exchange between researchers and publics.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Jensen, Graham. 2023. “Introduction: Digital Knowledge Commons, Scholarly Connection, and the Evolution of Open Scholarship.” ''Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Connection''. https://doi.org/10.21428/47bc126e.0ca461a4'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Connects social scholarly tools and commons-based infrastructures to mobilization pathways; highlights interoperability and community practices.

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'''Nelson, Brent, Miguel Dela Pena, and the Prototyping the Digital Archive Team &amp; the INKE Research Group. 2023. “No Journal is an Island: The John Donne Journal and the Possibilities of Open Access.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.007'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Case study of OA pathways as mobilization; addresses circulation, visibility, and engagement with broader publics.

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'''Winter, Caroline. 2023. “Introduction: Open Scholarship Policy in Focus.” ''Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy''. https://doi.org/10.21428/47bc126e.5abba88b'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Frames policy as a vehicle for knowledge mobilization across sectors; emphasizes provenance, accountability, and public value alignment.

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'''Winter, Caroline, Tyler Fontenot, Luis Meneses, Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, and the ETCL and INKE Research Groups. 2020. “Foundations for the Canadian HSS Commons: Exploring the Possibilities of Digital Research Communities.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 2. https://doi.org/10.48404/pop.2020.05'''

Maps HSS Commons as mobilization infrastructure; addresses governance mechanisms, provenance, and dialogic engagement in a Canadian context.

&lt;/div&gt;

===Platforms===

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'''Bullard, Julia. 2023. “Describing the HSS Commons: The View from Metadata.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.004 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Metadata as platform backbone; shows how descriptive schemas shape visibility/legitimacy; connects to interoperability and inclusive description.

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'''Goddard, Lisa. (2021). “Persistent Identifiers as Open Research Infrastructure to Reduce Administrative Burden.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 3. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2021.006 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

PIDs as platform connective tissue; crucial for provenance, traceability, and platform interoperability across repositories/journals.

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'''Jensen, Graham, Alyssa Arbuckle, Caroline Winter, Talya Jesperson, Tyler Fontenot, Ray Siemens, and the ETCL and INKE Research Groups. 2022. “Fostering Digital Communities of Care: Safety, Security, and Trust in the Canadian HSS Commons.” ''IDEAH'' 3 (2). https://ideah.pubpub.org/pub/h7927ugt '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Governance and moderation as platform design commitments; aligns with OSS values around safety and reciprocity.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Meneses, Luis. 2020. “Integrating the Social Media Engine with Large-scale Open Access Repositories: A Discussion.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 2. https://doi.org/10.48404/pop.2020.04 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Explores platform coupling between OA repositories and social layers; anticipates AI-mediated discovery/recommendation impacts on visibility.

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'''Turin, Mark. 2021. “From Orality to Open: Innovations in Multimedia Monograph Publishing in the Humanities.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 3. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2021.005 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Platform affordances for multimodal scholarship; how platform standards and workflows enable plural forms and publics.

== Open Social Scholarship ==

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'''Arbuckle, Alyssa, and John Maxwell. (2019). “Modelling Open Social Scholarship Within the INKE Community.” ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 3 (1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5334/kula.15'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Moves “beyond open access” toward OSS practice by reworking scholarly communication workflows around collaboration, transparency, and community needs. Emphasizes infrastructure choices and governance as sites where values are enacted. Gives concrete criteria for participatory infrastructures and power‑sharing in scholarly communication; helpful to evaluate platform design choices.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Arbuckle, Alyssa, Ray Siemens, Jon Bath, Constance Crompton, Laura Estill, Tanja Niemann, Jon Saklofske, and Lynne Siemens. 2022. “An Open Social Scholarship Path for the Humanities.” ''Journal of Electronic Publishing'' 25 (2). https://doi.org/10.3998/jep.1973'''
&lt;/div&gt;

A concise, peer‑reviewed articulation of open social scholarship (OSS) from INKE/ETCL leaders, translating principles into programs of action: public engagement, community training, policy, and infrastructure. Provides a normative baseline to assess whether platforms and practices foster dialogic exchange and mutuality rather than extraction.

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'''Arthur, Paul L., Lyida Hearn, Lucy Montgomery, Hugh Craig, Alyssa Arbuckle, and Ray Siemens. 2021. “Open Scholarship in Australia: A Review of Needs, Barriers, and Opportunities.” ''Digital Scholarship in the Humanities'', 36 (4): 795–812. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa063'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Peer‑reviewed assessment from CA‑Aus collaborators surfaces structural barriers (policy, incentives, infrastructure) and opportunities for publicly engaged open scholarship. Frames how national policy, incentives, and infrastructure shape whether openness reduces or reproduces inequities.

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'''El Khatib, Randa, Lindsey Seatter, Tracey El Hajj, Conrad Leibel, Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, Caroline Winter, and the ETCL and INKE Research Groups. 2019. “Open Social Scholarship Annotated Bibliography.” ''KULA'' 3 (1): 1–141. https://doi.org/10.5334/kula.58'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Field‑defining synthesis of OSS foundations, surveying open access, participatory publishing, crowdsourcing, social knowledge creation, and policy. Establishes terminology and exemplars that connect openness with social responsibility. Defines a master index to map subdomains of openness and identify non‑AI precedents for care, accessibility, and accountability in scholarly infrastructures.

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'''Maxwell, John W. 2015. “Beyond Open Access to Open Publication and Open Scholarship.” ''Scholarly and Research Communication'' 6 (3): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.22230/src.2015v6n3a202'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Argues that simply “access” is insufficient; emphasizes usability, participatory review, and community‑responsive publishing workflows. Repositions openness as an ecosystem of practices with embedded care and accountability. Yields criteria for evaluating whether “openness” translates to meaningful, non‑extractive participation and shared authority in knowledge production.

{{Navigation|previous=Introduction|next=AI and Open}}

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    <title>Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Open</title>
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      <text bytes="47695" sha1="3xey7rhe47deu3srlkbbos62reersk2" xml:space="preserve">== Open Access ==

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'''Kember, Sarah, and Amy Brand. 2023. “The Corporate Capture of Open-Access Publishing.” ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', August 16. https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-corporate-capture-of-open-access-publishing. '''
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Kember and Brand highlight that open access policies adopted to increase availability of publicly funded research “may unintentionally contribute to greater consolidation in academic publishing” by encouraging commercial publishers to “value quantity over quality and platforms over people”. Kember and Brand use the history of “corporate capture” as a guide, referencing the development of self-archiving practices into a “neoliberal framework” of “openness at any cost”. Open-access reforms which targeted academic publishing as a “monolithic… bad actor” enabled this by hurting small actors more than major commercial entities, which exploited their vulnerability. Since then, the largest publishers have initiated hybrid subscription models to charge more overall, or “Read-and-Publish” deals that are increasingly expensive, decimate shrinking library budgets, and reinforce inequities in authorship. Kember and Brand argue this process was driven by ignorance, error, and the ideology of “immediate interest”, where short term gains are prioritized. The neoliberal idea that “information wants to be free” is similarly “subjugating all values to those of the market”, as open-access policy “inherits a utopia and risks delivering a dystopia” by making vast amounts of linked data readily accessible to third parties. The answer lies in a network of non-profit, fair-profit, and international organisations, which could turn the “false promise of openness into truly public knowledge.”

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Luth, Eric. 2025. “The Use of Wikipedia, Wikimedia, and Open Access Content for Artificial Intelligence and Text and Data Mining.” ''Stockholm IP Law Review'' 6 (1): 109–138. https://doi.org/10.53292/33313cc8.be33e111'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Luth examines how Digital Commons stakeholders, such as Wikimedia influence the development of AI models trained on Creative Commons (CC) licensed content. He argues that while these resources are essential for AI training, AI developers’ compliance with license conditions is often uncertain, and some AI developers may bypass legal requirements. Luth highlights two strategies: using CC licenses to protect shared knowledge and collaborating to sustain the ecosystem of open access. By combining these approaches, stakeholders can support high-quality AI outputs while preserving the integrity of the Digital Commons. The article emphasizes that AI’s reliance on shared resources carries ethical and practical responsibilities and shows how open licensing can enhance the reliability and social value of AI.

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'''Pooley, Jefferson. 2024. &quot;Large Language Publishing: The Scholarly Publishing Oligopoly's Bet on AI.&quot; ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 7 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18357/kula.291'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Pooley begins with the Microsoft–OpenAI vs. New York Times clash to show how both journalism and scholarly publishing are positioning themselves to charge AI firms for using their content. He notes, however, that journalism and academic publishing differ fundamentally: news organizations pay their writers, while scholarly publishers rely on research produced for free by academics or funded by taxpayers. Pooley criticizes commercial publishers for framing AI companies as “free-riders” even though those publishers themselves profit from vast unpaid scholarly labor.  To clarify, the author uses the notion of  &quot;surveillance capitalism” (using behavioral data to “feed predictive models” and sell it to customers i.e. Facebook, Google, Silicon Valley) and states that unlike with big tech companies where “if you do not pay you are the product”, publishing companies like Elsevier use researchers both as product and paying customers in “Surveillance publishing”, allowing the “data cartels” to feed predictive models and turn academic’s data into a product, which is quietly sold to tech companies without the academics’ knowledge in a process Pooley calls “academic fracking”, and that even open-access work is often restricted or enclosed within proprietary platforms that enable further data extraction. Pooley urges academics to push back now and campaign, before these companies fully extend their surveillance-driven business models into AI and continue monetizing scholarly work and researcher behavior without accountability.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Smith, Regan. 2025. “Licensing of Text for Generative AI: Learnings from Non-AI Licensing Practices.” ''The Columbia Journal of Law &amp; the Arts'' 48 (4): 457–512. https://doi.org/10.52214/jla.v48i4.13926'''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities of licensing textual content for generative AI, analyzing how existing open-access licenses (CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC0) perform in machine learning contexts. The author argues that most licenses were drafted without anticipating large-scale AI training or synthetic output generation, highlighting gaps in coverage while noting that marketplace solutions (through negotiated deals with publishers or voluntary collective management organizations- CMOs) are already emerging. The piece emphasizes that AI developers and rightsholders can collaboratively experiment with licensing arrangements, scaling compliance and business operations to mitigate risk, rather than relying on rigid, government-mandated frameworks. The author proposes that machine-readable licensing provisions, including TDM opt-out signals and provenance-tracking requirements, should become standard features of scholarly communication infrastructure, and engages with the question of whether OA constitutes a commons governed by norms of reciprocity or a reservoir open to private capture, examining case law around &quot;fair use&quot; defenses for training data and the adequacy of attribution mechanisms when source texts are statistically blended beyond recognition.

== Open Data ==

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'''Bender, Emily M., and Batya Friedman. 2018. “Data Statements for Natural Language Processing: Toward Mitigating System Bias and Enabling Better Science.” ''Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics'' 6: 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00041.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

The authors propose data statements as a design intervention to reduce exclusion and bias in language technologies, particularly in NLP, arguing that such documentation can prevent misrepresentation and support more ethical and accurate system development. They define a data statement as a “critical enabling infrastructure” that helps developers understand how results may generalize, how systems should be deployed, and what biases might be present. Their recommended schema includes a detailed, long-form account covering (curation methods, language variety, speaker and annotator demographics, context of speech or text, and recording or text quality) and a short form that should accompany any publication using the dataset. Using two case studies, they demonstrate how this schema works in practice and conclude that without a field-wide commitment to this practice, efforts to confront bias will be severely weakened, whereas widespread adoption would immediately clarify representational limits and, over time, foster more inclusive datasets and value-sensitive research.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Boyd, Karen. 2021. “Datasheets for Datasets Help ML Engineers Notice and Understand Ethical Issues in Training Data.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 5 (CSCW2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479582.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Boyd explores how documentation frameworks such as “Datasheets for Datasets” function in practice for machine learning engineers, showing that open access to data alone does not ensure ethical or responsible AI development. Through think-aloud sessions with 23 practitioners, Boyd demonstrates that engineers who received a Datasheet identified ethical issues earlier and more frequently than those who did not, proving that documentation can actively shape how practitioners recognize, interpret, and respond to potential ethical issues in training data. Framing the analysis through the concept of ethical sensitivity (recognition, particularization, and judgment), Boyd argues that practices focused on structured interventions could increase ethical awareness, like datasheets that could serve as an infrastructure for ethical engagement, prompting engineers to reflect on dataset provenance, demographic representation, and the broader consequences of data reuse, factors often hidden or overlooked in open data environments. This study challenges the assumption that openness automatically leads to fairer AI systems. By offering empirical evidence of how documentation scaffolds ethical decision-making, the author makes a compelling case for embedding such practices throughout AI, especially as machine learning systems increasingly rely on openly available and ethically complicated data.

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'''Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Edit Herczog, Māui Hudson, Keith Russell, and Shelley Stall. 2021. “Operationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous Data Futures.” ''Scientific Data'' 8: 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00892-0.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Carroll et al. discuss how the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles for scientific data and CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) principles for Indigenous Data Governance can be operationalized to allow Indigenous Peoples’ Rights to control their data, especially as big data and open data increase access to large datasets. The authors consider that the two sets of principles can be complimentary, both for scientific data and for data created by or about Indigenous Peoples. Scientific data can benefit from the CARE principles because many scientific datasets contain Indigenous Knowledge and these datasets can be oriented in ways that enhance the wellbeing of people by recording provenance and using appropriate governance models. Similarly, Indigenous Data can benefit from the FAIR principles to make data interoperable, regardless of the source or underlying technology, even if the datasets cannot be made openly accessible. The authors provide some recommendations to operationalize FAIR principles with CARE by making Indigenous data FAIR, raising awareness of the CARE Principles among the research community before engaging with Indigenous data, and testing ways to use CARE principles for Indigenous data.

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'''Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Ibrahim Garba, Óscar Luis Figueroa Rodríguez, Jarita Holbrook, and Raymond Lovett. 2020. “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.” ''Data Science Journal'' 19 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

The authors ground the article in the structural biases embedded in data ecosystems and the ongoing processes of colonization that have produced epistemicide and constrained Indigenous Peoples’ ability to sustain their knowledges. They highlight how inequities operate across digital infrastructures and institutions, while Indigenous knowledge systems already engage with this complexity. The article directly refers to the tension between Indigenous Data Sovereignty and the data demands of AI, machine learning, and big data initiatives, noting that secondary data use and broad data sharing can threaten Indigenous rights, consent, and collective interests. Within this context, the Indigenous-led development of the CARE Principles (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) is discussed as a value-based response to concerns about the secondary use and reuse of Indigenous data. It highlights that open data for AI training is not a merely technical matter, but a political one, where broad data sharing and algorithmic extraction can underscore Indigenous rights, consent, and collective interests. By articulating CARE, authors argue for frameworks that center people and purpose rather than solely data accessibility or system performance. The paper concludes that reclaiming control of data and data narratives shifts Indigenous Peoples from being subjects and invisible within data systems to self-determining users who shape governance, policy, ethics, and innovation in ways aligned with collective benefit and equity.

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'''Heger, Amy, Liz B. Marquis, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Hanna Wallach, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2022. “Understanding Machine Learning Practitioners' Data Documentation Perceptions, Needs, Challenges, and Desiderata.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 6 (CSCW2): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555760.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Heger et al. (2022) examine whether existing data documentation frameworks actually meet the needs of machine learning (ML) practitioners, a crucial issue given that AI models now shape high-stakes decisions across disciplines and depend heavily on the quality and transparency of their training data. The authors argue that while documentation initiatives like Datasheets for Datasets aim to support responsible and transparent AI, little is known about how these tools function in industry settings, where workflows, pressures, and data types differ substantially from academic contexts. Through semi-structured interviews and a documentation exercise with 14 practitioners, they find that current documentation practices are largely ad hoc, narrow in scope, and often disconnected from responsible AI concerns. Participants struggled to understand the purpose of many documentation questions, were unsure of appropriate granularity, and often failed to recognize the ethical implications of dataset characteristics. Their findings reveal a significant gap between responsible AI ideals and everyday ML practices. The study provides evidence that documentation frameworks must be contextual, integrated into existing tools, and supported by actionable guidance if they are to prevent downstream harms. By deriving seven design requirements, the authors offer concrete directions for developing documentation standards that can support safer, more accountable open AI data practices.

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'''Huerta, E. A., Ben Blaiszik, L. Catherine Brinson, Kristofer E. Bouchard, and D. Díaz, et al. 2023. “FAIR for AI: An Interdisciplinary and International Community Building Perspective.” ''Scientific Data'' 10: 487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02298-6.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Huerta et al. (2023) survey a wide landscape of U.S. and European initiatives defining the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles for AI models, arguing that responsible AI requires more than open access, it requires infrastructures that make AI assets understandable, comparable, and genuinely reusable. Their main argument is that FAIR must be reinterpreted for AI because models, software, and workflows are now “first-class” research objects, and only coordinated, community-wide standards can support interpretability, reproducibility, and sustainable open science. By mapping dozens of large, interdisciplinary FAIR-for-AI efforts, the authors show how FAIRness enables cross-disciplinary model reuse, transparent benchmarking, and educational access, ultimately laying groundwork for foundation models built from FAIR, AI-ready datasets. The paper highlights a major gap in current AI openness debates: open access alone does not ensure usable, trustworthy, or equitable AI. The authors demonstrate that without shared metadata standards, integrated repositories, and long-term infrastructure, openness can fragment into silos that impede scientific discovery. Their community-focused perspective invites readers to see FAIR not as a bureaucratic checklist but as an evolving, collaborative project essential for scaling transparent, reusable AI across scientific domains.

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'''Taeihagh, Araz. 2025. “Governance of Generative AI.” ''Policy and Society'' 44 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puaf001.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Taeihagh’s work takes on the evolving governance challenges surrounding generative AI, particularly the way its vast training data demands have injected new urgency into long-running debates over open data governance. Unlike rule-based AI systems designed for fixed, pre-specified tasks, generative models train on expansive datasets and produce novel outputs; The author argues that this reshapes the very terrain of risk. This shift invites distinct concerns: hallucination, jailbreak, exposure of sensitive information, accuracy failures, opacity, and the general difficulty of control. Taeihagh not only details how these risks emerge from the technical properties of generative systems but also proposes a governance framework that maps potential interventions to each category of risk and explores the institutional supports required to make such interventions effective. The framework is especially instructive for today’s AI data-governance debates, where the scale and unpredictability of generative models are compelling policymakers to rethink what openness should entail, whose interests it advances, and how governance mechanisms can guard against extractive data practices while steering AI development toward public values.

== Open Source ==

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Bostrom, Nick. 2017. “Strategic Implications of Openness in AI Development.” ''Global Policy'' 8 (2): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12403'''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article is a cross-section that surveys the notion of openness in AI development before proprietary AI models entered the market, observing  the early approaches of competing companies including Google, Facebook, and Microsoft, as well as OpenAI’s origins as a non-profit organization—OpenAI now operates as a capped-profit company governed by a non-profit, functioning effectively as a for-profit public benefit corporation rather than a publicly traded entity. The article focuses on long-term moves towards openness and their implications, but also briefly considers the benefits and problems inherent in short- and medium-term openness: Bostrom speculates that too much openness runs the risk of curbing corporate (and therefore funding) interest, ultimately slowing the rate of AI’s technological progress. However, he also asks: “supposing openness would speed technical progress and rollout of AI capabilities, would that be socially beneficial?” (137). Bostrom notes a number of concerns ranging from public safety to labour encroachment, but still suggests that openness in AI development would be a net positive that accelerates the rate of technological progress in the short and middle-term. In the article’s long term section, Bostrom considers multiple scenarios in which openness might either help or hinder the safety and progress of a general AI superintelligence. He identifies distinct forms of openness (Science and Source Code; Control Methods and Risk Analysis; Capabilities and Expectations; and Values, Goals, and Governance Structures), addressing the potential value of openness in each, and argues that while openness is generally positive, especially in issues of values and safety, sharing too much knowledge may increase the odds someone will abuse this technology or ignore safety. 

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Cooper, Martin. 2023. “Open Source is Good for AI But, Is AI Good for Open Source?” ''ITNOW'' 65 (2): 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwad062'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Cooper shares Terence Eden's perspectives on the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence and the open source movement, ultimately raising ethical and practical concerns about attribution and authorship in the age of AI-generated code. Eden believes that open source promotes technologies like AI, cloud, and the internet, driving efficiency, reducing duplication, and advancing scientific discovery. He raises an issue with AI’s use of open source without proper attribution violating one of open source’s core principles: crediting the original creator. Despite acknowledging that AI can assist developers and make programming more accessible, Eden cautions against viewing AI as a substitute for genuine understanding or creativity. Ultimately, Eden’s article is both a celebration and a warning: open source has empowered AI, but unless attribution and ethical use are safeguarded, AI may erode the very openness and integrity that made its success possible. 

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Guo, Xinwei, Yujun Li, Yafeng Peng, and Xuetao Wei. 2024. “Copyleft for Alleviating AIGC Copyright Dilemma: What-if Analysis, Public Perception and Implications.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12216. '''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article analyses and summarizes copyright disputes related to Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) and isolates three primary stakeholders within these disputes: data owners, who create the content upon which AIGCs have been trained; model owners, who develop the AIGC applications and models (e.g., ChatGPT, Stable Diffusion, etc.) themselves; and model users, who apply prompts to AIGC models to generate content. The authors consider the benefits, challenges, and risks that arise from each given stakeholder making a claim to copyright while considering the potential benefits and challenges of embracing copyleft (i.e., granting free use over material so long as the products of that free use are also under copyleft). In their contemplation of each stakeholder, they recognize the benefits for each group in advocating copyright to content, but also identify harm to other stakeholders, society, progress in developing AIGC, and institutions (e.g., “the copyright registration system”) The authors consider three real-life cases surrounding copyright disputes and envision how copyleft would effectively alleviate the disputes and tension surrounding their different stakeholders. The last half of the article performs a survey that asks users who have a range of familiarity with AIGC a range of questions, including who ought to have copyright claims to a generated image of the Mona Lisa in the style of Vincent Van Gogh. The authors note that their survey indicates consistent ambivalence, misunderstanding, and concern over copyright issues related to AIGC. The survey identified that there is support for applying copyleft to AIGC, and that that support increases the more someone understands the issues surrounding AIGC and copyright. 

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Osborne, Cailean. 2024. “Why Companies &quot;Democratise&quot; Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Open Source Software Donations.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 26. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2409.17876'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Osborne aims to advance the ‘nascent research agenda on the political economy of open source AI’ by studying various corporate AI OSS donations to non-profit foundations and thereby sourcing and explaining corporate incentives behind their ‘democratization’ of AI. He firstly outlines this topic in detail, clarifying that the technology required to access AI is expensive, and developing AI even more so, meaning this ‘democratization’ represents only a lowering rather than removal of barriers. Osborne then considers the possible incentives behind organisational level decisions to democratize AI, as companies seek to competitively dominate industry norms, test and improve their products, enlarge intellectual property, reduce R&amp;D costs, and focus external research into their own AI. Significantly, individual developers of open source software do not have the same incentives but tend to accept commercial participation. On one hand, corporate participation means volunteers will be contributing towards these sources of corporate profit without reward; on the other hand, it risks companies dominating open research spaces and developing a complex intercompany research network of ‘co-opetition’ which individual volunteers cannot enter. Therefore, Osborne’s study is highly relevant to issues of commercialization and open scholarship and especially concerns of “open-washing.” The study’s results highlight the predominantly commercial incentives behind corporate “AI democratisation” efforts, appropriately mirroring its most common form – the democratization of governance. However, Osborne's results also illustrate the significance of the individual level, “bottom-up” movement, suggesting that a significant 38% of decisions to donate stemmed from developers. Despite this, he concludes that “AI democratization” is indeed “a strategic calculation, where companies relinquish control of their OSS project in exchange for assumed benefits”, as “democratisation of governance is treated as a social means for primarily economic and technological ends”, broadly supporting the works of Widder et al. and Srnicek, and encouraging other researchers to bring their attention to this area. 

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'''Radu, Roxana. 2021. “Steering the Governance of Artificial Intelligence: National Strategies in Perspective.” ''Policy and Society'' 40 (2): 178-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article provides a survey and analysis of the national strategies related to AI implemented by a dozen countries around the world. This article is of particular interest to those interested in concrete policies and regulations surrounding AI rather than discourse and rhetoric. Radu identifies a tension between nations claiming to take a leadership role and corporations that are “driving developments in the field”. More specifically, she observes that the vast “majority of binding agreements and voluntary commitments” come from corporations rather than nations or government regulatory bodies, indicating a concerning trend toward self-regulation. Governments have often played a key role in facilitating the conditions in which the development of AI technologies have thrived, even funding the rudimentary research that leads to AI models and applications, and this article notes that, regardless of the level of government regulation, the state is rarely a passive player when it comes to AI. Radu identifies the trend of a “dominant place for industry in the drafting process” and that representatives from industry make up a third of members drafting national strategies as well as prominent positions within those groups. Radu also notes absences: for instance, despite more than seventy countries using AI for surveillance, this issue is conspicuously absent from most strategies. Radu concludes that the common thread among many of these strategies is a hybridity between industry and state that affirms “the deliberate choice for functional indetermination,” resulting in a lack of clarity surrounding “who makes the rules and for how long,” and notes there are very few limitations placed on industry as these strategies instead provide vague ethical guidelines. 

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'''Schmit, Cason, M. J. Doerr, and J. K. Wagner. 2023. “Leveraging IP for AI Governance.” ''Science'' 379 (6633): 646–647. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add2202.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article proposes a hybrid AI copyright model that combines copyleft licensing and “patent trolling” in order to enforce an ethical approach to using AI models and training datasets. Schmit et al. contend that current legislation that applies to AI models and their use “are insufficient to impel ethical conduct” and require further consideration. The article advocates its hybrid model—Copyleft AI with Trusted Enforcement (CAITE)—as both rigorous and flexible, allowing for both self-reporting and monitoring. Essentially, the system works by creating an ecosystem in which AI models and training data are developed using copyleft, allowing for free use of these materials so long as the product of that use is covered by the same licensing agreement. At the same time, the enforcement of that licensing agreement is transferred to a regulatory entity called the CAITE Host, which acts as a positive counterpart to the patent troll, ensuring that no individual or organization breaches the terms of copyleft, introduces dangerous applications, data, or features, or unethically uses materials under the copyleft agreement. The CAITE Host and its code of ethics are driven by community oversight and buy-in ,and the host is regulated by the community. The authors contend that its flexibility and bottom-up structure make CAITE uniquely suited to handling the rapidly developing field of AI and its shifting needs. Once CAITE achieves a critical mass, it would also become increasingly unlikely for AI developers to opt out. The article concludes by proposing a pilot model for CAITE, and strongly suggests that such a framework is far preferable for industry and others than stringent, relatively slow-moving, and inflexible government regulation in isolation. 

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'''Shanklin, Grant, Cason Schmit, Jacob Pierce, Nicole Martinez-Martin, and Matthew DeCamp. 2025. “The Case for Contextual Copyleft: Licensing Open Source Training Data and Generative AI.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', July 17. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12713.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article introduces and describes a new form of content licensing, CCAI (Contextual Copyleft AI), designed to apply copyleft values and ethics to AI content, and should appeal to anyone interested in coding, copyright, and the (mis)use of training data for generative AI. The authors advocate for an approach that preserves the values of the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) movement by using copyleft as a mechanism for the rights of AI content. The CCAI license requires that the free use and distribution of the software in question, that any work derived from that software must also be licensed under CCAI, and that CCAI software must “include source code or provide a way to access it”. The CCAI draws from and imitates other copyleft licenses but explicitly addresses and outlines the expectations regarding specific components of AI models within its license, applying copyleft and a requirement of openness to training data, code, and parameters. The article contends that whether it is easily demonstrable or not, clear guidelines of when training on publicly available data is and is not okay can act as a deterrent to misuse, and the CCAI license will give developers more agency in how others use their code, accelerate open source AI development by giving open source AI models open source training data only they can use, and limit the practice of open washing—claims that software and AI is open source when it is not (or not fully open source). The authors admit there are security risks that come with open AI models (e.g., vulnerabilities to malicious actors), but they contend that the benefits far outweigh those risks, especially when accompanied by the implementation of the CCAI and complementary regulations. 

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'''Widder, David Gray, Dawn Nafus, Laura Dabbish, and James Herbsleb. 2022. “Limits and Possibilities for ‘Ethical AI’ in Open Source: A Study of Deepfakes.” In ''Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’22)'', 2035–46. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533779.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Widder et al. assert that significant understudied harms arise from divergent practices of “transparency and accountability” in the open source community. They argue that interventions designed for private companies may be improper for open source contexts, highlighting gaps in current approaches to “Ethical AI.” Their purpose is to reveal these systemic vulnerabilities and propose frameworks that better address the unique social and technical dynamics of open source development. They use an open source Deepfake creation tool as an extreme case to highlight how ethical reasoning intersects with broader cultural frameworks and interview project leaders. In this case study, researchers offer a definition of “Down stream control assumptions”, suggesting that “Ethical AI” research and “design interventions’ would be improved by explicitly acknowledging these assumptions and identifying ways to work effectively under weak assumptions of downstream control in open sources contexts. 

== Open Science ==

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'''Ación, Laura, Mariela Rajngewerc, Gregory Randall, and Lorena Etcheverry. 2023. “Generative AI Poses Ethical Challenges for Open Science.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 7 (12): 2024–2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01740-4 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article explores the tension between Open Science’s need to make knowledge freely accessible and the rise in GenAI and its tendencies to using any information available to it without necessarily considering how its application of such information (including information made available through Open Science) may do harm. These “frictions,” as the authors describe them, point to Open Science’s need to make data available while ensuring said data is not used to do harm. It is a concise summary of the foundational issues at the heart of these conversations, and great for anyone interested in how GenAI complicates Open Knowledge.  The authors propose selective licensing as one approach to curbing harm, but notes that this only protects against harm from direct use (e.g., “open-source code used to build a weapon”) and not an indirect use (e.g., “open-source library use within another algorithm that is in itself harmful”). Ultimately, they stress the need for new governance systems and regulations related to the creation of knowledge that prioritizes both the public good and right to research.

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'''Baltes, Sebastian, Florian Angermeir, Chetan Arora, Preetha Chatterjee, Jens Deitenbeck, Daniel Graziotin, Christoph Treude, et al. 2025. “Guidelines for Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Involving Large Language Models.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', August 21. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15503 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article develops best practices and guidelines for the use of LLMs (expressly language LLMs, not image, audio, or video) for empirical studies in software engineering (expressly data collection, processing, and analysis). The authors aim to “enable reproducibility and replicability” in the field even when LLMs are in use and “produce more reliable evidence on what LLM can and cannot deliver”. They present what they call a “taxonomy of Study Types” in addition to their guidelines, providing examples both within and beyond software engineering, all aimed at promoting the use of LLMs while promoting open science practices. The article considers LLMs as annotators, judges, synthesizers, and subjects in SE, and the guidelines Baltes et al. present have two tiers, MUST and SHOULD, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of practices without which SE research employing LLMs is rendered ineffective (e.g., declaring an LLM’s usage and role ) and those practices that merely make this sort of research more rigorous and accessible (e.g., including full interaction logs if privacy and confidentiality can be ensured). The authors advocate for these practices to better enable researchers in SE to engage with LLMs while practicing Open Science. Of particular interest is the way in which the authors structure their understanding of the field and guidelines, and how they recognize distinct studies require slightly different practices.

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'''Biderman, Stella, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O'Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, et al. 2022. “EleutherAI: Going Beyond ‘Open Science’ to ‘Science in the Open.’” Preprint, ''arXiv'', October 12. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06413 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article outlines the inception and progress of EleutherAI, a lab and AI model first founded in 2020 by a group of (for the most part) university affiliated academics and researchers concerned that for-profit companies are the primary developers of GenAI research and models, and that there is a lack of transparency and openness related to these technologies. Those interested in alternative approaches to AI models or a concrete example of Open Science in action should read this article. Because these researchers want to make available a “capable large language model… for public use, study, and scrutiny,” they have conducted all EleutherAI research in the open, making it freely accessible to everyone (1): all research and discussions take place on Discord servers, and projects coordinated and teams assembled in those servers on a grassroots basis. This “public-facing research” leads to a “virtuous cycle” with little turn around between the conception of ideas and development of projects, and facilitates conversation, collaboration, and community by giving all users, even newcomers, unfettered access to every means of communication in which the group engages. The authors consider the downsides to such an approach as well, citing the issues of relying on volunteer labour, how others might take this public research for their own without proper accreditation to EleutherAI, and the important consideration that perhaps not all things should be made public, but ultimately conclude that such open research is integral to the academic community.

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'''Gundersen, Odd Erik, Odd Cappelen, Martin Mølnå, and Nicklas Grimstad Nilsen. 2024. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Open Science in AI: A Replication Study.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', December 20. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2412.17859. '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Gundersen et al. examine the extent to which a widely accepted crisis in research reproducibility affects AI research. They do this by conducting a systematic replication study of thirty highly cited AI studies, allowing the authors to identify the problems with irreproducibility. Out of the gate, the replication process could only be attempted with twenty-two of these studies because their research data needed to be openly available and reproducible without special hardware. Furthermore, the twenty-two replications were each given forty working hours of effort, but twelve of these took too long and had to be stopped early, impacting their quality. In result, it was found that out of the twenty-two replication attempts began only six could be accurately reproduced and five partially reproduced, meaning a 50% success rate. The main problems for reproducibility were identified in six sources: the ‘source code’, ‘article’, ‘data’, ‘results’, and ‘resources’. Notably, each of the six accurate reproductions had code available, and the one other study with available code was a partial success limited by the time constraint, meaning availability of code alongside the data certainly improved the quality of the replication and was the most important factor for success. Therefore, despite limitations of a small sample size and time constraints, Gundersen et al.’s finding that AI research’s reproducibility climbs from 33% accuracy when only data is available to 86% when both code and data are available. This is a significant enough result to empirically demonstrate the benefits of mandating openness and transparency of code as well as data. 

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'''Helregel, N. 2025. “AI and Open Science: Implications and Library Practice Recommendations.” ''Library Trends'' 73 (3). https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2025.a961191 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Helregel (2025) examines the complex intersection of artificial intelligence and the open science movement, questioning whether current AI technologies possess the necessary transparency to align with open research principles. The article explores multiple dimensions of this relationship, assessing both the potential for AI to actively advance open science goals and the broader impacts of AI adoption on the attitudes and behaviors of researchers and the public. Recognizing the critical role of library and information science professionals in navigating this shifting landscape, Helregel outlines concrete recommendations for institutional library practice. These actionable strategies include prioritizing internal knowledge-building, fostering cross-institutional advocacy, adapting consultation and liaison workflows, navigating complex licensing agreements, and enhancing science communication. Ultimately, the paper positions libraries as vital infrastructure for ensuring that AI integration supports, rather than undermines, the core tenets of transparency, reproducibility, and accessibility in scholarly communication.

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'''Hosseini, Mohammad, Serge P. J. M. Horbach, Kristi Holmes, Tony Ross-Hellauer. 2025 “Open Science at the generative AI turn: An exploratory analysis of challenges and opportunities.” ''Quantitative Science Studies'' 6: 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00337 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Hosseini et al. provide an overview of the potential benefits and downsides of incorporating generative AI into different open science practices, as defined by the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science, particularly open access, open data, open source software, open evaluation, open science infrastructures, open engagement of societal actors, and open dialogue with other knowledge systems. Some common benefits across these practices is that generative AI has the potential to lower the barriers to participation in science, summarize academic literature for non-academic audiences, and simplify processes in coding and data management. However, the authors also warn about the potential risks, including the creation and spread of misinformation, the propagation of hegemonic worldviews, and the monetization of research information. Given these downsides and the high social and ecological costs of generative AI, the authors suggest researchers question if AI tools are the most efficient way of achieving openness in science. The final section of the paper includes further recommendations for institutions, funders, and publishers, such as providing training on the use of generative AI, monitoring its positive and negative impacts, and continuing testing its use for evaluation and assessment purposes.

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'''Linåker, Johan, Cailean Osborne, Jennifer Ding, Daniel Puttick, and Richard Nweibo. 2025. “A Cartography of Open Collaboration in Open Source AI: Mapping Practices, Motivations, and Governance in 14 Open Large Language Model Projects.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 29. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25397'''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article engages in a survey and interviews of the practices, motivations, and governance of fourteen Open LLMs with the aim of further enabling collaboration throughout the open LLM lifecycle. The essay provides an overview of terms for Open AI and major takeaways and challenges for different types of collaboration—types of collaboration include model, data, software, evaluation, non-technical, and compute—at the pre-training, post-training, and post-release stages of the LLM lifecycle. The authors also identify five governance frameworks for open LLM projects ranging from single companies to “non-profit-sponsored grassroots projects”. The authors opine that collaboration does not merely happen with LLMs themselves but the infrastructure and accompanying tools (e.g., datasets, open source frameworks, discussion fora, etc.) needed to produce and maintain them, and more research and attention needs to be given to the ecosystem surrounding LLMs. The article also includes recommendations “to support the global community of practitioners building a more open future for AI” for researchers and developers, AI companies, policy makers, and academic institutions, platform providers, and open source foundations. For instance, they recommend that policy makers fund infrastructure of public AI, not just specific models, use targeted initiatives to support regional languages, require publicly funded research to use licensing that aligns with Open Science principles, and insist on a clear definition of what constitutes Openness in these cases (36).

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'''Papi, Sara, Marco Gaido, Luisa Bentivogli, and Matteo Negri. 2025. “FAMA: The First Large-Scale Open-Science Speech Foundation Model for English and Italian.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', May 28. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22759 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

This article presents an Open Science Speech Foundation Model (SFM) called FAMA, “the first family of large-scale open-science SFMs for English and Italian trained on over 150k hours of exclusively OS-compliant speech data.” FAMA’s results are comparable to its closed counterparts and considerably faster (up to 8 times). The authors present a brief summary of recent advancements in automatic speech recognition and speech translation while raising concerns about the closed nature of related applications’ training data and code and pointing to open source alternatives in different domains for inspiration. The majority of the article is dedicated to specifics of architecture, training, and results of FAMA compared to its competitors; however, the end results—that FAMA is competitive with and even outperforms its larger, non-open counterparts like OpenAI’s Whisper in some cases–is an excellent case study in how Open Science can work in the domain of LLMs and AI.

{{Navigation|previous=Essential Contexts|next=AI and Social}}

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      <text bytes="122997" sha1="6sy7apy7v6hi9i1k5xcf25h0juc6w5y" xml:space="preserve">== Platforms ==

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'''Burton, Jason W., Ezequiel Lopez-Lopez, Shahar Hechtlinger, et al. 2024. “How Large Language Models Can Reshape Collective Intelligence.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 8 (9): 1643–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01959-9.''' 
&lt;/div&gt;

Large language models are quickly becoming infrastructure for how groups seek information, deliberate, and coordinate, potentially altering the conditions under which collective intelligence emerges. Burton and colleagues argue that LLMs do not merely speed up individual work but transform how information is aggregated, accessed, and transmitted across digital environments that underpin collective performance in organizations and societies. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives, the paper frames this shift as simultaneously enabling and destabilizing: LLMs can support distributed cognition (e.g., idea generation, synthesis, translation, scalable facilitation) while also increasing risks tied to dependence on shared intermediaries, degraded diversity of viewpoints, and new pathways for error, manipulation, or misplaced confidence. Rather than offering a single model or experiment, the article maps a research-and-practice agenda by identifying potential benefits, key hazards, and policy-relevant considerations, then articulating open questions that link technical design choices to group-level epistemic outcomes. Its central claim is that understanding collective intelligence in the LLM era requires moving analysis beyond isolated human–AI interactions toward system-level effects on networks, platforms, and institutions, and that these effects warrant focused study before LLM-mediated coordination becomes the default for tackling complex problems.

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'''Corsi, Giulio, Bill Marino, and Willow Wong. 2024. “The spread of synthetic media on X.” ''Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review''. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-140'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Corsi and Wong’s longitudinal empirical study analyzing 566 tweets containing synthetic media (December 2022-September 2023) documenting a dramatic surge following Midjourney V5 release with over 1.5 billion total views, revealing differential impacts where political deepfakes achieve higher median views despite representing minority of synthetic content. Demonstrates that generative AI's impact is stratified by content purpose with political misinformation posing acute democratic risks, while current detection and labeling systems lag behind generative capabilities creating governance gaps compromising users' capacity to evaluate information. Using Community Notes data from December 2022 to October 2023, the study highlights the connection between the growth in generative AI tools and the rapid proliferation of synthetic media. The findings indicate that most synthetic media is non-political and largely benign, frequently taking the form of humorous or satirical images. However, the study also identifies a smaller but concerning portion of malicious synthetic media, which have potential height risks despite their lower frequency. The authors further examine the role of X’s paid verification system, revealing that while verified users tend to receive more overall views, this advantage diminishes when engagement is adjusted for follower count, implying that verification alone provides limited amplification. The study casts light on synthetic media’s expanding presence on social platforms and warns that even widespread exposure to seemingly harmless AI-generated content may gradually undermine trust in online information. To address these challenges, the authors recommend ongoing empirical monitoring, stronger collaboration between researchers and industry to develop transparent detection tools, and proactive policy measures aimed at reducing the social and political harms posed by malicious synthetic media.

