Aros/Platforms/x86 support

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    <title>Aros/Platforms/x86 support</title>
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{{ArosNav}}


[[#Audio Chipsets]]

[[#Graphic GFX Chipsets]]

[[#Future]]


==x86 Native Environment==


AROS should run on almost any i386 PC hardware so long as the CPU is newer than an i486, and has a &quot;Floating Point Unit (FPU)&quot;. Ideally around 700Mhz and above with at least 256MB of memory is recommended for desktops and around 1GHz and at least 256MB for laptops/notebooks/netbooks. For web browsing, etc above 1GB is usually needed and offers the option to run web browsers, media players and other hard disk heavy usage from RAM: disk. 


Motherboards supported 
* Most Intel mobos are supported (Skt 775 is ok but newer is better) - additional pci / pci-e cards may be needed for networking, audio, etc 
* AMD based socket 939 am2 am2+ am3+, fusion and am4 ryzen based systems work but additional pci / pci-e cards may be needed 


Supported graphics cards (gfx) 
* Nvidia 2D and 3D 2005-2017. 
64bit AROS Nouveau covers '''2D''' 8xxxgs and higher to GTX 900s and '''3D''' from . 
32bit AROS supports '''2D''' from TNT through to fermi gtx5xx and  '''3D''' acceleration fx5xxx to gtx4xx. 
* Intel GMA 2D and 3D 2006-2009. 
'''2D''' for many old netbooks and motherboards. '''3D''' for many early netbooks and motherboards 
* AMD/ATI 2D only and '''no 3D'''. 1999-2005. 
Desktop ie external monitor support only (no laptop internal support) for very early Radeon 7000 through to x600. Experimental 2D version for up to HD3xxx came later 
* VESA 2D fallback modes for all graphic cards (GPUs) and with [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKCHZFYj9Kk screen dragging]. 

 It's worth noting however that support isn't guaranteed. Nor will potential power of a card reflect its performance under AROS. 


Sound wise there are 

* HDaudio support for onboard intel and AMD netbooks, ultrabooks, notebooks and motherboards (2005 to 2020) 
* some AC97 codec support for very old motherboards and laptops (ie pre 2004) 


* PCI and some PCI-E C-Media CMI8738 for desktop plugin cards 
* PCI Creative Soundblaster EMU10K1 cards [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2512 SBLive] 
* PCI semi professional some early VIA Envy24 desktop sound cards 
* PCI Sound Blaster 128 aka SB16 


Supported [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_Network_support network] which could be desktop, laptop, etc 
* PCI-E Realtek rtl8169 which also includes the rtl8111 and rtl8110 
* PCI Realtek rtl8139 and includes rtl8101 and rtl8100
* PCI intel pro100
* Broadcom 44xx 10/100 integrated in laptops around 2005 
* VIA 10/100 
* 3com Etherlink 10/100 
* Realtek rtl8029 10mbit 


Wireless wifi 
* atheros 5000 wireless 
*realtek 8187 usb 


It is very hard to recommend a completely supported motherboard because as soon as newer motherboards arrive so their features change subtly, often introducing non supported parts like ethernet and audio. It is a moving target. 

* mini-itx motherboard will only get you 1 pci or pci-e slot
* micro mATX or uATX will have more, typically 2 pci-e or pci slots which helps if any onboard features are not supported. 
* full atx will have more slots available 

'''N.B''' It is frustrating when a piece of hardware is not supported. Hardware documentation can run to over 100 pages and a lot of hardware do not have any public documentation anyway. Chips from different manufacturers for sound, graphics, SATA, etc. vary just as much, unless they follow a standard such as [https://github.com/acidanthera/AppleALC/wiki/Supported-codecs HDAudio codecs], AHCI etc. 

Coding drivers is a far cry from Hello World programs or even a port of existing software. If you do actually want to try then get a hold of documentation on the relevant hardware and start there. Alternatively you could try to find some '''BSD''', MIT or MPL licence drivers as a point of reference. Please , do not think you can just adapt strings in a driver for different strings, it does not work that way. You will '''need''' to start from scratch for each new bit of hardware. Device driver programming require '''embedded''' skills, like manipulation of bits within registers, good debugging skills, dealing with interrupts, lots of patience, etc. 