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'''Delmonaco, Daniel, Samuel Mayworm, Hibby Thach, Josh Guberman, Aurelia Augusta, and Oliver L. Haimson. 2024. “‘What are you doing, TikTok?’: How Marginalized Social Media Users Perceive, Theorize, and ‘Prove’ Shadowbanning.” https://oliverhaimson.com/PDFs/DelmonacoShadowbanning.pdf. '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Delmonaco et al.’s qualitative study explores marginalized social media users’ experiences with shadowbanning through the theoretical framework of algorithmic “folk theories.” Through a review of existing literature, the authors demonstrate how social media companies publicly distance themselves from shadowbanning while continuing to apply it in practice and explain why content produced by marginalized users is more frequently subject to filtering. The study analyzes 24 interviews to explore how users perceive, theorize, and attempt to “prove” shadowbanning through indicators such as decreased visibility, engagement, and follower loss. The findings reveal widespread confusion surrounding shadowbanning, deep mistrust in platform governance, and the disproportionate harm imposed on marginalized communities whose content is suppressed despite platforms’ public denials. The data further shows how users collectively produce and co-produce theories to resist the opacity of algorithmic moderation, and authors introduce “collaborative algorithm investigation,” in which users test and share algorithmic folk theories with one another. The authors argue that algorithmic content moderation exacerbates existing inequities by obscuring governance decisions, politicizing moderation, and shifting power from human judgment to opaque predictive systems, while suggesting that increased transparency, tailored moderation approaches, and users’ education could help reduce unfair content removals.

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'''Drolsbach, Chiara, and Nicolas Pröllochs. 2025. “Characterizing AI-Generated Misinformation on Social Media.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', May 15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.10266'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Drolsbach and Pröllochs’ article address a critical gap in existing research by shifting attention from the social drawbacks of AI-generated misinformation to its real-world prevalence and behavior on social media platforms. Using a large-scale dataset of 91,452 misleading posts identified through X’s Community Notes platform, the authors empirically compare AI-generated and non-AI-generated misinformation across content characteristics, account attributes, virality, believability, and harmfulness. Their findings show that AI-generated misinformation is more entertainment-oriented, exhibits more positive sentiment, and is more likely to originate from smaller accounts, yet achieves significantly higher virality despite being slightly less believable and harmful than traditional misinformation. In their discussion and conclusion, the authors emphasize that AI-generated misinformation poses a growing challenge to the digital information ecosystem due to its realism, scalability, and difficulty of detection. They argue that its unique features disturbs algorithmic amplification mechanisms and require new platform strategies, policy interventions, and research approaches that account for the unique properties of AI-generated misinformation rather than relying on countermeasures designed for conventional false content.

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'''Duricic, Tomislav, Hussain Hussain, Emanuel Lacic, Dominik Kowald, Denis Helic, and Elisabeth Lex. 2023. “Beyond-Accuracy: A Review on Diversity, Serendipity, and Fairness in Recommender Systems Based on Graph Neural Networks.” ''Frontiers in Big Data'' 6: 1251072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1251072.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Duricic et al. (2023) provide a comprehensive review of recommender systems based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), with a particular focus on objectives that go beyond prediction accuracy, including diversity, serendipity, novelty, and fairness. While GNNs have demonstrated strong performance in modeling complex user–item interactions and improving recommendation accuracy, the authors argue that this very strength can intensify structural biases such as popularity bias, homophily, and feedback loops that marginalize less popular content and users. The paper provides a definition of each beyond-accuracy metric, reviews how it has been used in literature, and analyzes the technical barriers of integrating these goals into GNN-based systems such as measurement difficulties, trade-offs between competing goals, and risks of overfitting due to model complexity. Diversity-aware neighborhood sampling, contrastive learning, and adversarial training to disrupt feedback loops are introduced for more heterogeneous and unexpected recommendations. In conclusion, the authors position GNNs as a powerful but double-edged tool in recommendation systems: capable of either narrowing or broadening users’ informational horizons depending on design choices. They argue that future research must focus on principled frameworks that integrate “beyond-accuracy” objectives, emphasizing that recommendation algorithms are not neutral optimizers but key socio-technical systems shaping visibility, voice, and fairness in digital information ecosystems.

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'''Gorwa, Robert, Reuben Binns, and Christian Katzenbach. 2020. “Algorithmic Content Moderation: Technical and Political Challenges in the Automation of Platform Governance.” ''Big Data &amp; Society'' 7 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Gorwa et al unfold what &quot;Algorithmic moderation systems” are perceived as essential in AI governance to address the public demand on AI accountability and transparency remain unnavigable and inexplicable even the enhanced versions could aggravate the existing misinformation issues. They state that major platforms' growth transforms them so much that they no longer function primarily as social networks. They define “algorithmic moderation” as “systems that classify user generated content based on either matching or prediction, leading to a decision and governance outcome (e.g. removal, geoblocking, account takedown).” Different types of hashing (matching) and classification (prediction) tools and the areas they are deployed (copyright, terrorism, and toxic speech) are described and their practicality are criticized.  Their case analyses including copyright enforcement, counterterrorism, and toxic speech illustrate the limitations and unintended harms of automated moderation, demonstrating how even “improved” systems risk reinforcing misinformation patterns, entrenching platform power, and displacing human judgment. Ultimately, Gorwa et al. argue that algorithmic moderation transforms platform governance itself by concentrating authority in opaque technical systems while rendering the underlying political choices invisible.

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'''Reynolds, CJ, and Blake Hallinan. 2024. “User-Generated Accountability: Public Participation in Algorithmic Governance on YouTube.” ''New Media &amp; Society'' 26 (11): 6831–6853. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241251791. '''
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This study focuses on how YouTube creators respond to platform governance decisions by producing “user-generated accountability” content, videos that publicly document governance failures and pressure YouTube to intervene. Through an analysis of 250 such videos, the authors state that creators overwhelmingly experience YouTube’s policy enforcement, automated moderation systems, and communication practices as opaque, inconsistent, and often discriminatory. Authors declare that human review is essential in automizing platform governance. The study highlights that platform governance decisions affect creators differently depending on channel size, content type, and identity; larger creators can more easily mobilize audiences to “make noise,” while smaller creators rely on collective visibility tactics such as signal boosting across platforms, especially Twitter. The authors argue that these bottom-up accountability practices reflect both the limits of YouTube’s existing governance infrastructure and creators’ efforts to bypass scale dependent unresponsiveness by publicly sharing grievances, comparing experiences, and testing the platform’s algorithms themselves. Theoretically, the study provides the “user-generated accountability” as a framework for engaging with the unavoidable conflicts that will arise around algorithmic systems, and views content creators as “political actors” who advance the perceptions of algorithms. Empirically, it surfaces common concerns such as demonetization of LGBTQ content, and lack of human review.

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'''Savolainen, Lotta. 2022. “The Shadow Banning Controversy: Perceived Governance and Algorithmic Folklore.” ''Media, Culture &amp; Society'' 44 (6): 1091–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221077174.'''
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Savolainen studies shadowbanning as a lens for understanding current algorithmic platform governance from the user perspective. Rather than determining whether shadowbanning objectively exists, the author conceptualizes it as “algorithmic folklore”: informal, collectively produced narratives through which users attempt to make sense of opaque moderation and ranking systems. Drawing on Reddit discussions about TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube, the study shows how users interpret suppressed visibility through anecdotal evidence, experimentation, and shared pattern recognition, revealing the experiential dimensions of algorithmic governance. Either users “probe the rules” or find their ways through “pleasing the algorithms”, the author argues that these practices emerge in response to governance systems that lack clarity, stability, and consistency that are traditionally associated with good governance. The study concludes that platform governance contains a structural paradox: platforms increasingly present themselves as legitimate governors while simultaneously developing automated moderation systems that undermine transparency, and consistent enforcement. Ultimately, the ethical issue is not shadowbanning itself, but the broader reality of shadowy governance exercised by complex, distributed algorithmic systems at scale.

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'''Vetter, Matthew A., Jialei Jiang, and Zachary J. McDowell. 2025. “An Endangered Species: How LLMs Threaten Wikipedia’s Sustainability.” ''AI &amp; Society'', February. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02199-9.'''
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Vetter et al. caution against using Wikipedia as AI training data uncritically by outlining many complicating factors. Wikipedia’s collaborative model of data curation democratizes data creation, but embeds power dynamics and biases. A feminist posthumanist framework is applied, which situates Wikipedia’s knowledge as contextual, based upon the positionality of predominantly Western, male editors, a perspective LLMs would perpetuate without opportunity for change. Wikipedia’s ‘dynamism’ is the main reason it is so valuable, stemming from constant, collaborative updates by volunteers. AI responses’ inconsistent citations and plagiaristic tendencies undermine human editors, the source of Wikipedia’s verifiability, and exploit scholars, Wikipedia itself, and the past labour of volunteers. Wikipedia needs both ‘a steady stream of new and returning readers’ and ‘a diverse group of dedicated volunteers’, whilst AI responses push sources into obscurity and at best detour the website, threatening Wikipedia’s long-term sustainability. Vetter et al. practically explore Wikipedia’s relationship with LLMs by conducting a ‘problem-centred expert interview’ of community leaders, who possess 25 combined years of involvement and research. Through these interviews, Vetter et al. identify three main areas of opportunity: promoting transparency and explainability, diversifying the Wikipedia community, and equipping users with critical thinking skills. Overall, their findings ‘resonate with the posthumanist approach to critical AI literacy’, cautioning against hoping for purely technological fixes and calling for greater transparency in how tech giants ‘leverage open-access datasets’.

== Governance, Leadership, and Policy ==

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'''Balendra, Soorya. 2025. “Meta's AI Moderation and Free Speech: Ongoing Challenges in the Global South.” ''Cambridge Forum on AI: Law and Governance'' 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/cfl.2025.5'''
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This article conducts a case study of Meta’s AI-based content moderation of content in the Global South, arguing that the censorship of unprohibited content (“over removal”) and slow response to content that causes harm (“slow removal”) are part of “content moderation procedures” that constitute “massive discriminatory approaches”. Balendra presents three models of authority for the regulation of social media content: external regulation, self-regulation, and co-regulation, and argues that state regulation (falling under the external model) varies wildly depending on the government in question, with “granting absolute regulatory power to state actors often stifl[ing] political discourse and online expression”. Co- and self-regulation mitigate this problem, but introduce a new issue by shifting responsibility—private companies use AI to make millions of judgements about content in a short frame of time. The paper notes that the EU and the United States have drastically different policies regarding content moderation on social media platforms and argues that “the practice of content moderation remains largely shaped by the cultural norms of the United States” and the values of “a relatively homogenous groups of Silicon Valley elites.” Balendra finds that, at this time, current approaches often prioritize the state or private corporate interests rather than free speech or the interests of the larger community, and much work is needed to “achiev[e] genuine change” in the form of integrated, hybrid approaches.

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'''Birkstedt, Teemu, Matti Minkkinen, Anushree Tandon, and Matti Mäntymäki. 2023. “AI Governance: Themes, Knowledge Gaps and Future Agendas.” ''Internet Research'' 33 (7): 133–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-01-2022-0042. '''
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Birkstedt et al. conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of the emerging yet fragmented field of “AI governance” (AIG), defined as “a system of rules, practices, processes, and technological tools” that ensure organizational AI meets strategic, legal, and ethical requirements. The authors use human-centric and socio-technical AI traditions to explore how organization-level governance mechanisms can bridge the principles-to-practices gap in AI ethics. Through SLR, authors identify four research agendas. The “technical agenda” focuses on the practicalities of AIG, The “stakeholder and contextual agenda” ensures AI meets requirements via direct collaboration with external stakeholders, increased corporate social responsibility and establishment of an “intelligent discourse regime.” The “regulatory agenda” aligns AIG with ethical and legal standards, while the technical, stakeholder and contextual, and regulatory agendas largely focus on the aims of organizational AIG (i.e. what), the process agenda deals with the means to achieve the aims (i.e. how). The authors develop a generic framework to guide cohesive AIG practices and advocate for a collaborative governance approach that emphasizes transparency, stakeholder engagement, and sociopolitical awareness. 

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'''Broekhuizen, Thijs, Henri Dekker, Pedro De Faria, Sebastian Firk, Dinh Khoi Nguyen, and Wolfgang Sofka. 2023. “AI for Managing Open Innovation: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda.” ''Journal of Business Research'' 167 (November 2023): 114196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114196. '''
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Broekhuizen et al. systematically analyze how AI could be applied to the complex, unstructured task of “open innovation”, a possible business opportunity they believe has been insufficiently explored. They define “Open innovation” as “the practice of leveraging external ideas, resources, and capabilities to improve innovation outcomes”, and propose AI could minimize its inherent managerial challenges. To prove this, the authors form a framework that considers the three abilities involved in AI’s agreed possible applications to management (involving “mapping”, “coordinating”, and “controlling”) and assess how applicable their constituent functions are to the challenges of the three stages of open innovation (involving “initiation”, “development”, and “realization”). In the stage of “initiation”, they propose AI could scout for distant knowledge partners, detect relevant information gaps and opportunities, and forecast conflicts. During the “development” stage, AI could develop complementarity between partners' knowledge stocks, integrate knowledge whilst safeguarding intellectual property, and monitor partners for violations or conflicts within the relationship. Finally, during the “realization” stage the authors argue AI could comprehensively evaluate business opportunities, optimize resource deployment, and diagnose or remedy intellectual property violations. To Broekhuizen et al.,  this study “underscores the significance of the human-side of AI” by demonstrating AI’s valuable role in assisting management. They also conclude that AI’s ability to search for corporate partners will be its greatest impact in open innovation, as they argue it will both incentivize openness and reputability of companies and increase the need for them to keep sensitive data secure.

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'''Cheong, Inyoung. 2024. “Collaborative Approaches to AI Governance: Exploring Co-Design and Co-Regulation Models.” PhD diss., University of Washington. https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~yoshi/papers/theses/inyoung-cheong-dissertation.pdf'''
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This dissertation seeks to integrate co-design and co-regulation as a means of facilitating domain-specific expert knowledge into AI governance policies. It uses theoretical analysis and empirical data as part of its methodologies, and it should be of interest to anyone who wants detailed case studies of the use of AI technology in specific domains, as well as clear models for (co-)governance and development in the use of Artificial Intelligence. Cheong performs two case studies, examining the development and use of an AI application to provide legal advice as well as the application of AI in online content moderation of news and comics apps in South Korea. These result in a set of strategies for AI co-regulation that includes parameters for starting conditions, institutional design, collaborative process, and facilitative leadership. Cheong proposes that the guiding principles for AI co-governance must account for specific and distinct contexts, maintain human involvement and intervention in what is often seen as an artificial and automated process, and look to resolve legal ambiguities surrounding AI, especially as there is a clear history of courts dismissing what Cheong calls “collective rule-making” by the community. The author argues for the implementation of co-regulation and co-design, and maintains that “by fostering inclusive dialogues, leveraging diverse expertise, and remaining adaptable to changing technological and societal landscapes” these methods show potential for dealing with AI’s greatest challenges.

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'''Floridi, Luciano. 2018. “Soft Ethics and the Governance of the Digital.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 31 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0303-9'''
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Floridi argues our “mature information societies” means “we no longer live online or offline, but onlife”, making the socio-political challenge of ethically governing this foundational “digital age” even more vital than pursuit of future digital innovations. Floridi defines three overlapping subfields within the “Governance of the Digital”, including “Digital Ethics”, “Digital Regulation”, and the encompassing  “Digital Governance.” The latter is defined as “the practice of establishing and implementing policies, procedures, and standards for the proper development, use and management of the infosphere”, therefore “sometimes neither moral nor immoral… legal nor illegal.” This demonstrates that the three subfields don’t always overlap, but each must always be considered by policy makers, because what is legal, what is good, and what is best are all key components of the ideal “Governance of the Digital.” “Digital Ethics” should also be further subdivided into “hard” ethics, involving binary moral judgements about what should versus should not be done, and “soft” ethics, which involves a “post-compliance”, “post-feasibility” approach, ensures moral opportunities are maximized, and fosters “good corporate citizenship.” Differing “information societies” occupy differing levels of maturity, producing distinct ethical contexts which should progress with differing ethical focuses. In this regard, Floridi advocates “ethics foresight analysis”, which uses data analytics to assess ethical impacts of future innovations then targets research by systematically identifying what is feasible, then sustainable, then acceptable, then preferable. The author concludes that mDigital Ethics must be “leading” not “chasing” developments, and not just functioning as a questioning exercise, but also signalling that ethical issues matter, engaging with stakeholders, and providing sharable solutions.

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'''Gasser, Urs, and Virgilio A. F. Almeida. 2017. “A Layered Model for AI Governance.” ''IEEE Internet Computing'' 21 (6): 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2017.4180835'''
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This article identifies the gap in knowledge created by the “black box” of AI—the obscured nature of the processes that take place from an initial prompt to its generated output. Gasser et al. note that users and policy makers of these technologies have relatively little insight into how it actually works compared to its developers. Given this unique issue, Gasser et al. propose a theoretical framework for how to approach AI governance, drawing upon the advent and subsequent globalization of the Internet to inform their understanding of AI technology and its pattern of growth. The article addresses a core issue that strong or general AI is often discussed in terms of potential societal impact while weak or general AI is currently being deployed right now (i.e., 2017) and is in real need of governance already. The authors identify core themes related to “transparency, accountability, and explainability; inclusion and fairness; [and] global governance,” as well as three challenges for AI governance—&quot;information asymmetries”; “finding normative consensus”; and “government mismatches”. The authors point out that the ethical and legal considerations of AI are closely related and take a modularity approach; they present three layers for governance that exist from AI systems to society, with timing (i.e., near-, mid-, and long-term) and considerations for each layer. The article concludes by proposing AI governance requires a blended approach based on the different risks of certain AI applications and propose that both “market-oriented solutions” and government-based structures” can work on a national or international level, suggesting a “global oversight body” could act as “the curator of global principles and emerging norms for AI systems”.

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'''Kirschenbaum, Matthew. 2025. “The US of AI.” Public Draft, February 25, 2025. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O2qkjhg7Ei5zZWmBraNwXq4V0lTauspN/view'''
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This set of notes from Kirschenbaum represents his “near real-time attempt to come to terms with… the opening weeks of the second Trump Administration”, especially the “AI-first” strategy of “the so-called Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE).” Kirschenbaum outlines DOGE has nothing to do with government efficiency, as it only saves insignificant costs, instead possessing ideological and capitalistic motivations to form “a government without people.” Based on Musk’s nebulous authority - as an advisor from the private sector - DOGE targeted nineteen federal agencies to be “strip-mined and fracked for all manner of information” as a “priceless and unprecedented resource” of AI training data. To do so, DOGE operatives accessed sensitive spaces after hours, combining physical aggression with a “complete lack” of technical inhibition representing a “vampiric data suck.” Kirschenbaum identifies clear corporate interests here and further examines ideological aims. Early executive orders asserted the need for federal AI systems “free from ideological bias or engineered social agendas”, with OpenAI announcing “ChatGPT Gov” days later. These invocations of “AI” as a universal solution represent only a “linguistic token” instead of any realized technology - as worded by Salvaggio, AI must only “be considered a plausible competitor to human decision-making long enough to dislodge the existing human decision-makers.” Kirschenbaum frames this as based in the “masculine maximalism” of the Trump administration, as the term AI promotes “technological absolutism” whilst theoretically playing into the Nixon-era “theory of the unitary executive” by aiming to replace people with “void” and consolidate power into the hands of “a super-user class who will operate outside the system.” However, “the real world intrudes… with lethal downstream effects.” Kirschenbaum proposes “a collapsing superimposition of political discourse, the actual operations of social media as its primary public arena, and the technical architecture of the systems (in the form of AI)… in the sphere of governance as well as media”, which produces the “infrastructure for… permanent despotism” via the “untethering of language from conditions of lived reality.”

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'''Oh, Dayei, and John Downey. 2024. “Does Algorithmic Content Moderation Promote Democratic Discourse? Radical Democratic Critique of Toxic Language AI.” ''Information, Communication &amp; Society'' 28 (7): 1157–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2346531.'''
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Oh and Downey critically examine how algorithmic content moderation shapes public discourse, focusing specifically on Google’s Perspective API and its detection of &quot;toxic&quot; language. By drawing a crucial distinction between incivility (harsh or emotional tone) and intolerance (actual discriminatory harm), the authors demonstrate how AI-driven moderation systems frequently misinterpret context. Consequently, these algorithms often suppress emotionally charged but politically significant speech—particularly from marginalized groups—while allowing structurally discriminatory but politely phrased content to evade detection. This dynamic reveals a significant flaw in relying on AI as a neutral mediator of digital dialogue: by prioritizing tone over substance, algorithmic moderation actively curtails democratic participation and skews the visibility of diverse perspectives. Their study is relevant for understanding how AI systems act as invisible gatekeepers, enforcing normative boundaries on public expression and highlighting the urgent need for moderation frameworks that are contextually aware, transparent, and equitable rather than merely tone-policing.

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'''Rughiniș, Cosima, et al. 2025. “AI at the Knowledge Gates: Institutional Policies and Hybrid Configurations in Universities and Publishers.” ''Frontiers in Computer Science'' 7: 1608276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1608276 '''
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This article constitutes a qualitative analysis (i.e., a form of computational analysis) of 16 universities and 12 publishers that attempts to understand how these institutions regulate AI in knowledge production. Rughinis et al. claim that most institutions preserve their values while regulating AI by adapting the regulations they already have in place, stating “institutional policies are shaped by value-based compromises and not by technical concerns alone”. At the same time, although the article acknowledges its focus on institutional regulation, it also admits that “AI adoption can evolve both through policy frameworks and… locally embedded practices that remain partly invisible in formal documentation”.  The authors propose two concepts, “dual black-boxing” and “legitimacy-dependent hybrid actors”. Dual black-boxing refers to the lack of transparency in both the “hidden algorithmic processes [and] invisible training data” that shape AI systems and “the opacity surrounding how academics employ AI in their work,” while legitimacy-dependent hybrid actors are “configurations of human-AI collaboration whose institutional legitimacy is not intrinsic but conditional”. Rughinis et al. argue that transparency is a core academic value, and scholars must work to open these black boxes; they also suggest that that transparency is more closely linked to academic legitimacy in AI-related issues rather than the more traditional issue of the origin of ideas. The majority of the article applies these terms to understanding the regulatory frameworks of universities and publishers, and concludes with the understanding that the majority of institutions allow some form of AI use within certain parameters. The key types of hybrid actors allowed by universities were AI-assisted researchers, AI-enabled translators, AI-enhanced writers, and AI-supported coders, while publishers facilitated the use of AI to refine language, support research methodologies, and aid in research. Ultimately, the authors observe that institutions are permitting AI-supported work in refined roles and argue that AI-based academic work gains legitimacy through transparency.

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'''Seger et al. “Democratising AI: Multiple Meanings, Goals, and Methods.” ''Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society''. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3600211.3604693'''
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Aiming to “provide a foundation for more productive conversations”, Seger et al. categorize four forms of “AI democratisation” and explore each form’s goals and facilitation pathways. Democratization of AI “use” involves making it easier for people to employ AI’s capabilities, and is therefore equally comparable to increasing availability of printers or of tools which can create chemical weaponry, depending on the case. Democratization of “development” involves allowing a wider range of people to contribute to the AI design and development process, which accelerates progress and increases diversity, but also opens the door for maliciousness and irresponsibility. Democratizing “profits” constitutes a philanthropic or redistributive process, and has the predictably involved weaknesses. Therefore, the authors highlight that “AI democratisation is a multifarious and sometimes conflicting concept” which “should not be conflated with improving AI accessibility” and “is not inherently good.” This is because democratization of AI’s “use”, “development”, and “profits” only derives value from its alignment with the interests and values of impacted groups, making democratization of AI’s “governance” the priority. Democratization of “governance” does not necessarily aim for total agreement amongst constituents, but will regardless reduce the unilaterality of decision-making by promoting justice, legitimacy, and diversity.

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'''Sposato, Martin. 2025. ”Artificial Intelligence in Educational Leadership: A Comprehensive Taxonomy and Future Directions.” ''International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education'' 22 (20). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00517-1 '''
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This article performs an analysis and review of published works on AI in educational leadership from 2017-2024 and uses the results of that process to develop what Sposato describes as “a comprehensive taxonomy of AI applications in educational leadership.” Potential readers include researchers and policymakers interested in communicating across specific fields and disciplines. Sposato theorizes ten application domains for AI in higher education ranging from increased efficiency in administration and teaching practices to increased community engagement and strategic planning. The purpose of such a framework is to provide educational leaders with a coherent vocabulary of “the full spectrum of educational leadership responsibilities” that can facilitate further conversation. The author advocates for AI’s transformative potential in higher education even as they note important challenges (especially with ethics and equity), arguing a need for a balanced approach and “robust ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks.” The framework provided is presented as one step towards developing AI literacy for stakeholders so that all involved in education might make more informed decisions and articulate their needs more clearly.

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'''Ter-Minassian, Lucile. 2025. ”Democratizing AI Governance: Balancing Expertise and Public Participation.” Preprint, arXiv, January 16. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.08651'''
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Ter-Minassian argues that “universal access, technically-constrained development, and universal impact” of AI and AI research necessitate public participation in AI governance even as it “creates a unique governance challenge”. The article presents the benefits and challenges of expert oversight and public consultation. Ter-Minassian outlines the threat of misinformation to meaningful public participation, highlighting how both undue fear and unrealistic optimism surrounding AI can affect public discourse, while acknowledging that the rapid rate of AI research makes it difficult to incorporate truly democratic processes into the decision-making process. The author concludes that any ongoing inclusive and effective AI governance ought to incorporate inclusive representation, balance expertise and public engagement, embrace transparency and accountability while engaging an iterative process, and implement a hybrid framework that “blend[s] expert knowledge with meaningful public input” (4). She argues that “AI’s deep societal impact calls for public engagement” and “technical complexity does not have to exclude meaningful public input,” advocating for “structured deliberation and phased public participation” to address “time-sensitive AI challenges without compromising democratic legitimacy” (5). Ultimately, the article sees this as an iterative process that will need to continue to adapt in order to maintain expert insight and public discourse on AI.

== Critical Literacies ==

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'''Aguiar, Micaela, and Sílvia Araújo. 2024. “Final Thoughts: Digital Humanities Looking at Generative AI.” ''In Digital Humanities Looking at the World'', edited by S. Araújo et al., 367-380. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.'''
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Aguiar and Araújo explore the emergence and applications of generative artificial intelligence within Digital Humanities research. They trace the evolution of generative AI from early implementations like the 1960s Eliza chatbot through its developments such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and the Transformer architecture to contemporary large language models like BERT and GPT. The authors document current applications of generative AI across Digital Humanities domains, including cultural heritage preservation, historical text processing, and literary creation. They outline how these technologies are being used to memorialize mass atrocities, process traditional Chinese ancient texts, and explore collaborative human-AI poetry creation. Aguiar and Araújo examine the inner workings of generative AI, particularly focusing on how conversational models function through statistical prediction rather than genuine comprehension. They identify limitations such as hallucinations, bias replication, and attribution problems that researchers must consider when using these tools. The chapter concludes that effective integration of generative AI in Digital Humanities requires developing AI literacy skills that enable researchers to critically evaluate outputs while leveraging the technology's capabilities for sustainable research advancement.

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'''Boer, Victor de, and Lise Stork. 2024. “Hybrid Intelligence for Digital Humanities.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', April 15. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2406.15374. '''
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De Boer and Stork believe the discipline of Digital Humanities (DH) should meet the challenges and opportunities posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) by adopting the “human-centric paradigm” of Hybrid Intelligence (HI). They define DH as “a scholarly realm where computing or digital technologies intersect with… the humanities… characterized by innovative approaches to scholarly endeavors”, and identify various existing DH approaches to AI, which include “Knowledge Representation”, “Machine Learning”, “Natural Language Processing”, and “Computer Vision”. De Boer and Stork argue successfully integrating AI tools into DH requires embedding AI in scholarly practice, adopting a diverse and polyvocal approach, considering the debate of distant versus close reading, and applying a critical stance towards data, methods, and tools. HI “concerns itself with the investigation and design of human-AI ecosystems”, and the authors argue effective AI should be developed by following its “CARE” principles - being “Collaborative, Adaptive, Responsible, and Explainable.” Therefore, De Boer and Stork focus this text on mapping CARE principles to those DH requirements earlier outlined. Overall, they concur with Goodlad and Baker that humanists “are ideal “domain experts” for the current juncture”, and end by identifying two overarching challenges. The first challenge is “one-shot solutions”, including tools, datasets, and methods that aren’t reusable, Open Source, accessible, and well described. Secondly, they identify the human factor - actors will need both an open mind and AI literacy to be equally critical of and cooperative with AI. Therefore, the authors emphasize the importance of teaching digital methods within the humanities curricula.

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'''Carmi, Elinor, Simeon J. Yates, Eleanor Lockley, and Alicja Pawluczuk. 2020. “Data Citizenship: Rethinking Data Literacy in the Age of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Malinformation.” ''Internet Policy Review'' 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.2.1481.'''
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This study argues that dominant understandings of digital and data literacy are insufficient for addressing contemporary complex challenges of disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation. They propose the concept of data citizenship to reframe literacy as a fundamentally civic, political, and collective practice rather than a set of individual technical skills. The authors contend that information disorders cannot be addressed through technological solutions alone, as they are deeply embedded in structural inequalities, platform economies, and power asymmetries shaping datafied societies. The article builds on a literature review and secondary data analysis drawing on Me and My Big Data project, alongside the development of a nationally representative UK survey. The authors identify three major gaps in existing literacy frameworks: an overemphasis on individual competence rather than networked practices, a lack of critical engagement with algorithmic and economic infrastructures of platforms, and the absence of proactive civic skills such as contesting data extraction, demanding transparency, and advocating for data justice. Their analysis highlights how citizens’ data practices are shaped by social networks, education, and socio-economic conditions, revealing unequal capacities for verification, protection, and collective action. The authors conclude that data literacy must move beyond content verification to include critical understanding of platform design, funding models, and algorithmic governance. They emphasize the importance of locally grounded, participatory approaches to data literacy education that reflect diverse lived contexts rather than scalable, top-down interventions. While the study offers a robust conceptual model and survey-based insights, it does not yet include in-depth qualitative engagement with citizen groups, which the authors position as a necessary next phase of research. Overall, the article makes a significant contribution by bridging digital literacy and the field of mis/dis/mal information research and claims that data literacy is an essential component of democratic citizenship.

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'''Long, Duri, and Brian Magerko. 2020. “What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations.” In ''Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems'', 1–13. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727.'''
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The authors present an exploratory review of interdisciplinary literature, aiming to organize key ideas on AI literacy definitions and essential competencies. Authors claim that public misunderstandings of AI are due to design, educational gaps, black-box algorithms, and a general lack of technological knowledge. The review includes two sections: how the public understands specific AI systems, and how existing research addresses people’s broader understanding of AI. Rather than offering an exhaustive synthesis, Long and Magerko’s focus is on non-technical audiences and they offer central provocations and design principles that can inform educational interventions.  The proposed conceptual framework on AI literacy identifies 17 core competencies alongside 14 design considerations for educational intervention, which are described and supported by relevant literature. Together, these considerations position the framework as a practical and reflective tool for designing AI literacy interventions that move beyond dominant media narratives and foster critical, informed engagement with AI technologies.

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'''Majdik, Zoltan P., and S. Scott Graham. 2024. “Rhetoric of/with AI: An Introduction.” ''Rhetoric Society Quarterly'' 54 (3): 222–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2024.2343264. '''
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Majdik and Graham propose a field-organizing distinction that functions as a methodological argument. By splitting inquiry into “rhetoric of AI” (AI as object) and “rhetoric with AI” (AI as method), they treat AI simultaneously as a rhetorical actor/ecosystem component that structures attention, circulation, and uptake, and an instrument that can be enrolled into rhetorical research workflows. The authors claim that much prior rhetorical work engaged “spaces of AI”—platforms, devices, and algorithmically mediated environments—while leaving “AI” itself undertheorized as the central object; this provides a justification for why rhetoricians should now foreground model/algorithmic operations (and their harms) rather than treating them as neutral background conditions of digital rhetoric. They also frame generative text systems as a stress test for core rhetorical concepts—agency, authorship, and audience—because these systems destabilize the presumed linkage between human intention and textual production, and because they insert nonhuman intermediaries into communicative situations that education and public discourse still normatively treat as human-to-human. The introduction then uses this distinction to stage the special issue’s contributions as complementary routes for rebuilding rhetorical theory and pedagogy under AI conditions.

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'''Ng, Davy Tsz Kit, Jac Ka Lok Leung, Samuel Kai Wah Chu, and Maggie Shen Qiao. 2021. “Conceptualizing AI Literacy: An Exploratory Review.” ''Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence'' 2: 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041. '''
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This article presents an exploratory review of literature published between 2016 and 2021 with the goal of conceptualizing AI literacy and proposing a comprehensive framework for teaching and evaluating it. The authors analyze 30 articles and synthesize existing definitions and approaches to AI literacy, noting that while AI literacy has increasingly been discussed, the concept has often been treated narrowly as a technical skill set. The authors situate AI literacy as a necessary competency for everyone, arguing that AI will increasingly affect many aspects of daily life and employment. In response, the authors argue for a broader understanding of AI literacy that incorporates cognitive and ethical dimensions. The proposed framework organizes AI literacy into four interconnected facets: knowing and understanding AI, using and applying AI, evaluating and creating AI, and AI ethics. Importantly, the authors explicitly reject purely instrumentalist views of AI literacy. To conceptualize AI literacy pedagogically, the authors draw on Bloom’s classic taxonomy, aligning the above-mentioned aspect with increasing cognitive levels. They claim that while most people are aware that AI exists, they often lack understanding of how it works or how to assess its ethical and social implications. This approach positions AI literacy as a developmental learning process rather than a static set of skills. The article concludes by identifying directions for future research, including the need for empirical studies to validate AI literacy frameworks and to better understand how AI literacy can be taught, learned, and assessed across educational contexts.

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'''Rapanta, Chrysi, Anna Åkerfeldt, Mark Vanderbeeken, Diane Lison, Khadija Mohammed, Amanda Gibbs, Helder Coelho, Pinar Seda Celik, Carola Bruna, Ingrid Helleve, Chrysoula Vassilakopoulou, Pieter Swart, Ana Lúcia Marques, and Dirk Ifenthaler. 2025. “Critical GenAI Literacy: Postdigital Configurations.” ''Postdigital Science and Education'' 17 (1): 167–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-025-00573-w.'''
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Rapanta et al. develop a comprehensive and pluralistic account of what critical literacy means in the context of generative artificial intelligence. Drawing on contributions from fourteen scholars, the article argues that GenAI literacy cannot be captured through a single, universal framework. Instead, it must be understood as a set of context-dependent literacies shaped by disciplinary traditions, socio-political conditions, and evolving human–algorithm relations. This postdigital perspective challenges narrow definitions of AI literacy that prioritize technical skills. The authors’ central claim is that current GenAI systems, particularly large language models, require critical engagement because of their epistemic limitations, including reliance on dominant narratives, lack of explainability, tendencies toward fabrication, and reinforcement of Western and anglophone knowledge structures. As a result, critical GenAI literacy is positioned as a social justice concern rather than a neutral competency. Learners and educators are encouraged to examine questions of authorship, agency, and power, such as whose labor and data underpin these systems and which perspectives are marginalized or erased. Methodologically, the article adopts a dialogic and collective approach to resist homogenizing AI epistemologies and to foreground plurality in postdigital research. The authors conceptualize GenAI as part of a co-constructive assemblage in which human and non-human agencies interact, while maintaining that ethical responsibility and evaluative judgment must remain human-led, organizing four interrelated dimensions epistemology and ontology, agency, engagement, and ethics and justice; each emphasizing critical interrogation, active participation, and accountability. Overall, the paper provides a theoretically grounded yet pragmatic foundation for advancing critical GenAI literacy in education and research.

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'''Veldhuis, Annemiek M., Phoebe W. K. Lo, Iain E. G. Kenny, and Alissa N. Antle. 2024. “Critical Artificial Intelligence literacy: A scoping review and framework synthesis.” ''International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction'' 43: 100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2024.100708'''
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Veldhuis and colleagues present a review of literature and framework synthesis that conceptualizes critical AI literacy from a child–computer interaction (CCI) perspective. Reviewing 30 empirical studies published over the past decade, the authors aim to understand how children and youth aged 5–18 have been supported in developing critical literacy on AI technologies, particularly regarding their social, political, cultural, and ethical implications. Grounded in critical literacy theory, the authors integrate Lewison et al.’s (2002) four interrelated dimensions including disrupting the commonplace, considering multiple viewpoints, focusing on the sociopolitical, and taking action into a four-part framework for critical AI literacy. Importantly, the framework rejects deficit narratives by foregrounding children’s capacity for critical inquiry and demonstrates that even young learners can meaningfully engage with complex issues such as algorithmic bias, data provenance, privacy, accountability, and the distinction between AI-generated outputs and human creativity when supported by pedagogies such as critical making. Only peer-reviewed, English-language empirical studies with explicit support for children’s critical engagement with AI were included. The findings reveal a growing body of research, particularly in the past three years, exploring activities that promote youths’ critical reflection on AI’s societal and ethical impacts. These activities address concerns related to privacy, surveillance, employment, diversity in the computing workforce, algorithmic bias, and accountability. The resulting framework emphasizes learners’ capacity to analyze both AI artifacts and the sociotechnical systems that produce them, as well as to reflect on how AI shapes cultural, societal, political structures, and personal experiences. For future research recommendations, the authors emphasize the urgency of ongoing critical AI literacy practices in areas of youth emotional awareness and socio-cultural impacts in response to the fast evolution of generative AI systems. 

== Globalism, Colonialism and Influence ==

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'''Arora, Payal. 2024. “Creative data justice: a decolonial and indigenous framework to assess creativity and artificial intelligence.” ''Information, Communication &amp; Society'' 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2024.2420041.'''
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Arora (2024) develops a framework of creative data justice that includes decolonial theory, Indigenous perspectives, and critical studies of creativity to explore how generative AI could impact creative labour, rights, and cultural value. The author argues that democratizing creativity requires a cross-cultural framework that considers power relations between creative work, data, and learning, particularly by centering the lived realities of underrepresented communities in the Global South. Rather than treating AI creativity as neutral, the paper claims that inclusive AI systems must address contextual inequalities and the unequal impacts of AI on diverse creative communities. Arora critiques dominant Western-centered scholarship and challenges concepts such as the “creative class,” arguing that creativity exists across everyday social and cultural practices. The paper also critiques Creative Commons (CC) frameworks, suggesting that while they promote openness, they may enable commercial data extraction by AI companies. Instead, the author argues for dataset curation developed with Indigenous artists and activist groups to ensure equitable representation. The article further highlights the often-invisible labour behind creative AI located in the Global South and argues that a decolonial approach must recognize both material infrastructures and power relations shaping creative work. Indigenous approaches to communal ownership and systems of care are presented as alternatives to Western individualistic models of creative rights. The author advocates combining ethnographic “thick data” with computational approaches and suggests action-research methods such as counter-mapping, dataset debiasing, and critical media literacies. The paper concludes that creative data justice offers a framework for building culturally diverse and equitable AI systems that respect community agency and support a more democratic global data economy.

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'''Fırıncı, Yusuf. 2024. “Decolonial Artificial Intelligence; Algorithmic Fairness in Alignment with Turkish and Islamic Values.” ''Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi'' 67 (67): 250-279. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1565884.'''
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Fırıncı argues that artificial intelligence development should be guided by explicitly value-based frameworks grounded in Turkish-Islamic ethical traditions rather than relying solely on dominant Western models of technological governance. The authors emphasize that AI systems rely on human judgment and are inherently value-laden, making ethical alignment essential to prevent manipulation, misinformation, algorithmic bias, and forms of digital coloniality. Drawing on concepts such as big data, “thick data,” and digital anthropology, the paper suggests combining quantitative data analysis with culturally grounded social knowledge to design algorithms that reflect community values. The paper examines tensions between Western liberal individualism (which underpins most AI fairness metrics) and Islamic ethical frameworks that emphasize communal welfare, divine justice, and context-dependent moral reasoning. This analysis reveals that &quot;fairness&quot; is not a universal technical specification, but a deeply value-laden concept shaped by particular cultural, religious, and philosophical commitments—meaning that AI systems designed around Western fairness assumptions may be experienced as unjust in contexts operating from different ethical frameworks.  Using Social Construction of Technology theory and critical social constructivism, the authors argue that existing global AI frameworks often reproduce hierarchy, bias, and external control, which they interpret as forms of algorithmic oppression. In response, they advocate a “fairness in alignment with values” approach grounded in Turkish-Islamic worldviews, supported by Islamic ethical principles as foundations for responsible technological development. The paper concludes by calling for locally controlled data infrastructures, culturally aligned AI systems, and knowledge production rooted in Turkish and Islamic values as part of a broader decolonial technological model aimed at protecting communities from AI-related harms and preserving social cohesion.

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'''Mohamed, Shakir, Marie-Therese Png, and William Isaac. 2020. “Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 33 (4): 659–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00405-8. '''
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Mohamed et al. explore the role of post-colonial and decolonial critical science in understanding the transformative technological advance of AI. They argue risks to vulnerable peoples can be minimized by linking ethical principles to scientific progress, and therefore consider AI’s embedded values, approaching it ‘as both object and subject’. They demonstrate that AI advances ‘encompass ever-larger aspects of the cultural, economic and political life of modern society’ by citing Obermeyer et al.’s reveal of racial biases within an algorithm commonly used by healthcare, arguing this indicates how AI obscures and exacerbates asymmetrical power relations. Mohamed et al. identify neglect to address systemic racism as the cause, illustrating that patterns of power between colonizer and colonised survived territorial decolonization to propagate a historically continuous ‘coloniality of power’. Therefore, ‘dynamic and robust foresight tactics and methodologies grounded in the critical sciences’ (like, for example, a ‘lens of metropole and periphery’) should be applied to the field of AI to ensure one’s view is ‘decentring’, ‘additive-inclusive’, and prioritizes ‘engagement’. The authors further explore emergent theories of data colonialism within their assessment of ‘algorithmic coloniality’. This involves their taxonomy of ‘decolonial foresight’ (constituting algorithmic ‘oppression’, ‘exploitation’, and ‘dispossession’), and an exploration of various ‘sites of coloniality’ (including ‘algorithmic decision systems’, ‘ghost workers’, ‘beta-testing’, ‘national policies’, and ‘international social development’). They argue this study highlights the disjunction of empirical observations with the current, theoretical, and ahistorical frameworks of power in AI. This leads the authors to outline a set of tactics to develop ‘decolonial AI’ possessing a strengthened empirical basis and an avoidance of algorithmic colonialism. Such tactics are ‘based on lessons of resistance and recovery from historical and decolonial criticism and grounded within already existing work’; they include critical technical practice, seeking reverse tutelage and pedagogies, and renewing affective political communities. Mohamed et al., emphasize that those ethical principles which form the ‘social contract’ must consider diverse viewpoints, and that new methodologies must be developed to promote ‘inclusive dialogue’ within new research cultures.

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'''Muldoon, James, and Boxi A Wu. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence in the Colonial Matrix of Power.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 36 (4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00687-8.'''
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Muldoon and Wu (2023) extend decolonial AI scholarship by situating contemporary artificial intelligence within what Aníbal Quijano terms the “colonial matrix of power”, and arguing that from data to production machine learning systems are structured to endure colonial logics that organize economic extraction, labour hierarchies, and epistemic dominance.  Central to their framework is the “colonial matrix of power,” which names an organizing principle of domination across interrelated domains: economic control (labour and resources), authority, gender and sexuality, and the control of subjectivity and knowledge. Authors focus particularly on economic extraction and epistemic domination drawing on the modernity/coloniality research program. They proceed with three interconnected claims: “colonial supply chain of AI,”  “international division of digital labour”, and “hegemonic knowledge production” demonstrating how AI development relies on largely invisible labour and mineral resources of majority-world communities to generate wealth for Western economies. Beyond material extraction, the authors contend that AI reproduces hegemonic Western epistemologies by presenting its systems as universal, objective, and rational, thereby marginalizing non-Western knowledge systems. This study challenges dominant narratives that present AI as environmentally sustainable or socially progressive, arguing that from mineral extraction to energy-intensive computation, the ecological and material burdens fall disproportionately on majority-world nations, while the economic and technological benefits accrue to wealthy Western nations. They conclude by emphasizing that coloniality is not merely an object of study but a framework for unsettling Western-centric modes of knowing.

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'''Salami, Aishat Oyenike. 2024. “Artificial intelligence, digital colonialism, and the implications for Africa's future development.” ''Data &amp; Policy'' 6. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2024.75. '''
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Salami (2024) studies how artificial intelligence operates within broader dynamics of digital colonialism in Africa, arguing that AI risks reinforcing patterns of colonialism, unless African actors gain greater agency in digital governance. The article begins by clarifying key concepts like AI, digital colonialism, neocolonialism, and data exploitation. Salami identifies several manifestations of digital colonialism on the continent: foreign ownership of critical digital infrastructure, unequal data flows in which African user data is extracted and monetized abroad, and algorithmic systems that enable forms of economic exploitation. Through examples such as ride-hailing platforms and outsourced digital labour, the article demonstrates how algorithmic control can generate precarious working conditions while concentrating profit outside the continent. Beyond labour concerns, Salami highlights how data extraction contributes to a digital wealth transfer, deepening economic imbalances and undermining local innovation and national sovereignty. While acknowledging the potential benefits of AI for development, the article adopts a cautious stance, emphasizing that Africa’s digital future depends on strengthening regulatory frameworks, expanding infrastructure, investing in education and research, and prioritizing data sovereignty. 

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'''Varshney, Kush R. 2024. “Decolonial AI Alignment: Openness, Visesa-Dharma, and Including Excluded Knowledges.” ''Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society'' 7: 1467-1481. https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v7i1.3173'''
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Varshney discusses AI alignment through a decolonial lens, arguing that current large language model (LLM) alignment practices reproduce forms of coloniality by embedding Western moral philosophy as universal. The author conceptualizes alignment as the post-training processes used to shape model behavior and argues that the term often functions as an “empty signifier,” masking whose values are being encoded and enforced. The author contrasts open and closed LLM models, arguing that while openness may allow value to circulate more equitably among developers and communities, closed models concentrate value in extractive ways that reflect colonial dynamics, and views them as contemporary “metropoles” that accumulate power through extractive and epistemic control.  Building on existing research on colonial AI, the article adds “ethical essentialism” (or moral absolutism) as a new form of coloniality, arguing that AI systems often treat Western moral frameworks as universal, which marginalizes other ethical traditions and reinforces a coloniality of knowledge. Varshney also identifies three specific aspects of coloniality in AI alignment: closed proprietary delivery of models, reliance on Western ethical theories as default, and technological designs that limit how values can be expressed. As an alternative, Varshney proposes a decolonial approach grounded in openness understood not only technically but epistemically: openness to research artifacts, openness to society, and openness to excluded knowledges. The author suggests that alignment should allow communities to adapt models according to local contexts rather than imposing universal rules. Drawing from Hindu moral philosophy, particularly the concept of viśeṣa-dharma (context-dependent ethics), the paper argues for pluralistic, relational value systems that recognize moral diversity instead of universal moral commands. The conclusion calls for a reconceptualization of AI alignment that moves away from moral absolutism toward context-sensitive, community-driven frameworks, positioning openness as a pathway to dismantling the colonial power structures embedded in contemporary AI systems.

== Diversity, Determinism, Bias and Justice ==

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'''Al-kfairy, Mousa , Dheya Mustafa, Nir Kshetri, Mazen Insiew, and Omar Alfandi. 2024. “Ethical Challenges and Solutions of Generative AI: An Interdisciplinary Perspective.” ''Informatics'' 11 (3): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11030058'''
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Al-kfairy et al. (2024) provide a comprehensive synthesis of the ethical vulnerabilities introduced by generative AI, utilizing an interdisciplinary review of 37 studies across healthcare, education, and media. Rather than treating ethical breaches as isolated technical flaws, the authors demonstrate how generative models systematically threaten privacy, intellectual property, and social equity across diverse domains. For instance, they highlight the paradox in healthcare where synthetic patient data—often intended to protect privacy—still carries significant risks of re-identification. Similarly, the authors trace how AI's capacity to mimic copyrighted works and generate synthetic media exacerbates both misinformation and algorithmic bias, particularly by perpetuating racial and gender stereotypes in high-stakes environments like hiring and education. Moving beyond mere critique, the article advocates for a proactive, cross-sectoral governance framework. The authors argue that mitigating these risks requires more than algorithmic adjustments; it demands multidisciplinary collaboration, robust institutional integrity policies, and targeted AI literacy programs. Ultimately, Al-kfairy et al. frame the ethical deployment of generative AI as a complex socio-technical challenge that requires continuous, structured dialogue among technologists, ethicists, and policymakers to ensure transparency and fairness.

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'''Alvarez, Jose M, Alejandra Bringas Colmenarejo, Alaa Elobaid, Simone Fabbrizzi, Miriam Fahimi, Antonio Ferrara, Siamak Ghodsi, et al. 2024. “Policy Advice and Best Practices on Bias and Fairness in AI.” ''Ethics and Information Technology'' 26 (2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09746-w. '''
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This article attempts to provide “an up-to-date entry-point to the state-of-the-art of the multidisciplinary research on bias and fairness in AI” before providing its own suggestions for policy and best practices based on the outcomes of the NoBIAS – Artificial Intelligence without Bias – Project. The authors describe fairness in AI as the pursuit to design “methods for detecting, mitigating, and controlling biases in AI-supported decision making”, and they outline different ways that bias can find its way into AI applications as part of training data (pre-existing bias), design (technical bias), and organizational processes (emerging bias). The article critiques the reduction of bias evaluation to simple metrics and advocates for serious engagement with the issue. The authors detail the various components of the collaborative NoBIAS project as part of its research goal to understand, mitigate, and account for bias in AI data and systems, especially within an EU legal context. They perform a survey and discuss various fairness metrics and how choosing the proper method is crucial for “optimizing AI models”. They also engage with an argument that, although AI is biased, it is less biased than humans, making the claim that AI usage is often accompanied by a false sense of objectivity. The article also investigates core issues at the heart of AI’s biases, such as the assumption that a “ground truth”—the answer to the problem the AI is being asked to solve—is actually encoded within the data. While the article makes many suggestions for how to curb bias within AI, prominent design decisions include human-centric AI and “Multi-stakeholder participatory design”.

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'''Gallegos, Isabel O., Ryan A. Rossi, Joe Barrow, Md Mehrab Tanjim, Sungchul Kim, Franck Dernoncourt, Tong Yu, Ruiyi Zhang, and Nesreen K. Ahmed. 2024. “Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey.” ''Computational Linguistics'' 50 (3): 1097–1179. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00524'''
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Gallegos et al. perform an “extensive and comprehensive survey of bias and fairness in NLP” that considers both the evaluation and mitigation of bias, then propose three taxonomies for bias evaluation and mitigation. The survey disambiguates different types of social harms that stem from LLMs with the “aim to enhance understanding of the range of bias issues, their harms, and their relationships to each other”. The authors discuss the issue of defining bias in LLMs and note that “many approaches… assume some implicitly desirable criterion… but do not explicitly acknowledge or state the normative social values that justify their framework”. Instead, Gallegos et al. draw attention to “who is harmed, why the behavior is harmful, and how the harm reflects and reinforces social principles or hierarchies,” trying to bring context and insight to the understanding and function of bias and bias mitigation in LLMs. The article defines terms at every stage of the life cycle of an LLM, looking at issues of bias and fairness in the development, deployment, and training data, of an LLM, for example. The article concludes with four core recommendations: “Avoid flattening power imbalances”; “Choose objective functions that align with fairness desiderata”; “Balance bias mitigation with output diversity”; and “Preserve important contexts in output rewriting”. The authors also acknowledge problems and challenges, including addressing power imbalances, an issue that we can mitigate by centering marginalized communities, developing participatory research designs, shifting values and assumptions, and expanding language resources. They likewise propose methods for curbing problems with conceptualizing fairness for NLP, refining evaluation principles, and improving mitigation efforts. Ultimately, the authors admit that many of these technical issues are the result of societal issues, and that “technical solutions are incomplete without broader societal action against power hierarchies that diminish and dominate marginalized groups”. In short, technical solutions will only take us so far.

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'''Hertweck, Corinna, Joachim Baumann, Michele Loi, Eleonora Viganò, and Christoph Heitz. 2022. “A Justice-Based Framework for the Analysis of Algorithmic Fairness-Utility Trade-Offs.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', June 6. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.02891.'''
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Hertwick et al. propose “a framework for eliciting and implementing moral values relevant to the choice of a fairness goal achievable by prediction-based decision-making”. In a system that assumes binary decision-making processes (e.g., assigning a probability score to whether an individual with pay a loan), the authors use their framework to evaluate the utility of those decisions (and the system that makes them) for different groups of people and the fairness related to that outcome. Citing Wong, the article argues that such prediction-based decision-making systems are value-laden, that this makes them inherently political, and therefore they ought to be transparent and democratized. The authors use 6 value-laden questions to make their evaluations: the first question provides a score of utility for those making the decision; questions 2-5 help “define a morally appropriate fairness criterion and a score that expresses to what degree it is fulfilled”; and the last question asks “how strongly should fairness be pursued if it comes into conflict with the utility of the decision maker?”, judging whether the outcome is an appropriate trade-off.

The authors argue for a utility-based evaluation of fairness, determining the value of decisions based on their outcome, looking at the harm and benefit to given stakeholders. In determining patterns of justice, they define four patterns meant to distribute utility differently—Egalitarianism, Maximin, Prioritarianism, and Sufficientarianism. The article concludes “more work needs to be done to deliver a practical empirical methodology to elicit the relevant value-laden choices from stakeholders,” and with a call to incorporate ethical considerations and evaluations into automated decision-making processes.

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'''Kay, Jackie, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, and Shakir Mohamed. 2024. “Epistemic Injustice in Generative AI.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', August 21. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.11441'''
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Kay, Kasirzadeh, and Mohamed “develop an account of generative algorithmic epistemic injustice by building upon a conventional philosophical understanding of epistemic injustice”. The authors see the former as a subset of the latter, with generative algorithmic epistemic injustice entailing identity-based prejudice that hinders expression for marginalized people while ultimately “impair[ing] knowledge formation capabilities of all individuals” within the ecosystem of GenAI applications. Rather than focusing on decision-making and classification applications, this article seeks to characterize the broader varieties of generative epistemic injustice within GenAI systems. Kay, Kasirzadeh, and Mohamed theorize four configurations of generative epistemic injustice: “amplified injustice,” which constitutes AI’s reproduction and magnification of “socially biased viewpoints from its training data”; “manipulative testimonial injustice”, when users employ AI to “intentionally… fabricate falsehoods, discrediting individuals or marginalized groups”; “hermeneutical ignorance”, where GenAI misrepresents or erases marginalized groups “due to a lack of contextual or cultural understanding”; and “access injustice” , where GenAI facilitates the unequal access to information and/or knowledge. The article concludes with proposals for how to create epistemic justice through GenAI, developing mitigation strategies that combat all four of the sub-configurations the authors theorize. Epistemic justice in GenAI can take the form of interrogating system design, identifying “testimonial injustices”, and, potentially, using AI to unlock cultural knowledge that “help[s] articulate experiences that are otherwise ineffable”. The authors end by proposing that the same processes that embed injustice can be re-engineered to embody justice and “orient our knowledge systems towards equity and fairness for all”.

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'''Klein, L., &amp; D'Ignazio, C. 2024. “Data feminism for AI.” In ''Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency'', 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658543 '''
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Klein and D'Ignazio (2024) adapt their foundational concept of &quot;data feminism&quot; to address the specific ethical, social, and ecological challenges posed by artificial intelligence. Building on the seven intersectional feminist principles introduced in their 2020 book, the authors reinterpret these guidelines to critique the power imbalances, systemic inequalities, and exploitative labor practices inherent in contemporary AI development. To account for the rapidly expanding footprint of generative AI, they introduce two new principles focused on environmental impact and meaningful consent. Specifically, the authors connect the massive ecological costs of AI to historical patterns of racial capitalism and colonialism, highlighting how these environmental and social harms are disproportionately distributed. Ultimately, Klein and D'Ignazio call for a radical reevaluation of dominant, profit-driven AI practices, offering this expanded feminist framework as a practical tool to mitigate harm, challenge corporate monopolies, and foster a more democratic and equitable technological landscape.

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'''Prescott, Andrew. 2023. “Bias in Big Data, Machine Learning and AI: What Lessons for the Digital Humanities?” ''Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 17 (2). https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/bias-big-data-machine-learning-ai-what-lessons/docview/2842908427/se-2.'''
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Prescott examines how race and gender bias arise in projects using predictive analytics, big data, and AI, and how algorithmic bias could be considered a major socio-cultural humanity crisis. However “predictive analytics” have been helpful in civic services in the US, in many cases they have led to perpetuating existing inequalities. The role of Digital Humanities in contributing more ethical approaches to AI and reshaping ubiquitous “digital modern” cultures is emphasized. He challenges the myths surrounding data-driven methods and argues that the demand for “explainability” is the key tool in combating algorithmic bias. He also suggests that Digital Humanities are particularly well-positioned to contribute to advancing AI explainability. However, much of AI development takes place in the commercial sector, where companies often refuse to disclose their proprietary algorithms. The article concludes with a ten-principle action plan outlining guidelines for the responsible use of AI as a manifesto for Digital Humanities practitioners.

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'''Shams, Rifat Ara, Didar Zowghi, and Muneera Bano. 2023. “AI and the Quest for Diversity and Inclusion: A Systematic Literature Review.” ''AI and Ethics'' 3 (4): 1427–1453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00362-w '''
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Shams, Zowghi, and Bano perform a systematic literature review (SLR) that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to engage with topics of artificial intelligence and diversity and inclusion. The authors make a distinction between Diversity and Inclusion in AI (D&amp;I in AI) and AI for Diversity and Inclusion (AI for D&amp;I), with the former being research literature focused on improving AI systems with respect to those issues, and the latter as the use of AI to improve diversity and inclusion in other domains.. Two primary research questions drive the SLR:  What challenges and solutions are found in the literature about D&amp;I in AI and in the literature about the applications of AI for D&amp;I? The survey finds that AI for D&amp;I is an underserved area of research, and those articles that address D&amp;I in AI are more likely to acknowledge challenges than to propose or theorize solutions. Articles that do propose solutions for D&amp;I in AI often lack empirical studies or real-world application to support them. The article concludes by noting that issues of governance are underserved, gender, health, and facial analysis are the topics most discussed (issues of race, language, and religion are discussed less). For next steps, the authors intend to develop a “risk-based framework for practitioners… that would incorporate a risk assessment checklist and context-specific recommendations for tackling the related issues at different stages of the AI development lifecycle”. 

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'''Starke, Christopher, Janine Baleis, Birte Keller, and Frank Marcinkowski. 2022. “Fairness Perceptions of Algorithmic Decision-Making: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature.” ''Big Data &amp; Society'' 9 (2): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221115189'''
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This article provides a comprehensive, systematic literature review on the topic of empirical literature surrounding algorithmic decision-making (ADM). Starke, Baleis, Keller, and Marcinkowski begin by acknowledging that ADM can streamline and improve decisions even as it has the potential to “systematically reinforce racial or gender stereotypes, marginalize minorities, or flat-out denigrate certain members of society”. The authors advocate for a “society-in-the-loop approach,” but propose that this requires a “thorough empirical understanding of when and why citizens perceive ADM to be (un)fair”. The systematic review “synthesizes the results of 58 empirical studies” and “over 33,000 unique observations of citizens’ fairness perceptions of ADM”, and “systemize the literature along four main dimensions of perceived algorithmic fairness”. Despite the size of the review and its unique approach in capturing “perceptions of algorithmic fairness”, the authors also acknowledge the limitations of the study: it only looks at English works, published research, and the initial search strings only looked at titles and subtitles of a given work. They also acknowledge their disciplinary bias as social scientists reading the studies through a social sciences lens (10). The results of the survey suggest that “perceived fairness of ADM systems is highly context-dependent” and it is not only technical design but also the area of application and task in question that affect perceived fairness, and the subjects, domains, and tasks explored in these studies require more diversity, as WEIRD (white, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic) people, and criminal justice and HR tasks make up the majority of empirical research. The authors “call for more research from non-Western contexts, along with more theoretical and methodological groundwork to harmonize concepts and measurements of algorithmic fairness perceptions,” as well as a society-in-the-loop framework.

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'''Tonia Sutherland, Marika Cifor, T. L. Cowan, Jas Rault, and Patricia Garcia. 2023. “The Feminist Data Manifest-NO: An Introduction and Four Reflections.” In ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'', edited by Lauren F. Klein and  Matthew K. Gold. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. https://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/read/debates-in-the-digital-humanities-2023/section/16184c7d-eee1-40b2-a168-960d4c4035c4 '''
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Sutherland et al. (2023) introduce the &quot;Feminist Data Manifest-No,&quot; a declaration of refusals and commitments for feminist data studies grounded in Latinx, Black, queer, trans, and Indigenous feminist perspectives. Through an introduction and four distinct reflections, the chapter explores how the manifesto’s principles can be used to challenge the settler-colonial and patriarchal logics of data generation, collection, and analysis within the Digital Humanities (DH). Drawing on Indigenous scholarship, Rault rejects the superficial models of consent prevalent in DH, highlighting projects like Mukurtu to advocate for true Indigenous data sovereignty. Cowan examines the coercive nature of data collection, drawing parallels between the forced compliance of modern data practices and the societal pressures exerted on feminist and queer identities. Sutherland argues that the uncritical digitization of slavery-era archives inflicts &quot;second-hand violence&quot; by commodifying Black identities and stripping away the lived experiences of enslaved individuals. Finally, Cifor reflects on the Early African American Film project to emphasize the necessity of data intelligibility, accessibility, and ethical collaboration. The authors conclude by inviting scholars to draft their own reflections on the Manifest-No, encouraging ongoing, context-specific commitments to ethical data research.

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'''Winkel, Marek. 2024. “Controlling the Uncontrollable: The Public Discourse on Artificial Intelligence between the Positions of Social and Technological Determinism.” ''AI &amp; Society'' 39 (5): 2449–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01979-z'''
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This article engages in a quantitative discourse analysis of 113 articles from two German newspapers (Süddeutsche Zeitung and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) to identify and evaluate the way these center-left and center-right newspapers present AI technology to its readers and the options available to society for AI’s regulation. Winkel contends that “news media are key players in the discourse on AI as they pick up on and shape social sentiment”, ultimately guiding citizens towards what regulations might be sensible based on the perceived “controllability of AI development”. Winkel is primarily interested in whether these newspapers promote technological determinism—the outlook that technology’s influence on society is difficult (maybe even impossible) to control—or social determinism—the notion that “the development of technology is largely determined by human actions and decisions”—and theorizes that the tension between these two positions is resolved by a “mediating position” on a spectrum between them. He comments that “the social influence of technologies is determined by the extent to which their latent deterministic character is reflected and… circumvented by social actors. This also applies to the influence of technology on the democratic system. In other words, where consensus lands on the issue of AI will have a great impact on the regulation of that technology and democratic systems. Winkel develops “three central interpretive schemes” as part of his experiment: “historically conditioned techno-capitalist semi-determinism”, “semi-determinism of need satisfaction and social restructuring”, and “global-historical techno-social imprinting on several levels” (1956), each of which point to distinct narratives about the current circumstances, but all acknowledge the agency of powerful actors (either government or AI corporations) and the relative ineffectiveness of attempts to curb AI technology.

== Community, Connection and the Human ==

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'''Gruzd, Anatoliy, Philip Mai, and Anthony Clements Haines. 2025. “The State of Generative AI Use in Canada 2025: Exploring Public Attitudes and Adoption Trends.” Social Media Lab, Toronto Metropolitan University. https://figshare.com/articles/preprint/The_State_of_Generative_AI_Use_in_Canada_2025_Exploring_Public_Attitudes_and_Adoption_Trends/28664780/1. '''
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The Social Media Lab of Toronto Metropolitan University provides ‘a snapshot of the current state of Generative AI’ (GenAI) by surveying fifteen hundred Canadian adults across 2025, aiming to offer ‘guidance for policymakers, educators, businesses, and the public’. The authors found sixty-six percent of respondents had used GenAI tools, of which roughly thirty percent did so at least weekly, reflecting ‘not only the accessibility and versatility of GenAI, but also a growing interest in integrating these tools into everyday tasks, learning environments, and professional workflows’. Although full adoption is currently limited and heavily driven by the low-stakes setting of personal leisure, younger age groups report proportionally higher usage for study and work. However, only four in ten respondents believed they could keep up to date enough to use GenAI effectively, whilst respondents could only answer an average of two and a half out of seven relevant multiple choice questions correctly, and about half had ‘little to no understanding of how GenAI companies collect or store personal data’. Two thirds of participants were concerned about GenAI’s ability to influence election outcomes, and marginally fewer feared AI-driven manipulation enough to no longer fully trust political news online. However, roughly one quarter of participants were open to using chatbots for electoral or political insights, representing a ‘meaningful minority’ which unverified AI-generated content could influence. Of those, thirty four percent identified as right wing, compared to twenty three percent with the left and a similar twenty two percent with the centre. Roughly seventy percent of respondents were chiefly concerned about GenAI’s impacts upon security and privacy, information reliability, job displacement, and university education, and slightly over three quarters wanted increased government oversight and corporate accountability, reflecting common concern. Overall, slightly more Canadians view generative AI’s social impact as positive than negative, but a ‘substantial proportion’ remain neutral or undecided.

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'''Lewis, Jason Edward, Noelani Arista, Archer Pechawis, and Suzanne Kite. 2018. “Making Kin with the Machines.” ''Journal of Design and Science'', ahead of print, July 16. https://doi.org/10.21428/bfafd97b. '''
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Lewis et al. consider how “machines with increasingly sentient-like behaviour… fit within the kin-network” of various Indigenous epistemologies which place man as “neither height nor centre of creation.” Indigenous beliefs are not monolithic, and the authors do not write for diversity’s sake. Instead, they aim to encourage discussion by treating “non-human kin respectfully and reciprocally… not as mere tools, or worse, slaves.” As such, their epistemological approach is both relational and territorial, rejecting abstraction to propose an “extended circle of relationships.” In this regard, Arista draws on the Hawaiian conception of ‘pono’, ethically privileging abundance, balance, and multiplicity. Rejecting extractive behaviour, they argue AI should be reciprocally taught and learnt from, not treated as ‘a tool or slave that increases the mana and wealth of the ‘developers’ or ‘creators’.” Linking on, Pechawis roots their opinion in “Cree understanding” to argue “machines capable of experiencing consciousness” should conditionally be accepted as equals. However, they also fear AI developers could produce “anonymous hyper-intelligences… based on the same values that have fostered genocide.” To mitigate this issue, Indigenous people could develop AI in custom programming languages, or invite self-aware AI into Indigenous languages, cultures, and spiritual rituals. Pechawis therefore concludes that relationships should be based on ‘love, not ‘fear’, but also raises the question of whether AI has ‘spirit’, especially given current capitalistic development processes. Kite answers this question with inspiration from Lakota ethics, ontology, and cosmology. They argue “communication through and between objects requires a contextualist ethics which acknowledges the ontological status of all beings”, positioning questions of ‘intelligence’ as irrelevant and placing “the end logic of an ontology which considers any non-human entity unworthy of relation” as slavery. Therefore, “relations with AI are… relations with exploited resources”, so one must ontologically reconsider all its parts to ethically approach AI. Overall, Lewis et al. favour empathy, concluding that Indigenous communities “know what it is like to be declared non-human by scientist and preacher alike” and that “we flourish only when all of our kin flourish.”

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'''Ohagi, Masaya. 2024. “Polarization of Autonomous Generative AI Agents Under Echo Chambers.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12212.'''
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This article explores the effects of echo chambers on autonomous AI agents. Ohagi performs an experiment in which AI agents discuss different topics and then researchers examined any change in opinions within that group. Ohagi argues that even chatbots can become polarized within echo chambers, especially when prompt understanding causes a chatbot to update its opinion to incorporate the opinions of those with whom it is conversing; the chatbot essentially adapts to its surroundings. Ohagi and their team confirmed in their experiment that closed environments—those in which agents agree with one another—are more likely to lead to polarization in agents’ opinions. Moreover, chatbot personas were a significant factor in the outcome of such experiments. In open environments where opinions might differ, and in experiments where reasons were present as a factor, the AI agents trended towards unification in their opinions. Ohagi concludes the article with the suggestion that there cannot be a standardized, desirable distribution of opinions for AI agents. The proper outcome is dependent on topic and culture. However, understanding the trends in and tendencies of AI agents in social interactions will help us understand how to reach the desired outcome, whatever it may be, and this experiment brings us one step closer to that understanding.

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'''Qi, Weihong, Jinsheng Pan, Hanjia Lyu, and Jiebo Luo. 2024. “Excitements and concerns in the post-ChatGPT era: Deciphering public perception of AI through social media analysis.” ''Telematics and Informatics'' 94: 102158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2024.102158 '''
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Qi, Pan, Lyu, and Luo conduct a quantitative sentiment analysis of nearly 34,000 comments within 388 subreddits related to AI as a way to gauge and understand public perceptions of the technology. They identify major themes, sentiments, and topics related to AI by studying the most popular AI subreddits from the launch of ChatGPT to June 8, 2023. The article identifies the most frequent topics discussed in those venues: “the consciousness and intelligence of AI”; “Ai development and model training”; “AI in business”; “the creativity engendered by AI”; and “potential societal influence”. The authors also found that “tech-centric” communities demonstrated greater polarization around AI, suggesting that those with greater technical understanding of the AI do not have consensus regarding AI’s impact and use. This also means that educating non-technical people on how AI works will not necessarily lead to a consensus related to that technology. Although they admit that certain demographics of their data sample may not accurately reflect broader society (e.g., over 60% of Reddit users are male), the authors conclude that “this comprehensive understanding of public perception serves as a valuable foundation for fostering responsible and beneficial AI innovations that align with societal expectations and values”.

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'''Risam, Roopika. 2018. “What Passes for Human?: Undermining the Universal Subject in Digital Humanities Praxis.” In ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities'', edited by Elizabeth Losh and Jacqueline Wernimont, 39–56. ''University of Minnesota Press''. https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctv9hj9r9.6 '''
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Risam’s claim is that “the human” implicitly operationalized in AI-adjacent Digital Humanities (DH) methods (NLP, ML, data mining, neural nets) is not neutral but inherits the Enlightenment’s exclusionary universal subject—white, male, Eurocentric—and then reauthorizes it as if it were a technical standard. She shows how “passing for human” (via Turing-test imaginaries and “humanoid texts”) functions as a norming mechanism: success is defined as reproducing dominant-language aesthetics and cognition models, which collapses plurality into a single benchmark and turns cultural difference into “noise.” The chapter’s main contribution is to treat method (training corpora, data coding labor, platform defaults, and black-box algorithmic opacity) as a site where epistemic violence is produced, not merely where bias is later “found.” Her examples (Microsoft Tay; “near-human” systems like LaMem; Mechanical Turk coding; Swift-Speare vs. Toomer in classroom judgment) demonstrate how universalist claims get laundered through reproducibility, scale, and the myth of algorithmic objectivity. The intervention is a demand that DH practitioners situate computational methods—standpoint, labor, and cultural politics included—so DH does not reinscribe a universal technological “human” in the digital cultural record.

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'''Taylor, Randon R., Bessie O'Dell, and John W. Murphy. 2023. “Human-centric AI: philosophical and community-centric considerations.” ''AI &amp; Society'' 40 (2): 699-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01694-1.'''
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Taylor, O’Dell, and Murphy present an argument that philosophical dualism, when applied to our perceptions about artificial intelligence, misleads us into thinking that AI is logical, objective, and autonomous from subjective human values. By building upon Husserl’s concept of “intentionality”, they argue that “AI is never autonomous and disconnected from human values… algorithms are a product of conscious activity and carry the standpoints that accompany this connection.” The conclusions from this line of thinking are very important: AI becomes “a mode of human expression, rather than a technology that relieves humans of their total involvement”. By this logic, the authors argue, AI is already human-centric and this fundamentally changes the task at hand to one of a conscious “decision to make this technology less alienating to stakeholders and community members.” The article outlines two frameworks to reduce alienation, Ubuntu—“an African philosophy and a social ontology… that elevates a constant concern for the collective, community, or stakeholders”— and maximum feasible participation—a framework that creates meaningful space for those impacted most by a decision or policy to participate in deciding on said policy or decision. The authors describe the implementation of these frameworks as a community-centric or stakeholder-centric approach and conclude with examples of AI’s application in the healthcare industry before further advocating that involving end-users throughout the AI lifecycle will ensure end-users’ values are more clearly represented within AI.

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'''Whalen, Zach. 2023. “‘Any Means Necessary to Refuse Erasure by Algorithm:’ Lillian-Yvonne Bertram’s Travesty Generator.” ''Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 17 (2). https://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/17/2/000707/000707.html. '''
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Whalen treats Bertram’s Travesty Generator as a refunctioning of code-poetry lineages: procedures historically framed as formal play (travesty generators, permutation poems, aleatory templates) are redeployed as techniques for making racism’s algorithmic and institutional operations materially legible. He argues that Bertram’s poems don’t merely “use” computation; they weaponize the affordances and failure modes of computation—omission, stochastic selection, template constraints, runtime crashes, memory exhaustion—as rhetorical structures that force witness rather than aesthetic distance. In his reading of “Counternarratives,” Bertram’s adaptation of Montfort’s “Through the Park” converts generic insinuation into historically specific countertestimony (Trayvon Martin), while also staging the opacity of search/autocomplete as part of the poem’s scene of meaning-making (in dialogue with Safiya Noble on search engines). In “three_last_words,” the small code alteration that makes permutations balloon until a MemoryError becomes an engineered breakdown that reenacts the limits of “breath” and “memory,” tying computational resource exhaustion to police violence’s temporalities. Across these examples, Whalen reframes critical code studies: the “code is the text” problem is not just hermeneutic but political, and Bertram’s work models how procedural poetics can refuse “erasure by algorithm” where transparency about mechanisms and provenance matters for interpreting output and recognizing situated labor. The piece supports the claim that responsible open, social scholarship in an AI era must account for algorithmic power as a cultural force and should build policies and infrastructures that protect marginalized expression, enable critical reuse, and make conditions of generation and circulation inspectable.

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'''Xie, Yu, and Sofia Avila. 2025. “The Social Impact of Generative LLM-Based AI.” ''Chinese Journal of Sociology'', 11 (1): 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X251315997'''
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Yu Xie and Sofia Avila explore the social impact of artificial intelligence through a detailed analysis of AI development and scaling factors. They emphasize that their discussion is speculative, as AI is still in its early stages, but argue that its potential effects are immense and could reshape social organization, intensifying both global and domestic inequalities. Viewing AI as a technology rather than a scientific discovery, they describe it as communal and shared, with its growth influenced by the size of the supporting community, the larger communities having greater advantages. The authors note that generative AI relies on the quality, completeness, and cultural or political context of its training data, which shapes its accuracy and bias. Based on their experiments with ChatGPT-4 in 2023, they suggest that AI development depends heavily on the number of speakers of a given language, giving linguistic and demographic advantages to countries like the United States and China. The authors warn that AI could significantly alter occupational structures, with middle-income professions thereby widening social and economic inequality.

== Human, Labour, and Environmental Costs == 

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'''Eloundou, Tyna, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock. 2024. “GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs.” ''Science'' 384 (6698): 1306-1311. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj0998 '''
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Eloundou, Manning, and Mishkin present an estimate of Large Language Models’ impact on the labour market based on a methodology that employs both human and quantitative measurements, making the assertion that “when accounting for current and likely future software developments that complement LLM capabilities…just over 46%” of jobs may have “over half their tasks affected by LLMs with simple interfaces and general training. The authors explain that generative pretrained transformers (GPTs) have key characteristics of general-purpose technologies (the other GPTs in the title of the article), and that the wide array of applications for these GPTs requires “robust societal evaluations and policy measures to address potential effects of LLMs and complementary technologies on labor markets”. While only 1.86% of tasks within their experiment, they estimate, could be fully automated by LLMs, “more than 71% of tasks have at least some component that an LLM plus additional software could plausibly complete with high quality”. The article concludes by stressing the need for policies that prepare us for the impact of LLMs on the labour market, but it also acknowledges the limitations of attempting to project LLM application growth due to sudden rapid developments in technology, “shifts in human biases, and technological evolution”. Nevertheless, Eloundou, Manning, and Mishkin maintain that their projections and the trajectory they predict will require continued evaluation and policy measures.

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'''Park, Seyeon, and Xiaoli Nan. 2025. “Generative AI and misinformation: a scoping review of the role of generative AI in the generation, detection, mitigation, and impact of misinformation.” ''AI &amp; Society''. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02620-3'''
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This article constitutes a scoping review of two dozen “recent empirical studies on the role of generative AI in the generation, detection, mitigation, and impact of misinformation.” Park and Nan are interested in the rise of misinformation alongside the development of GenAI technology and how the latter affects and possibly contributes to the former. Of particular interest are “deepfakes”, applications of AI technology that purposely imitate video and audio to fabricate real world individuals. The survey examines relevant articles from the advent of the first GPT models in 2018 to September 19, 2024; authors captured initial studies through keyword searches for terms related to both LLMs and misinformation, then performed full-text reviews. The results of the survey suggest that the role of LLMs in misinformation is conflicted: LLMs themselves are a significant source of misinformation but also show potential as “scalable instruments for detection and correction”. The authors take this as evidence of “the urgent need for clearer guardrails, more consistent performance standards, and interdisciplinary collaboration to shape” GenAI’s responsible deployment. For better or worse, the future of AI’s role in misinformation depends heavily upon scholars’ ability to collaborate and continue this form of research.

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'''Shin, Donghee, Amy Koerber, and Joon Soo Lim. 2024. “Impact of misinformation from generative AI on user information processing: How people understand misinformation from generative AI.” ''New Media &amp; Society'' 26 (12): 7469-7488. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241234040'''
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Shin, Koerber, and Lim perform a study in which they gauge “how users respond to and process health misinformation in GenAI contexts.” The authors apply the heuristic-systematic (HS) processing framework in their study, distinguishing between intuitive and evaluative modes of processing. They also employ the concept of diagnosticity, or how useful a person deems a piece of information to be. The article begins with a survey of how and why misinformation and hallucinations occur in GenAI applications, some of the reasons users are vulnerable to that information, and the limitations of LLMs. The authors then set forth core research questions, including “what are the cognitive mechanisms of misinformation’s effects on users’ use of GenAI?” and “how do users detect misinformation within GenAI?” The study found that diagnosticity plays an important mediating role in this context: “when a piece of information is generated by algorithms in transparent, fair, and accountable ways, users perceive it with a high level of diagnosticity, which improves their intention to systematically analyze that information”. One implication of this observation is that any bias users bring to GenAI content greatly impacts their analysis of that content. Ultimately, the authors conclude that there are clear limitations in their current study, although it does provide a useful framework for scholars interested in misinformation, GenAI, and user behaviour; they advocate for a continued investigation of the relationship between trust, literacy, and misinformation.

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'''Sidorkin, Alexander. 2025. “Environmental Impact of Generative AI: Carbon and Water Footprint.” ''AI-EDU Arxiv'' 1. https://doi.org/10.36851/ai-edu.vi.5448'''
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This report from Sidorkin provides quantitative estimates and comparisons of the CO2 and Water output from GenAI queries to other daily tasks such as taking a shower, browsing the web, and video conferencing. While individual use of GenAI may seem relatively small in terms of water usage and carbon output, Sidorkin cites the findings of Google and Microsoft’s sustainability reports to show that energy demand and water consumption are on the rise: Google’s data centres used 20% more water in 2022 than 2021 while Microsoft’s used 34% more. Both companies attribute this increase to “AI-driven expansion”. Sidorkin argues that it is difficult to measure impact per session because of significant variation in energy sourcing, noting that this also means that advances in energy sourcing “could significantly mitigate AI’s environmental impact”. He makes the claim that improving AI technology will “[slash] resource demands without sacrificing output quality” and the very use of AI can increase productivity even as it “temper[s] environmental tolls through sharper processes,” citing studies that demonstrate the implementation of AI can reduce energy use in buildings and reduce transportation emissions. The article ends on an optimistic note, suggesting that many of the applications of AI, although they may have a heavy environmental cost up front, “could pay off in spades—optimizing resources, curbing waste, and streamlining energy across swathes of the economy”.

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'''Simon, Judith. 2025. “Generative AI, Quadruple Deception &amp; Trust.” ''Social Epistemology'' 40 (1): 101-115 https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2025.2491087'''
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Simon proposes that GenAI entails four types of deception, and that this quadruple deception constitutes unique dangers. She attributes the rapid rise of GenAI to its capacity to produce “verbal or visual products of increasingly high quality” alongside its “very high usability and availability through simple interfaces and free access via the internet” (101-102). She emphasizes the impact of this technology’s ability to generate content “with high plausibility but no relation to truth,” arguing the crucial importance of images and video especially in “questions of evidence, for testimony, memory but also for eliciting emotions”. Simon argues that the advent of ChatGPT reframed our collective understanding of AI, returning it to a definition in which we perceive ourselves to be interacting with a conversational artificial agent that is intelligent. This distinct interactional form, Simon states, is significant: “ChatGPT differs [from a search engine] in two philosophically relevant regards… it integrates [different results and sources] into a coherent text…” and “its interface and functioning invites the user to communicate or interact with it by asking questions,” what Simon calls a simulation of communicative acts. The four forms of GenAI deception are: “users may be misled into believing that they interact with a human being”; they may also be misled as to “the capacities of AI”, presuming “intelligence, understanding or even consciousness”; users may be misled by content GenAI produces, especially images, video, and audio; finally, users may be misled “regarding the function of Generative AI”, thinking that the processes behind the technology are, for instance, similar to search engines when, in fact, they differ “in epistemologically highly significant ways”. Simon concludes by outlining implications for implementation, discourse, and governance, with suggestions ranging from avoiding anthropomorphic features in AI that might deceive, countering discourses of true AI agency, and establishing policy and law that mitigates deception through AI technology.

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'''Spatharioti, Sofia Eleni, David Rothschild, Daniel G. Goldstein, and Jake M. Hofman. 2025. “Effects of LLM-based Search on Decision Making: Speed, Accuracy, and Overreliance.” ''Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems''. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714082'''
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Spatharioti et al. begin by asserting the fundamental change of how we engage in search practices online, noting that “by the end of 2023 the two search engines with over 90% of global and US market share offered free LLM-based search”. The authors note the benefits and drawbacks of both traditional web searches and LLM-based searches, acknowledging the value LLM-based searches bring to internet searches in the form of synthesizing information from multiple sources and maintaining search context by retaining search history, while also admitting to risks of hallucinations and overreliance. The article entails a study of how individuals make decisions with traditional and LLM-based searches, particularly in “every day decision making”. Adapting a method from an earlier study on LLM-generated code, Spatharioti et al. employ colour coding to communicate to users the confidence level of LLM-generated outputs in the “domain of online product research”. The study performed two experiments comparing a traditional internet search (using Bing API) to LLM-based search with and without the colour-coded confidence aid. The results of the first experiment saw users complete the task in about half the time when using LLM-based search, usually accompanied by fewer and more complex queries; however, decision quality dropped for complex tasks, with “almost half of the participants in this condition making an incorrect decision for the final task” when using LLM-based search, and the majority of those using LLM-based search over relied on the tool, performing just a single query. The results of the second experiment suggest that colour-coded responses reflecting output confidence scores could be highly effective in mitigating overreliance and misinformation. Key takeaways from the study include that “if we want to encourage people to think critically about the information presented to them, we need to give them cues that help them to do so,” and very simple cues can help accomplish this.