The following specific chipsets and drivers are also available - use Tools/PCITool to confirm Vendor and Product IDs - Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, to this General Chat list on [https://arosworld.org/ AROS World]


: Brief Timeline

: 2000-12-06 HIDD  first mouse.hidd completed ([http://msaros.blogspot.com/ Michal Schulz])
: 2001-03-31 BOOT  first boot from floppy disk with IDE device 
: 2001-10-30 BOOT  first cd bootable version
: 2002-01-27 HIDD  first pci.hidd added (Michal Schulz)
: 2002-04-13 BOOT  software HDToolBox added ()
: 2003-04-03 HIDD  vesa2.hidd graphic modes added ()
: 2004-03-08 HIDD  new pci and ata (pata) devices worked on (Michal Schulz)
: 2004-03-17 HIDD  nVidia 2D driver appears (Michal Schulz)
: 2005-01-05 AHI   AHI v6 audio system ported (Martin Blom)
: 2005-01-06 AHI   SBLive SoundBlaster Live driver ported (Georg Steger)
: 2005-02-04 AHI   AC97 playback only driver added (Michal Schulz) 
: 2005-06-27 NIC   amiTCP stack ported with 3com, NE2000, prism2 drivers (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2005-08-25 NIC   nForce2 support added (Michal Schulz)
: 2005-12-24 NIC   Intel Pro100 network driver added (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2006-03-25 HIDD  ATI radeon 2D driver added (Michal Schulz)
: 2007-03-06 HIDD  vesa 1.0 video driver added (Pavel Fedin) 
: 2007-03-08 HIDD  dospackets and FAT filesystem (Rob Norris) 
: 2007-03-21 HIDD  usb initial commit (Michal Schulz)


: 2007-10-01 BOOT  Installer added (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2007-11-29 PORT  64bit x86 added  (Michal Schulz) 
: 2008-04-12 BOOT  GRUB2 added (Alain Greppin and Nick Andrews)
: 2008-08-26 NIC   RTL8139 added ([http://kalamatee.blogspot.com/ Nick Andrews]) 
: 2008-10-22 PORT  to SAM440ep (ppc) (Michal Schulz)
: 2009-02-25 PORT  to efika (ppc) (Michal Schulz) 
: 2009-05-18 HIDD  poseidon usb2.0 stack ported to AROS (Chris Hodges) 
: 2009-11-18 NIC   RTL8169 network driver arrived (Nick Andrews and [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/franck.charlet/oldnews.html Franck Charlet])
: 2009-12-23 AHI   HDAudio based Atom CPU and netbook audio driver arrived (Davy Wentzler)
: 2010-03-09 BOOT  USB pendrive stick booting available (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2010-05-26 HIDD  Intel GMA900 2D graphics card support (Michal Schulz)
: 2010-09-03 NIC   Wireless PCI based NIC arrived (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2011-04-30 HIDD  Nvidia 2D and 3D nouveau graphics card support (Deadwood) 
: 2011-08-30 HIDD  Radeon 2D enhanced AMD driver arrives (Bearsoft)
: 2011-09-17 NIC   Wireless USB realtek arrives (Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2011-12-09 HIDD  Intel 945G 3D Gallium graphics support (Sami) 


: 2013-02-25 AHI   AC97 VIA 686 audio support (Davy Wentzler and Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2013-03-31 PORT  early Raspberry PI native support (Nik Andrews) 
: 2014-01-16 AHI   Envy24 audio chipset support (Davy Wentzler and Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2017-02-17 PORT  Symmetric MultiProcessing smp added for x86 64bit (Michal Schulz)
: 2018-10-20 PORT  Big Endian ARM 
: 2021-11-26 NIC   Broadcom 44xx ethernet (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2023-01-12 NIC   Nvidia MCP61 ethernet (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2025-11    HIDD  xHCI USB3 and isoc (Nik Andrews)


[[#top|...to the top]]


===Audio Chipsets===

'''If sound beeps in AHI prefs after Music set then some support is there. Select more than one channel for multiple audio streams, set frequency up to 44 kHz or higher and set the volume if not already set. Ensure you set the music unit 0 to 3 which allows the extra features of the audio card like microphone, line-out, etc).''' 