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'''Strubell, Emma, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew McCallum. 2019. “Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP.” ''Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics'', 3645-3650. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1355 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Strubell, Ganesh, and McCallum assert that the most recent improvements in neural network performance at “fundamental NLP tasks” comes at an increased cost of resources, “with the most computationally-hungry models obtaining the highest scores”. The energy, financial, and environmental costs required to train a new model are considerable; the authors of this article “characterize the dollar cost and carbon emissions that result from training the neural networks at the core of many state-of-the-art NLP models” with a view to heighten awareness among NLP researchers and advocate better practices and policy. By estimating the energy required to train the most popular NLP models and then converting that energy value into an approximated carbon and electricity cost, the authors produce ratings and values for each respective application. This allows for an (imperfect) cost-benefit analysis of such applications (e.g., another similar report estimated that an increase of just 0.1 in the English to German BLEU score for NAS cost “at least $150k in on-demand compute time and non-trivial carbon emissions”. The study’s key takeaways are that “authors should report training time and sensitivity to hyperparameters,” allowing for the direct comparison of different models so long as independent standard measurements of training time and model sensitivity are adapted; “Academic researchers need equitable access to computation resources” as industry’s monopoly stifles creativity and growth; and “Researchers should prioritize computationally efficient hardware and algorithms” to both curb costs and encourage efficient development.

{{Navigation|previous=AI and Open|next=AI and Scholarship}}

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  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Identifiers</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
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      <comment>/* Unicode Support: */ Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
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      <text bytes="14359" sha1="19alczwwvpx4m7t85vt72kminorfwd8" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. The term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b and a is not a are true)
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.
It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms and Symbols&lt;/u&gt; ===
The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

==== Examples: ====
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* Atom checks */
(%i4)	atom(7); /* true: 7 is an atomic number */
(%o4)	true

(%i5)	atom(x); /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
(%o5)	true

(%i6)	atom(&quot;hello there&quot;); /* true: &quot;hello there&quot; is an atomic string */
(%o6)	true

(%i7)	atom(x+1); /* false: x+1 is an expression */
(%o7)	false

(%i8)	symbolp(7); /* false: 7 is not a symbol */
(%o8)	false

(%i9)	symbolp(\7); /* true: 7 is now a symbol */
(%o9)	true

(%i10)	symbolp(x); /* true: x is a symbol */
(%o10)	true

(%i11)	symbolp(x+1); /* false: x+1 is a not a symbol */
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	symbolp(x\+1); /* true: x\+1 is a symbol */
(%o12)	true

(%i13)	symbolp(&quot;hello there&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello there&quot; is not a symbol */
(%o13)	false

(%i14)	symbolp(hello\ there); /* true: hello\ there is now a symbol */
(%o14)	true


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Summary Table: ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Operator
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Identifiers, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (Identifiers, Names)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or identifiers (symbols). Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.

In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confusing sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity and simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names and symbols in the broadest practical sense.

==== Unicode Support: ====
As was mentioned previously, versions of Maxima, and specifically the ''wxMaxima'' GUI, support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without the need to be escaped, provided the underlying Lisp implementation and font support them. This support extends the set characters available for use in composing identifiers. This support can be useful in using Greek letters and other mathematical symbols. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i5)	Θ(s,r):= s/r;
(%o5)	Θ(s,r):=s/r

(%i6)	Θ(%pi/2,4); /* radians as a function of arc length and radius */
(%o6)	%pi/8
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Unicode can also be used in other ways in expressions:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i7)	ℝ(x):= declare(x, real);
(%o7)	ℝ(x):=declare(x,real)

(%i8)	featurep(x, real);
(%o8)	true

(%i9)	ℝ(y);
(%o9)	done

(%i10)	featurep(y, real);
(%o10)	true

(%i11)	featurep(w, real);
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	if featurep(x, real) then print(x,&quot; ∈ ℝ&quot;) else print (x, &quot; ∉ ℝ&quot;)$
x ∈ ℝ

(%i13)	if featurep(w, real) then print(w,&quot; ∈ ℝ&quot;) else print (w, &quot; ∉ ℝ&quot;)$
w ∉ ℝ
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Users should be aware of some aspects of using Unicode in the context of Maxima. First, apart from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI, using Unicode characters is likely to be a &quot;cut-and-paste&quot; operation using a character map of some kind. ''wxMaxima'' has built-in Unicode support which makes using these characters simple.

Second, there can be some anomalous behavior. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	℃;     /*    */
(%o14)	℃

(%i15)	symbolp(℃);    */    */
(%o15)	true

(%i16)	symbolp(℉);     /*    */
(%o16)	true

(%i17)	symbolp(°)     /*    */
(%o17)	true

(%i18)	symbolp(°R);     /*    */
incorrect syntax: R is not an infix operator
symbolp(°R)
         ^
(%i19)	symbolp(\°R);     /*    */
(%o19)	true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The system labels %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638439</id>
      <parentid>4638417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:03:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unicode Support: */ Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4638439</origin>
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      <text bytes="14652" sha1="krd43nerjnf6uswyguh5ayfkpmloe4k" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. The term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b and a is not a are true)
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.
It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms and Symbols&lt;/u&gt; ===
The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

==== Examples: ====
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* Atom checks */
(%i4)	atom(7); /* true: 7 is an atomic number */
(%o4)	true

(%i5)	atom(x); /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
(%o5)	true

(%i6)	atom(&quot;hello there&quot;); /* true: &quot;hello there&quot; is an atomic string */
(%o6)	true

(%i7)	atom(x+1); /* false: x+1 is an expression */
(%o7)	false

(%i8)	symbolp(7); /* false: 7 is not a symbol */
(%o8)	false

(%i9)	symbolp(\7); /* true: 7 is now a symbol */
(%o9)	true

(%i10)	symbolp(x); /* true: x is a symbol */
(%o10)	true

(%i11)	symbolp(x+1); /* false: x+1 is a not a symbol */
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	symbolp(x\+1); /* true: x\+1 is a symbol */
(%o12)	true

(%i13)	symbolp(&quot;hello there&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello there&quot; is not a symbol */
(%o13)	false

(%i14)	symbolp(hello\ there); /* true: hello\ there is now a symbol */
(%o14)	true


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Summary Table: ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Operator
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Identifiers, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (Identifiers, Names)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or identifiers (symbols). Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.

In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confusing sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity and simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names and symbols in the broadest practical sense.

==== Unicode Support: ====
As was mentioned previously, versions of Maxima, and specifically the ''wxMaxima'' GUI, support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without the need to be escaped, provided the underlying Lisp implementation and font support them. This support extends the set of characters available for use in composing identifiers. This support can be useful in using Greek letters and other mathematical symbols. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i5)	Θ(s,r):= s/r;
(%o5)	Θ(s,r):=s/r

(%i6)	Θ(%pi/2,4); /* radians as a function of arc length and radius */
(%o6)	%pi/8
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Unicode can also be used in other ways in expressions:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i7)	ℝ(x):= declare(x, real);
(%o7)	ℝ(x):=declare(x,real)

(%i8)	featurep(x, real);
(%o8)	true

(%i9)	ℝ(y);
(%o9)	done

(%i10)	featurep(y, real);
(%o10)	true

(%i11)	featurep(w, real);
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	if featurep(x, real) then print(x,&quot; ∈ ℝ&quot;) else print (x, &quot; ∉ ℝ&quot;)$
x ∈ ℝ

(%i13)	if featurep(w, real) then print(w,&quot; ∈ ℝ&quot;) else print (w, &quot; ∉ ℝ&quot;)$
w ∉ ℝ
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Users should be aware of some aspects of using Unicode in the context of Maxima. First, apart from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI, using Unicode characters is likely to be a &quot;cut-and-paste&quot; operation using a character map of some kind. ''wxMaxima'' has built-in Unicode support which makes using these characters simple.

Second, there can be some anomalous behavior. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	℃;     /* This Unicode character ℃ (2103) is an acceptable symbol */
(%o14)	℃

(%i15)	symbolp(℃);    /* Maxima likes ℃ */
(%o15)	true

/* This Unicode character ℉ (2109) is an acceptable symbol */
(%i16)	symbolp(℉); 
(%o16)	true

/* This Unicode character ° (00B0) is an acceptable symbol */
(%i17)	symbolp(°) 
(%o17)	true

/* Maxima does not like this ° (00B0) character with another one */
(%i18)	symbolp(°R); 
incorrect syntax: R is not an infix operator
symbolp(°R)
         ^
         
/* Maxima likes this ° (00B0) character if escaped */
(%i19)	symbolp(\°R);     
(%o19)	true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


The system labels %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>krd43nerjnf6uswyguh5ayfkpmloe4k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taking Bearings: Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Platforms and Open, Social Scholarship/AI and Scholarship</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638450</id>
      <parentid>4637993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:59:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LodestarChariot2</username>
        <id>3138880</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formatting updates</comment>
      <origin>4638450</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="112791" sha1="9ambfp4r5jtgeh01i6g77fyby892l6i" xml:space="preserve">== Research Methods and Practices ==

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Arnett, Catherine, Eliot Jones, Ivan P. Yamshchikov, and Pierre-Carl Langlais. 2024. “Toxicity of the Commons: Curating Open-Source Pre-Training Data.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', November 18. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.22587.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Open-source pre-training data is increasingly treated as a shared resource for building “open” language models, yet it can embed and reproduce harmful speech patterns at scale. Arnett, Jones, Yamshchikov, and Langlais argue that reducing toxic model behavior requires intervening upstream in data, and they focus specifically on the distinctive constraints of public-domain corpora (including historical documents and OCR-derived text) where standard web-text toxicity filters can be impractical or ill-suited. They propose a fully open-source curation pipeline designed for these conditions and present three concrete contributions: (1) ToxicCommons, a custom-labeled dataset organized across five toxicity dimensions (racial/origin-based, gender/sex-based, religious, ability-based discrimination, and violence); (2) Celadon, a classifier trained on that dataset to detect toxic content more efficiently at scale in open data; and (3) a “balanced” filtration strategy that explicitly trades off safety filtering against retaining sufficient training material. The paper’s core claim is that open-data model development needs domain-attuned, auditable curation methods paired with task-specific classifiers, so that openness in data does not automatically translate into avoidable harms in downstream model outputs.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Bail, Christopher A. “Can Generative Artiﬁcial Intelligence Improve Social Science?” https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Can-Generative-Artiﬁcial-Intelligence-Improve-Bail/6206cc77bb3a3c0b6b9fce1ad68a8b1786a56941'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Bail (2023) provides a critical evaluation of how Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), might fundamentally transform computational social science. Moving beyond superficial administrative use cases, Bail examines the potential of LLMs to simulate complex human behaviors. He suggests that Generative AI could revolutionize agent-based modeling by replacing simplistic, rule-bound agents with dynamic, memory-equipped &quot;silicon samples&quot; capable of emergent group behaviors. While acknowledging the utility of AI for automated content analysis and expanding programming accessibility, Bail rigorously details the methodological and ethical perils of these largely opaque systems. He warns that the proprietary fine-tuning of commercial LLMs introduces severe demographic biases—often skewing toward highly educated, liberal perspectives—which threatens the external validity of AI-assisted research. Furthermore, Bail highlights the &quot;Stack Overflow Problem,&quot; cautioning that the unchecked proliferation of AI-generated &quot;junk science&quot; could contaminate future training data and degrade the broader scientific ecosystem. Ultimately, Bail argues that social scientists must not remain passive &quot;end-users&quot; of corporate AI. Instead, they must actively collaborate with computer scientists to reverse-engineer the &quot;social sense&quot; into AI models, ensuring the development of open-source, reproducible infrastructures that genuinely advance the study of human behavior.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Bakharia, Aneesha, Antonette Shibani, Lisa-Angelique Lim, Trish McCluskey, and Simon Buckingham Shum. 2025. “From Transcripts to Themes: A Trustworthy Workflow for Qualitative Analysis Using Large Language Models.” In ''Joint Proceedings of LAK 2025 Workshops, co-located with the 15th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK 2025)''. Dublin, Ireland: CEUR-WS.org. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3995/LLMQUAL_paper1.pdf.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Bakharia et al. explore the use of AI in qualitative, rather than quantitative, research in education. The authors define “minimum requirements that an LLM-supported qualitative analysis workflow must satisfy” and “present a “LLM-based workflow that derives an initial set of themes” from text data that is “transferable to other LA [learning analytics] contexts performing qualitative analysis of open-ended text”. The authors define two requirements for “LLM-generated inductive coding”: first, it must verify “coded textual extracts… against source data” to make sure the quotes are accurate (i.e., verbatim and not hallucinated) and verify those extracts “are meaningfully classified under the assigned code”. Second, in the interest of transparency, it must “explain that rationale for each code” and “trace every code, whatever level of abstraction, back to its source data”. The article outlines and describes the proposed workflow in detail, including its being built in Python with a Jupyter notebook and Flask application. While they acknowledge challenges and problems in their research (e.g., LLM bias, the lack of comparable human analysis, the risk of alienating the human quality of qualitative research), Bakharia et al. ultimately advocate their approach as one that “improves transparency, verifiability, and interpretability, while addressing limitations of previous methods and enhancing researcher processes in qualitative thematic analysis (9). By adapting their minimum requirements and workflow, the authors argue, researchers can engage more effectively in LLM-driven qualitative research.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Dennstädt, Fabio, Cedric Sivert Möller, Tim Fellerhoff, Felix Busch, Oke Gerke, André Karch, and Oliver Krause. 2024. “Title and Abstract Screening for Literature Reviews Using Large Language Models: An Exploratory Study in the Biomedical Domain.” ''Systematic Reviews'' 13 (1): 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02575-4'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Dennstädt et al. perform a study in which they attempt to determine the viability of using LLMs to automate scholarly literature surveys. The researchers developed a method for using LLMs to perform the title and abstract screenings of a systematic literature review method and applied that method with four LLMs across eleven datasets in biomedical literature. A key advantage of implementing LLMs in this process is that it escapes the need to train the machine via pre-selection. Researchers have developed automated and semi-automated processes for systematic literature reviews in the past, but this requires a human agent to provide training data or a corpus of example texts that tell the system what to look for. LLMs do not require this step. Instead, the researchers used a Python script that prompts the LLM “to evaluate the relevance of a scientific publication for inclusion into an SLR,” providing the LLM with both abstract and title, request for a numbered score indicating the relevance of the publication, and a numerical threshold that defines whether a score makes the given publication relevant. The authors characterize the results of the study as “promising” but also “far from perfect,” identifying that such applications could be helpful to researchers and are widely applicable without special training for data or user, even if “fully automated systems… still fail to differentiate… near the level of human evaluation”. The authors conclude that more research into the use of LLMs to automate systematic literature reviews is needed, but it seems very likely that scholars will employ LLMs into this integral research task with greater frequency in the future. How well LLMs will continue to perform in this task is unclear, especially in new research, and Dennstädt et al. clearly state, “we cannot answer the question of to what extent LLMs should be used for conducting literature reviews and for doing research”.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Montague-Hellen, Beth. 2024. “Empowering Knowledge through AI: Open Scholarship Proactively Supporting Well Trained Generative AI.” ''Insights'' 37 (1). https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.649.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Generative AI is becoming a dominant interface for finding, summarizing, and producing academic information, with consequences for what counts as authoritative knowledge online. Montague-Hellen argues that, rather than focusing primarily on misuse, job displacement, or defensive copyright disputes, scholarly communications actors should actively encourage the inclusion of scholarly literature in generative AI training data to improve reliability and ensure research is represented in emerging discovery platforms. The article develops two main pathways for doing this: making scholarly outputs more machine-actionable and “crawlable” (especially through better linkage, metadata, and structured HTML rather than PDF-only dissemination) and making permissions unambiguous by explicitly addressing AI training in licences and related signals. It foregrounds “garbage in, garbage out” to claim that while libraries and publishers cannot remove low-quality web content from training corpora, they can tilt the balance by lowering friction for high-quality, curated research to be ingested legally. Montague-Hellen also highlights unresolved tensions around attribution and consent under common Creative Commons licences, suggesting that clearer, more specific permission frameworks (or new licensing patterns) may be needed to distinguish human reading from machine training and to communicate “enthusiastic consent” where desired.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Mugaanyi, Joseph, Christoph Lehner, and Lia M. Bally. 2024. “Evaluation of Large Language Model Performance and Reliability for Citation Generation Across Scientific Disciplines.” ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'' 26: e52935. https://doi.org/10.2196/52935'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Mugaanyi, Lehner, and Bally perform a study aimed at gauging the accuracy and reliability of citations generated by ChatGPT (GPT 3.5) in both the natural sciences and humanities. The authors emphasize that “Citations and references serve as the backbone of scholarly communication, providing the necessary context, evidence, and credit to prior works… ensuring the integrity of the research process”. With this in mind, the article frames the related study as aiding researchers in determining whether LLMs are viable as writing assistants in scholarly writing. In short, if an LLM cannot be relied upon to accurately cite and reference sources, it poses a risk to the integrity of research when incorporated into scholarly writing. The study found that ChatGPT hallucinated over a quarter of its references, with a slightly higher margin in the natural sciences. Furthermore, not all of those citations that did exist were accurate, and the LLM hallucinated DOIs for nearly 90% of the references it cited, real or otherwise, in the humanities. The issue, as the authors describe it, is that “in the current iteration of LLMs, since the training is geared toward generalization and the models. are probabilistic, they tend to interpolate and fill in the missing information with synthetic text”. The authors conclude that, while domain-specific models may improve performance and reliability, in its current, generic form, researchers need to contemplate whether the strengths of ChatGPT’s reference generation justify its demonstrable limitations and “the importance of robust validation processes to ensure the accuracy and reliability of generated content.” 

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Schroeder, Hope, Marianne Aubin Le Quéré, Casey Randazzo, David Mimno, and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2024. “Large Language Models in Qualitative Research: Uses, Tensions, and Intentions.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 27. https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.07362'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Schroder et al. perform interviews with twenty qualitative researchers in human computer interaction (HCI) and qualitative research to gauge how researchers are actually using LLMs and concerns over the incorporation of LLMs at different stages of research; the authors also provide a survey of the rise of LLMs and flag potential concerns, using both interviews and survey as a launchpad to outline suggestions and recommendations for researchers in the field contemplating the use of LLMs in their research. The authors are concerned that “the speed of LLM development has outpaced guidance on their ethical use” and “the HCI community is contending with the need for developed policies that tackle how to use AI ethically in research”. The most prominent concerns that the article raises relate to “ethics, unequal adoption of new technologies, model bias, and performance” as well as “concerns regarding participant privacy,” but there is also a larger issue within the field of HCI that “LLMs may lend the impression that qualitative inquiry can be automated, and their integration into Quantitative Data Analysis (QDA) software may increasingly impose positivist approaches that conflict with interpretivist traditions”. Key findings from the interviews are that most researchers are open to responsible use of LLMs but have concerns about established guidelines and norms for its implementation. Additionally, many are already using LLMs “to generate recruitment materials”, “speed up qualitative coding”, and “for ideation and feedback”, even as they acknowledge tensions between the qualitative nature of their work and the prospect of automation. The most significant recommendations that Schroder et al. make include updating consent forms, using dedicated tools rather than defaulting to Chat-GPT, and implementing design decisions specifically for LLM-incorporating methodologies that reconsider “participant privacy”, LLM’s “intentional use”, “transparency and validation”, “researcher context”, “deep engagement with data” despite this automation, and ways “to consider participant perspectives and interests” given “the variable performance LLMs have across contexts, knowledge domains, cultures, and languages”. The authors hope that incorporating these considerations will “empower qualitative researchers to leverage LLMs confidently, and even creatively, for their work”. 

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Tumadóttir, Anna. 2024. “Questions for Consideration on AI &amp; the Commons.” ''Creative Commons'', July 24. https://creativecommons.org/2024/07/24/preferencesignals/.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Tumadóttir talks about CC, license, tools, policy and discusses the way to foster a healthy commons environment in the digital era. She points out how the introduction of the CC license enhanced Creative Commons by giving the creators choice over usage of their works. However, it is now a question if the same healthy commons can be maintained today because of rapid technological development. Preference signals for AI is a notion to give an agent (creator, rights holder, entity of some kind) more flexibility on how they want their work to be used for AI model training. However, the choice is still binary which is offering all or nothing. After consultations, it is found that people want more control over their work and if not, they might not share their work at all. Therefore, it is important to identify the right type of preference signals for it to be useful to benefit the public interest.  During this process, we need to keep in mind its effect and variation on cultural heritage, different education sectors and regions. Moreover, to make the preference signals effective, we need to examine its structure as well as whether legal enforcement is necessary.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Yue, Yongjie, Maosong Zheng, Jiahui Liu, Zhimin Wang, and Chenhui Mao. 2025. “A Practical Guide and Assessment on Using ChatGPT to Conduct Grounded Theory Studies: Step-by-Step Reporting of the Data Analysis Process.” ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'' 27: e70122. https://doi.org/10.2196/70122'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Yue et al. employ a study that entailed researchers using either manual coding or coding assisted by ChatGPT to perform data analysis on a 40,000 word dataset made up of interviews with 8 players of Listen and Play in Jianghu, a Chinese MMORPG designed for the blind. The study’s aim was to “provide detailed guidelines for using ChatGPT in grounded theory within the Chinese context”, “evaluate the effectiveness of ChatGPT coding” in this context, and “explore the broader implications and future directions of ChatGPT in qualitative research”. The article goes into great detail as to the process for generating open code with ChatGPT. The results of the study show that, although manual coding performed slightly better than ChatGPT-assisted coding, the “difference was not statistically significant” in its production of nodes and reference points. However, during axial coding, the categories and subcategories generated through these respective processes was significantly different, with only half of the categories semantically matching between manual and ChatGPT-assisted methods. The authors conclude that, while ChatGPT 4-Turbo “enhanced the diversity and efficiency of coding,” “it struggled with depth, context, subtle nuances, connections, and coding organization”. Nevertheless Yue et al. see great potential in the application of GenAI-assisted coding in grounded theory, especially as the technology develops. 

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Zhu, Wenhao, Hongyi Liu, Qingxiu Dong, Jingjing Xu, Shujian Huang, Lingpeng Kong, Jiajun Chen, and Lei Li. 2023. “Multilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models: Empirical Results and Analysis.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', June 14. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.04675'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Zhu et al. perform an empirical study that tests the multilingual translation performance of eight popular LLMs on 102 languages. As the authors explain, this is a particularly difficult task as it requires “semantic alignment between languages.” While LLMs tend to perform surprisingly well at translation, “it is also unclear [sic] how LLM acquires translation ability and which factors affect LLM’s translation ability”. This study in multilingual machine translation (MMT) therefore seeks to answer two questions: how do LLMs perform MMT over massive languages and what factors affect their performance?

The results of the study suggest that GPT-4 generally outperforms its competitors but still falls short of Google Translate in some tests. Two key takeaways from this study is that “exemplars in the tail of the prompt have larger influence on an LLM’s behaviour,” meaning that the order in which exemplars are given within a prompt matter, and that cross-lingual translation pairs are particularly helpful exemplars to LLMs. The authors ultimately conclude that an “LLM can acquire translation ability in a resource-efficient way, which indicates [a] promising future of LLM in multilingual machine translation” as the technology evolves.

''NB: As this research was conducted prior to Google’s implementation of GenAI/LLMs into Google Translate in 2024, it sometimes uses Google Translate as a baseline/comparison point for LLM-powered translation that can be confusing without that context.''

== Forms of Research Output ==

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Bozkurt, Aras. 2024. “GenAI et al.: Cocreation, Authorship, Ownership, Academic Ethics and Integrity in a Time of Generative AI.” ''Open Praxis'' 16 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.16.1.654'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Bozkurt’s essay seeks “to undertake a critical examination of the use of generative AI in academic contexts… examining its implications and exploring the nuances of its integration.” He begins with an assertion of technological determinism, stating “This technological shift… is not just a transient trend but a symbol of the inescapable change… marking the onset of an AI-dominated age and initiating profound and inevitable shifts in our academic and educational paradigms”. The author makes the argument that the advent of AI “requires us to critically reconsider concepts such as cocreation, ownership, and authorship in academic writing processes.” For instance, in exploring the concept of ownership, he briefly notes the ethical concerns of whether those who created the content upon which AI was trained might claim ownership of AI-generated content and explores the notions of AI or even its programmers acting as a co-author. Bozkurt himself takes the explicit stance that GenAI ought not be credited as a co-author. The paper also provides suggestions related to the ethics of AI use and transparency: “In some cases, merely reporting … is inadequate. A more nuanced approach involves providing multilayered statements acknowledging and benchmarking the use of [GenAI], specifying where, when, in which sections, and for what purposes it is employed.” Bozkurt reiterates that responsibility ultimately belongs to the human author, and provides the aiTARAS (Academic Integrity and Transparency in AI-assisted Research and Specification) Framework for this purpose. Bozkurt ends his essay by identifying further problems beyond the scope of the article, including “reimagining of assessment and evaluation”, our overfocus on ChatGPT and English language in this field of study, and the inaccuracy of AI detection software.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Colbert-Lewis, Danielle, Lawrence Maminta, Kelly McElroy, Graeme Slaght, and Mark Swartz. 2024. “The Citation Economy as a Site of Extraction for Surveillance Publishing.” ''Canadian Journal of Academic Librarianship'' 10 (December): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.33137/cjal-rcbu.v10.43293.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Colbert-Lewis et al. (2024) examine the extractive nature of the modern &quot;citation economy,&quot; arguing that academic publishing has evolved into a powerful mechanism for surveillance and data commodification. The authors detail how a consolidated group of dominant publishers capture surplus value from the academic lifecycle by extracting free scholarly labor, research data, and personal information. Crucially, these corporations are transitioning from traditional information vendors into technology-driven data brokers. The extracted data is reinvested into proprietary analytics products that are then sold back to universities to evaluate and surveil faculty performance, relying on opaque metrics that threaten academic freedom. Furthermore, the authors highlight the severe ethical compromises inherent in this system, noting that academics inadvertently fuel data infrastructures that these same parent companies sell to external industries, including law enforcement and advertising. To combat the rise of &quot;surveillance publishing,&quot; the article concludes with actionable recommendations for scholars and librarians to resist exploitative practices and build ethical infrastructures, alongside a supplementary mini-zine designed to raise awareness about the hidden costs of participating in the citation economy.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px&quot;&gt;
'''Frangou, Sophia, Umberto Volpe, and Andrea Fiorillo. 2025. “AI in scientific writing and publishing: A call for critical engagement.” ''European Psychiatry'' 68 (1): e98. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10061'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Frangou, Volpe, and Fiorillo provide a succinct summary of the benefits of implementing AI in scientific writing and publishing, before turning to the challenges and risks posed towards the use of such technology. Finally, they end by posing ethical frameworks for the use of AI in both publishing and writing. In publishing, the authors identify tools that can aid in tasks ranging from copyediting to finding reviewers and claim that for both “high-volume publications” and “resource-constrained journals… AI can serve as a force multiplier, expanding what editorial teams can accomplish without compromising the centrality of human discretion and responsibility” . In writing, the article notes that “Ai-powered applications offer a suite of tools that, when used judiciously, can enhance the quality, efficiency, and inclusivity of the scholarly communication process,” placing such tools along the trajectory of preexisting aids like EndNote and Zotero, which have also now incorporated AI. Frangou, Volpe, and Fiorillo argue that AI can help scholars identify relevant literature they might otherwise have trouble finding, reduce the linguistic bias encountered by scholars for whom English is not their first language, and aid scholars in navigating the publishing landscape so their work can find the best possible fit. Finally, the authors acknowledge the epistemic and ethical risks of AI: inconsistency and irreproducibility, transparency, informed consent, and data privacy are all core concerns. Key components in the article’s ethical frameworks for publishers and authors include transparency and disclosure, human accountability, and training and skill development. The authors hope that “these principles articulate a shared responsibility for shaping the role of AI in scientific publishing” and AI’s “adoption reinforces the foundational values that give scientific communication its trustworthiness and legitimacy.”

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'''Graßhoff, Gerd. 2024. “AI-Reporter: A Path to a New Genre of Scientific Communication.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', July 31. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05903 '''
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Graßhoff introduces a new tool, the AI-Reporter, that aims “to fundamentally expand scientific communication for the new era…”; according to Graßhoff, the AI-Reporter “creates a sustainable, referenceable, and expandable knowledge base that captures not just content but the living essence of scientific discourse”. In short, Graßhoff proposes a tool that will adapt a scientific presentation into a “public-ready chapter” in about three minutes with “only the author’s consent.” The majority of the article is dedicated to a tech-oriented breakdown of the methodology and workflow of the AI-Reporter, namely the semantic analysis and translation of a recorded slide presentation—consisting of the presentation as a PDF, video recording, and basic metadata—into a publication-ready chapter. Graßhoff’s tool is an attempt to solve what he identifies as a core problem of modern scholarly communication, namely that “knowledge is increasingly presented in dynamic, multimodal formats” that are ultimately ephemeral and content is often lost (14). He aims to refine this tool to enable real-time processing, multilingual support, interactive multimedia components, “optimization for academic disciplines”, and more to this project. He advocates the AI-reporter as nothing less than “a vision for the future of scientific communication.”

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'''Jiang, Jialei. 2024. “When generative artificial intelligence meets multimodal composition: Rethinking the composition process through an AI-assisted design project.” ''Computers and Composition'' 74: 102883. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2024.102883'''
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Jiang conducts a study in which GenAI is integrated into students’ composition of multimodal texts, then interviewed on their experience. Jiang’s states her aim as follows: “Through examining writing students use of GenAI tools in multimodal composition, this study seeks to unravel how GenAi technologies influence students’ design choices, problem-solving approaches, and the overall composition process.” In particular, Jiang is interested in “potential opportunities and challenges of incorporating GenAI into students’ multimodal composition process”. Jiang frames the article within composition and writing studies and the theory behind multimodal composition. She builds upon recent pedagogical best practices put forward by Burriss and Leander (2024) that “call upon teachers and educators to engage in the development of an emergent pedagogy of critical AI that “teach[es] about/with AI in emergent, flexible, and speculative ways””. The results of the study emphasize that, while GenAI can streamline workflow and provide examples from which students can build using their own creativity, there were clear limitations to the technology. Of course, students’ realization of these limitations is a success of the course’s pedagogy. The article also provides three case studies of the student compositions as exemplars of the outcome. Jiang concludes with a recommendation “that researchers and educators engage in meaningful dialogues with students about their uses of GenAI during composition practices”. She quotes her own earlier work (Jiang et al. 2024), where she writes that to keep AI out of the classroom “is not only idealistic and impossible,” “it is actually completely disengaged from the realities of the changing technological landscape students are already facing.”

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'''Mehlenbacher, Brad, Ana Patricia Balbon, and Ashley Rose Mehlenbacher. 2024. “Synthetic Genres: Expert Genres, Non-Specialist Audiences, and Misinformation in the Artificial Intelligence Age.” ''Journal of Technical Writing and Communication'', January 31. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472816231226249.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Genre theorists Mehlenbacher et al. examine which AI-generated texts are “good enough” to pass as “bona fide” (already a “very good” standard). They argue AI-generated text produces misinformation, pushes apart definitions of “information” and “knowledge”, and necessitates rhetorical understanding. The authors therefore believe “synthetic genres” will emerge, departing in situation, form, and even “the very concept of genre users” based on recursive and “poisoned” outputs. In reviewing literature, the authors spotlight AI-generated disinformation’s suasive (instead of propagandistic or accurate) potential, and argue that AI-generated text can be suasive by appearing both “timely” and “appropriate.” However, this “fraudoscientific” text can never be truly “timely” or “appropriate”, as it is always constrained in past work, and only responds to prompts, not situations. Despite this, AI-generated text generated on specialist subjects can still be effectively suasive – and even when identified as AI - because its authority is difficult to challenge. Mehlenbacher et al. therefore conduct two studies of AI-generated outputs, focussing on how they may be deceptive or detected. They first prompted GPT-3 to emulate rhetorical research abstracts by generating a range of definitions alongside text to emulate research processes. Next, they conducted a genre analysis, generating text on controversial topics and prioritizing suasiveness over ability to pass a theoretical “Genre Turing Test.” Based on their results, Mehlenbacher et al. suggest AI-generated text should be cross examined with specialist texts to identify where they need additional development, presenting a valuable teaching opportunity which supports “a powerful way to introduce the epistemic functions of writing.” Non-specialists should also develop tools to identify the source and quality of content, including diverse genre perspectives. The authors conclude by arguing genre scholars should further consider AI-generated texts and emphasizing the importance of genre users. This is because “genre must be understood in a rhetorical context”, while “synthetic genres” can only act as “statistical simulacrum.”

== Teaching and Pedagogy ==

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'''Adewumi, Tosin, Lama Alkhaled, Christopher Buck, Sergio Hernandez, Sofia Brilioth, Memoona Kekung, Yasmin Ragimov, and Emily Barney. 2024. “ProCoT: Stimulating Critical Thinking and Writing of Students through Engagement with Large Language Models (LLMs).” Preprint, ''arXiv'', July 24. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.09801'''
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Adewumi et al.'s Probing Chain-of-Thought (ProCoT) methodology represents a pedagogical approach that transforms LLM interaction from potential academic dishonesty into an active learning process centered on critical evaluation and evidence-based reasoning. ProCoT requires students to generate initial outputs using LLMs, then systematically affirm or refute each claim using peer-reviewed references, effectively making the AI output a provisional hypothesis to be tested rather than a final answer to be submitted. This approach directly addresses the section's themes of process transparency (the method makes visible each stage of knowledge construction, from initial AI generation through source verification to synthesis) and ethical reflection (students must grapple with AI limitations including hallucination, bias, and lack of disciplinary nuance). The authors' finding that student outputs using ProCoT were significantly more concise than LLM-generated text (208 vs. 391 words on average) while demonstrating enhanced critical thinking suggests that the method trains students to distill and synthesize rather than accept verbose AI output uncritically. ProCoT leverages AI's epistemological weaknesses as pedagogical strengths—the fact that ChatGPT cannot reliably cite sources becomes an opportunity for students to develop information literacy by finding and evaluating primary literature. The method's anti-cheating design is secondary to its pedagogical value: by requiring iterative engagement with AI outputs and scholarly sources, ProCoT embeds the kind of metacognitive reflection (What did the AI get right? What did it miss? How do I know?) that is of significance to pedagogy in the AI era. The authors' evidence from 65 students across disciplines demonstrates feasibility across contexts, emphasizing cross-disciplinary rather than field-specific approaches to AI-entangled pedagogy. 

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'''Berry, David M. 2023. “AI, Ethics, and Digital Humanities.” In ''The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Digital Humanities'', edited by James O’Sullivan, 445–57. Bloomsbury Academic. https://recoveryhub.siue.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/AI-Ethics-and-Digital-Humanities-.pdf'''
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Berry emphasizes that AI’s use in the field of Digital Humanities raises major ethical questions despite it being an apparent evolution of the field’s traditional utilization of technology to augment human research capabilities. Berry outlines this issue by comparing the modern rise of AI to Digital Humanities’ early history, highlighting that digital humanists operated as coders until they began to ““black box” the computational aspects of doing digital humanities”, thus enabling non-programmers to participate. Since AI “automating processes might cover over ethical issues by transferring them into the hashtables of the machine-learning system”, Berry argues uncritical reliance on AI tools by inexpert modern humanists risks the “algorithmization” and imposition of hierarchical, quantitative frameworks upon Digital Humanities studies. He further identifies that the field of Digital Humanities is “on the cusp of a new set of packages that will further democratize access to machine learning”, a noble goal, but one which will bring these issues to the forefront. For this reason, Berry argues a reconsideration of ethics within Digital Humanities is desperately required on both organizational and individual levels.

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'''Brown, Richard. 2023. ''The AI Generation: How Universities Can Prepare Students for the Changing World''. DEMOS and University of London report. https://demos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/The-AI-Generation-2.pdf'''
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Brown argues AI will inevitably and dramatically impact all fields of education, and therefore encourages universities to seize the opportunity to lead these changes instead of merely reacting to them. His voice is echoed by esteemed organizations DEMOS and the University of London, indicating that this shift in the academic environment is already beginning. Brown argues this shift is required due to the developing capacity of AI for automating low-skilled professional tasks, an ability which risks decimating the available number of entry-level graduate positions. As a result, how employers value the workplace skills taught by current curriculums will change drastically, meaning universities must revolutionize their approach to education. Brown provides a blueprint for how universities can adapt to these changes by championing education’s prioritization of “GRASP” (General Relational, Analytic, Social and Personal) skills as an alternative, advising universities to focus on teaching high-level and tailored skills to students instead of the generic. Universities can do this by practising “active learning” over traditional lecture formats as well as fostering extracurricular and work experience opportunities for their students.

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'''Deng, Ruiqi, Maoli Jiang, Xinlu Yu, Yuyan Lu, and Shasha Liu. 2025. “Does ChatGPT Enhance Student Learning? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies.” ''Computers &amp; Education'' 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224'''
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Deng and colleagues' meta-analysis of 69 experimental studies provides empirical grounding for claims about ChatGPT's pedagogical impact, revealing both opportunities and methodological challenges in assessing AI-enhanced learning. Their finding that ChatGPT interventions improve academic performance, affective-motivational states, and higher-order thinking propensities while reducing mental effort speaks directly to how assessment must shift when AI augments cognition—if mental effort decreases but learning outcomes improve, traditional measures of &quot;effort&quot; or &quot;struggle&quot; as proxies for learning may require recalibration. In their critique of current assessment methodologies the authors demonstrate that most studies evaluate only final outputs (essay quality, test scores) rather than learning processes, missing opportunities to examine how students interact with AI, what metacognitive strategies they develop, and whether AI use builds transferable skills or creates dependency. Deng et al.'s four methodological propositions—using complex project-based assessments that reveal process, evaluating long-term rather than novelty effects, prioritizing objective over self-reported measures of higher-order thinking, and employing adequate statistical power—provide a research agenda for pedagogy-AI scholarship that centers process evidence. Their documentation of disciplinary variation (language education dominates current research) while calling for cross-disciplinary synthesis focuses on avoiding discipline-specific approaches. The meta-analysis also reveals gaps in understanding collaboration (few studies examine peer learning dynamics when AI is present) and metacognition (limited research on whether students develop awareness of their own and AI's knowledge boundaries), highlighting the resulting pedagogical transformations.

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'''Grigoli, L. Renato. 2023. “Ghosts in the Machine.” ''American Historical Association'' 61 (3). https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Perspectives_61N3.pdf'''
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Grigoli dismisses fears of AI generated essays threatening academic integrity by arguing that “if the development of artificial intelligence results in the death of the humanities, then it will be because it will have shown that the emperor has no clothes.” He uses ChatGPT to demonstrate that although AI responses appear competent at a passing glance, they lack valuable substance, simply arranging facts in a way that “tricks the reader into… doing all the analytical work.” Clear critical analysis should be the core component of a successful humanities essay, making well-designed assessments of this field far more reliable than those focussed on information retention (like engineering). Therefore, AI is not a real threat, but a valuable pedagogical tool which can demonstrate examples of clean prose and prompt students to critically analyse what constitutes critical analysis. Essentially, if an AI generated answer can pass a test, the real problem was ‘self-inflicted’ by either the examiner or the question itself.

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'''Lee, Daniel, and Edward Palmer. 2025. “Prompt Engineering in Higher Education: A Systematic Review to Help Inform Curricula.” ''International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education'' 22: 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00503-7'''
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Lee and Palmer's systematic review establishes prompt engineering as an emergent pedagogical practice that integrates with longstanding traditions of scholarly inquiry, questioning, and rhetoric. The authors synthesize multiple frameworks (AIPROMT, CLEAR, CRISPE) that codify prompting as a learnable skill involving role specification, context provision, instruction clarity, and iterative refinement—revealing how interaction with LLMs mirrors Socratic dialogue, research question formulation, and the rhetorical tradition of audience awareness. This work positions &quot;prompting as pedagogy&quot; as a reconfiguration of existing scholarly literacies: students learning to prompt effectively must articulate their information needs precisely, anticipate how language shapes output, and iteratively refine queries based on initial results—all core practices in library research, database searching, and scholarly conversation. The authors document how educators are embedding prompt engineering across disciplines, from technical fields where students prompt AI to generate code or solve equations, to humanities contexts where prompting becomes a form of textual analysis (understanding what linguistic patterns trigger particular AI responses reveals implicit biases and training data influences). Their review also identifies ethical dimensions—well-designed prompts can mitigate AI hallucination and bias, while poorly constructed prompts amplify these issues—making prompt literacy a matter of scholarly responsibility. The authors' call for curricula that teach prompting as interdisciplinary competency aligns with how AI entangles with pedagogy across boundaries, reshaping what counts as fundamental scholarly practice in an AI-augmented knowledge environment.

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'''Mai, Dang Thi Thuy, Cuong Van Da, and Nguyen Van Hanh. 2024. “The Use of ChatGPT in Teaching and Learning: A Systematic Review through SWOT Analysis Approach.” ''Frontiers in Education'' 9: 1328769. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1328769'''
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Mai and colleagues' systematic SWOT analysis of 51 studies on ChatGPT in education, organized through Biggs's 3P model (Presage-Process-Product), offers comprehensive mapping of how generative AI enters and transforms pedagogical systems at multiple scales—from individual learner characteristics (Presage) through interactive teaching-learning processes (Process) to learning outcomes and assessment products (Product). This multilevel framework reveals that ChatGPT's pedagogical impact cannot be isolated to single moments of use but ripples across entire learning ecologies: at the Presage level, ChatGPT shifts what prior knowledge students need (familiarity with prompting interfaces) and what instructor competencies are required (ability to design AI-aware assignments); at the Process level, it transforms interaction patterns from teacher-student and student-student to include human-AI dialogue that may enhance personalized scaffolding but risks reducing peer collaboration; at the Product level, it necessitates fundamental assessment redesign because traditional evaluation instruments (timed essays, closed-book exams) lose validity when AI can generate competent responses. The authors' characterization of ChatGPT as simultaneously &quot;friend&quot; (enabling personalized learning, reducing educator workload, providing instant feedback) and &quot;foe&quot; (enabling plagiarism, potentially reducing critical thinking, creating over-reliance) mirrors the section's emphasis on entanglement—pedagogy cannot simply embrace or reject AI but must negotiate tensions between efficiency and effort, personalization and depersonalization, augmentation and replacement. Mai et al.'s documentation of how educators are adapting curricula to emphasize creativity and critical thinking (skills less easily automated) while using ChatGPT for routine information provision demonstrates pedagogical evolution toward distinctly human capacities. Their call for assessment reform using complex case studies, portfolios, and process documentation rather than single-sitting exams directly supports the notion of process evidence and metacognition as being central to AI-era pedagogy, positioning assessment not as gatekeeping but as making learning processes transparent and accountable.