====1996-2000 sb128.audio aka SB16 PCI====

*2021 5.27 

as per CREATIVE's website, the model number is the first two digits on the front and first two digits on the back. my card says CT4810 and 161TK110B 995; this translates to CT4816 as the model. 

The original AudioPCI 3000 card with the ES1370 had a master clock crystal for 44.1 kHz (22.5792 MHz), used an AKM codec (AK4531, non-AC97) and had 4 channel output; Creative later modified the design with a crystal for 48 kHz (24.576 MHz) and Sigmatel AC97 codec (a CT4700 SB128 with a CT5507 chip, AK4531, 22.5792 MHz crystal and TDA7360 speaker power amp). The issue with these cards involved never quite eliminate the effects of resampling on the 64V, it also shows signs of undersized coupling caps. These Ensoniq cards automatically engaged headphone amplifier (with a 4565 opamp). 

Porting involved [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/b60abd12967144a844980c422ea9e99c056eabca 40897], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/b7d6511fca6430a63fbaaa390b4f51bf0203a460 40898 configure], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/f51034cd22759a4ec3a2547bddb3a7169d956eaa 40900 bugs], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/4f43fc38e3489ea45d12b7b5ba6fff50b69c5746 40901 further bugs], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/d23c78aec75f049484b6916d27b6804ce858bb2c 40913 memory IO fixes], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/d256860fe3035016952e88d143c6f2611997f2f3 40914 irq fix]. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Ensoniq AudioPCI 1000 
| 0x1274
| 0x5000
|
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  es1370 (u?)   AK4531 (u?)
|-
| Ensoniq AudioPCI
| 0x1274
| 0x5000
| 0x00
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
|
|-
| CT4700  Sound Blaster PCI 64 (audioPCI 3000) 
| 0x1274 
| 0x5000
| 0x7c
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works -  opamp JRC4565(u?)  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensoniq_ES1370 es1370] (u?) 
|-
| CT4750 Sound Blaster 64/PCI 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - 4565-1056W (u1)  stac9708t(u2)  [http://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=6&amp;t=916891 ct5880-dcq] (u3)  24wc012 (u4) 
|-
| CT4751 (SB128PCI) 
| 0x1274
| 0x8001
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Blaster#Ensoniq_AudioPCI-based_cards es1371] (u?) 
|-
| CT4810 Creative AudioPCI64V
| 0x1274 
| 0x1371 
| 0x06
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| CT4811 (SB Vibra 128) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4812 (Vibra 128) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4813 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4815 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4816 es1373 (vibra 128)
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested but this card has creative's ES1373 as the main chip(U1). it is also different from the other CT4810 (vibra128) in that it does not have a second chip in U2 position. Also there is only one jumper JP1 (2X3). 
|-
| CT5801 HP 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - es1373 (u3)
|-
| CT5803 Gateway 
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x08
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works  4565-0005b jrc (u1)    4297a-jq ztae0c0002  (u2)    es1373 (u3) 
|-
| CT4740
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x08
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| 
|-
| CT5805 Compaq OEM Premier Sound Presario 7  
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - es1373 (u3)
|-
| CT5806  (Sound Blaster AudioPCI 128D)
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - 4297A-JO EP (u?)  ZTAPWC9933 (u2)   es1373 (u3) 
|-
| CT5807 Dell OEM Dimension 8100 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  es1373 (u?) 
|-
| CT5808
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4730 Sound Blaster AudioPCI 64V Ectiva EV1938
| 0x1102
| 0x8938
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT5880 on various motherboards 
| 0x1274 
| 0x5880 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested [http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/mainboards/display/ga-6rx.html Gigabyte GA-6RX] (VIA ApolloPro 266 2001], Gigabyte GA-6VM7-4E mobo, [http://active-hardware.com/english/reviews/mainboard/ga-7vtx.htm Gigabyte GA-7VTX] (KT266 2001), Gigabyte [http://www.amdboard.com/gigabytega7vtxh.html GA-7VTXH] (KT266A 2001), [http://www.amdboard.com/gigabytega7vrxp.html Gigabyte 7VRXP] mobo (KT333 2002), MSI MS-6309, MS-6318, MS-6337 (815E Pro), MS-6339 (850Pro) and MS-6340, PCChips Motherboard M571 TXPRO, Soltek SL-65ME+, 
|-
| VMware Virtual Workstation(TM) 
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x02
| {{Yes|but not Hi-Fi modes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;pre&gt;
Revision 0x04 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_A  
Revision 0x06 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_B  