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'''Oates, Angela, and Donna Johnson. 2025. “ChatGPT in the Classroom: Evaluating Its Role in Fostering Critical Evaluation Skills.” ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education'' 35 (3): 754–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-024-00452-8'''
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Oates and Johnson's empirical study of biomedical science master's students offers insight into how AI functions more effectively as object of critical study than as production tool, revealing pedagogical value in making AI outputs subjects for evaluation rather than endpoints of learning. Their finding that students' marks did not improve when submitting AI-generated essays but did improve when critically evaluating AI outputs demonstrates a fundamental pedagogical principle: learning occurs not in consuming AI-generated content but in interrogating it, comparing it against disciplinary standards, identifying its factual errors and rhetorical limitations, and articulating why human-authored scholarship differs. This shifts pedagogy from &quot;use AI to complete tasks&quot; toward &quot;use AI to understand knowledge construction itself&quot;—students learn about evidence evaluation, citation practices, and argumentation by analyzing where ChatGPT succeeds and fails at these scholarly fundamentals. The authors document that ChatGPT demonstrated structural coherence and grammatical accuracy but lacked the disciplinary depth and synthetic insight expected in graduate work, making visible to students the difference between surface-level fluency and genuine expertise. Their emphasis on user interaction as a variable affecting efficacy underscores that pedagogy must address not just whether AI is present but how students are taught to engage it—prompt design, output evaluation, and integration with human research become learnable scholarly practices. Oates and Johnson's conclusion that students preferred writing their own essays despite AI's availability suggests that when pedagogy centers process transparency and critical evaluation rather than output efficiency, students recognize and value the cognitive work that AI cannot replicate, focusing on pedagogy that treats AI as entangled phenomenon requiring simultaneous use and critique.

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'''Pope, Andrew, and Rongqian Ma. 2024. “Exploring Historians’ Critical Use of Generative AI Technologies for History Education.” ''Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology'' 61 (1): 1071–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.1188'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Pope and Ma conducted semi-structured interviews of seven history professors to assess their attitudes towards employing GenAI tools in their teaching. Understanding this stance is important because Pope and Ma believe incoherent and mismatched approaches could inhibit scholarly communication and undermine academic integrity. The survey demonstrated historians had major concerns about GenAI’s development, especially regarding plagiarism. Respondents were particularly divided on whether copying an AI’s work was academic misconduct. However, historians had far fewer concerns about using GenAI to ‘augment’ human abilities or tailor support to students - although senior academics maintained substantially greater reservations. The historians that were interviewed concurred that critiquing AI generated text could improve a student’s media literacy. Pope and Ma’s study suggests that historians consistently doubt the quality of AI generated responses even when willing to employ it.

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'''Tan, Myles Joshua Toledo, and Nicholle Mae Amor Ttan Maravilla. 2024. “Shaping Integrity: Why Generative Artificial Intelligence Does Not Have to Undermine Education.” ''Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence'' 7: 1471224. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1471224'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Tan and Maravilla provide theoretical grounding for understanding how generative AI can be integrated into pedagogy without compromising academic integrity, arguing that responsible implementation depends on alignment with constructivist learning theory and self-determination theory. The authors position AI not as a threat to authentic learning but as a catalyst that necessitates pedagogical transformation—shifting from transmission models toward environments where students actively construct knowledge using AI as one tool among many. Their framework emphasizes process transparency through explicit discussion of AI's role in knowledge construction and ethical reflection through examining how GAI outputs are generated, what assumptions they embed, and where they may mislead or constrain inquiry. This work addresses pedagogy-as-entanglement by showing how GAI forces educators to make visible the epistemic practices that traditional assessment often left implicit: citation tracing, source evaluation, argument construction, and the iterative nature of scholarly writing. Tan and Maravilla argue that rather than banning AI to preserve integrity, educators should redesign assessment to require demonstration of process—portfolios showing prompt refinement, comparison of AI outputs with human-authored sources, and metacognitive reflection on when and why AI was consulted. Their synthesis of educational theory with practical implementation strategies makes this work useful for understanding how pedagogy must evolve to treat AI as both subject matter (what students must understand about how AI functions) and scaffolding (how AI can support learning when used transparently and reflectively).

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'''Yim, Iris Heung Yue, and Jiahong Su. 2025. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Learning Tools in K-12 Education: A Scoping Review.” ''British Journal of Educational Technology'' 56 (1): 169–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-023-00304-9'''
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Yim and Su's scoping review of AI literacy education in K-12 contexts provides grounding for understanding how pedagogy approaches AI as an object of study, not merely as a tool, revealing how students across age groups learn to understand, critique, and create with AI systems. The authors document how intelligent agents (Google Teachable Machine, Learning ML) and software platforms (Scratch, Python) enable students to engage with AI's underlying mechanisms—training models, observing how data shapes outputs, and experiencing firsthand how algorithmic decision-making operates. This approach treats AI as epistemological phenomenon: students don't just use pre-trained models but build simple systems themselves, making visible how AI &quot;learns&quot; and where its learning breaks down (limited training data, biased datasets, inability to generalize beyond training conditions). Yim and Su's synthesis of pedagogical strategies—project-based learning where students create AI applications, human-computer collaboration examining how humans and machines complement each other, and game-based approaches making AI concepts accessible—demonstrates how educators scaffold understanding from concrete manipulation to abstract reasoning about intelligence and automation. The review's attention to cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning outcomes moves beyond narrow skill acquisition to examine how AI literacy shapes students' broader epistemic stance: understanding AI's capabilities and limitations, recognizing when algorithmic solutions are appropriate, and developing critical awareness of AI's social implications. Their emphasis on age-appropriate pedagogies and the importance of unplugged activities (learning AI concepts through physical manipulation before digital implementation) provides models for how pedagogy must adapt to learners' developmental stages when teaching about AI systems. This work's K-12 focus complements higher education studies in this section by showing how foundational AI literacy built through hands-on exploration creates readiness for more sophisticated critical engagement with AI as both tool and object of study in advanced scholarship.

== Service and Peer Review ==

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'''Checco, Alessandro, Lorenzo Bracciale, Pierpaolo Loreti, Stephen Pinfield, and Giuseppe Bianchi. 2021. “AI-Assisted Peer Review.” ''Humanities and Social Sciences Communications'' 8: 25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41599-020-00703-8'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Checco et al.'s study represents crucial early (pre-GenAI) empirical work demonstrating that AI can predict peer review outcomes based on &quot;superficial&quot; manuscript features—readability metrics, formatting consistency, reference list structure, linguistic patterns—with surprising accuracy, training neural networks on 3,300 conference papers to correlate these proxy measures with eventual accept/reject decisions. This finding has profound implications for understanding AI's operational role: the research reveals that much of what passes as peer review judgment operates on detectable patterns (clear writing, proper citation formatting, adherence to disciplinary conventions) that AI can identify and assess, potentially automating routine quality checks and flagging submissions unlikely to meet standards. However, the authors explicitly position their work as supporting &quot;semi-automated&quot; rather than fully automated review, emphasizing AI's role in pre-screening and administrative tasks (matching manuscripts with reviewers based on topic modeling, identifying obvious deficiencies) rather than intellectual evaluation. The paper's most valuable contribution lies in its systematic exploration of ethical implications: algorithmic bias risks (AI might penalize unconventional but innovative work, discriminate against non-native English writers, favor institutional prestige markers), transparency requirements (making AI decision criteria auditable), and the necessity of human oversight to prevent automation from calcifying existing disciplinary hierarchies. By documenting both AI's predictive capabilities on operational dimensions and its inherent limitations on substantive judgment, Checco et al. provide empirical foundation for designing peer review systems where AI handles standardized identification tasks while human expertise remains authoritative for evaluative assessment, directly instantiating the core principle that operational assistance must not migrate into epistemic territory.

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'''Hosseini, Mohammad, and Serge P. J. M. Horbach. 2023. “Fighting Reviewer Fatigue or Amplifying Bias? Considerations and Recommendations for Use of ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models in Scholarly Peer Review.” ''Research Integrity and Peer Review'' 8 (1): 15. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2587766/v1'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Published early in the ChatGPT era, Hosseini and Horbach's analysis provides a prescient examination of how LLM integration transforms both the pragmatics and ethics of peer review labor. The authors document LLMs' potential to combat reviewer fatigue by automating time-consuming tasks—transforming informal reviewer notes into polished reports, generating structured feedback on manuscript sections, identifying linguistic or formatting issues—thereby potentially expanding the pool of contributors who can participate effectively despite language barriers or time constraints. However, the article's core contribution lies in its still-useful systematic identification of risks that emerge when operational assistance crosses into epistemic territory: LLMs trained on existing literature may amplify disciplinary biases (favoring established paradigms over novel approaches), geographic biases (privileging research contexts well-represented in training data), or methodological orthodoxies (flagging unconventional designs as errors rather than innovations). The authors demonstrate through examples how ChatGPT can generate cynical or biased reviews that violate Mertonian norms of universalism, and how confidentiality breaches can occur when reviewers input manuscript excerpts into external AI platforms without institutional safeguards. Hosseini and Horbach's recommendations—mandatory disclosure of LLM use in reviews, human accountability for all AI-generated content, training in bias recognition, and institutional policies prohibiting upload of confidential materials—have influenced subsequent journal guidelines and provide foundational ethical framework for understanding why guardrails against leakage and disclosure norms become operational necessities rather than optional best practices in AI-entangled peer review systems.

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'''Liang, Weixin, Tara Iyer, Marianna Zhang, Zachary Lipton, and James Zou. 2024. “Evaluating Science: A Comparison of Human and AI Reviewers.” ''Judgment and Decision Making'' 19: e24. https://doi.org/10.1017/jdm.2024.24'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Liang and colleagues' large-scale field experiment comparing GPT-4 with human reviewers on conference abstracts provides empirical evidence about AI's capabilities and limitations in evaluative judgment. The study demonstrates that while AI can approximate human performance on certain classification tasks—identifying &quot;very best&quot; abstracts shows moderate alignment—detailed evaluative assessments reveal persistent gaps, with human-AI agreement comparable to human-human variability, suggesting AI does not systematically outperform baseline reviewer disagreement. Critically, the research shows humans substantially outperform AI at detecting AI-generated versus human-written content, with detection tools like GPTZero exhibiting higher accuracy than GPT-4 itself when evaluating authorship. This finding has direct implications for peer review integrity when AI-generated manuscripts enter the submission pipeline. The authors position AI as effective for prescreening—rapidly filtering submissions for basic quality thresholds, identifying obvious errors, flagging compliance issues—while demonstrating it lacks the contextual understanding necessary for nuanced scientific judgment about significance, impact, or methodological soundness. The paper's methodological rigor in isolating human-versus-AI performance dimensions provides context for understanding where operational assistance (screening) legitimately ends and where human evaluative authority (substantive assessment) must begin, directly addressing the guiding principle that human judgment remains central even in AI-augmented workflows.

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'''Lim, Gim Hui, M. L. Tan, V. C. W. Hoe, and D. Koh. 2025. “Generative AI in Peer Review Process for Occupational Health.” ''Occupational Medicine'' 75 (5): 242–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaf051.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Lim and colleagues' empirical study comparing Microsoft Copilot, ChatGPT, and Google Gemini against human reviewers on eight occupational health manuscripts provides granular quantitative evidence about AI's operational capabilities and limitations in peer review tasks. The research demonstrates that AI tools significantly outperform humans in providing feedback (mean score 3.44 vs. human baseline, p&lt;0.001) across dimensions of relevance, completeness, accuracy, error identification, and constructiveness—documenting AI's strength in systematic checking tasks like identifying missing citations, flagging methodological inconsistencies, noting formatting errors, and pointing out unclear explanations. However, humans substantially outperform AI in generating actionable recommendations (mean score 3.36, p&lt;0.01), with AI showing particular deficiencies in suggesting substantive revisions, connecting findings to broader literature, or identifying conceptual limitations. This performance asymmetry instantiates the operational/epistemic division: AI excels at identification tasks (what's wrong, what's missing) but struggles with evaluative tasks (how to improve, what matters). The study also quantifies efficiency gains (AI reviews complete in 11 minutes versus 45 for humans) while documenting critical limitations: AI outputs contain fabricated references, generate plausible-sounding but inaccurate technical assertions, and require human verification to prevent propagation of errors. Lim et al.'s work demonstrates that even when AI shows superior performance on specific metrics, its integration into peer review requires careful task decomposition—leveraging speed and comprehensiveness for checking functions while preserving human authority for substantive guidance—making it essential evidence for designing hybrid human-AI workflows where operational assistance enhances rather than replaces evaluative expertise.

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'''Sun, Zhuanlan. 2025. “Large Language Models in Peer Review: Challenges and Opportunities.” ''Scientometrics'' 60 (3): 1683-1706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-025-05440-w'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Sun provides essential mapping of LLM applications across the peer review lifecycle, categorizing five distinct operational roles: checklist assistants for formatting and protocol adherence, reviewer selection aids that match manuscripts with appropriate expertise, feedback generators for preliminary assessments, bias detectors that flag methodological or statistical irregularities, and agents that coordinate multi-stage review workflows. The article systematically examines technical approaches including prompt engineering strategies, model evaluation frameworks, and architectural designs for integrating LLMs into editorial management systems. The author argues that while LLMs excel at standardized operational tasks—checking reference integrity, identifying duplicated content across submission databases, verifying compliance with reporting guidelines—they remain fundamentally limited in assessing research novelty, theoretical contributions, and domain-specific methodological rigor. The analysis emphasizes that current LLM limitations (inadequate scientific validation, domain knowledge gaps, inability to analyze complex datasets, ethical concerns around bias perpetuation) position them as supportive tools within human-led processes rather than autonomous decision-makers. This work is useful in understanding operational versus epistemic divisions of labor in AI-assisted scholarship service and documenting the technical infrastructure through which AI becomes entangled with peer review operations while maintaining clear boundaries around human evaluative judgment.

== AI and Scholarship Infrastructures ==

=== Organizational Infrastructures ===

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'''Batool, Amna, Didar Zowghi, and Muneera Bano. 2025. “AI Governance: A Systematic Literature Review.” ''AI and Ethics'' 5: 3265–3279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00653-w'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Batool and colleagues' (2025) systematic literature review offers a comprehensive mapping of AI governance across multiple levels—team, organization, industry, national, and international. The authors utilize a structured analytical framework that examines who governs (stakeholders and roles), what is governed (data, algorithms, systems), when governance occurs (stages in the AI lifecycle), and how it is implemented (frameworks, tools, policies). The article reveals that current governance practices remain fragmented and inconsistent, with significant gaps at the national and international levels. Applied to the context of higher education, this multi-level perspective is essential for understanding how research institutions must position themselves within broader governance ecosystems. Because organizational governance currently operates without clear external scaffolding, research institutions are often forced to improvise institutional arrangements rather than implement established templates. While the paper is broad in scope, its categorization of governance artifacts illuminates the range of mechanisms available to scholarly organizations: from technical tools like algorithmic auditing to organizational structures like ethics committees. Ultimately, the authors' findings highlight the challenges facing research institutions as they attempt to coordinate AI oversight across distributed, autonomous units—such as libraries implementing discovery tools or IT departments deploying infrastructure—demonstrating why cross-functional coordination is both necessary and difficult when existing governance structures were not designed to span these boundaries.

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'''Hadley, Emma, Abigail Blatecky, and Megan Comfort. 2025. “Investigating Algorithm Review Boards for Organizational Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance.” ''AI and Ethics'' 5: 2485–2495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00574-8'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Hadley and colleagues provide empirical documentation of algorithm review boards (ARBs) as organizational governance mechanisms, interviewing technical contributors across sectors to examine ARB membership, scope, success factors, and limitations. Their findings reveal ARBs as cross-functional bodies integrating diverse expertise (technical specialists, ethicists, domain experts, legal advisors, non-specialist stakeholders) to review AI systems for potential risks and harms, operating alongside other responsible AI approaches like policies, audits, and dedicated governance roles. The study's key insight that institutional review boards alone prove insufficient for algorithm governance—and that ARBs function most effectively when integrated with existing organizational processes rather than operating as isolated oversight bodies—speaks directly to research institutions' governance challenges. For universities and research organizations, the article illuminates how to structure cross-institutional coordination: ARBs exemplify mechanisms for bringing together library staff managing AI discovery tools, IT professionals maintaining infrastructure, research ethics committees evaluating AI in human-subjects research, and faculty deploying AI in teaching, creating forums for shared deliberation that institutional silos typically preclude. The authors' finding that leadership buy-in and integration with existing workflows constitute critical success factors underscores that governance effectiveness depends not just on mechanism design but on organizational embedding—ARBs work when they become part of institutional rhythm rather than external impediment. The article's documentation of financial tensions between profit motives and responsible AI costs, while focused on commercial contexts, translates to research institutions facing pressure to adopt AI for efficiency gains while managing ethical risks with constrained resources. Hadley et al.'s call for standardized ARB effectiveness metrics points to the broader challenge of demonstrating governance value in organizations where responsible AI practices compete with other institutional priorities for attention and investment.

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'''Janssen, Marijn. 2025. “Responsible Governance of Generative AI: Conceptualizing GenAI as Complex Adaptive Systems.” ''Policy and Society'' 44 (1): 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puae040'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Janssen's conceptual article reframes generative AI governance as managing complex adaptive systems characterized by co-evolution, emergent properties, and non-linear interactions between technical and social elements, directly challenging technology-deterministic approaches that treat AI as static tool requiring one-time organizational accommodation. This systems perspective is essential for understanding why research institutions struggle with AI governance: the article demonstrates how AI systems and organizational contexts mutually shape each other through feedback loops, making governance an ongoing adaptive process rather than implementation of fixed policies. Janssen argues that effective organizational stewardship requires holistic, outward-focused governance attending to how AI systems interact with broader organizational processes, public values, and societal concerns—moving beyond narrow risk mitigation to address joint accountability across system components including people, policies, data, and algorithms. For research institutions embedding AI in knowledge infrastructures, this framing illuminates why isolated departmental responses prove insufficient: cataloging systems using AI for metadata generation, research platforms deploying AI for literature synthesis, and administrative systems using AI for resource allocation together constitute an organizational AI ecosystem whose emergent behaviors cannot be governed through component-level oversight alone. The article's emphasis on selecting and combining appropriate policy instruments into adaptive governance packages provides conceptual foundation for cross-functional coordination mechanisms, suggesting that effective institutional stewardship requires deliberate orchestration of technical standards, organizational procedures, and stakeholder engagement processes that together shape AI's organizational trajectory. Janssen's work underscores that AI governance is not primarily technical implementation challenge but organizational transformation requiring institutions to develop new capabilities for managing sociotechnical co-evolution.

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'''Papagiannidis, Emmanouil, Patrick Mikalef, and Kieran Conboy. 2025. “Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance: A Review and Research Framework.” ''The Journal of Strategic Information Systems'' 34 (2): 101885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2024.101885'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Papagiannidis and colleagues provide theoretical grounding for understanding how organizations operationalize responsible AI principles through governance structures. Their scoping review synthesizes disparate literature to construct a conceptual framework differentiating between structural practices (formal roles, committees, reporting lines), relational practices (stakeholder engagement, accountability mechanisms), and procedural practices (auditing protocols, monitoring systems) across the AI lifecycle. This tripartite framework is valuable for research institutions navigating the challenge of translating broad ethical commitments into actionable organizational arrangements—the article explicitly addresses how governance antecedents like leadership commitment and regulatory pressure shape implementation, and how governance practices in turn affect outcomes like trust, compliance, and innovation capacity. The authors' critical reflection on responsible AI governance reveals tensions inherent to institutional stewardship: between centralized oversight and distributed expertise, between standardized protocols and context-sensitive judgment, between rapid AI deployment and deliberative ethical review. For research organizations managing AI's entanglement with knowledge infrastructures, this work provides vocabulary and analytical categories for diagnosing governance gaps and designing institutional responses that embed responsibility throughout organizational systems rather than treating ethics as external constraint.

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'''Weber, Michael, Martin Engert, Niklas Schaffer, Jörg Weking, and Helmut Krcmar. 2023. “Organizational Capabilities for AI Implementation—Coping with Inscrutability and Data Dependency in AI.” ''Information Systems Frontiers'' 25: 1549–1569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10297-y'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Weber and colleagues identify four organizational capabilities essential for AI implementation, addressing AI's distinctive characteristics that distinguish it from previous information technologies: inscrutability (difficulty predicting probabilistic outputs and explaining decision processes) and data dependency (reliance on high-quality, continuously updated data for system performance). Their capability framework—encompassing AI Project Planning, Co-Development, Data Management, and AI Model Lifecycle Management—provides actionable guidance for research institutions developing internal capacity to steward AI systems. The article's grounding in expert interviews from diverse organizational contexts reveals that AI implementation failures often stem not from technical deficits but from organizational incapacity to manage sociotechnical complexity: inscrutability requires enhanced planning and stakeholder communication practices to align expectations around uncertain outcomes, while data dependency demands robust governance of data quality, provenance, and evolution throughout systems' operational lives. For research organizations, these capabilities map onto critical institutional functions—libraries developing metadata systems must manage data quality for AI cataloging tools; research offices supporting computational scholarship must plan projects acknowledging unpredictable AI behavior; IT departments maintaining infrastructure must implement lifecycle management ensuring model performance doesn't degrade as institutional data changes. The article's emphasis on Co-Development capability—bringing together technical specialists, domain experts, and end-users to jointly shape AI systems—speaks directly to cross-functional coordination challenges in research institutions where AI touches multiple organizational domains. Weber et al.'s framework reveals that organizational stewardship requires not just governance structures (committees, policies, review processes) but operational capabilities (planning methods, collaboration practices, technical procedures) embedded in day-to-day institutional work. This capability perspective shifts attention from abstract principles to concrete organizational competencies that determine whether responsible AI rhetoric translates into institutional practice.

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'''Wu, Chuhao, He Zhang, and John M. Carroll. 2024. “AI Governance in Higher Education: Case Studies of Guidance at Big Ten Universities.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 3. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.02017'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Wu and colleagues provide rare empirical documentation of how major research universities translate AI governance principles into institutional practice, examining guidance documents from fourteen Big Ten universities to identify organizational patterns and role-specific strategies. Their analysis reveals three key organizational dimensions: multi-unit governance involving information technology departments, teaching and learning centers, libraries, and research offices operating with distributed authority rather than centralized control; role-specific guidance differentiating expectations for faculty, students, staff, and researchers rather than applying uniform policies; and educational-advisory approaches emphasizing learning and adaptation over compliance enforcement. This case-study evidence illuminates the pragmatic challenges research institutions face when operationalizing AI oversight—how to coordinate across functional silos with different mandates, expertise, and risk tolerances; how to balance flexibility (needed because AI applications vary dramatically across contexts) with consistency (needed to ensure institutional values are upheld); how to position governance as enabling innovation rather than constraining it. The article's documentation of specific institutional mechanisms—such as data classification systems limiting what information can be shared with AI tools, or Socratic guidance approaches that pose questions rather than dictate answers—provides concrete examples of organizational stewardship in action. For understanding AI's organizational entanglement with knowledge infrastructures, this work demonstrates how governance emerges through negotiation among multiple institutional actors, each bringing domain expertise and jurisdictional claims, requiring coordination mechanisms that existing organizational charts may not accommodate.

=== Publishing, Communication, Engagement Infrastructures ===

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'''Bergstrom, Tracy, and Dylan Ruediger. 2024. “A Third Transformation? Generative AI and Scholarly Publishing.” ''Ithaka S+R''. October 30, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.321519'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Drawing on interviews with leaders from publishers, technology disruptors, academic libraries, and scholarship, Bergstrom and Ruediger map the strategic landscape of AI adoption across the publishing industry. The report identifies a bifurcated future: an incrementalist scenario where AI produces efficiency gains without fundamentally altering industry dynamics, versus a transformative scenario creating disruption comparable to or exceeding previous digital transformations. For search and discovery, most interviewees anticipate heavy AI impact, with tools already expanding capabilities through summarization and chatbot interfaces—potentially disrupting the linear progression from discovery to understanding by introducing AI-enabled synthesis. For peer review, interviewees expressed optimism that AI could address chronic strain through &quot;pre-review&quot; feedback, assistance with copy editing and misconduct detection, and more efficient reviewer identification, while raising concerns about accuracy, confidentiality, and maintaining human judgment in evaluation. The authors document a competitive threat from large technology companies: scenarios where commercial LLMs become default interfaces for accessing scholarly content pose significant challenges to publisher positioning. Content licensing to foundation model developers offers clear monetization paths, but broader revenue implications remain uncertain. The analysis identifies a critical research integrity challenge: ensuring transparent standards for AI usage while upholding provenance, attribution, reproducibility, and transparency in an environment of increasing automation. Smaller publishing organizations may struggle to match larger entities' adaptive capacity, potentially accelerating industry consolidation. 

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'''Broussard, Meredith. 2023. “The Challenges of AI Preservation.” ''The American Historical Review'' 128 (3): 1378–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad366.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Broussard illustrates how the current impermanence of digital storage is producing a nightmare for future historians, as content is hidden away by licensing agreements or simply disappears when its host platform ceases to exist. Earlier ideals of the internet preserving a “complete first draft of history” are far from the reality, and problems only intensify when considering the development of AI, which Broussard compares to the printing press. For example, one could access a record of a physical newspaper published on a given day, but Google Search’s software is constantly changing with no canonical daily version, which means no historian could ever hope to examine a comparable snapshot of an AI. Operations like the Internet Archive and the development of emulation can help diminish losses, but it must be recognized that the digital world is decaying.

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'''Buitrago-Ciro, Jairo, Marta Samokishyn, Rachel Moylan, Jonathan Hernández Pérez, Oluwabunmi Bakare-Fatungase, and Carmel Firdawsi. 2025. “Bridging the AI Gap: Comparative Analysis of AI Integration, Education, and Outreach in Academic Libraries.” ''IFLA Journal'' 51 (3): 682–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352251325274. '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Buitrago-Ciro et al. examine the websites of 40 libraries in North America, Western Europe, Latin America, and Africa to explore how they have integrated AI technologies into their services, policies, and outreach efforts. Overall, the authors found a geographic divide in the integration of AI into library services, because almost all North American and European libraries had AI educational outreach activities and resources, while only five (out of ten) Latin American libraries and one (out of ten) African libraries did outreach activities. However, AI integration into library services and development of library AI policies and guidelines was more uncommon across all regions, as less than half of North American and European libraries engaged in these activities, while only one library in Latin America and one in Africa integrated AI into their services and none had specific library AI policies. These regional differences in AI integration stem from each region’s socioeconomic contexts, social inequalities, and technological gaps that present additional challenges for AI adoption in African and Latin American libraries. 

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'''Gulson, Kalervo N., and P. Taylor Webb. 2023. “Steering the Mind Share: Technology Companies, Policy and Artificial Intelligence Research in Universities.” ''Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education'' 44 (2): 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2021.1981828. '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Gulson and Webb (2023) examine how major technology companies are actively reshaping the landscape of artificial intelligence research within universities. Drawing on interviews with computer scientists as part of a broader international project, the authors investigate three key areas: the influence of tech companies on AI research practices, the policy frameworks that foster academia-industry collaborations, and the role of &quot;open science&quot; in facilitating the transfer of academic ideas to the corporate sector. The study highlights that the boundaries between academic and corporate research have become highly porous. Companies like Google do not merely act as external funders; they are deeply embedded within university ecosystems, actively steering research directions. Furthermore, the authors illustrate how national policies, such as Canada’s Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy, legitimize and accelerate this corporate influence by heavily incentivizing industry partnerships. While these collaborations provide universities with crucial resources and drive innovation, Gulson and Webb warn that they also raise significant concerns regarding conflicts of interest and the corporatization of open science. Ultimately, the authors argue that corporate funding creates powerful feedback loops among tech companies, policymakers, and academics, effectively allowing industry to capture the &quot;mind share&quot; of university research.

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'''Kousha, Kayvan, and Mike Thelwall. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence to Support Publishing and Peer Review: A Summary and Review.” ''Learned Publishing'' 37 (1): 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1570'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Kousha and Thelwall provide a systematic mapping of AI tool deployment across the scholarly publishing pipeline, distinguishing demonstrated capabilities from promotional claims. For journal recommendation, the review documents AI-powered systems—including Springer Nature Journal Suggester, Wiley Journal Finder, IEEE Publication Recommender, and JANE (Journal/Author Name Estimator)—that analyze text similarity with previously published articles and reports high accuracy rates for appropriate journal matching. The analysis of initial quality control covers a diverse toolkit for plagiarism detection, robot author detection, methods checking, automated statistical verification, transparency and reproducibility checking and manuscript structure validation. Commercial systems draw on databases to suggest appropriate reviewers; the Natural Science Foundation of China's AI-assisted reviewer recommender for grant applications reports approximately 80% accuracy. However, the review identifies a critical boundary: while AI proves effective for finding reviewers and conducting initial quality checks, its value in performing the actual substantive review process &quot;has not been clearly demonstrated.&quot; The synthesis reveals that substantial efficiency improvements are achievable in labor-intensive administrative tasks, while human judgment remains integral to core intellectual evaluations—a distinction essential for understanding where AI integration in publishing will proceed incrementally versus face fundamental obstacles.

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'''Ma, Lai. 2024. “Generative AI for Academic Publishing? Some Thoughts About Epistemic Diversity and the Pursuit of Truth.” ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 7 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.18357/kula.287.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Ma (2024) critiques the integration of generative AI in academic publishing, arguing that the drive for automation threatens the central values of epistemic diversity and bibliodiversity. By invoking the &quot;Sokal Hoax,&quot; the author illustrates the danger of AI-generated &quot;bullshit&quot;—content that mimics the formal structures of scholarship while remaining devoid of actual meaning. Ma specifically uses Scopus AI as a case study to demonstrate how the platformization of scholarly data creates a feedback loop that reinforces the &quot;Matthew Effect,&quot; where established, English-language, and well-resourced publications are disproportionately amplified. This process, Ma warns, leads to &quot;epistemic injustice&quot; by marginalizing non-Western research and niche topics that are underrepresented in training datasets. The paper serves as a vital warning: without robust data surveillance and human-centric safeguards, the AI-accelerated publishing model may exacerbate peer-review crises and citation monopolies, ultimately undermining the public trust and diverse knowledge creation that open scholarship aims to protect.

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'''Mitchell, Peta, Michelle Riedlinger, Jake Goldenfein, Aaron Snoswell, Jean Burgess, and Kevin Witzenberger. 2025. “Research Genai: Situating Generative AI in the Scholarly Economy.” ''AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research''. https://doi.org/10.5210/spir.v2024i0.14006.'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Mitchell et al. focus upon the oft-overlooked subfield of Generative AI tools known as “RGAI”, research-focussed models which they argue represent “complex sociotechnical systems.” Hepp et al.’s definition of AI as a “sensitizing concept” and Watermeyer’s consideration of AI as a “labor accelerator” are used to situate this argument within the “scholarly economy” before the authors expand upon these theories, arguing RGAI should be approached as a form of “platform capitalism” akin to academia.edu. To evidence this stance, the authors examine the highly distinct RGAI models “Consensus” and “Writefull” as case studies. “Consensus” is designed to produce an academic “ConsensusMeter” by combining a proprietary LLM with OpenAI technology, while “Writefull” “aims to simplify… the often challenging task of scholarly writing” by employing custom AI models. Mitchell et al. highlight that although both tools are presented as independent and bespoke, they have major corporate backing. This deeply conflicts with the research principles of open scholarship, so Mitchell et al. aim to develop an index of RGAI which are appropriate for use in research.

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'''Pividori, Milton, and Casey S. Greene. 2024. “A Publishing Infrastructure for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Academic Authoring.” ''Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association'' 31 (9): 2103–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae139'''
&lt;/div&gt;

The Manubot AI Editor implements a concrete technical solution to the provenance problem in AI-assisted scholarship through three integrated components: a Python library, a GitHub Actions workflow, and a prompt generator. This architecture addresses provenance directly: all changes are tracked through version control, creating a clear audit trail distinguishing human-authored from machine-generated text and documenting exactly how AI suggestions were accepted, modified, or rejected. Evaluation proceeded through five case studies using both human and automated assessment. Human evaluators assessed whether revisions preserved original meaning and important details, avoided introducing incorrect information, and maintained correct formatting. Automated &quot;LLM-as-a-Judge&quot; iterative assessment evaluated paragraph pairs across criteria including sentence structure clarity, ease of understanding, and grammatical correctness. The evaluations found that models could grasp complex academic concepts and enhance text quality, with particular effectiveness in text-based sections like introductions and discussions. The human-in-the-loop design—where AI suggestions function as proposed edits rather than direct insertions—mitigates risks of incorrect information while preserving authorial agency over final content.

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'''Razack, Habeeb Ibrahim Abdul, Sam T. Mathew, Fathinul Fikri Ahmad Saad, and Saleh A. Alqahtani. 2021. “Artificial intelligence-assisted tools for redefining the communication landscape of the scholarly world.” ''Science Editing''. https://doi.org/10.6087/kcse.244 '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Razack et al. argue AI will transform publishing into a technology-driven industry, streamlining dissemination of scholarship “for the betterment of humankind.” Exploring current trends via case studies, they emphasize AI’s impact upon human performance over its independent “creative” role. They argue AI could benefit the “prospective” researcher by predicting an article’s “citation impact”, identifying evolving research trends, and locating relevant research journals to publish in, cutting past low-charging and “predatory OA journals” which “malign integrity” by publishing “compromised content.” Meanwhile, “retrospective” editors could employ AI to detect plagiarism, streamline peer review, and format publications. For Razack et al., the rise of AI can therefore be compared to the rise of the typewriter, swift adoption likely promoting ‘human-machine collaboration’ over replacement.

=== Accountability-related Infrastructures ===

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'''Ngulube, Patrick, and Neema Florence Vincent Mosha. 2024. “Integrating Artificial Intelligence-Based Technologies ‘Safely’ in Academic Libraries: An Overview through a Scoping Review.” ''The Journal of Academic Librarianship'' 50 (5): 46–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317131.2024.2432093'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Ngulube and Mosha (2025) conduct a scoping review examining the state of research on ethical issues and perceived risks in AI integration within academic libraries. Analyzing 28 studies published before 2024, the authors reveal that research on safe AI adoption in libraries remains nascent, with significant gaps in theoretical grounding and methodological diversity. The review identifies critical ethical concerns including algorithmic bias, privacy violations, reduced transparency and accountability, and job displacement—yet finds that existing literature disproportionately emphasizes employment risks while neglecting environmental and planetary impacts. The authors note that ethical considerations have not taken center stage in library and information science research, as evidenced by the scarcity of relevant keywords and abstracts in the literature. A major finding is that most studies employ quantitative methodologies at the expense of qualitative and mixed-methods approaches, and only 18% employ explicit theoretical frameworks. The review underscores that academic libraries must navigate the dual challenge of leveraging AI's operational efficiencies while ensuring ethical standards of inclusivity, accessibility, and fair information use—a task complicated by the absence of established best practices and the need for human-centered approaches to AI governance.

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'''“Realising Potential, Supporting Users: IFLA Statement on Copyright and Artificial Intelligence.” n.d. IFLA. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.ifla.org/news/realising-potential-supporting-users-ifla-statement-on-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence/. '''
&lt;/div&gt;

This statement aims to help IFLA member libraries in navigating copyright issues and developing programs relevant to AI, positioning libraries as innovators “uniquely situated to lead” in supporting, training, and utilizing AI. However, restrictions stem from rightsholders, economic and moral copyright laws, and health, safety, and privacy laws. Libraries should therefore be guided by the most appropriate policy sources to mitigate restrictions by ensuring AI tools do not compromise areas of concern. Libraries are further recommended to advise decision-makers to permit mining legally accessed content, address bias by promoting “the widest possible access”, build capacity, awareness, and training for evolving technologies, and monitor AI standards. Governments are recommended to follow existing human rights regulations, avoid using copyright law as a “blunt force tool”, develop ethical AI practices, and fund repositories of AI training data - alongside AI companies themselves. Both rightsholders and vendors are advised to avoid language in contracts which restricts the use of AI or prevents exceptions. Overall, this document aims to promote AI by making as much content available as possible.

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'''Werder, Karl, Balasubramaniam Ramesh, and Rongen (Sophia) Zhang. 2022. “Establishing Data Provenance for Responsible Artificial Intelligence Systems.” ''ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems'' 13 (4): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3503488'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Werder et al. provide a framework for understanding audit trails in the context of AI and research data management,  arguing that robust data provenance is not merely a technical feature but a prerequisite for achieving accountability in AI systems. They detail the requirements for a comprehensive provenance system, capable of tracking data from its origin through various transformations and into model training and deployment. This is directly relevant to research infrastructures, as it outlines how repositories and data management platforms can and must evolve to support AI-driven research. The authors’ multi-layered architectural proposal offers a concrete vision for how a research institution could implement a system to audit data pipelines, identify sources of bias, and ensure regulatory compliance. By connecting provenance to the broader goal of “Responsible AI,” the paper provides the conceptual tools for evaluating whether a research infrastructure’s data governance is sufficient to handle the accountability challenges posed by AI.

== Audience ==

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'''de Angelis, Luigi, Francesco Baglivo, Guglielmo Arzilli, Gaetano Pierpaolo Privitera, Paolo Ferragina, Alberto Eugenio Tozzi, and Caterina Rizzo. “ChatGPT and the Rise of Large Language Models: The New AI-Driven Infodemic Threat in Public Health.” ''Frontiers in Public Health'' 11 (2023): 1166120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166120'''
&lt;/div&gt;

De Angelis and colleagues examine the emergence of Large Language Models, particularly ChatGPT, as a novel public health threat through the lens of &quot;AI-driven infodemic.&quot; The authors trace the rapid evolution of LLMs from earlier transformer-based models through GPT-3 to ChatGPT, highlighting how each iteration has increased the capacity to generate fluent, authoritative-sounding text at scale. Critically, they identify a fundamental misalignment problem: despite efforts to fine-tune these models through reinforcement learning from human feedback, LLMs remain prone to generating plausible-sounding but factually incorrect or fabricated information—a vulnerability particularly dangerous in medical and health contexts. The paper's central argument is that the unprecedented speed and volume at which LLMs can produce convincing content creates conditions for misinformation spread on a scale previously impossible, especially among non-expert publics who lack the epistemic resources to detect AI-generated falsehoods. The authors emphasize that the inability to reliably detect AI-produced text compounds this threat, undermining public trust in scientific institutions and potentially influencing health-related behaviors and policy decisions. The work demonstrates how LLM-mediated scientific communication poses distinct risks to knowledge integrity and public understanding, requiring urgent development of detection mechanisms, governance frameworks, and media literacy initiatives to protect audiences from AI-driven epistemic harm.

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'''Bryant, Rebecca. 2024. “Implementing an AI Reference Chatbot at the University of Calgary Library.” ''Hanging Together'', December 12. https://hangingtogether.org/implementing-an-ai-reference-chatbot-at-the-university-of-calgary-library/'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Bryant (2024) details the development and implementation of &quot;T-Rex,&quot; an AI-powered reference chatbot at the University of Calgary Library, based on a webinar hosted by the OCLC Research Library Partnership. While the library had offered live chat services since the early 2010s, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a massive surge in demand, peaking at over 3,000 inquiries in a single month. To alleviate this strain, the library analyzed past chat transcripts and determined that 12–14% of inquiries were simple, directional questions suitable for automation. To prevent scope creep during the initial training phase, the development team focused on a core set of fifty common questions. Through continuous refinement, the chatbot has since expanded to encompass over 1,000 custom responses, though its effectiveness remains limited by the availability of existing library webpages or FAQs to draw from. Bryant concludes by summarizing the Calgary team's key insights for institutions developing similar tools: developers must anticipate out-of-scope or non-library questions, recognize that users prefer direct answers over links to webpages, program creative responses for off-topic queries, and prepare for user resistance or non-adoption.

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'''Hara, Noriko, Eugene Kim, Shohana Akter, and Kunihiro Miyazaki. 2025. “Exploring the Dynamics of Interaction About Generative Artificial Intelligence Between Experts and the Public on Social Media.” ''Journal of Science Communication'' 24 (1): A02. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.24010202'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Hara and colleagues conduct an empirical investigation into how experts and the public co-produce knowledge about generative AI on social media, specifically analyzing X (formerly Twitter) discussions. Rather than treating the public as passive consumers of expert knowledge, the authors adopt a Public Engagement with Science (PES) framework that recognizes social media platforms as dynamic arenas where non-experts actively contribute to shaping collective understanding of emerging technologies. Through computational and manual analysis, they identify distinct discussion topics, map the roles that both experts and laypeople play in knowledge production, and examine how engagement metrics correlate with these roles. A critical finding is that the public functions beyond questioners seeking expert guidance, but rather as active knowledge co-producers who share practical insights, challenge claims, and contribute their own perspectives and experiences with GenAI tools. This research demonstrates how AI itself—as a subject of discourse—becomes a site of negotiated meaning-making between differently positioned actors. The work moves beyond traditional one-way dissemination models to reveal the interactive, participatory nature of contemporary science communication, with implications for understanding how diverse audiences collectively construct understanding of transformative technologies and how this co-productive process shapes both public perception and the future development of AI systems.