Revision 0x07 = ES1371 REV_CT5880_A  
Revision 0x02 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_C  
Revision 0x03 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_D  
Revision 0x04 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_E  

Revision 0x09 = ES1371 REV_ES1371_B  
Revision 0x00 = EV1938 REV_EV1938_A  
Revision 0x08 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_8  
&lt;/pre&gt;


====1999-2001 via-ac97.audio====

*2021 5.10 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;694X with 686A KT133 PM133 or 693A with VT8231 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3058
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} redirects earphones correctly 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;audio controller works but depends on the underlying invisible codec used see AC97 section 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;686B KT133A with VT8231 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3058
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x50
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|}} reroutes ear pieces right 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;audio controller works but depends on the underlying codec used see AC97 section below 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;686C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM266 or KT266 with VT8233, KT266A with VT8233A, VT8233C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM333 KT333 with VT8235 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x30
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM400 KT400 with VT8237, KT600 with VT8237R, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x40 0x50 0x60 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====1998-2003 emu10kx.audio - Creative Labs SoundBlaster Live! and Audigy====

*2021 6.5

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| PCI512 CT4790 (emu10k1)
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested (1st Gen)
|-
| Live CT4620 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested             
|-
| Live CT4760 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 0x07
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| playback works
|-
| Live Value CT4670 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| works plays stereo (2nd Gen)
|-
| Live Value DELL CT4780 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x06
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| plays/records stereo - untested 4.1mode
|-
| Live Value Compaq CT4830 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| not working 
|-
| Live Value CT4831 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Live Value CT4832 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x07
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{partial|Line-In only}}
| works
|-
| Live Value CT4832 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x08
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works
|-
| Live Value HP CT4870 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| Works
|-
| Live Value Gateway CT4871 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Live! Platinum 5.1 SB0060 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| plays audio/records, untested 5.1 (3rd Gen)
|-
| Live 5.1 SB0100 -SFF
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| Live 5.1 Player SB0220 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 0x0a
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| plays audio/records stereo, untested 5.1
|-
| Live 5.1 Digital SB0228 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 0x0a
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| working 
|-
| Audigy SB0090 (emu10k2)
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audigy SB0230 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1102
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0004
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x03
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|Mic only}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;5th Dec 2012 - untested optical tos link. contains also IEEE1394/Firewire (untested)
|-
| Audigy 2 Platinum 6.1 SB0240 SB0250 EMU10K2.5
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
| 0x04
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| Audigy 2 PRO SB0280 EMU10K2.5
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Audigy 2 ZS SB0350 
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
| 0x04
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| Live 5.1 DELL SB0200 SB0203 emu10kx
| 0x1102 
| 0x0006 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| 
|-
| Live 24bit SB0410 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Live 24bit DELL SB0413 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy LS SB0310 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver 
|-
| Audigy SE 7.1 SB0570
| 0x1102
| 0x0007
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver 
|-
| Audigy 2 ZS SB0320 SB0360 (PRO)
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 2 VALUE SB0400
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 4 VALUE SB0610
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 4 PRO SB0380
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| EMU E-MU 0404 PCI (not USB) EM8852 
| 0x1102 
| 0x000
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver but linux support needs firmware 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

the green jack is for the main speaker pair AND headphones, so manual switching will be required 
If your card is wired for the &quot;AC97&quot; standard, then it's up to your headphone jack to switch the green speaker output in and out 
the headphone jack has Normally-closed contacts that will open on insertion, which breaks the signal path back to the sound card (FP_RETURN) 