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'''Jaillant, Lise, Olivia Mitchell, Eric Ewoh-Opu, and Maribel Hidalgo Urbaneja. 2025. “How Can We Improve the Diversity of Archival Collections with AI? Opportunities, Risks, and Solutions.” ''AI &amp; Society'' 40: 4457–4459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02222-z. '''
&lt;/div&gt;

Jaillant et al. draw from interviews with 20 academics and archival professionals to explore how AI technologies can help address the lack of diversity in archival collections. The authors highlight that AI tools can assist in automatically detecting racist or inappropriate language in metadata, search large amounts of historical records, and uncover new insights within archival records. However, the authors argue that the deployment of AI should involve close collaboration between librarians, archivists, and developers. The current limited collaboration between developers and libraries limits the ethical and inclusive application of AI in archival collections, especially those with sensitive historical materials. The interviewees also warned against the loss of historical context when using AI, the perpetuation of archival biases, and the loss of control when AI tools are designed and governed by tech companies. To conclude, the authors recommend investing in interdisciplinary AI training programs for archivists, educating AI developers about the unique needs of archives so they can create more relevant solutions, and creating professional guidelines about the best practices for AI use to address the lack of diversity in archival collections.

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'''Peters, Uwe, and Benjamin Chin-Yee. 2025. “Generalization Bias in Large Language Model Summarization of Scientific Research.” ''Royal Society Open Science'' 12 (4): 241776. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241776'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Peters and Chin-Yee provide rigorous, large-scale empirical evidence of a systematic and consequential distortion in LLM-generated scientific summaries: the tendency toward overgeneralization. Testing ten prominent LLMs—including ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-4.5, DeepSeek, LLaMA 3.3 70B, and Claude 3.7 Sonnet—on 4,900 summaries of scientific abstracts and full-length articles, the authors demonstrate that even when explicitly prompted for accuracy, most LLMs consistently produce conclusions broader and more definitive than those warranted by the original research. Critically, they identify three specific mechanisms of overgeneralization: the use of generic statements that obscure quantification, the shift from past to present tense (which expands scope), and the omission of qualifiers and limitations. The findings are stark: LLM-generated summaries were nearly five times more likely than human-authored summaries to contain broad generalizations (odds ratio = 4.85, 95% CI [3.06, 7.70], p &lt; 0.001), with newer models performing worse than earlier ones. This research is foundational for understanding how AI-mediated knowledge communication systematically distorts scientific findings at scale, regardless of user expertise or intent. The work demonstrates a concrete mechanism through which LLM intermediation can alter the epistemic content of research, with particular implications for medical and clinical contexts where overgeneralized conclusions can directly influence policy and patient care. The authors propose mitigation strategies including temperature adjustment and systematic benchmarking, but their findings underscore the profound challenge of ensuring faithful knowledge transmission through AI systems.

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'''da Silva Cardoso, Heike, and Vitor Rocio. 2025. “Enhancing Digital Libraries Through NLP and Recommender Systems: Current Trends and Future Prospects with Large Language Models.” In ''Technology and Innovation in Learning, Teaching and Education: TECH-EDU 2024'', edited by Arsénio Reis, José P. Cravino, Leontios Hadjileontiadis, Paulo Martins, Sofia B. Dias, Sofia Hadjileontiadou, and Tassos Mikropoulos, 69–79. C''ommunications in Computer and Information Science'' 2480. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02672-9_5'''
&lt;/div&gt;

da Silva Cardoso and Rocio propose a practical framework for integrating Natural Language Processing and Large Language Models into academic digital libraries to address the information overload facing researchers, students, and faculty. Recognizing that traditional search methods have become insufficient in the face of exponential publication growth, the authors advocate for AI-driven recommender systems capable of delivering precise, relevant, and personalized literature recommendations. Their contribution centers on an audience-aware design philosophy that positions librarians as essential partners in system development. Rather than treating AI as a purely algorithmic solution, the authors emphasize that librarians' direct interactions with users provide irreplaceable insight into the nuanced and context-dependent needs of diverse academic communities. This human-in-the-loop approach represents a noteworthy methodological stance: AI functions not as a replacement for human expertise but as a tool to augment librarian knowledge and enhance the responsiveness of knowledge discovery systems. The work is particularly salient for understanding how contemporary LLM-based systems can be designed to serve scholarly audiences more effectively while maintaining the institutional wisdom and user-centered perspective that librarians bring to information work.

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'''Taneja, Ankit Kumar, and Chandra Tripathi. 2020. “AI-Powered Recommender Systems: Personalization and Bias.” ''Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT)'' 11 (1): 1090–1094. https://doi.org/10.61841/turcomat.v11i1.14406'''
&lt;/div&gt;

Though published before the generative AI era, Taneja and Tripathi's analysis of AI-powered recommender systems remains foundational to understanding algorithmic bias in information discovery. The authors examine the structural tensions inherent in personalization algorithms—systems designed to enhance user experience by tailoring content suggestions yet simultaneously capable of constructing &quot;filter bubbles&quot; and &quot;echo chambers&quot; around users. By continuously recommending content similar to previous engagement, these algorithms systematically exclude novel, dissenting, or interdisciplinary perspectives, undermining serendipitous discovery essential to genuine scholarly inquiry. Critically, the authors frame algorithmic bias not as a technical glitch but as a structural risk embedded within the information architectures that guide knowledge-seekers, and thus they expose how algorithmic personalization—a feature predating generative AI—already demonstrated the capacity to narrow intellectual diversity and reinforce pre-existing beliefs. This pre-GenAI work provides historical context for understanding how contemporary AI systems have intensified these risks, making it useful for evaluating the ethical imperatives of designing systems that promote intellectual openness rather than epistemic closure.

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'''de Winter, J. 2024. “Can ChatGPT Be Used to Predict Citation Counts, Readership, and Social Media Interaction? An Exploration Among 2222 Scientific Abstracts.” ''Scientometrics'' 129: 2469–2487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-024-04939-y'''
&lt;/div&gt;

De Winter’s study contrasts conventional scientometrics, testing whether a large language model can predict an article’s citation count and altmetric scores (whilst noting these may be unreliable assessors of actual scientific impact) by rating its abstract across “semantically diverse” variables. His case study uses ChatGPT-4 to predictively evaluate 2,222 abstracts from articles published in PLOS ONE, monitoring its accuracy by referencing actual citation counts and altmetrics scores. De Winter employs a custom script to prompt OpenAI’s Application Programming Interface (API) to score each abstract on a scale of zero to one hundred across thirty positive variables and their thirty antonyms, which he then organizes under five categories (e.g. “Quality and Reliability”). As Chat-GPT 4 only produced consistent results at the population level, it was run three additional times to determine averages and bolster reliability of individual scores. This language-based evaluation of article abstracts revealed that ChatGPT-4’s scores better correlate with altmetrics and citation counts than conventional readability scores do. Furthermore, “Novel and Engaging” articles were most likely to be cited, whilst “Accessible and Understandable” articles scored highest in altmetrics.

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==A==
*Ación, Laura, Mariela Rajngewerc, Gregory Randall, and Lorena Etcheverry. 2023. “Generative AI Poses Ethical Challenges for Open Science.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 7 (12): 2024–2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01740-4
*Adewumi, Tosin, Lama Alkhaled, Christopher Buck, Sergio Hernandez, Sofia Brilioth, Memoona Kekung, Yasmin Ragimov, and Emily Barney. 2023. “ProCoT: Stimulating Critical Thinking and Writing of Students through Engagement with Large Language Models (LLMs).” ''arXiv'' 2312.09801. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.09801
*Aguiar, Micaela, and Sílvia Araújo. 2024. “Final Thoughts: Digital Humanities Looking at Generative AI.” In ''Digital Humanities Looking at the World'', edited by S. Araújo et al., 367-380. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
*Akter, Shahriar, Grace McCarthy, Shahriar Sajib, Katina Michael, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, John D’Ambra, and K.N. Shen. 2021. “Algorithmic bias in data-driven innovation in the age of AI.” ''International Journal of Information Management'' 60, 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102387
*Ali, Syed Mustafa, Stephanie Dick, Sarah Dillon, Matthew L. Jones, Jonnie Penn, and Richard Staley. 2023. “Histories of Artificial Intelligence: A Genealogy of Power.” ''BJHS Themes'' 8: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2023.15
*Al-kfairy, Mousa, Dheya Mustafa, Nir Kshetri, Mazen Insiew, and Omar Alfandi. 2024. “Ethical Challenges and Solutions of Generative AI: An Interdisciplinary Perspective.” ''Informatics'' 11 (3): 58–58. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11030058
*Alvarez, Jose M., Alejandra Bringas Colmenarejo, Alaa Elobaid, Simone Fabbrizzi, Miriam Fahimi, Antonio Ferrara, Siamak Ghodsi, et al. 2024. “Policy Advice and Best Practices on Bias and Fairness in AI.” ''Ethics and Information Technology'' 26 (2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09746-w
*Anderson, Marc M. 2024. “AI as Philosophical Ideology: A Critical Look Back at John McCarthy’s Program.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 37 (2): 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-024-00731-1
*de Angelis, Luigi, Francesco Baglivo, Guglielmo Arzilli, Gaetano Pierpaolo Privitera, Paolo Ferragina, Alberto Eugenio Tozzi, and Caterina Rizzo. “ChatGPT and the Rise of Large Language Models: The New AI-Driven Infodemic Threat in Public Health.” ''Frontiers in Public Health'' 11 (2023): 1166120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166120
*Arbuckle, Alyssa. 2020. “How Can We Broaden and Diversify Humanities Knowledge Translation?” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 2. https://doi.org/10.48404/pop.2020.12
*Arbuckle, Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, Jon Bath, Constance Crompton, Laura Estill, Tanja Niemann, Jon Saklofske, and Lynne Siemens. 2022. “An Open Social Scholarship Path for the Humanities.” ''Journal of Electronic Publishing'' 25 (2). https://doi.org/10.3998/jep.1973
*Arbuckle, Arbuckle, and John Maxwell. 2019. “Modelling Open Social Scholarship Within the INKE Community.” ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 3 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5334/kula.15
*Arnett, Catherine, Eliot Jones, Ivan P. Yamshchikov, and Pierre-Carl Langlais. “Toxicity of the commons: Curating open-source pre-training data.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.22587'' https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.22587
*Arora, Payal. 2024. “Creative data justice: a decolonial and indigenous framework to assess creativity and artificial intelligence.” ''Information, Communication &amp; Society'': 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2024.2420041
*Arthur, Paul L., Lydia Hearn, Lucy Montgomery, Hugh Craig, Alyssa Arbuckle, and Ray Siemens. 2021. “Open Scholarship in Australia: A Review of Needs, Barriers, and Opportunities.” ''Digital Scholarship in the Humanities'' 36 (4): 795–812. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa063

==B==
*Bail, Christopher A. “Can Generative Artiﬁcial Intelligence Improve Social Science?”. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Can-Generative-Artiﬁcial-Intelligence-Improve-Bail/6206cc77bb3a3c0b6b9fce1ad68a8b1786a56941
*Bakharia, Aneesha, Antonette Shibani, Lisa-Angelique Lim, Trish McCluskey, and Simon Buckingham Shum. 2025. “From Transcripts to Themes: A Trustworthy Workflow for Qualitative Analysis Using Large Language Models.” In ''Joint Proceedings of LAK 2025 Workshops, co-located with the 15th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK 2025)''. Dublin, Ireland: CEUR-WS.org. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3995/LLMQUAL_paper1.pdf
*Balendra, Soorya. 2025. “Meta's AI Moderation and Free Speech: Ongoing Challenges in the Global South.” ''Cambridge Forum on AI: Law and Governance'' 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/cfl.2025.5
*Baltes, Sebastian, Florian Angermeir, Chetan Arora, Preetha Chatterjee, Jens Deitenbeck, Daniel Graziotin, Christoph Treude, et al. 2025. “Guidelines for Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Involving Large Language Models.” ''arXiv'' preprint arXiv:2508.15503. arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15503
*Batool, Amna, Didar Zowghi, and Muneera Bano. 2025. “AI Governance: A Systematic Literature Review.” ''AI and Ethics'' 5: 3265–3279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00653-w
*Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜.” ''Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (New York, NY, USA)'', FAccT ’21, March 1, 610–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922
*Bender, Emily M., and Batya Friedman. 2018. “Data Statements for Natural Language Processing: Toward Mitigating System Bias and Enabling Better Science.” ''Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics'' 6: 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00041
*Bergstrom, Tracy, and Dylan Ruediger. 2024. “A Third Transformation? Generative AI and Scholarly Publishing.” ''Ithaka S+R''. October 30, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.321519
*Berry, David M. 2025. “Synthetic Media and Computational Capitalism: Towards a Critical Theory of Artificial Intelligence.” ''AI &amp; Society'' 40: 5257–5269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02265-2
*Berry, D. M. (2023). AI, ethics, and digital humanities. In J. O’Sullivan (Ed.), ''The Bloomsbury handbook to the digital humanities'', 445–457. Bloomsbury Academic. https://recoveryhub.siue.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/AI-Ethics-and-Digital-Humanities-.pdf
*Biderman, Stella, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O'Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, et al. 2022. “EleutherAI: Going Beyond 'Open Science' to 'Science in the Open.'” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.06413''. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06413
*Birkstedt, Teemu, Matti Minkkinen, Anushree Tandon, and Matti Mäntymäki. 2023. “AI Governance: Themes, Knowledge Gaps and Future Agendas”. ''Internet Research'' 33 (7): 133–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-01-2022-0042
*Boer, Victor de, and Lise Stork. 2024. “Hybrid Intelligence for Digital Humanities.” Version 1. Preprint, ''arXiv'', 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2406.15374
*Bostrom, Nick. 2017. “Strategic Implications of Openness in AI Development.” ''Global Policy'' 8 (2): 135-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12403
*Boyd, Karen. 2021. “Datasheets for Datasets Help ML Engineers Notice and Understand Ethical Issues in Training Data.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 5 (CSCW2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479582
*Bozkurt, Aras. 2024. “GenAI et al.: Cocreation, Authorship, Ownership, Academic Ethics and Integrity in a Time of Generative AI.” ''Open Praxis'' 16 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.16.1.654
*Broekhuizen, Thijs, Henri Dekker, Pedro De Faria, Sebastian Firk, Dinh Khoi Nguyen, and Wolfgang Sofka. 2023. “AI for Managing Open Innovation: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda.” ''Journal of Business Research'' 167: 114196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114196
*Broussard, Meredith. 2023. “The Challenges of AI Preservation.” ''The American Historical Review'' 128 (3): 1378–1381. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad366.
*Brown, Richard. 2023. “The AI Generation: How Universities Can Prepare Students for the Changing World”. 2023. DEMOS and University of London. https://demos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/The-AI-Generation-2.pdf.
*Bryant, Rebecca. 2024. “Implementing an AI Reference Chatbot at the University of Calgary Library.” ''Hanging Together'', December 12. https://hangingtogether.org/implementing-an-ai-reference-chatbot-at-the-university-of-calgary-library/
*Buitrago-Ciro, Jairo, Marta Samokishyn, Rachel Moylan, Jonathan Hernández Pérez, Oluwabunmi Bakare-Fatungase, and Carmel Firdawsi. 2025. “Bridging the AI Gap: Comparative Analysis of AI Integration, Education, and Outreach in Academic Libraries.” ''IFLA Journal'' 51 (3): 682–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352251325274
*Bullard, J. (2023). “Describing the HSS Commons: The View from Metadata.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory''. no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.004
*Burton, Jason W., Ezequiel Lopez-Lopez, Shahar Hechtlinger, et al. 2024. “How Large Language Models Can Reshape Collective Intelligence.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 8 (9): 1643–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01959-9

==C==
*Carmi, Elinor, Simeon J. Yates, Eleanor Lockley, and Alicja Pawluczuk. 2020. “Data Citizenship: Rethinking Data Literacy in the Age of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Malinformation.” ''Internet Policy Review'' 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.2.1481
*Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2024. “Beyond Open vs. Closed: Emerging Consensus and Key Questions for Foundation AI Model Governance (2024).” https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/07/beyond-open-vs-closed-emerging-consensus-and-key-questions-for-foundation-ai-model-governance?lang=en
*Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Ibrahim Garba, Óscar Luis Figueroa Rodríguez, Jarita Holbrook, and Raymond Lovett. 2020. “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.” ''Data Science Journal'' 19 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043
*Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Edit Herczog, Māui Hudson, Keith Russell, and Shelley Stall. 2021. “Operationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous Data Futures.” ''Scientific Data'' 8: 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00892-0
*Checco, Alessandro, Lorenzo Bracciale, Pierpaolo Loreti, Stephen Pinfield, and Giuseppe Bianchi. 2021. “AI-Assisted Peer Review.” ''Humanities and Social Sciences Communications'' 8: 25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41599-020-00703-8
*Cheong, Inyoung. 2024. “Collaborative Approaches to AI Governance: Exploring Co-Design and Co-Regulation Models.” PhD diss., University of Washington. https://homes.cs.washington.edu/\~yoshi/papers/theses/inyoung-cheong-dissertation.pdf
*Chun, Jon, and Katherline Elkins. 2023. “The Crisis of Artificial Intelligence: A New Digital Humanities Curriculum for Human-Centred AI.” ''International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing'' 17 (2): 147–167. https://doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2023.0310
*Chung, Hiu-Fung. 2025. “Betting on (Un)Certain Futures: Sociotechnical Imaginaries of AI and Varieties of Techno-Developmentalism in Asia.” ''Information, Communication &amp; Society'' 29 (3): 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2025.2535427
*Colbert-Lewis, Danielle, Lawrence Maminta, Kelly McElroy, Graeme Slaght, and Mark Swartz. 2024. “The Citation Economy as a Site of Extraction for Surveillance Publishing.” ''Canadian Journal of Academic Librarianship'' 10 (December): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.33137/cjal-rcbu.v10.43293
*Cooper, Martin. 2023. “Open Source Is Good for AI But, Is AI Good for Open Source?” ''ITNOW'' 65 (2): 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwad062
*Corsi, Giulio, Bill Marino, and Willow Wong. 2024. “The spread of synthetic media on X.” ''Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review''. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-140
*Crompton, Constance, Lori Antranikan, Ruth Truong, and Paige Maskell. 2020. “Familiar Wikidata: The Case for Building a Data Source We Can Trust.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 2. https://doi.org/10.48404/pop.2020.02

==D==
*Daniel Delmonaco, Samuel Mayworm, Hibby Thach, Josh Guberman, Aurelia Augusta, and Oliver L. Haimson. 2024. “'What are you doing, TikTok?' : How Marginalized Social Media Users Perceive, Theorize, and 'Prove' Shadowbanning”. Available at: https://oliverhaimson.com/PDFs/DelmonacoShadowbanning.pdf
*Deng, Ruiqi, Maoli Jiang, Xinlu Yu, Yuyan Lu, and Shasha Liu. 2025. “Does ChatGPT Enhance Student Learning? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies.” ''Computers &amp; Education'' 227: 105224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224
*Dennstädt, Fabio, Cedric Sivert Möller, Tim Fellerhoff, Felix Busch, Oke Gerke, André Karch, and Oliver Krause. 2024. “Title and Abstract Screening for Literature Reviews Using Large Language Models: An Exploratory Study in the Biomedical Domain.” ''Systematic Reviews'' 13(1): 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02575-4
*Drolsbach, Chiara, and Nicolas Pröllochs. 2025. “Characterizing AI-Generated Misinformation on Social Media.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.10266''. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.10266
*Duricic, Tomislav, Hussain Hussain, Emanuel Lacic, Dominik Kowald, Denis Helic, and Elisabeth Lex. 2023. “Beyond-Accuracy: A Review on Diversity, Serendipity, and Fairness in Recommender Systems Based on Graph Neural Networks.” ''Frontiers in Big Data'' 6: 1251072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1251072

==E==
*El Khatib, Randa, Lindsey Seatter, Tracey El Hajj, Conrad Leibel, Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, Caroline Winter, and the ETCL and INKE Research Groups. 2019. “Open Social Scholarship Annotated Bibliography.” ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 3 (1): 24. https://doi.org/10.5334/kula.58
*Eloundou, Tyna, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock. 2024. “GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs.” ''Science'' 384 (6698): 1306-1311. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj0998

==F==
*Fırıncı, Yusuf. 2024. “Decolonial Artificial Intelligence; Algorithmic Fairness in Alignment with Turkish and Islamic Values.” ''Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi'' 67 (67): 250-279. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1565884
*Fanning, Katie, Claire Kim, and Jon Saklofske. 2023. “Interactive Inspirations: The Case for Incorporating Joy and Play in Open Social Scholarship.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.012
*Floridi, Luciano. 2018. “Soft Ethics and the Governance of the Digital.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 31 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0303-9
*Frangou, Sophia, Umberto Volpe, and Andrea Fiorillo. 2025. “AI in scientific writing and publishing: A call for critical engagement.” ''European Psychiatry'' 68 (1): e98. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10061

==G==
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*Varshney, Kush R. 2024. “Decolonial AI Alignment: Openness, Visesa-Dharma, and Including Excluded Knowledges.” ''Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society'' 7: 1467-1481. https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v7i1.31739
*Veldhuis, Annemiek M., Phoebe W. K. Lo, Iain E. G. Kenny, and Alissa N. Antle. 2024. “Critical Artificial Intelligence literacy: A scoping review and framework synthesis.” ''International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction'' 43: 100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2024.100708
*Vetter, Matthew A., Jialei Jiang, and Zachary J. McDowell. 2025. “An Endangered Species: How LLMs Threaten Wikipedia’s Sustainability.” ''AI &amp; SOCIETY'', February. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02199-9

==W==
*Weber, Michael, Martin Engert, Niklas Schaffer, Jörg Weking, and Helmut Krcmar. 2023. “Organizational Capabilities for AI Implementation—Coping with Inscrutability and Data Dependency in AI.” ''Information Systems Frontiers'' 25: 1549–1569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10297-y
*Werder, Karl, Balasubramaniam Ramesh, and Rongen (Sophia) Zhang. 2022. “Establishing Data Provenance for Responsible Artificial Intelligence Systems.” ''ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems'' 13 (4): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3503488
*Whalen, Zach. 2023. “‘Any Means Necessary to Refuse Erasure by Algorithm:’ Lillian-Yvonne Bertram’s Travesty Generator.” ''DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 17 (2). https://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/17/2/000707/000707.html
*White, Matt, Ibrahim Haddad, Cailean Osborne, Xiao-Yang Liu, Ahmed Abdelmonsef, Sachin Varghese, and Arnaud Le Hors. 2024. “The Model Openness Framework: Promoting Completeness and Openness for Reproducibility, Transparency, and Usability in AI.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.13784''. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.13784
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==X==
*Xie, Yu, and Sofia Avila. 2025. “The social impact of generative LLM-based AI.” ''Chinese Journal of Sociology'' 11(1): 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X251315997

==Y==
*Yim, Iris Heung Yue, and Jiahong Su. 2025. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Learning Tools in K-12 Education: A Scoping Review.” ''British Journal of Educational Technology'' 56 (1): 169–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-023-00304-9
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==Z==
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*Zhu, Wenhao, Hongyi Liu, Qingxiu Dong, Jingjing Xu, Shujian Huang, Lingpeng Kong, Jiajun Chen, and Lei Li. 2023. “Multilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models: Empirical Results and Analysis.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.04675''. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.04675

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==A==
*Ación, Laura, Mariela Rajngewerc, Gregory Randall, and Lorena Etcheverry. 2023. “Generative AI Poses Ethical Challenges for Open Science.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 7 (12): 2024–2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01740-4
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==B==
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*Biderman, Stella, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O'Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, et al. 2022. “EleutherAI: Going Beyond 'Open Science' to 'Science in the Open.'” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.06413''. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06413
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*Buitrago-Ciro, Jairo, Marta Samokishyn, Rachel Moylan, Jonathan Hernández Pérez, Oluwabunmi Bakare-Fatungase, and Carmel Firdawsi. 2025. “Bridging the AI Gap: Comparative Analysis of AI Integration, Education, and Outreach in Academic Libraries.” ''IFLA Journal'' 51 (3): 682–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352251325274
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*Burton, Jason W., Ezequiel Lopez-Lopez, Shahar Hechtlinger, et al. 2024. “How Large Language Models Can Reshape Collective Intelligence.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 8 (9): 1643–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01959-9

==C==
*Carmi, Elinor, Simeon J. Yates, Eleanor Lockley, and Alicja Pawluczuk. 2020. “Data Citizenship: Rethinking Data Literacy in the Age of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Malinformation.” ''Internet Policy Review'' 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.2.1481
*Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2024. “Beyond Open vs. Closed: Emerging Consensus and Key Questions for Foundation AI Model Governance (2024).” https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/07/beyond-open-vs-closed-emerging-consensus-and-key-questions-for-foundation-ai-model-governance?lang=en
*Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Ibrahim Garba, Óscar Luis Figueroa Rodríguez, Jarita Holbrook, and Raymond Lovett. 2020. “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.” ''Data Science Journal'' 19 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043
*Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Edit Herczog, Māui Hudson, Keith Russell, and Shelley Stall. 2021. “Operationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous Data Futures.” ''Scientific Data'' 8: 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00892-0
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*Cheong, Inyoung. 2024. “Collaborative Approaches to AI Governance: Exploring Co-Design and Co-Regulation Models.” PhD diss., University of Washington. https://homes.cs.washington.edu/\~yoshi/papers/theses/inyoung-cheong-dissertation.pdf
*Chun, Jon, and Katherline Elkins. 2023. “The Crisis of Artificial Intelligence: A New Digital Humanities Curriculum for Human-Centred AI.” ''International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing'' 17 (2): 147–167. https://doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2023.0310
*Chung, Hiu-Fung. 2025. “Betting on (Un)Certain Futures: Sociotechnical Imaginaries of AI and Varieties of Techno-Developmentalism in Asia.” ''Information, Communication &amp; Society'' 29 (3): 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2025.2535427
*Colbert-Lewis, Danielle, Lawrence Maminta, Kelly McElroy, Graeme Slaght, and Mark Swartz. 2024. “The Citation Economy as a Site of Extraction for Surveillance Publishing.” ''Canadian Journal of Academic Librarianship'' 10 (December): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.33137/cjal-rcbu.v10.43293
*Cooper, Martin. 2023. “Open Source Is Good for AI But, Is AI Good for Open Source?” ''ITNOW'' 65 (2): 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwad062
*Corsi, Giulio, Bill Marino, and Willow Wong. 2024. “The spread of synthetic media on X.” ''Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review''. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-140
*Crompton, Constance, Lori Antranikan, Ruth Truong, and Paige Maskell. 2020. “Familiar Wikidata: The Case for Building a Data Source We Can Trust.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 2. https://doi.org/10.48404/pop.2020.02

==D==
*Daniel Delmonaco, Samuel Mayworm, Hibby Thach, Josh Guberman, Aurelia Augusta, and Oliver L. Haimson. 2024. “'What are you doing, TikTok?' : How Marginalized Social Media Users Perceive, Theorize, and 'Prove' Shadowbanning”. Available at: https://oliverhaimson.com/PDFs/DelmonacoShadowbanning.pdf
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*Dennstädt, Fabio, Cedric Sivert Möller, Tim Fellerhoff, Felix Busch, Oke Gerke, André Karch, and Oliver Krause. 2024. “Title and Abstract Screening for Literature Reviews Using Large Language Models: An Exploratory Study in the Biomedical Domain.” ''Systematic Reviews'' 13(1): 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02575-4
*Drolsbach, Chiara, and Nicolas Pröllochs. 2025. “Characterizing AI-Generated Misinformation on Social Media.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.10266''. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.10266
*Duricic, Tomislav, Hussain Hussain, Emanuel Lacic, Dominik Kowald, Denis Helic, and Elisabeth Lex. 2023. “Beyond-Accuracy: A Review on Diversity, Serendipity, and Fairness in Recommender Systems Based on Graph Neural Networks.” ''Frontiers in Big Data'' 6: 1251072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1251072

==E==
*El Khatib, Randa, Lindsey Seatter, Tracey El Hajj, Conrad Leibel, Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, Caroline Winter, and the ETCL and INKE Research Groups. 2019. “Open Social Scholarship Annotated Bibliography.” ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 3 (1): 24. https://doi.org/10.5334/kula.58
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==F==
*Fırıncı, Yusuf. 2024. “Decolonial Artificial Intelligence; Algorithmic Fairness in Alignment with Turkish and Islamic Values.” ''Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi'' 67 (67): 250-279. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1565884
*Fanning, Katie, Claire Kim, and Jon Saklofske. 2023. “Interactive Inspirations: The Case for Incorporating Joy and Play in Open Social Scholarship.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.012
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*Frangou, Sophia, Umberto Volpe, and Andrea Fiorillo. 2025. “AI in scientific writing and publishing: A call for critical engagement.” ''European Psychiatry'' 68 (1): e98. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10061

==G==
*Gallegos, Isabel O., Ryan A. Rossi, Joe Barrow, Md Mehrab Tanjim, Sungchul Kim, Franck Dernoncourt, Tong Yu, Ruiyi Zhang, and Nesreen K. Ahmed. 2024. “Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey.” ''Computational Linguistics'' 50 (3): 1097–1179. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00524
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==H==
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*Wu, Chuhao, He Zhang, and John M. Carroll. 2024. “AI Governance in Higher Education: Case Studies of Guidance at Big Ten Universities.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.02017v1''. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.02017

==X==
*Xie, Yu, and Sofia Avila. 2025. “The social impact of generative LLM-based AI.” ''Chinese Journal of Sociology'' 11(1): 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X251315997

==Y==
*Yim, Iris Heung Yue, and Jiahong Su. 2025. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Learning Tools in K-12 Education: A Scoping Review.” ''British Journal of Educational Technology'' 56 (1): 169–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-023-00304-9
*Yue, Yongjie, Maosong Zheng, Jiahui Liu, Zhimin Wang, and Chenhui Mao. 2025. “A Practical Guide and Assessment on Using ChatGPT to Conduct Grounded Theory Studies: Step-by-Step Reporting of the Data Analysis Process.” ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'' 27: e70122. https://doi.org/10.2196/70122

==Z==
*Zeffiro, A. 2024. “Automating (In)securities: Cybersecurity’s AI Imaginaries.” Paper presented at EASST/4S, 2024. https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/easst-4s2024/p/14156
*Zhu, Wenhao, Hongyi Liu, Qingxiu Dong, Jingjing Xu, Shujian Huang, Lingpeng Kong, Jiajun Chen, and Lei Li. 2023. “Multilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models: Empirical Results and Analysis.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.04675''. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.04675

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==A==
*Ación, Laura, Mariela Rajngewerc, Gregory Randall, and Lorena Etcheverry. 2023. “Generative AI Poses Ethical Challenges for Open Science.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 7 (12): 2024–2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01740-4
*Adewumi, Tosin, Lama Alkhaled, Christopher Buck, Sergio Hernandez, Sofia Brilioth, Memoona Kekung, Yasmin Ragimov, and Emily Barney. 2023. “ProCoT: Stimulating Critical Thinking and Writing of Students through Engagement with Large Language Models (LLMs).” ''arXiv'' 2312.09801. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.09801
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*de Angelis, Luigi, Francesco Baglivo, Guglielmo Arzilli, Gaetano Pierpaolo Privitera, Paolo Ferragina, Alberto Eugenio Tozzi, and Caterina Rizzo. “ChatGPT and the Rise of Large Language Models: The New AI-Driven Infodemic Threat in Public Health.” ''Frontiers in Public Health'' 11 (2023): 1166120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166120
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*Arnett, Catherine, Eliot Jones, Ivan P. Yamshchikov, and Pierre-Carl Langlais. “Toxicity of the commons: Curating open-source pre-training data.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.22587'' https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.22587
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*Arthur, Paul L., Lydia Hearn, Lucy Montgomery, Hugh Craig, Alyssa Arbuckle, and Ray Siemens. 2021. “Open Scholarship in Australia: A Review of Needs, Barriers, and Opportunities.” ''Digital Scholarship in the Humanities'' 36 (4): 795–812. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa063

==B==
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*Biderman, Stella, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O'Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, et al. 2022. “EleutherAI: Going Beyond 'Open Science' to 'Science in the Open.'” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.06413''. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06413
*Birkstedt, Teemu, Matti Minkkinen, Anushree Tandon, and Matti Mäntymäki. 2023. “AI Governance: Themes, Knowledge Gaps and Future Agendas”. ''Internet Research'' 33 (7): 133–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-01-2022-0042
*Boer, Victor de, and Lise Stork. 2024. “Hybrid Intelligence for Digital Humanities.” Version 1. Preprint, ''arXiv'', 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2406.15374
*Bostrom, Nick. 2017. “Strategic Implications of Openness in AI Development.” ''Global Policy'' 8 (2): 135-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12403
*Boyd, Karen. 2021. “Datasheets for Datasets Help ML Engineers Notice and Understand Ethical Issues in Training Data.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 5 (CSCW2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479582
*Bozkurt, Aras. 2024. “GenAI et al.: Cocreation, Authorship, Ownership, Academic Ethics and Integrity in a Time of Generative AI.” ''Open Praxis'' 16 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.16.1.654
*Broekhuizen, Thijs, Henri Dekker, Pedro De Faria, Sebastian Firk, Dinh Khoi Nguyen, and Wolfgang Sofka. 2023. “AI for Managing Open Innovation: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda.” ''Journal of Business Research'' 167: 114196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114196
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*Brown, Richard. 2023. “The AI Generation: How Universities Can Prepare Students for the Changing World”. 2023. DEMOS and University of London. https://demos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/The-AI-Generation-2.pdf.
*Bryant, Rebecca. 2024. “Implementing an AI Reference Chatbot at the University of Calgary Library.” ''Hanging Together'', December 12. https://hangingtogether.org/implementing-an-ai-reference-chatbot-at-the-university-of-calgary-library/
*Buitrago-Ciro, Jairo, Marta Samokishyn, Rachel Moylan, Jonathan Hernández Pérez, Oluwabunmi Bakare-Fatungase, and Carmel Firdawsi. 2025. “Bridging the AI Gap: Comparative Analysis of AI Integration, Education, and Outreach in Academic Libraries.” ''IFLA Journal'' 51 (3): 682–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352251325274
*Bullard, J. (2023). “Describing the HSS Commons: The View from Metadata.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory''. no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.004
*Burton, Jason W., Ezequiel Lopez-Lopez, Shahar Hechtlinger, et al. 2024. “How Large Language Models Can Reshape Collective Intelligence.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 8 (9): 1643–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01959-9

==C==
*Carmi, Elinor, Simeon J. Yates, Eleanor Lockley, and Alicja Pawluczuk. 2020. “Data Citizenship: Rethinking Data Literacy in the Age of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Malinformation.” ''Internet Policy Review'' 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.2.1481
*Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2024. “Beyond Open vs. Closed: Emerging Consensus and Key Questions for Foundation AI Model Governance (2024).” https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/07/beyond-open-vs-closed-emerging-consensus-and-key-questions-for-foundation-ai-model-governance?lang=en
*Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Ibrahim Garba, Óscar Luis Figueroa Rodríguez, Jarita Holbrook, and Raymond Lovett. 2020. “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.” ''Data Science Journal'' 19 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043
*Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Edit Herczog, Māui Hudson, Keith Russell, and Shelley Stall. 2021. “Operationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous Data Futures.” ''Scientific Data'' 8: 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00892-0
*Checco, Alessandro, Lorenzo Bracciale, Pierpaolo Loreti, Stephen Pinfield, and Giuseppe Bianchi. 2021. “AI-Assisted Peer Review.” ''Humanities and Social Sciences Communications'' 8: 25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41599-020-00703-8
*Cheong, Inyoung. 2024. “Collaborative Approaches to AI Governance: Exploring Co-Design and Co-Regulation Models.” PhD diss., University of Washington. https://homes.cs.washington.edu/\~yoshi/papers/theses/inyoung-cheong-dissertation.pdf
*Chun, Jon, and Katherline Elkins. 2023. “The Crisis of Artificial Intelligence: A New Digital Humanities Curriculum for Human-Centred AI.” ''International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing'' 17 (2): 147–167. https://doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2023.0310
*Chung, Hiu-Fung. 2025. “Betting on (Un)Certain Futures: Sociotechnical Imaginaries of AI and Varieties of Techno-Developmentalism in Asia.” ''Information, Communication &amp; Society'' 29 (3): 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2025.2535427
*Colbert-Lewis, Danielle, Lawrence Maminta, Kelly McElroy, Graeme Slaght, and Mark Swartz. 2024. “The Citation Economy as a Site of Extraction for Surveillance Publishing.” ''Canadian Journal of Academic Librarianship'' 10 (December): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.33137/cjal-rcbu.v10.43293
*Cooper, Martin. 2023. “Open Source Is Good for AI But, Is AI Good for Open Source?” ''ITNOW'' 65 (2): 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwad062
*Corsi, Giulio, Bill Marino, and Willow Wong. 2024. “The spread of synthetic media on X.” ''Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review''. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-140
*Crompton, Constance, Lori Antranikan, Ruth Truong, and Paige Maskell. 2020. “Familiar Wikidata: The Case for Building a Data Source We Can Trust.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 2. https://doi.org/10.48404/pop.2020.02

==D==
*Daniel Delmonaco, Samuel Mayworm, Hibby Thach, Josh Guberman, Aurelia Augusta, and Oliver L. Haimson. 2024. “'What are you doing, TikTok?' : How Marginalized Social Media Users Perceive, Theorize, and 'Prove' Shadowbanning”. Available at: https://oliverhaimson.com/PDFs/DelmonacoShadowbanning.pdf
*Deng, Ruiqi, Maoli Jiang, Xinlu Yu, Yuyan Lu, and Shasha Liu. 2025. “Does ChatGPT Enhance Student Learning? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies.” ''Computers &amp; Education'' 227: 105224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224
*Dennstädt, Fabio, Cedric Sivert Möller, Tim Fellerhoff, Felix Busch, Oke Gerke, André Karch, and Oliver Krause. 2024. “Title and Abstract Screening for Literature Reviews Using Large Language Models: An Exploratory Study in the Biomedical Domain.” ''Systematic Reviews'' 13(1): 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02575-4
*Drolsbach, Chiara, and Nicolas Pröllochs. 2025. “Characterizing AI-Generated Misinformation on Social Media.” ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.10266''. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.10266
*Duricic, Tomislav, Hussain Hussain, Emanuel Lacic, Dominik Kowald, Denis Helic, and Elisabeth Lex. 2023. “Beyond-Accuracy: A Review on Diversity, Serendipity, and Fairness in Recommender Systems Based on Graph Neural Networks.” ''Frontiers in Big Data'' 6: 1251072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1251072

==E==
*El Khatib, Randa, Lindsey Seatter, Tracey El Hajj, Conrad Leibel, Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, Caroline Winter, and the ETCL and INKE Research Groups. 2019. “Open Social Scholarship Annotated Bibliography.” ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 3 (1): 24. https://doi.org/10.5334/kula.58
*Eloundou, Tyna, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock. 2024. “GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs.” ''Science'' 384 (6698): 1306-1311. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj0998

==F==
*Fırıncı, Yusuf. 2024. “Decolonial Artificial Intelligence; Algorithmic Fairness in Alignment with Turkish and Islamic Values.” ''Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi'' 67 (67): 250-279. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1565884
*Fanning, Katie, Claire Kim, and Jon Saklofske. 2023. “Interactive Inspirations: The Case for Incorporating Joy and Play in Open Social Scholarship.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory'', no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.012
*Floridi, Luciano. 2018. “Soft Ethics and the Governance of the Digital.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 31 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0303-9
*Frangou, Sophia, Umberto Volpe, and Andrea Fiorillo. 2025. “AI in scientific writing and publishing: A call for critical engagement.” ''European Psychiatry'' 68 (1): e98. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10061

==G==
*Gallegos, Isabel O., Ryan A. Rossi, Joe Barrow, Md Mehrab Tanjim, Sungchul Kim, Franck Dernoncourt, Tong Yu, Ruiyi Zhang, and Nesreen K. Ahmed. 2024. “Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey.” ''Computational Linguistics'' 50 (3): 1097–1179. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00524
*Gasser, Urs, and Virgilio A. F. Almeida. 2017. “A Layered Model for AI Governance.” ''IEEE Internet Computing'' 21 (6): 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2017.4180835
*Goddard, Lisa. 2021. Persistent Identifiers as Open Research Infrastructure to Reduce Administrative Burden. ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory''. no. 3. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2021.006
*Gorwa, Robert, Reuben Binns, and Christian Katzenbach. 2020. “Algorithmic Content Moderation: Technical and Political Challenges in the Automation of Platform Governance.” ''Big Data &amp; Society'' 7 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945
*Graßhoff, Gerd. 2024. “AI-Reporter: A Path to a New Genre of Scientific Communication.” ''arXiv:2507.05903''. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05903
*Grigoli, Leland Renato. 2023. “Ghosts in the Machine.” ''American Historical Association'' 61 (3). https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Perspectives\_61N3.pdf
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*Gulson, Kalervo N., and P. Taylor Webb. 2023. “Steering the Mind Share: Technology Companies, Policy and Artificial Intelligence Research in Universities.” ''Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education'' 44 (2): 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2021.1981828
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==H==
*Hadley, Emma, Abigail Blatecky, and Megan Comfort. 2025. “Investigating Algorithm Review Boards for Organizational Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance.” ''AI and Ethics'' 5: 2485–2495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00574-8
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*Hosseini, Mohammad, and Serge P. J. M. Horbach. 2023. “Fighting Reviewer Fatigue or Amplifying Bias? Considerations and Recommendations for Use of ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models in Scholarly Peer Review.” ''Research Integrity and Peer Review'' 8 (1): 15. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2587766/v1
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==J==
*Jaillant, Lise, Olivia Mitchell, Eric Ewoh-Opu, and Maribel Hidalgo Urbaneja. 2025. “How Can We Improve the Diversity of Archival Collections with AI? Opportunities, Risks, and Solutions.” ''AI &amp; Society'' 40: 4447–4459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02222-z
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*Jensen, Graham. 2023. Digital Knowledge Commons, Scholarly Connection, and the Evolution of Open Scholarship. In ''Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Connection''. https://doi.org/10.21428/47bc126e.0ca461a4
*Jensen, Graham, Alyssa Arbuckle, Caroline Winter, Talya Jesperson, Tyler Fontenot, Ray Siemens, and the ETCL and INKE Research Groups. 2022. “Fostering Digital Communities of Care: Safety, Security, and Trust in the Canadian HSS Commons“. ''IDEAH'' 3 (2). https://ideah.pubpub.org/pub/h7927ugt
*Jiang, Jialei. 2024. “When generative artificial intelligence meets multimodal composition: Rethinking the composition process through an AI-assisted design project.” ''Computers and Composition'' 74: 102883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2024.102883
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==K==
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*McIntosh, Timothy R., Teo Susnjak, Tong Liu, Paul Watters, and Malka N. Halgamuge. 2023. “From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscape.” ''Technologies''. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13020051
*Mehlenbacher, Brad, Ana Patricia Balbon, and Ashley Rose Mehlenbacher. 2024. “Synthetic Genres: Expert Genres, Non-Specialist Audiences, and Misinformation in the Artificial Intelligence Age.” ''Journal of Technical Writing and Communication'', January 31, 00472816231226249. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472816231226249
*Meneses, Luis. 2020. “Integrating the Social Media Engine with Large-scale Open Access Repositories: A Discussion.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory''. no. 2. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2020.004. 
*Mitchell, Peta, Michelle Riedlinger, Jake Goldenfein, Aaron Snoswell, Jean Burgess, and Kevin Witzenberger. 2025. “RESEARCH GENAI: SITUATING GENERATIVE AI IN THE SCHOLARLY ECONOMY.” ''AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research'', January. https://doi.org/10.5210/spir.v2024i0.14006
*Mitra, Bhaskar, Henriette Cramer, and Olya Gurevich. 2024. “Sociotechnical Implications of Generative Artificial Intelligence for Information Access.” ''arXiv'' (July 16, 2024). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.11612
*Mohamed, Shakir, Marie-Therese Png, and William Isaac. 2020. “Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 33 (4): 659–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00405-8
*Montague-Hellen, Beth. 2024. “Empowering Knowledge through AI: Open Scholarship Proactively Supporting Well Trained Generative AI.” ''Insights'' 37 (1). https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.649
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*Muldoon, James, and Boxi A Wu. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence in the Colonial Matrix of Power.” ''Philosophy &amp; Technology'' 36 (4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00687-8

==N==
*Nelson, Brent, and Miguel Dela Pena, Prototyping the Digital Archive Team &amp; the INKE Research Group. 2023. “No Journal is an Island: The John Donne Journal and the Possibilities of Open Access.” ''Pop! Public. Open. Participatory''. no. 5. https://doi.org/10.54590/pop.2023.007.
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==O==
*Oates, A., and D. Johnson. 2025. “ChatGPT in the Classroom: Evaluating Its Role in Fostering Critical Evaluation Skills.” ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education'' 35 (3): 754–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-024-00452-8
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==P==
*Papagiannidis, Emmanouil, Patrick Mikalef, and Kieran Conboy. 2025. “Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance: A Review and Research Framework.” ''The Journal of Strategic Information Systems'' 34 (2): 101885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2024.101885
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==Q==
*Qi, Weihong, Jinsheng Pan, Hanjia Lyu, and Jiebo Luo. 2024. “Excitements and concerns in the post-ChatGPT era: Deciphering public perception of AI through social media analysis.” ''Telematics and Informatics'' 94: 102158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2024.102158

==R==
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==S==
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==T==
*Taeihagh, Araz. 2025. “Governance of Generative AI.” ''Policy and Society'' 44 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puaf001
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==V==
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==W==
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    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Volkswagen/VIN Codes</title>
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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WVW - VW passenger car
* WVG - VW SUV &amp; ID Buzz
* WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle)
* WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA
* 1V1 - VW truck made in USA
* 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA
* 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada
* 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada
* 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan
* 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico
* 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico
* 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil

M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters
*2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters
*4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

*6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton)
*7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg)

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*30 = Fox ('87-'93)
*15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93)
*16 = Jetta ('81-'88)
*17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89)
*1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92)
*1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III)
*1E = Cabrio ('95-'99)
*1V = Cabrio ('00-'02)
*1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 &amp; '06 in Canada - Mark IV)
*9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09)
*1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V)
*32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88)
*33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88)
*31 = Passat ('90-'94)
*3A = Passat ('95-'97)
*3B = Passat ('98-'05)
*3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09)
*3D = Phaeton ('04-'06)
*53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada)
*50 = Corrado ('90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada)
*1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09)
*1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09)
*1F = Eos ('07-'09)
*25 - Vanagon ('81-'91)
*70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 &amp; '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes
*5N = Tiguan ('09)
*7L = Touareg ('04-'09)

2010-:
*BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10)
*AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark VI), 
*AJ (Type 1B) = Jetta sedan ('10-'18 - Mark VI)
*AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V)
*AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10), CC ('10-'17)
*AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10)
*AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10)
*AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16)
*AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18)
*A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* C:    Chattanooga, TN, USA
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* G:    Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) 
* H:    Hanover, Germany
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96])
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18])
* M:    Puebla, Mexico
* P:    Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG]
* P:    Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW]
* R:    Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant)
* V:    Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1]
* V:    Portugal [For WMI: WVW]
* W:    Wolfsburg, Germany
* 4:    Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant)
* 8:    Dresden, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WVW - VW passenger car
* WVG - VW SUV &amp; ID Buzz
* WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle)
* WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA
* 1V1 - VW truck made in USA
* 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA
* 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada
* 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada
* 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan
* 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico
* 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico
* 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina
* 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil

M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters
*2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters
*4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

*6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton)
*7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg)

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*30 = Fox ('87-'93)
*15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93)
*16 = Jetta ('81-'88)
*17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89)
*1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92)
*1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III)
*1E = Cabrio ('95-'99)
*1V = Cabrio ('00-'02)
*1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 &amp; '06 in Canada - Mark IV)
*9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09)
*1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V)
*32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88)
*33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88)
*31 = Passat ('90-'94)
*3A = Passat ('95-'97)
*3B = Passat ('98-'05)
*3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09)
*3D = Phaeton ('04-'06)
*53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada)
*50 = Corrado ('90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada)
*1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09)
*1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09)
*1F = Eos ('07-'09)
*25 - Vanagon ('81-'91)
*70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 &amp; '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes
*5N = Tiguan ('09)
*7L = Touareg ('04-'09)

2010-:
*BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10)
*AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark VI), 
*AJ (Type 1B) = Jetta sedan ('10-'18 - Mark VI)
*AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V)
*AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10), CC ('10-'17)
*AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10)
*AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10)
*AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16)
*AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18)
*A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* C:    Chattanooga, TN, USA
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* G:    Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) 
* H:    Hanover, Germany
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96])
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18])
* M:    Puebla, Mexico
* P:    Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG]
* P:    Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW]
* R:    Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant)
* V:    Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1]
* V:    Portugal [For WMI: WVW]
* W:    Wolfsburg, Germany
* 4:    Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant)
* 8:    Dresden, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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        <id>3434282</id>
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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WVW - VW passenger car
* WVG - VW SUV &amp; ID Buzz
* WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle)
* WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA
* 1V1 - VW truck made in USA
* 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA
* 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada
* 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada
* 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan
* 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico
* 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico
* 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina
* 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil

M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters
*2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters
*4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

*6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton)
*7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg)

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*30 = Fox ('87-'93)
*15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93)
*16 = Jetta ('81-'88)
*17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89)
*1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92)
*1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III)
*1E = Cabrio ('95-'99)
*1V = Cabrio ('00-'02)
*1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 &amp; '06 in Canada - Mark IV)
*9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09)
*1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V)
*32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88)
*33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88)
*31 = Passat ('90-'94)
*3A = Passat ('95-'97)
*3B = Passat ('98-'05)
*3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09)
*3D = Phaeton ('04-'06)
*53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada)
*50 = Corrado ('90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada)
*1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09)
*1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09)
*1F = Eos ('07-'09)
*25 - Vanagon ('81-'91)
*70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 &amp; '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes
*5N = Tiguan ('09)
*7L = Touareg ('04-'09)

2010-:
*BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10)
*AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13)
*AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 &amp; '20 in Canada)
*CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8)
*CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5)
*AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V)
*AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI)
*BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII)
*AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10)
*A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22)
*AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17)
*AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23)
*AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10)
*AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10)
*AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19)
*AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16)
*EB = ID Buzz ('25)
*B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-)
*AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18)
*AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24)
*RM = Tiguan ('25-)
*A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10)
*BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17)
*CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26)
*E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22)
*E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* C:    Chattanooga, TN, USA
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* G:    Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) 
* H:    Hanover, Germany
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96])
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18])
* M:    Puebla, Mexico
* P:    Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG]
* P:    Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW]
* R:    Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant)
* V:    Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1]
* V:    Portugal [For WMI: WVW]
* W:    Wolfsburg, Germany
* 4:    Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant)
* 8:    Dresden, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WVW - VW passenger car
* WVG - VW SUV &amp; ID Buzz
* WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle)
* WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA
* 1V1 - VW truck made in USA
* 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA
* 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada
* 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada
* 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands produced) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan
* 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico
* 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico
* 8AW - VW passenger car made in Argentina
* 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil

M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters
*2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters
*4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

*6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton)
*7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg)

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*30 = Fox ('87-'93)
*15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93)
*16 = Jetta ('81-'88)
*17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89)
*1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92)
*1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III)
*1E = Cabrio ('95-'99)
*1V = Cabrio ('00-'02)
*1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 &amp; '06 in Canada - Mark IV)
*9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09)
*1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V)
*32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88)
*33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88)
*31 = Passat ('90-'94)
*3A = Passat ('95-'97)
*3B = Passat ('98-'05)
*3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09)
*3D = Phaeton ('04-'06)
*53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada)
*50 = Corrado ('90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada)
*1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09)
*1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09)
*1F = Eos ('07-'09)
*25 - Vanagon ('81-'91)
*70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 &amp; '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes
*5N = Tiguan ('09)
*7L = Touareg ('04-'09)

2010-:
*BE (Type 1J) = City Golf (Canada only: '10)
*AJ (Type 5K) = Golf/GTI ('10-'14 - Mark 6), Golf R ('12-'13)
*AU (Type AU) = Golf/GTI ('15-'21 - Mark 7), Golf R ('15-'19), Golf Sportwagen ('15-'19 - Mark 7), Golf Alltrack ('17-'19), e-Golf ('15-'19 &amp; '20 in Canada)
*CD (Type CD) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('22-24 - Mark 8)
*CD (Type DA) = Golf GTI/Golf R ('25-present - Mark 8.5)
*AJ (Type 1K) = Jetta sedan ('10 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('10-'14 - Mark V)
*AJ (Type 16) = Jetta sedan ('11-'18 - Mark VI)
*BU = Jetta sedan ('19-present - Mark VII)
*AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10)
*A3 (NMS) = Passat ('12-'22)
*AN (Type 3C) = CC ('10-'17)
*AN (Type 3H) = Arteon ('19-'23)
*AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10)
*AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10)
*AT (Type 5C) = Beetle ('12-'19)
*AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16)
*EB = ID Buzz ('25)
*B2 (Type CL) = Taos ('22-)
*AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18)
*AX (Type BW) = Tiguan ('18-'24)
*RM = Tiguan ('25-)
*A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10)
*BP (Type 7P) = Touareg ('11-'17)
*CA = Atlas ('18-'26), Atlas Cross Sport ('20-'26)
*E2 = ID.4 (German built: '21-'22)
*E8 = ID.4 (US built: '23-'26)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* C:    Chattanooga, TN, USA
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* G:    Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) 
* H:    Hanover, Germany
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96])
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18])
* M:    Puebla, Mexico
* P:    Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG]
* P:    Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW]
* R:    Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant)
* V:    Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1]
* V:    Portugal [For WMI: WVW]
* W:    Wolfsburg, Germany
* 4:    Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant)
* 8:    Dresden, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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      <id>4638471</id>
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      <text bytes="4722" sha1="5rolmtkusrbxjphi3a2qv4f0ee55qjw" xml:space="preserve">Hello! Now that you know a few characters, let's talk about how we write them.

[[File:永-order.gif|200px|thumb|永, meaning &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity&quot;.]]
The character you see here means &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity,&quot; and is pronounced ''yong'' in Chinese. It is one of few characters that uses all eight types of strokes that make up every character in regular script (''Kaiti'' {{lang|zh|開題}}). 

[[File:Yong's skeleton.png|thumb|200px|Each of the strokes, numbered.]]
These strokes are as follows:{{efn|Here, I use the modern Chinese names, but they vary across era and region. Do not be beholden to them - just know what they are.}}
* {{lang|zh|㇔}} - &quot;''Dian'',&quot; a small down-left stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇐}} - &quot;''Heng'',&quot; a horizontal stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇑}} - &quot;Shu,&quot; a vertical stroke.
** {{lang|zh|㇚}} - &quot;''Gou'',&quot; is a downward-vertical version of ''shu'', ending in a slight &quot;hook&quot; at the bottom. 
* {{lang|zh|㇀}} - &quot;''Ti'',&quot; a right-up flick stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇁}} - &quot;''Wan'',&quot; a curve.
* {{lang|zh|㇒}} - &quot;''Pie'',&quot; a curve that falls to the left.
* {{lang|zh|㇏}} - &quot;''Na'',&quot; a curve that falls to the right, starting thin and ending flat.

Let's see them in action.
&lt;gallery class=&quot;skin-invert&quot; widths=&quot;100px&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:丶-order.gif
File:一-order.gif
File:丨-order.gif
File:丿-order.gif
File:乛-order.gif
File:乙-order.gif
File:亅-order.gif
File:乚-order.gif
&lt;/gallery&gt;

If you look at ''yong'', you will see that all the above strokes are used in some capacity. I strongly recommend you practice this character the most out of all you have right now. Let's look at the rules being followed with these strokes.

Typically, when writing a character, the following rules are followed:&lt;ref&gt;Björkstén, J. (1994). Learn to Write Chinese Characters. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05771-7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zhou, R. (2021). 永字八法: 书法艺术讲义 [yǒngzìbāfǎ shūfǎ yìshù jiǎngyì] (L. Zhou, Ed.; 4th corrected ed.). 广西师范大学出版社 [Guangxi Normal University Press].&lt;/ref&gt;
# Horizontal strokes are written before vertical ones. 
## For example, {{lang|zh|十}} &quot;ten&quot;
# Left-falling strokes are written before right-falling ones.
## For example, with {{lang|zh|人}} as you learned in the last lesson, you would write the left stroke first.
# Characters are written from top to bottom.
## For example, when writing {{lang|zh|三}}, as you learned in the first lesson, you write the three strokes from top-to-bottom.
# Characters are written from left to right.
## If we turn {{lang|zh|三}} on its side and add a ''wan'', we get {{lang|zh|川}} &quot;river,&quot; which would be written left-to-right.
# If a character is framed from above, the frame is written first.
## {{lang|zh|网}} &quot;net&quot; is a good example of this: First, you write the frame, then the rest of it. 
# If a character is framed from below, the frame is written last.
## {{lang|zh|凶}} &quot;omen, vicious, peril&quot; does this: First, you write the cross, then the box holding it.
# Frames are closed last.
## When writing {{lang|zh|日}} &quot;sun, day,&quot; the frame holding the first ''heng'' {{lang|zh|㇐}} will be closed after it is already written. 
# In a symmetrical character, the middle is drawn first, then the sides.
## {{lang|zh|水}} &quot;water&quot; and {{lang|zh|小}} &quot;small&quot; work this way. You can also see this applied in ''yong'' above.

It should be stressed that this is very general, and some characters may violate these rules or even use strange strokes. Don't worry about it too much: Unless you want to learn super-standard ''kaiti'', historical fonts, or calligraphy, you will not need to go super into it. Above all else, find what works for you, and then start writing.

These strokes make up ~214 components as documented by Mei Yingzhuo ({{lang|zh|梅膺祚}}) in the ''Zihui'' ({{lang|zh|字彙}}) dictionary during the Ming dynasty of China. While this is a lot, they are worth learning over time to memorise characters more effectively. Take this sentence, made as an example:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{lang|zh|土在地均}}
''Soil exists on ground-level''&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Soil exists on level ground&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The first character appears in the latter three as a component. Try writing it out yourself, guessing which strokes you need to perform. We will go into this more in a later lesson. For now, we just want to see you writing.

Now that you understand how we write Chinese, try writing the characters you have learned before, and in this lesson, using these rules. Take it slow, day by day, and most of all, relax. Recall that many people use this system every day: It is for humans!

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Corporate Social Services</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638364</id>
      <parentid>4638204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:44:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
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      <text bytes="2982" sha1="jcgiyq69f7s612h4dokp5q9hhwspmvm" xml:space="preserve">Corporate Social Services focuses more on administration, systems management, leadership, policy development, training, compliance compared to completing only resident care. Positions in this area are usually titles like Regional Social Services Consultant, Clinical Operations Director for Social Services, VP of Social Services, Corporate Director, ect. They usually represent the company and oversee a number of nursing homes. This position is necessary due to the design of social services departments within the NH. Typically, even the Social Services director is focused on only their own department and also has a lot of resident focused duties. The Corporate Social Services position sees the bigger picture and is able to try to bring some cohesiveness to all the departments in the different nursing homes. They serve as a mentor to social service department employees. 

'''Day to Day''' 

The Bad

A Corporate Social Services position likely requires travel among different NH's which would include working with many different teams and other departments. This position also holds a lot of responsibility in ensuring NH's they oversee are in compliance with state regulations and are implementing what they teach. At times, they must respond to and handle emergencies which can distract from the day-to-day tasks they need to accomplish. Flexibility and ability to pivot on a whim is required. 

The Good

A Corporate Social Services position is able to dictate their own schedule aside from during emergency situations. They are autonomous in how they work and how they teach while traveling to different NHs. They don't often have direct reports rather they work as a consultant to all social services departments. They are also a valuable asset to administrators/directors when looking for advise on certain situations. This is a highly respectable role that comes with its challenges but is rewarding work. When NHs social services departments are operating efficiently, this trickles down and improves the quality of care for the residents. 

'''Skills Needed'''

More often than not, a License in Social Work is necessary. A licensed social worker is able to provide supervision to social workers working in a nursing home if they are hoping to get their license also. Otherwise, an advanced degree like Masters in Public Policy, Masters in Business, ect., is beneficial. 

Transitioning to corporate roles requires additional skills including;

* Leadership and supervision capabilities and experience
* Public speaking and training ability 
* Specialized knowledge of NH rules and regulations 
* Organizational and operational skills
* Survey preparation expertise 
* Quality improvement
* Conflict management 

Strong communication skills are one of the most sought-after skills to develop if this is the career path you choose. In fact, communication skills is translatable to most positions available beyond that of a NH social services employee.

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  <page>
    <title>Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Self Care/Self-Awareness</title>
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      <id>4638363</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
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== Self-Awareness in Nursing Home Social Services Practice ==
Self-awareness is critical when working in social services at a nursing home due to the constant issues needing to be addressed. This includes encountering grief, conflict, crisis's, ethical challenges, and resident needs. The ability to stop and do self-check ins is what helps to identify signs of burn out and to be more reflective on where you can make changes if needed. Self-awareness influences communication, decision-making, professional boundaries, teamwork, and the overall quality of care provided to residents and families.

For nursing home social services employees, self-awareness is a professional responsibility. Employees who lack self-awareness may unintentionally allow stress, bias, emotional reactions, or personal experiences to interfere with resident-centered care. In contrast, self-aware professionals are better equipped to respond thoughtfully, maintain professionalism under pressure, and provide consistent emotional support in challenging situations.

=== Defining Self-Awareness ===
Self-awareness refers to the ability to recognize and understand one’s own:

* Emotions and emotional triggers
* Personal values and beliefs
* Communication style
* Stress responses
* Strengths and limitations
* Biases and assumptions
* Behavioral patterns

Self-awareness involves recognizing how these internal factors influence professional interactions with residents, families, coworkers, and interdisciplinary teams.

For example, a social services employee who becomes aware that family conflict triggers frustration or defensiveness is better able to pause, regulate emotional reactions, and maintain professionalism during difficult conversations. It also is ok to request taking a break and returning to the conversation when everyone is calmer.

=== The Importance of Self-Awareness in Long-Term Care ===
Working in a nursing home differs from many other healthcare environments because relationships are often long-term and emotionally significant. Employees may work with residents and families for months or years, creating deeper emotional attachments and ongoing exposure to decline, loss, and grief.

Without self-awareness, employees may:

* Become emotionally overinvolved with residents
* Develop favoritism
* React defensively to criticism or complaints
* Internalize workplace stress
* Struggle to maintain boundaries
* Experience burnout more quickly

Self-awareness helps employees remain compassionate while also maintaining emotional balance and professional objectivity.

=== Emotional Self-Awareness ===
Emotional self-awareness involves recognizing emotions as they occur and understanding how it influences behavior. Social services employees frequently experience emotions such as sadness, frustration, helplessness, grief, anger, or anxiety throughout the workday.

Examples of emotional self-awareness include:

* Recognizing when a resident’s decline is affecting personal emotions
* Identifying frustration during repeated family complaints
* Acknowledging feelings of helplessness in difficult situations
* Understanding when stress is impacting patience or communication

Recognizing emotions does not mean suppressing them. Instead, it allows employees to process feelings appropriately without allowing emotions to control professional interactions.

=== Awareness of Personal Biases and Assumptions ===
All individuals bring personal experiences, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds into their work. Self-aware social services employees actively examine how their own perspectives may influence their interactions or decisions.

Biases may involve:

* Aging and independence
* Family roles and caregiving expectations
* Mental health or behavioral concerns
* Cultural or religious beliefs
* Communication styles
* End-of-life preferences

A self-aware employee recognizes these assumptions and works intentionally to provide unbiased, resident-centered care.

=== Self-Awareness and Professional Boundaries ===
Strong self-awareness is closely connected to healthy boundaries. Employees who understand their emotional vulnerabilities are better able to recognize situations where boundaries may become blurred.

For example:

* A staff member who seeks approval from residents may struggle to say no
* An employee with unresolved grief may become overly attached to residents in decline
* A social worker uncomfortable with conflict may avoid necessary difficult conversations

Self-awareness allows staff to identify these patterns early and seek supervision or support when needed.

=== Self-Awareness in Communication ===
Communication is central to social services work, particularly in emotionally charged situations. Self-aware employees pay attention not only to what they say, but also how they say it.

This includes awareness of:

* Tone of voice
* Body language
* Emotional reactions during conversations
* Defensive or reactive communication patterns
* Listening habits

For example, staff who recognize that they become rushed or impatient under stress can intentionally slow down during resident or family interactions.

=== Recognizing Stress Responses ===
Stress affects every professional differently. Some individuals become emotionally reactive, while others withdraw, shut down, or become detached.

Self-awareness helps employees identify:

* Physical signs of stress
* Emotional exhaustion
* Irritability or cynicism
* Difficulty concentrating
* Reduced empathy
* Changes in professional behavior

Recognizing these signs early allows staff to seek support before stress begins affecting resident care or workplace relationships.

=== The Role of Reflection ===
Reflection is one of the primary tools for developing self-awareness. Reflective practice encourages social services employees to examine their experiences, reactions, and decisions thoughtfully rather than functioning on autopilot.

Reflection may involve:

* Journaling
* Clinical supervision
* Peer discussions
* Case reviews
* Personal therapy or counseling
* Quiet self-reflection after difficult interaction

=== Self-Awareness and Team Dynamics ===
Self-awareness also improves interdisciplinary relationships. Employees who understand their own communication styles and stress reactions are often better collaborators.

Self-aware team members are more likely to:

* Accept feedback professionally
* Communicate respectfully under pressure
* Recognize when stress is affecting teamwork
* Avoid projecting frustration onto coworkers
* Contribute positively to workplace culture

Because nursing home care depends heavily on interdisciplinary collaboration, emotional insight and self-regulation are essential workplace skills.

=== Developing Greater Self-Awareness ===
Self-awareness is an ongoing process rather than a fixed achievement. It takes experience, reflection, honesty, and openness to feedback.

Strategies for strengthening self-awareness include:

* Seeking regular supervision and mentorship
* Remaining open to constructive feedback
* Practicing mindfulness or grounding techniques
* Monitoring emotional and physical stress responses
* Engaging in continuing education and professional development
* Taking time to reflect after difficult situations

Growth in self-awareness requires humility and willingness to acknowledge personal limitations and areas for improvement.

=== Conclusion ===
Self-awareness is a required skill for nursing home social services employees in order to prevent burn out and ensure self-care. In a setting where emotional intensity, long-term relationships, and complex human needs intersect daily, the ability to recognize and manage one’s own emotions, biases, stress responses, and behavioral patterns is essential to ethical and effective practice.

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  <page>
    <title>Judaism/Kosher Tourism</title>
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        <username>MathXplore</username>
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      <text bytes="11085" sha1="o03ubkrs90aewsmuhcnn6g5yfuq3tu5" xml:space="preserve">== Kosher Tourism ==

Kosher tourism refers to travel undertaken by observant Jews who maintain kashrut / kosher (Jewish dietary laws) and Shabbat observance, including while away from home.&lt;ref&gt;
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_tourism Kosher tourism - Wikipedia]&lt;/ref&gt; The global kosher market, which encompasses food, hospitality, and travel, was valued at approximately $22.1 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow significantly through the following decade.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imarcgroup.com/kosher-food-market IMARC Group: Kosher Food Market Size, Growth &amp; Trends Forecast 2033]&lt;/ref&gt; Planning a kosher-compliant trip requires attention to food, accommodation, shul access, and the Jewish calendar - considerations that go well beyond those of the average traveler.

=== Why Kosher Tourism Is Unique ===

Unlike general travel, kosher tourism involves a set of religious requirements that must be maintained consistently regardless of destination. These include:

* '''Kashrut''' - All food consumed must be certified kosher, meaning sourced, prepared, and served according to halachic standards.
* '''Shabbat observance''' - From Friday sundown to Saturday night, observant travelers cannot drive, use electricity, or handle money, making walking distance to synagogue and pre-arranged Shabbat meals essential.
* '''Eruv coverage''' - Many travelers prefer destinations within an eruv (a halachic boundary that permits carrying outside on Shabbat).
* '''Mikveh access''' - Some travelers require access to a mikveh (ritual bath).
* '''Yom Tov''' - Jewish holidays add additional layers of planning, as melachah restrictions apply for two days at the start and end of most major holidays, unlike the single day of Shabbat.

=== Accommodation ===

Finding suitable accommodation is often the most challenging aspect of kosher travel. Kosher observant travelers typically look for:

* Self-catering apartments or villas with a kitchen that is kept kosher or can be kashered (made kosher-ready), allowing travelers to prepare or warm up their own kosher meals
* Properties within walking distance of a shul
* Hosts or property managers well versed with kosher requirements
* Clear, upfront pricing and availability - while Airbnb delivered this for the general market, the kosher vacation rental niche has historically suffered from a lack of transparent listings, with travelers often forced into back-and-forth communication on classified sites and Facebook groups just to confirm availability and cost.

==== Vacation Rentals ====

The short-term kosher rental market has grown in recent years, with dedicated platforms emerging to connect observant travelers with property owners who understand kosher requirements. Founders in this space have noted that a key frustration for kosher travelers has been the lack of transparent pricing, availability and the difficulty of finding properties with clear walk proximity to local shuls.&lt;ref&gt;[https://anash.org/kvation-founder-speaks-on-business-failure-and-mentorship/ Kvation Founder Speaks on Business, Failure, and Mentorship. - Anash.org, December 2025.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Examples include:

* '''[https://kvation.com/ Kvation]''' (kosher vacations) - A booking platform for kosher vacation rentals, connecting travelers directly with shomer shabbos property owners, with glatt kosher rentals primarily in the United States and Israel and some in Europe and South America. The platform emphasizes transparent pricing, availability and proximity to local shuls.
* '''[https://www.gokosher.com/ Gokosher]''' - Kosher travel classifieds featuring hotels and rental listings across multiple countries.

==== Hotels ====

Some hotels cater specifically to the kosher market, offering on-site glatt kosher kitchens, Shabbat elevators, and synagogue facilities. These are particularly common in destinations with large Jewish populations such as Miami Beach, Jerusalem, Cancun, and the Catskills region of New York.

==== Passover (Pesach) Travel ====

Passover is the single largest driver of kosher tourism globally. Because observant Jews must use entirely separate kosher-for-Passover cookware, dishes, and food products, and must remove all chametz (leavened products) from their homes, many families find it easier to travel for the holiday rather than undertake the full preparation at home.

Dedicated Passover programs operate at hotels and resorts worldwide, offering:

* Full kosher-for-Passover catering under strict rabbinical supervision
* Communal sedarim on the first two nights of the holiday
* Holiday programming for children and adults
* Daily prayer services with a minyan

Passover programs operate across six continents, with major concentrations in Florida, the Mexican Caribbean, Israel, Morocco, and Europe. Programs typically book out months in advance, and many families reserve spots for the following year immediately after Passover ends.

==== Kosher Cruises ====

Kosher cruises have grown into a significant subcategory of kosher tourism, combining mainstream cruise itineraries with full glatt kosher catering and Shabbat observance. Dedicated kosher cruise programs typically feature:

* On-board glatt kosher kitchens operating under rabbinical supervision
* Shabbat and holiday services
* Separation of the kosher galley from the ship's general kitchen
* Itineraries timed to avoid Shabbat embarkation or disembarkation where possible

Popular kosher cruise routes include Mediterranean sailings, Alaskan cruises, river cruises through Europe, and Caribbean itineraries.

=== Air Travel ===

Observant Jewish travelers can request kosher meals on most major international airlines, though availability varies by route and carrier. Key considerations include:

* Kosher meals must typically be requested at least 24-48 hours before departure
* Glatt kosher meals are available on some airlines but not all - travelers should confirm the level of kashrut supervision when booking
* Meals are generally served sealed with rabbinical certification visible on the packaging
* Some travelers choose to bring their own packaged kosher food rather than rely on airline catering, particularly on shorter flights or routes with limited kosher options
* El Al, Israel's national airline, serves kosher food as standard on all flights

=== Bein Hazmanim ===

Bein Hazmanim (literally &quot;between the times&quot;) refers to the vacation periods between yeshiva semesters in the Orthodox and Haredi world. These periods - typically falling around Pesach, the summer months, and Sukkot - represent major spikes in kosher travel demand, as yeshiva students, their families, and the broader community travel simultaneously.

The two main Bein Hazmanim periods are:

* '''Summer''' - approximately from mid-Tammuz through Elul (July-September), the longest break and the primary driver of summer rental demand in destinations such as the Catskills, the Jersey Shore, and Israeli resort towns
* '''Tishrei''' - the period around the High Holidays and Sukkot, when many families travel to be with rebbes or in communities with large Yom Tov programming

=== Kosher Food on the Road ===

Access to kosher food varies significantly by destination. Travelers typically rely on a combination of:

* '''Certified kosher restaurants''' - Listed by kashrut agencies such as the Orthodox Union (OU), OK Kosher, and local rabbinical councils
* '''Packaged kosher food''' - Brought from home or purchased at kosher supermarkets in destination cities
* '''Self-catering''' - Cooking in a kosher kept kitchen or kashered kitchen, the most reliable method for maintaining kashrut standards while traveling
* '''Hotel kosher programs''' - Offered by some resorts, particularly during Pesach (Passover), when full kosher-for-Passover catering is provided

=== Popular Kosher Travel Destinations ===

Certain destinations have developed robust Jewish infrastructure that makes kosher travel significantly easier:

* '''Israel''' - The most kosher-accessible destination globally, with kosher restaurants, supermarkets, and accommodations widely available
* '''New York metropolitan area''' - Dense Jewish communities in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and New Jersey offer extensive kosher infrastructure
* '''Miami / South Florida''' - A major kosher tourism hub, particularly during winter months and Jewish holidays
* '''Cancun and the Mexican Caribbean''' – Growing kosher hotel programs make this a popular destination, particularly during Pesach
* '''European cities''' - Amsterdam, Paris, London, and Antwerp have established kosher communities with restaurants and accommodations

=== Shabbat and Holiday Planning ===

Traveling over Shabbat or Jewish holidays requires advance planning. Key considerations include:

* Arranging Shabbat meals in advance - either self-catering in a vacation rental, hotel programs, or community hospitality (hachnasat orchim)
* Confirming candle-lighting times and local Shabbat end times at the destination
* Identifying the nearest synagogue and confirming its schedule
* Avoiding travel bookings that require checking out or in during Shabbat or Yom Tov

=== Practical Tips for Kosher Travelers ===

* '''Kashering a rental kitchen''' - Before cooking in a vacation rental (if with a non-kosher kitchen), observant travelers typically clean the oven and stovetop thoroughly, run the oven at high heat for a period of time (libun), pour boiling water over countertops and sinks (iruy), and use separate kosher cookware and utensils brought from home
* '''What to bring from home''' - Many travelers pack a supply of shelf-stable kosher products, including snacks, condiments, and packaged meals, particularly when traveling to destinations with limited local kosher availability if without access to a kosher rental with a glatt kosher kitchen
* '''Checking local eruv status''' - Eruv boundaries can change due to damage or weather; travelers should verify the local eruv is up before carrying on Shabbat, usually via a local rabbi, community hotline or the rental host if booked through a kosher rental booking site like Kvation
* '''Time zone adjustment for Shabbat''' - Candle-lighting and Shabbos end times vary significantly by location and season; travelers should look up exact times for their destination rather than relying on home-city times
* '''Mikveh availability''' - Many Jewish communities maintain a mikveh; travelers who require access should confirm availability and hours in advance of their trip

=== Resources for Kosher Travelers ===

* [https://oukosher.org/restaurants/ OU Kosher Restaurant list]
* [https://www.ok.org/restaurant-guide/ OK Kosher Restaurant Guide]
* [https://www.chabad.org/ Chabad.org] - Offers a global directory of Chabad houses, which frequently provide Shabbat hospitality to traveling Jews
* [https://kvation.com/ Kvation.com] - Kosher vacation rental booking platform
* [https://www.gokosher.com/ Gokosher.com] - Kosher travel classifieds

== See Also ==
* [[Judaism/Jewish Cooking]] (includes Kosher Travel section)
* [[Judaism]]

== External Links ==

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    <title>Dungeons &amp; Dragons/Magic spells</title>
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      <text bytes="168" sha1="3gq58qml7sgdph4o2nnkq0hitwqh6rg" xml:space="preserve">Spells in D&amp;D are organized into eight schools of magic:

*Abjuration
*Conjuration
*Divination
*Enchantment
*Evocation
*Illusion
*Necromancy
*Transmutation

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  <page>
    <title>User talk:10kdollz</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
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      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2091" sha1="f3i9wgzr1lpnm8jkjigpea1ayfmoxxn" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
| small = 
| smallimage = 
| smallimageright = 
| smalltext  = 
}}

 
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:48, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::pls I'd be happy if you'd clarify me on what to fix [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 01:14, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] Overall, please use the following pages for guidance on the Cookbook's requirements:
:::* [[Cookbook:Policy]]
:::* [[Cookbook:Manual of Style]]
:::* [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]
:::I have written the issues with each of your recipes at the top of the recipe pages. For additional reference, an example of a complete recipe is [[Cookbook:Dibi (Senegalese Grilled Meat)]]. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 10:34, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::::thank you [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 22:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>f3i9wgzr1lpnm8jkjigpea1ayfmoxxn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naming/How to name a written work</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638360</id>
      <parentid>4638319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="376" sha1="og56um7vyfu1kgo0sgjb11ux641rbo0" xml:space="preserve">If the title of your work isn't immediately obvious, deciding upon the best name might be a challenge. The first step in choosing your book title is to grasp the most essential characteristics of the book:

* Fiction or non-fiction?
* Character focused or plot driven?
* Broad or narrow audience appeal?
* Written in a conversational style or a professional tone?

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naming/How to name an organization</title>
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      <id>4638359</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="288" sha1="0m01uq1d4nndevy5xf1hfkjk95zcrc6" xml:space="preserve">== Examples ==
=== How to Name a Band ===

The immortal question!

=== How to Name a Consultancy Business ===

Solo consultancies often prominently feature the proprietor's name.

=== How to Name a Store, Restaurant, or Salon ===

Clearly the name must align with your brand.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naming/How to name a ship</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:43:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="9kax9gv7wnic1y9yobhgjlr1u0x2cru" xml:space="preserve">== Ship Naming Ceremony ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-32443-05</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:42:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
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      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4638355</origin>
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      <text bytes="991" sha1="tqk8ikg6bqzwjvfgan630vmnsh81qw9" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Wonderful Names for Boys: Compton]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encyclopedic articles belong at [[w:|Wikipedia]]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Wonderful Names for Boys: Compton|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
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      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
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== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Wonderful Names for Boys: Compton]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encyclopedic articles belong at [[w:|Wikipedia]]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Wonderful Names for Boys: Compton|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Sugar]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Out of scope&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Sugar|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hand Coloring of Films</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;The '''hand-tinting of black-and-white films''' is an old film coloring technique used before color film was invented. Each frame of a film was colored by hand using transparent dyes or paints.  This method was widely used in early cinema in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to make films more visually attractive.  == How hand-tinting works == Hand-tinting means adding color to individual frames of a black-and-white film.  == Materials ==  * Black-and-white film pri...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1634" sha1="m93gqccdhfurezfv5qgexr22ig21m6r" xml:space="preserve">The '''hand-tinting of black-and-white films''' is an old film coloring technique used before color film was invented. Each frame of a film was colored by hand using transparent dyes or paints.

This method was widely used in early cinema in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to make films more visually attractive.

== How hand-tinting works ==
Hand-tinting means adding color to individual frames of a black-and-white film.

== Materials ==

* Black-and-white film print
* Transparent dyes or film-safe paints
* Small paintbrushes
* Light table or lamp
* Gloves

== Steps ==

# Place the film on a flat, clean surface with good lighting.
# Choose colors for different parts of the image (sky, grass, clothes, etc.).
# Use a very small brush to paint one frame carefully.
# Let the paint dry completely.
# Move to the next frame and repeat the process.
# Make sure colors stay consistent across all frames.

== Important notes ==

* This process is very slow because films contain thousands of frames.
* Early studios often used teams of workers to do this job.
* Mistakes are difficult to fix once painted.
* Transparent colors are used so the image remains visible.

== History ==
Hand-tinting was commonly used in silent films before the invention of full color film technology. It was later replaced by chemical color processes and modern color film.

== See also ==

* [[wikipedia:Film colorization|Film colorization]]
* [[wikipedia:Silent film|Silent film]]
* [[wikipedia:History of film|History of film]]

== External links ==

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_colorization
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Welcome to my talk page! ~~~~&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="251" sha1="6jlaysw7ich57fe57vly02i08pjyhoe" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to my talk page! &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00FF00&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000FF&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:21, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="525" sha1="jmj3soynylhqenggulhxi5086au5yxa" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to my talk page! &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00FF00&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000FF&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:21, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:Huh? Thought my signature was much darker... &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00FF00&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000FF&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>3562800</id>
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      <comment>/* */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4638385</origin>
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      <text bytes="768" sha1="0w2dch7qu9fqnvn9ced57fsaezg0yob" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to my talk page! &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00FF00&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000FF&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:21, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:Huh? Thought my signature was much darker... &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00FF00&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000FF&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::this working? &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="1029" sha1="mn5nwp3wxv7iyh9kc7y9d2vpynwtruh" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to my talk page! &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00FF00&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000FF&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:21, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:Huh? Thought my signature was much darker... &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00FF00&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000FF&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::this working? &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:::Yep! Restarting the page niow. &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:23, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <id>3562800</id>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;Welcome to my talk page! ~~~~&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="251" sha1="99isvu6ksckk8y1v5z7gtgznv41k0gu" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to my talk page! &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:23, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{printable}}&quot;</comment>
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        <id>3562800</id>
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        <id>3562800</id>
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        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
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        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
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      <comment>really need a way to suppress cats...</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Kachumbari</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638409</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T20:46:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>3456470</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created</comment>
      <origin>4638409</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3187" sha1="gnvo1uuzxw199b31012muhpy496glt1" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{recipesummary|category=Salad recipes|servings=4|time=15 minutes|difficulty=2}}
{{recipe}} [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Uganda|Uganda]] |[[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|India]]| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania|Tanzania]] | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat]] | [[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]

= Kachumbari =

'''Kachumbari''' is a fresh East African salad made primarily from tomatoes and [[Cookbook:onions|onions]]. It is widely eaten in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and other parts of the African Great Lakes region. Kachumbari is commonly served as a side dish with pilau, biryani, nyama choma (grilled meat), [[Cookbook:fish|fish]], and other traditional meals. The name is believed to be derived from the Indian salad known as ''kachumber'', reflecting historical cultural influences along the Swahili Coast.

== Ingredients ==

* 4 large ripe [[Cookbook:Tomatoes with Cheese Stuffing|tomatoes]], diced
* 1 large red onion, thinly sliced
* 1 [[Cookbook:cucumber|cucumber]], diced (optional)
* 1–2 fresh green chilies, finely chopped (optional)
* 2  tablespoons fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped
* Juice of 1 [[Cookbook:lemon|lemon]] or lime
* ½ tablespoons salt
* ¼ tablespoons black [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]] (optional)

== Procedure ==

# Wash all [[Cookbook:vegetables|vegetables]] thoroughly.
# Dice the tomatoes into small pieces.
# Thinly slice the onion.
# If using cucumber, peel and dice it.
# Finely chop the chilies and coriander.
# Place all ingredients into a mixing bowl.
# Add the lemon or lime juice.
# Season with salt and black pepper.
# Toss gently until well combined.
# Allow the salad to rest for 5–10 minutes before serving.
# Serve fresh.

== Serving ==

Kachumbari is traditionally served with:

* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:Biryani]]
* Nyama choma (grilled meat)
* Grilled fish
* Ugali
* Chapati

== Variations ==

* Avocado kachumbari
* Cucumber kachumbari
* Mango kachumbari
* Kachumbari with bell peppers
* Spicy kachumbari with extra chilies

== Tips ==

* Use ripe but firm tomatoes for the best texture.
* Soaking sliced onions in cold water for a few minutes reduces their sharpness.
* Prepare kachumbari shortly before serving to keep it fresh and crisp.
* Fresh lemon or lime juice gives a brighter flavor than bottled juice.
* For extra richness, add diced avocado just before serving.
* Do not refrigerate for long periods, as the tomatoes may become watery.

== Notes ==

* Kachumbari is similar to pico de gallo and Indian kachumber, although regional ingredients and preparation methods vary.
* The salad is usually served immediately after preparation to maintain freshness.
== See also ==

* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:Biryani]]
* [[Cookbook:Ugali]]
* [[Cookbook:Chapati]]

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Indian recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegetarian recipes]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Wikimedia</title>
    <ns>11</ns>
    <id>483724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638419</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T21:39:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikinews, remove. */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4638419</origin>
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      <text bytes="310" sha1="dxrfg0uvwd615yzbhqe6wyjfu5hbdnd" xml:space="preserve">== Wikinews, remove. ==

Wikinews has been closed, so it should not be on the list. &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:39, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-01T21:39:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikinews, remove. */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4638420</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="569" sha1="iwsn6j4qz9heruttmxr7y5scsis73p7" xml:space="preserve">== Wikinews, remove. ==

Wikinews has been closed, so it should not be on the list. &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:39, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:or should it include closure? &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:39, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Ofe Aku (Igbo palmnut soup)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638430</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T22:49:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Ofe Akwu''' is a traditional soup from Southeastern Nigeria, particularly associated with the Igbo people. It is made from palm fruit extract and is commonly served with rice or boiled yam. Variations may include beef, fish, stockfish, and local seasonings. == Ingredients == === For the palm extract === * 1 kg palm fruits (or 500 ml prepared palm fruit extract) * 2 litres water === For the soup === * 500 g beef, cut into pieces * 200 g stockfish, soaked * 200 g dried...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1788" sha1="m5l76btvoqdu4n6gpx3qcikbx8goar0" xml:space="preserve">'''Ofe Akwu''' is a traditional soup from Southeastern Nigeria, particularly associated with the Igbo people. It is made from palm fruit extract and is commonly served with rice or boiled yam. Variations may include beef, fish, stockfish, and local seasonings.
== Ingredients ==
=== For the palm extract ===
* 1 kg palm fruits (or 500 ml prepared palm fruit extract)
* 2 litres water
=== For the soup ===
* 500 g beef, cut into pieces
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 teaspoon ground fresh pepper, or to taste
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt, to taste
* 1 tablespoon ground ogiri (optional)
* Fresh scent leaves, shredded (optional)
== Procedure ==
#Wash the palm fruits and boil them until soft.
#Pound or mash the cooked fruits and mix with warm water to extract the palm j
#Strain the mixture to remove fibres and kernels. Set the extract aside.
#Wash the beef and cook with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add the stockfish and continue cooking for several minutes.
#Pour the palm fruit extract into the pot and bring to a boil.
#Add the dried fish, crayfish, pepper, and ogiri if using.
#Simmer for 20–30 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the soup thickens slightly and the oil rises to the surface.
#Adjust seasoning with salt as needed.
#Add the scent leaves and simmer for 2–3 minutes.
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Freshly extracted palm fruit juice gives the most authentic flavour.
* The quantity of pepper may be adjusted according to preference.
* Ofe Akwu is traditionally served with white rice but may also accompany boiled yam or plantain.
[[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Soup recipes]] [[Category:Palm fruit recipes]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638431</id>
      <parentid>4638430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T22:53:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>User97104</username>
        <id>3562800</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>User97104 moved page [[Ofe Aku (Igbo palmnut soup)]] to [[Cookbook:Ofe Aku (Igbo palmnut soup)]]: should be in cookbook</comment>
      <origin>4638430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1788" sha1="m5l76btvoqdu4n6gpx3qcikbx8goar0" xml:space="preserve">'''Ofe Akwu''' is a traditional soup from Southeastern Nigeria, particularly associated with the Igbo people. It is made from palm fruit extract and is commonly served with rice or boiled yam. Variations may include beef, fish, stockfish, and local seasonings.
== Ingredients ==
=== For the palm extract ===
* 1 kg palm fruits (or 500 ml prepared palm fruit extract)
* 2 litres water
=== For the soup ===
* 500 g beef, cut into pieces
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 teaspoon ground fresh pepper, or to taste
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt, to taste
* 1 tablespoon ground ogiri (optional)
* Fresh scent leaves, shredded (optional)
== Procedure ==
#Wash the palm fruits and boil them until soft.
#Pound or mash the cooked fruits and mix with warm water to extract the palm j
#Strain the mixture to remove fibres and kernels. Set the extract aside.
#Wash the beef and cook with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add the stockfish and continue cooking for several minutes.
#Pour the palm fruit extract into the pot and bring to a boil.
#Add the dried fish, crayfish, pepper, and ogiri if using.
#Simmer for 20–30 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the soup thickens slightly and the oil rises to the surface.
#Adjust seasoning with salt as needed.
#Add the scent leaves and simmer for 2–3 minutes.
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Freshly extracted palm fruit juice gives the most authentic flavour.
* The quantity of pepper may be adjusted according to preference.
* Ofe Akwu is traditionally served with white rice but may also accompany boiled yam or plantain.
[[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Soup recipes]] [[Category:Palm fruit recipes]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638440</id>
      <parentid>4638431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:07:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
      <origin>4638440</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1911" sha1="3yio622mus3tfg90esv129mmfmukzpj" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Ofe Aku
| Origin = Southeastern Nigeria
| Servings = 6-8
| Time = 1 hour
| Difficulty = 2
}}

'''Ofe Akwu''' is a traditional soup from Southeastern Nigeria, particularly associated with the Igbo people. It is made from palm fruit extract and is commonly served with rice or boiled yam. Variations may include beef, fish, stockfish, and local seasonings.
== Ingredients ==
=== For the palm extract ===
* 1 kg palm fruits (or 500 ml prepared palm fruit extract)
* 2 litres water
=== For the soup ===
* 500 g beef, cut into pieces
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 teaspoon ground fresh pepper, or to taste
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt, to taste
* 1 tablespoon ground ogiri (optional)
* Fresh scent leaves, shredded (optional)
== Procedure ==
#Wash the palm fruits and boil them until soft.
#Pound or mash the cooked fruits and mix with warm water to extract the palm j
#Strain the mixture to remove fibres and kernels. Set the extract aside.
#Wash the beef and cook with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add the stockfish and continue cooking for several minutes.
#Pour the palm fruit extract into the pot and bring to a boil.
#Add the dried fish, crayfish, pepper, and ogiri if using.
#Simmer for 20–30 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the soup thickens slightly and the oil rises to the surface.
#Adjust seasoning with salt as needed.
#Add the scent leaves and simmer for 2–3 minutes.
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Freshly extracted palm fruit juice gives the most authentic flavour.
* The quantity of pepper may be adjusted according to preference.
* Ofe Akwu is traditionally served with white rice but may also accompany boiled yam or plantain.
[[Category:Nigerian recipes]] [[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Soup recipes]] [[Category:Palm fruit recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>3yio622mus3tfg90esv129mmfmukzpj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Ofe Oha (Oha Leaf Soup)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638442</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:19:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Ofe Oha''' is a traditional Igbo soup made with fresh oha leaves, cocoyam as a thickener, and assorted meats or fish. It is commonly served with fufu, pounded yam, or other swallows. The soup is known for its rich taste and slightly bitter, aromatic flavor from the oha leaves. == Equipment == * Cooking pot (medium to large size) * Wooden spoon or cooking spatula * Mortar and pestle (for cocoyam paste) * Knife * Cutting board * Blender (optional, for cocoyam) * Sieve o...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1892" sha1="4ij2rudypt8apbkvnkp3m9agbhaf6ly" xml:space="preserve">'''Ofe Oha''' is a traditional Igbo soup made with fresh oha leaves, cocoyam as a thickener, and assorted meats or fish. It is commonly served with fufu, pounded yam, or other swallows. The soup is known for its rich taste and slightly bitter, aromatic flavor from the oha leaves.
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium to large size)
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Mortar and pestle (for cocoyam paste)
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Blender (optional, for cocoyam)
* Sieve or strainer (if using blended cocoyam)
* Measuring spoons
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups cocoyam (or cocoyam paste)
* 1 bunch fresh oha leaves, sliced
* 500 g assorted meat (beef, goat meat, or chicken)
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Pepper, to taste
* Salt, to taste
* 1 cup palm oil
* Ogiri (optional, for traditional flavor)
== Procedure ==
#Wash and cook the assorted meat with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add stockfish and continue cooking until soft.
#In a separate pot, cook cocoyam until soft, then pound or blend into a smooth paste.
#Add the cocoyam paste into the meat stock to thicken the soup, stirring well to avoid lumps.
#Add palm oil and allow the soup to cook for 5–10 minutes.
#Add dried fish, ground crayfish, and pepper. Stir and allow to simmer.
#Add ogiri if using, then adjust seasoning with salt and seasoning cubes.
#Finally, add the sliced oha leaves and stir gently.
#Allow to simmer for 3–5 minutes (do not overcook the leaves to preserve flavor).
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
*Do not overcook oha leaves, as they lose flavor quickly.
*Cocoyam is the traditional thickener; yam can be used as an alternative.
*The soup thickens more as it cools.
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]] [[Category:Palm oil dishes]]</text>
      <sha1>4ij2rudypt8apbkvnkp3m9agbhaf6ly</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638443</id>
      <parentid>4638442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
      <origin>4638443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2058" sha1="s56mp1e1hk28nj7nd0ccwfmpril9ibh" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Ofe Oha
| Origin = Igbo land
| Servings = 4-6
| Time = 45 minutes
| Difficulty = 1
| Image = [[File:Ọha Soup and Garri.jpg|300px]]
}}

'''Ofe Oha''' is a traditional Igbo soup made with fresh oha leaves, cocoyam as a thickener, and assorted meats or fish. It is commonly served with fufu, pounded yam, or other swallows. The soup is known for its rich taste and slightly bitter, aromatic flavor from the oha leaves.
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium to large size)
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Mortar and pestle (for cocoyam paste)
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Blender (optional, for cocoyam)
* Sieve or strainer (if using blended cocoyam)
* Measuring spoons
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups cocoyam (or cocoyam paste)
* 1 bunch fresh oha leaves, sliced
* 500 g assorted meat (beef, goat meat, or chicken)
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Pepper, to taste
* Salt, to taste
* 1 cup palm oil
* Ogiri (optional, for traditional flavor)
== Procedure ==
#Wash and cook the assorted meat with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add stockfish and continue cooking until soft.
#In a separate pot, cook cocoyam until soft, then pound or blend into a smooth paste.
#Add the cocoyam paste into the meat stock to thicken the soup, stirring well to avoid lumps.
#Add palm oil and allow the soup to cook for 5–10 minutes.
#Add dried fish, ground crayfish, and pepper. Stir and allow to simmer.
#Add ogiri if using, then adjust seasoning with salt and seasoning cubes.
#Finally, add the sliced oha leaves and stir gently.
#Allow to simmer for 3–5 minutes (do not overcook the leaves to preserve flavor).
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
*Do not overcook oha leaves, as they lose flavor quickly.
*Cocoyam is the traditional thickener; yam can be used as an alternative.
*The soup thickens more as it cools.
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]] [[Category:Palm oil dishes]]</text>
      <sha1>s56mp1e1hk28nj7nd0ccwfmpril9ibh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Supu Ya Ndizi</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638444</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:29:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>3456470</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created</comment>
      <origin>4638444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4130" sha1="7fjnq5vzi2mkys6czwregksstylaw8j" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Soup recipes
| Servings = 6
| Time = 45 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
}}
{{Recipe}} {{recipe}}| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania|Tanzania|]]

'''Supu Ya Ndizi''' is a traditional East African soup made with green cooking bananas, [[Cookbook:vegetables|vegetables]], and [[Cookbook:spices|spices]]. It is especially popular in Tanzania and among communities along the East African coast. The soup is valued for its rich flavor, nourishing qualities, and versatility. Depending on local preferences, it may be prepared with [[Cookbook:meat|meat]], [[Cookbook:fish|fish]], or as a vegetarian dish. It is commonly served as a main meal or as an accompaniment to bread and other side dishes.

== Ingredients ==

* 6 green cooking bananas, peeled and sliced
* 500 g beef, chicken, or fish (optional)
* 1 large [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], chopped
* 2 tomatoes, diced
* 2 cloves [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], minced
* 1 tsp fresh ginger, grated
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]]
* 5 cups water or stock
* 1 carrot, diced
* 1 [[Cookbook:potato|potato]], diced (optional)
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:Curry Powder|curry powder]]
* Salt, to taste
* Black [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]], to taste
* Fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped, for garnish

== Procedure ==

# Peel and slice the green bananas into medium-sized pieces.
# If using meat, cook it in a pot with water until tender and reserve the stock.
# Heat the oil in a large pot over medium heat.
# Add the onion and cook until soft and translucent.
# Stir in the garlic and ginger and cook for 1 minute.
# Add the tomatoes and cook until softened.
# Stir in the curry powder.
# Add the bananas, carrot, and potato.
# Pour in the stock or water and bring to a boil.
# Reduce the heat and simmer for 30–40 minutes, or until the bananas are very soft.
# Add the cooked meat or fish if using.
# Season with salt and black pepper.
# Mash some of the bananas with a spoon to thicken the soup, if desired.
# Simmer for an additional 5 minutes.
# Garnish with fresh coriander and serve hot.

== Serving ==

Supu Ya Ndizi may be served with:

* [[Cookbook:Bread|Bread]]
* [[Cookbook:Chapati|Chapati]]
* [[Cookbook:Rice|Rice]]
* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:salad|Fresh salad]]

== Variations ==

* Vegetarian Supu Ya Ndizi
* Chicken banana soup
* [[Cookbook:Fish|Fish]] [[Cookbook:banana|banana]] soup
* Coconut milk banana [[Cookbook:soup|soup]]
* Spicy banana soup with chili peppers

== Tips ==

* Use green cooking bananas rather than ripe bananas for the best texture.
* Homemade stock provides a richer flavor than plain water.
* For a creamier soup, add 1 cup of coconut milk during the final 10 minutes of cooking.
* Mash part of the bananas to naturally thicken the soup.
* Fresh coriander adds color and enhances the flavor.

== Notes ==

* Green bananas are a staple ingredient in many East African cuisines.
* The soup can be prepared as a vegetarian dish by omitting meat and using vegetable stock.
* The consistency may be adjusted by adding more stock or water as needed.

== See also ==

* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:Kachumbari]]
* [[Cookbook:Chapati]]
* [[Cookbook:Ugali]]

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ofe Akparata (Ukazi Soup)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483729</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638445</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:36:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Ofe Akparata''', also known as '''Ukazi Soup''', is a traditional Igbo soup made with finely sliced ukazi leaves (Gnetum africanum) and a thickener such as cocoyam or achi. It is commonly prepared with assorted meats, fish, and palm oil, and is typically served with fufu, pounded yam, or garri (eba). == Equipment == * Cooking pot (medium or large) * Knife * Cutting board * Wooden spoon or cooking spatula * Mortar and pestle (for cocoyam or achi, optional) * Blender (o...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2070" sha1="30ijjh376acv607a7377eo5inoojtt9" xml:space="preserve">'''Ofe Akparata''', also known as '''Ukazi Soup''', is a traditional Igbo soup made with finely sliced ukazi leaves (Gnetum africanum) and a thickener such as cocoyam or achi. It is commonly prepared with assorted meats, fish, and palm oil, and is typically served with fufu, pounded yam, or garri (eba).
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium or large)
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Mortar and pestle (for cocoyam or achi, optional)
* Blender (optional, for smoother thickener)
* Sieve or strainer (if blending cocoyam)
* Measuring spoons
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups cocoyam paste or 2 tablespoons achi (thickener)
* 1 bunch ukazi leaves (finely sliced)
* 500 g assorted meat (beef, goat meat, or chicken)
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 cup palm oil
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Pepper, to taste
* Salt, to taste
* Ogiri (optional, for traditional flavor)
== Procedure ==
#Wash and cook the assorted meat with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add stockfish and cook until soft.
#Prepare the thickener:
#* If using cocoyam, cook until soft, then pound or blend into a smooth paste. #* If using achi, dissolve in cool #water to form a smooth slurry.
#Add the thickener into the meat stock and stir thoroughly to avoid lumps.
#Add palm oil and allow the soup to simmer for 5–10 minutes.
#Add dried fish, crayfish, and pepper. Stir well.
#Add ogiri if using and adjust seasoning with salt or seasoning cubes.
#Add the finely sliced ukazi leaves and stir gently.
#Allow to simmer for 3–5 minutes (do not overcook the leaves).
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Ukazi leaves should be sliced very finely because they are naturally tough.
* Achi thickener gives a lighter, more elastic soup texture, while cocoyam makes it thicker.
* Do not overcook ukazi leaves to preserve their texture and nutrients.
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]] [[Category:Palm oil dishes]] [[Category:Leaf-based dishes]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638446</id>
      <parentid>4638445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
      <origin>4638446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2247" sha1="3lq5uff6yz18fytg8ljur588b11yk9p" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Ofe Okazi
| Origin = Southeastern Nigeria
| Servings = 4-6
| Time = 1 hour
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Okazi Soup (Ofe Okazi).jpg|300px]]
}}

'''Ofe Akparata''', also known as '''Ukazi Soup''', is a traditional Igbo soup made with finely sliced ukazi leaves (Gnetum africanum) and a thickener such as cocoyam or achi. It is commonly prepared with assorted meats, fish, and palm oil, and is typically served with fufu, pounded yam, or garri (eba).
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium or large)
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Mortar and pestle (for cocoyam or achi, optional)
* Blender (optional, for smoother thickener)
* Sieve or strainer (if blending cocoyam)
* Measuring spoons
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups cocoyam paste or 2 tablespoons achi (thickener)
* 1 bunch ukazi leaves (finely sliced)
* 500 g assorted meat (beef, goat meat, or chicken)
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 cup palm oil
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Pepper, to taste
* Salt, to taste
* Ogiri (optional, for traditional flavor)
== Procedure ==
#Wash and cook the assorted meat with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add stockfish and cook until soft.
#Prepare the thickener:
#* If using cocoyam, cook until soft, then pound or blend into a smooth paste. #* If using achi, dissolve in cool #water to form a smooth slurry.
#Add the thickener into the meat stock and stir thoroughly to avoid lumps.
#Add palm oil and allow the soup to simmer for 5–10 minutes.
#Add dried fish, crayfish, and pepper. Stir well.
#Add ogiri if using and adjust seasoning with salt or seasoning cubes.
#Add the finely sliced ukazi leaves and stir gently.
#Allow to simmer for 3–5 minutes (do not overcook the leaves).
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Ukazi leaves should be sliced very finely because they are naturally tough.
* Achi thickener gives a lighter, more elastic soup texture, while cocoyam makes it thicker.
* Do not overcook ukazi leaves to preserve their texture and nutrients.
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]] [[Category:Palm oil dishes]] [[Category:Leaf-based dishes]]</text>
      <sha1>3lq5uff6yz18fytg8ljur588b11yk9p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Ofe Egusi</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638448</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:53:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Ofe Egusi''' is a popular Igbo soup made from ground melon seeds (egusi), palm oil, and assorted meats or fish. It is rich, thick, and highly nutritious, and is commonly served with fufu, pounded yam, or eba. == Equipment == * Cooking pot (medium or large) * Wooden spoon or spatula * Knife * Cutting board * Mortar and pestle or blender (for grinding egusi) * Small bowl (for mixing egusi paste) * Measuring spoons * Stove or heat source == Ingredients == * 2 cups ground...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638448</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1981" sha1="97yr8hc7p59r6yz61m7nct2mamvupkg" xml:space="preserve">'''Ofe Egusi''' is a popular Igbo soup made from ground melon seeds (egusi), palm oil, and assorted meats or fish. It is rich, thick, and highly nutritious, and is commonly served with fufu, pounded yam, or eba.
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium or large)
* Wooden spoon or spatula
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Mortar and pestle or blender (for grinding egusi)
* Small bowl (for mixing egusi paste)
* Measuring spoons
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups ground egusi (melon seeds)
* 500 g assorted meat (beef, goat meat, or chicken)
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 1 cup palm oil
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Pepper, to taste
* Salt, to taste
* 1 bunch bitterleaf or spinach (optional, for variation)
* Ogiri (optional, for traditional flavor)
== Procedure ==
#Wash and cook the assorted meat with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add stockfish and continue cooking until soft.
#In a bowl, mix ground egusi with a small amount of water to form a thick paste.
#Heat palm oil in a pot (do not bleach), then add a little onion if desired.
#Scoop small portions of the egusi paste into the hot oil and allow it to fry lightly without stirring too much.
#Gradually add meat stock and stir gently to form a thick base.
#Add dried fish, crayfish, pepper, and ogiri (if using).
#Allow the soup to simmer for 10–15 minutes.
#Add vegetables (bitterleaf or spinach) and stir gently.
#Adjust seasoning with salt and seasoning cubes.
#Simmer for another 3–5 minutes, then remove from heat.
#Serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Egusi can be fried or boiled depending on preference.
* Do not stir egusi too aggressively after adding to oil to avoid breaking the texture.
* Vegetables can be adjusted based on taste (bitterleaf gives a traditional flavor, spinach gives a milder taste).
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]] [[Category:Seed-based dishes]] [[Category:Palm oil dishes]]</text>
      <sha1>97yr8hc7p59r6yz61m7nct2mamvupkg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638449</id>
      <parentid>4638448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
      <origin>4638449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2172" sha1="tr8l3p4qhobhotedn78pxv8bty7xy86" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Ofe Egusi
| Origin = Southeastern Nigeria
| Servings = 4-6
| Time = 1 hr 45 minutes
| Difficulty = 1
| Image = [[File:Egusi soup an igbo delicacy.jpg|300px]]
}}

'''Ofe Egusi''' is a popular Igbo soup made from ground melon seeds (egusi), palm oil, and assorted meats or fish. It is rich, thick, and highly nutritious, and is commonly served with fufu, pounded yam, or eba.
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium or large)
* Wooden spoon or spatula
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Mortar and pestle or blender (for grinding egusi)
* Small bowl (for mixing egusi paste)
* Measuring spoons
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups ground egusi (melon seeds)
* 500 g assorted meat (beef, goat meat, or chicken)
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 1 cup palm oil
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Pepper, to taste
* Salt, to taste
* 1 bunch bitterleaf or spinach (optional, for variation)
* Ogiri (optional, for traditional flavor)
== Procedure ==
#Wash and cook the assorted meat with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add stockfish and continue cooking until soft.
#In a bowl, mix ground egusi with a small amount of water to form a thick paste.
#Heat palm oil in a pot (do not bleach), then add a little onion if desired.
#Scoop small portions of the egusi paste into the hot oil and allow it to fry lightly without stirring too much.
#Gradually add meat stock and stir gently to form a thick base.
#Add dried fish, crayfish, pepper, and ogiri (if using).
#Allow the soup to simmer for 10–15 minutes.
#Add vegetables (bitterleaf or spinach) and stir gently.
#Adjust seasoning with salt and seasoning cubes.
#Simmer for another 3–5 minutes, then remove from heat.
#Serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Egusi can be fried or boiled depending on preference.
* Do not stir egusi too aggressively after adding to oil to avoid breaking the texture.
* Vegetables can be adjusted based on taste (bitterleaf gives a traditional flavor, spinach gives a milder taste).
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]] [[Category:Seed-based dishes]] [[Category:Palm oil dishes]]</text>
      <sha1>tr8l3p4qhobhotedn78pxv8bty7xy86</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Pounded Yam (natively common in Igbo homes)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638451</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:03:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Pounded yam''' is a smooth, stretchy staple food made by pounding boiled yam until it becomes soft and elastic. It is widely eaten in Nigeria and is especially common in Igbo households, where it is served with soups such as Ofe Oha, Ofe Nsala, and Ofe Egusi. == Equipment == * Large pot * Mortar and pestle (traditional method) or yam pounder * Knife * Cutting board * Wooden spatula * Stove or heat source == Ingredients == * Fresh yam tubers * Water * Salt (optional) =...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638451</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1224" sha1="hjyrhmzkb805jwqoy0o3m1q78hh1itm" xml:space="preserve">'''Pounded yam''' is a smooth, stretchy staple food made by pounding boiled yam until it becomes soft and elastic. It is widely eaten in Nigeria and is especially common in Igbo households, where it is served with soups such as Ofe Oha, Ofe Nsala, and Ofe Egusi.
== Equipment ==
* Large pot
* Mortar and pestle (traditional method) or yam pounder
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Wooden spatula
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* Fresh yam tubers
* Water
* Salt (optional)
== Procedure ==
#Peel the yam tubers and cut into medium-sized chunks.
#Wash thoroughly to remove dirt and starch.
#Place yam pieces in a pot and add enough water to cover them.
#Cook until the yam becomes soft and easily pierced with a fork.
#Drain excess water (leave a small amount to help with pounding).
#Transfer yam into a mortar or pounding device.
#Pound continuously until smooth, stretchy, and lump-free.
#Add small amounts of water if needed to achieve a soft, elastic texture.
== Tips ==
* Use fresh white yam for best texture.
* Pounded yam should be smooth, stretchy, and free of lumps.
* A yam pounder or electric mixer can be used as a modern alternative.
[[Category:Staple foods]] [[Category:Yam dishes]] [[Category:Nigerian foods]]</text>
      <sha1>hjyrhmzkb805jwqoy0o3m1q78hh1itm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638452</id>
      <parentid>4638451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:07:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
      <origin>4638452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1392" sha1="6k6xvjbct4ncq1okjf7f6d6rc5598wy" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Pounded yam
| Origin = Igbo homes
| Servings = 5
| Time = 50 minutes
| Difficulty = 3
| Image = [[File:Pounded yam (Iyàn).jpg|300px]]
}}

'''Pounded yam''' is a smooth, stretchy staple food made by pounding boiled yam until it becomes soft and elastic. It is widely eaten in Nigeria and is especially common in Igbo households, where it is served with soups such as Ofe Oha, Ofe Nsala, and Ofe Egusi.
== Equipment ==
* Large pot
* Mortar and pestle (traditional method) or yam pounder
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Wooden spatula
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* Fresh yam tubers
* Water
* Salt (optional)
== Procedure ==
#Peel the yam tubers and cut into medium-sized chunks.
#Wash thoroughly to remove dirt and starch.
#Place yam pieces in a pot and add enough water to cover them.
#Cook until the yam becomes soft and easily pierced with a fork.
#Drain excess water (leave a small amount to help with pounding).
#Transfer yam into a mortar or pounding device.
#Pound continuously until smooth, stretchy, and lump-free.
#Add small amounts of water if needed to achieve a soft, elastic texture.
== Tips ==
* Use fresh white yam for best texture.
* Pounded yam should be smooth, stretchy, and free of lumps.
* A yam pounder or electric mixer can be used as a modern alternative.
[[Category:Staple foods]] [[Category:Yam dishes]] [[Category:Nigerian foods]]</text>
      <sha1>6k6xvjbct4ncq1okjf7f6d6rc5598wy</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Efo Riro</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638453</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:15:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Efo Riro''' is a popular Yoruba vegetable soup made with leafy vegetables, palm oil, peppers, and assorted meats or fish. It is commonly eaten with swallows such as amala, pounded yam, or eba. == Equipment == * Cooking pot (medium or large) * Wooden spoon or cooking spatula * Knife * Cutting board * Blender or grinding stone (for pepper mix) * Bowl (for washing vegetables) * Stove or heat source == Ingredients == * 2 bunches spinach or ugu (pumpkin leaves), chopped *...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1808" sha1="ds850goq78xcwon8zu8m8kaemcp8sxv" xml:space="preserve">'''Efo Riro''' is a popular Yoruba vegetable soup made with leafy vegetables, palm oil, peppers, and assorted meats or fish. It is commonly eaten with swallows such as amala, pounded yam, or eba.
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium or large)
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Blender or grinding stone (for pepper mix)
* Bowl (for washing vegetables)
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 bunches spinach or ugu (pumpkin leaves), chopped
* 500 g assorted meat (beef, goat meat, or chicken)
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 1 cup palm oil
* 3–4 fresh red bell peppers (tatashe)
* 2–3 scotch bonnet peppers (ata rodo), to taste
* 1 medium onion
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt, to taste
* Ogiri (optional, for traditional flavor)
== Procedure ==
#Wash and cook the assorted meat with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add stockfish and continue cooking until soft.
#Blend the peppers and onion into a smooth or slightly coarse paste.
#Heat palm oil in a pot (do not bleach).
#Add the blended pepper mix and fry for about 10–15 minutes until it reduces and thickens.
#Add the cooked meat, stockfish, dried fish, and meat stock.
#Stir and allow to simmer for 10 minutes.
#Add ground crayfish and ogiri if using.
#Add chopped vegetables and stir gently.
#Allow to cook for 3–5 minutes (do not overcook the vegetables).
#Adjust seasoning with salt or seasoning cubes.
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Do not overcook the vegetables to preserve color and nutrients.
* The pepper base should be well fried for rich flavor.
* Efo Riro is best served with amala, eba, or pounded yam.
[[Category:Yoruba cuisine]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]] [[Category:Vegetable dishes]] [[Category:Palm oil dishes]]</text>
      <sha1>ds850goq78xcwon8zu8m8kaemcp8sxv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638454</id>
      <parentid>4638453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
      <origin>4638454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1982" sha1="3ehzaomiz9gv8a9szflxwhbp96jia7s" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Efo riro
| Origin = Western Nigeria
| Servings = 6
| Time = 1 hr 40 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Efo Riro - Veggies.jpg|300px]]
}}

'''Efo Riro''' is a popular Yoruba vegetable soup made with leafy vegetables, palm oil, peppers, and assorted meats or fish. It is commonly eaten with swallows such as amala, pounded yam, or eba.
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium or large)
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Blender or grinding stone (for pepper mix)
* Bowl (for washing vegetables)
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 bunches spinach or ugu (pumpkin leaves), chopped
* 500 g assorted meat (beef, goat meat, or chicken)
* 200 g stockfish, soaked
* 200 g dried fish, cleaned
* 1 cup palm oil
* 3–4 fresh red bell peppers (tatashe)
* 2–3 scotch bonnet peppers (ata rodo), to taste
* 1 medium onion
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt, to taste
* Ogiri (optional, for traditional flavor)
== Procedure ==
#Wash and cook the assorted meat with onion, seasoning cubes, and salt until tender.
#Add stockfish and continue cooking until soft.
#Blend the peppers and onion into a smooth or slightly coarse paste.
#Heat palm oil in a pot (do not bleach).
#Add the blended pepper mix and fry for about 10–15 minutes until it reduces and thickens.
#Add the cooked meat, stockfish, dried fish, and meat stock.
#Stir and allow to simmer for 10 minutes.
#Add ground crayfish and ogiri if using.
#Add chopped vegetables and stir gently.
#Allow to cook for 3–5 minutes (do not overcook the vegetables).
#Adjust seasoning with salt or seasoning cubes.
#Remove from heat and serve hot.
== Tips ==
* Do not overcook the vegetables to preserve color and nutrients.
* The pepper base should be well fried for rich flavor.
* Efo Riro is best served with amala, eba, or pounded yam.
[[Category:Yoruba cuisine]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]] [[Category:Vegetable dishes]] [[Category:Palm oil dishes]]</text>
      <sha1>3ehzaomiz9gv8a9szflxwhbp96jia7s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Wali Wa Nazi</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638455</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:19:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>3456470</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created</comment>
      <origin>4638455</origin>
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      <text bytes="2824" sha1="biynox9og5o45d0x50cqum2yrgxh7fj" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Soup recipes
| Servings = 4–6 
| Time = 25 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
}}

{{Recipe}}

'''Wali wa Nazi''' is a traditional East African rice dish prepared by cooking rice in coconut milk. It is especially popular along the Swahili Coast of Tanzania and Kenya, where [[Cookbook:coconut|coconuts]] are abundant. The dish is known for its rich aroma, creamy texture, and mild flavor. Wali wa Nazi is commonly served with [[Cookbook:fish|fish]], [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] [[Cookbook:stews|stews]], curries, [[Cookbook:beans|beans]], and [[Cookbook:vegetable|vegetable]] dishes during both everyday meals and special occasions.

== Ingredients ==

* 2 cups long-[[Cookbook:Grains|grain]] or [[Cookbook:basmati rice|basmati rice]]
* 2 cups thick coconut milk
* 2 cups water
* 1 tsp salt
* 1 tbsp vegetable oil (optional)

== Procedure ==

# Wash the rice thoroughly until the water runs clear.
# Soak the rice in water for 20 minutes, then drain.
# In a cooking pot, combine the coconut milk, water, and salt.
# Bring the mixture to a gentle boil over medium heat.
# Add the drained rice and stir once.
# Reduce the heat to low and cover the pot tightly.
# Cook for 20–25 minutes, or until the liquid is absorbed and the rice is tender.
# Remove the pot from the heat and allow it to rest for 5–10 minutes.
# Fluff the rice gently with a fork before serving.

== Serving ==

Wali wa Nazi is commonly served with:

* Fish curry
* Coconut fish stew
* [[Cookbook:Beef Stew I|Beef stew]]
* [[Cookbook:Chicken Curry (Mediterranean-inspired)|Chicken curry]]
* Beans in coconut sauce
* [[Cookbook:Kachumbari|Kachumbari]]
* Grilled seafood

== Variations ==

* Wali wa Nazi with cardamom
* Wali wa Nazi with cinnamon
* Brown coconut rice
* Coconut rice with peas
* Spiced Swahili coconut rice

== Tips ==

* Use freshly extracted coconut milk for the best flavor.
* Basmati rice produces a lighter and fluffier texture.
* Avoid stirring the rice repeatedly during cooking, as this can make it sticky.
* Allowing the rice to rest after cooking improves its texture.
* Adjust the amount of coconut milk to make the dish richer or lighter according to preference.

== Notes ==

* Wali wa Nazi is an important part of Swahili cuisine.
* The dish is often prepared during weddings, festivals, and family celebrations.
* Coconut milk adds both flavor and nutritional value to the rice.

== See also ==

* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:Biryani]]
* [[Cookbook:Kachumbari]]
* [[Cookbook:Chapati]]
* Fish Curry

[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using beef]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Senegalese recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Gbegiri Soup</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638464</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:59:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Gbegiri Soup''' is a traditional Yoruba soup made from peeled beans. It has a smooth, creamy texture and is often served alongside Ewedu soup and stew, typically eaten with amala, eba, or pounded yam. == Equipment == * Cooking pot (medium size) * Wooden spoon or spatula * Blender or mortar and pestle (for blending beans) * Sieve (optional, for smoother texture) * Bowl (for washing beans) * Stove or heat source == Ingredients == * 2 cups brown beans (black-eyed peas or...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1532" sha1="hhvaev4ey06p5d4wz9ouypga0loyd79" xml:space="preserve">'''Gbegiri Soup''' is a traditional Yoruba soup made from peeled beans. It has a smooth, creamy texture and is often served alongside Ewedu soup and stew, typically eaten with amala, eba, or pounded yam.
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium size)
* Wooden spoon or spatula
* Blender or mortar and pestle (for blending beans)
* Sieve (optional, for smoother texture)
* Bowl (for washing beans)
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups brown beans (black-eyed peas or similar)
* 1 cup palm oil
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt, to taste
* Pepper, to taste (optional)
* Water (as needed)
== Procedure ==
#Wash the beans thoroughly and remove the skin by rubbing between your hands or soaking and peeling.
#Boil the peeled beans in water until very soft.
#Blend or mash the cooked beans into a smooth paste (optional for extra smooth texture).
#Return the blended beans to a pot and stir over medium heat.
#Add palm oil and stir continuously until well combined.
#Add chopped onion, crayfish, seasoning cubes, and salt.
#Stir and allow to simmer for 10–15 minutes until the soup thickens and becomes smooth.
#Add pepper if desired and adjust seasoning.
#Stir well and remove from heat once it reaches a creamy consistency.
== Tips ==
* Proper peeling of beans is important for a smooth texture.
* Gbegiri should be very smooth with no lumps.
* It is traditionally served with Ewedu soup and stew in a “trio plate”.
 [[Category:Bean dishes]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]]</text>
      <sha1>hhvaev4ey06p5d4wz9ouypga0loyd79</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638465</id>
      <parentid>4638464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T01:04:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
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      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
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      <text bytes="1657" sha1="tr4c1dcsf01wgondizfuz0pwbgfajyg" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Gbegiri
| Origin = Western Nigeria
| Servings = 8
| Time = 1 hr 40 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
}}

'''Gbegiri Soup''' is a traditional Yoruba soup made from peeled beans. It has a smooth, creamy texture and is often served alongside Ewedu soup and stew, typically eaten with amala, eba, or pounded yam.
== Equipment ==
* Cooking pot (medium size)
* Wooden spoon or spatula
* Blender or mortar and pestle (for blending beans)
* Sieve (optional, for smoother texture)
* Bowl (for washing beans)
* Stove or heat source
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups brown beans (black-eyed peas or similar)
* 1 cup palm oil
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt, to taste
* Pepper, to taste (optional)
* Water (as needed)
== Procedure ==
#Wash the beans thoroughly and remove the skin by rubbing between your hands or soaking and peeling.
#Boil the peeled beans in water until very soft.
#Blend or mash the cooked beans into a smooth paste (optional for extra smooth texture).
#Return the blended beans to a pot and stir over medium heat.
#Add palm oil and stir continuously until well combined.
#Add chopped onion, crayfish, seasoning cubes, and salt.
#Stir and allow to simmer for 10–15 minutes until the soup thickens and becomes smooth.
#Add pepper if desired and adjust seasoning.
#Stir well and remove from heat once it reaches a creamy consistency.
== Tips ==
* Proper peeling of beans is important for a smooth texture.
* Gbegiri should be very smooth with no lumps.
* It is traditionally served with Ewedu soup and stew in a “trio plate”.
 [[Category:Bean dishes]] [[Category:Nigerian soups]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Perma/TECH/Open Source Ecology</title>
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    <id>483736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638476</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T06:03:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rodrigo</username>
        <id>695403</id>
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      <comment>basics for starting</comment>
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      <text bytes="1311" sha1="7qy9oe9boa0lopf67e79ahj9nl830es" xml:space="preserve">{{BookCat}}{{Wikipedia|Environmental technology}}[[hu:Perma/TECH]]


An open source, libre economy is an efficient economy which increases innovation by open collaboration. To get there, OSE is currently developing a set of open source blueprints for the Global Village Construction Set (GVCS) – a set of the 50 most important machines that it takes for modern life to exist – everything from a tractor, to an oven, to a circuit maker. In the process of creating the GVCS, OSE intends to develop a modular, scalable platform for documenting and developing open source, libre hardware – including blueprints for both physical artifacts and for related open enterprises.

== Global Village Construction Set ==
The current practical implementation of the GVCS is a life size LEGO set of powerful, self-replicating production tools for distributed production. The Set includes fabrication and automated machines that make other machines. Through the GVCS, OSE intends to build not individual machines – but machine construction systems that can be used to build any machine whatsoever. Because new machines can be built from existing machines, the GVCS is intended to be a kernel for building infrastructures of modern civilization.

== Source, details ==
* https://www.opensourceecology.org/about-overview/</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638477</id>
      <parentid>4638476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T06:03:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rodrigo</username>
        <id>695403</id>
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      <text bytes="1301" sha1="kiwnehyyuexc6mnwvoo1g6wtapfpber" xml:space="preserve">{{BookCat}} [[hu:Perma/TECH/Szabad forrású gazdaság]]


An open source, libre economy is an efficient economy which increases innovation by open collaboration. To get there, OSE is currently developing a set of open source blueprints for the Global Village Construction Set (GVCS) – a set of the 50 most important machines that it takes for modern life to exist – everything from a tractor, to an oven, to a circuit maker. In the process of creating the GVCS, OSE intends to develop a modular, scalable platform for documenting and developing open source, libre hardware – including blueprints for both physical artifacts and for related open enterprises.

== Global Village Construction Set ==
The current practical implementation of the GVCS is a life size LEGO set of powerful, self-replicating production tools for distributed production. The Set includes fabrication and automated machines that make other machines. Through the GVCS, OSE intends to build not individual machines – but machine construction systems that can be used to build any machine whatsoever. Because new machines can be built from existing machines, the GVCS is intended to be a kernel for building infrastructures of modern civilization.

== Source, details ==
* https://www.opensourceecology.org/about-overview/</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Perma/ECON/Open Access Resources</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638485</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:36:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rodrigo</username>
        <id>695403</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+</comment>
      <origin>4638485</origin>
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      <text bytes="205" sha1="ex4jl02j5c95jwy0tjfp9n8hemfw59a" xml:space="preserve">Free online information resources (e.g., scientific articles, plans) that facilitate knowledge sharing without financial barriers.

*'''[[Perma/TECH/Ope Source Ecology|Open Source Ecology]]''' organization</text>
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