====2000-2010 cmi8738.audio - C-Media====

*2021 5.20 

;Read [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2512 more] and imported on [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/aff741d60160c6a9d7d39c9e004a25ea3aa13847 20th July 2011] and [http://alsa.opensrc.org/Cmipci alsa docs]. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Audiotrak MAYA EX5 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| cmi8738-sx 4ch 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested
|-
| e3dx hsp56 CMedia 8738-sx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EDio SC3000D 6ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Genius SoundMaker Value PCI C3DX 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Guillemot Maxi Sound Muse
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Hercules Gamesurround Muse LT
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{no}}
| 
|-
| Hercules Gamesurround Muse XL LT 5.1
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Inno audio extreme 5.1 cmi8738/lx pci 6ch 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| M-Audio (Midiman) DiO 2448
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Sabrent SBT-SP6C 6ch
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| StarTech PCISOUND4CH 8738sx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Sweex SC012 CMI8738-lx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Terratec 5.1 PCI 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Fun 5.1
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| Has SPDIF
|-
| Trust Sound Expert Digital Surround 5.1 (cm8738-mx 6ch) 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Turtle Beach Riviera CMI8738-MX 6ch
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| XSonic CMI 8738 6ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMI8738 6ch PCI-E PCI Express version 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x13f6
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0111
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Chinese based card with playback tested so far 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====2001-2005 ac97.audio====

*6.4 27-12-2008 


The AC97 chips were designed to be pinout interchangeable so that the sound support could change easily and quickly without motherboard redesigns 

the green jack is for the main speaker pair AND headphones, so manual switching will be required 
If your card is wired for the &quot;AC97&quot; standard, then it's up to your headphone jack to switch the green speaker output in and out, the headphone jack has Normally-closed contacts that will open on insertion, which breaks the signal path back to the sound card (FP_RETURN) 

The ProductID and VendorID are for the audio controller only - the important additional codec is '''NOT''' so easily identified. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avance Logic (now Realtek) ALC100 and ALC101 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC200 and ALC201 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC201A and ALC202  and ALC202A codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC650 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;most Nforce2 boards plays audio only - Abit NF7, Asus A7N8X, MSI K7N2, Epox 8RDA+, DFI 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC850 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support for via P4P800 chipset on ASUS A8V-E SE Deluxe mobo - ICaros 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Realtek ALC653 codec and ALC655 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested Acorp 7NFU400 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Realtek ALC658 codec ALC658D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8080
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x24c5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Prefs Music and Units 0-3 set volume control - playback}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;MSI Motherboard on NB 22-09-2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881 SoundMAX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Analog Devices first AC97 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with VIA Controller - untested Intel etc 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881B 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1885 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Playback only with issues on D845HV but not working on MS-6367 because Units 0-3 have masked volume control 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1886 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1887 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ADI AD1888 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Icaros 1.51
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1980 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1981A codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested IBM X30 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Analog Devices SoundMax(TM) AD1981B codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;plays back only on IBM T41 Thinkpad 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1985 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not working ahi prefs freezes on D865GLC mobo ([http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/multimedia/display/int-sound2_3.html ] 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1986 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/Boards/Motherboards/Fujitsu/D1931/D1931.htm D1931] but works (Acer Aspire 3610 laptop) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Crystal Semiconductors CS4205, CS4202 codecs 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CrystalWare 4236 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CrystalClear SoundFusion CS4297 CS4299 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested IBM T23
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;conexant Cx20468-31 codec (id 30)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x103c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3085 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|AC97 appears in AHI Prefs}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Tested AspireOS 1.8 on Gateway W322 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESS Technology ES1921 AC'97 2.1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMI 6501 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested on ASROCK SKT-AM2 AM2NF3-VSTA
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec CMI9738
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec CMI9739
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI 9739A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; untested on EPoX 8RDA3+ 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMedia CMI 9761A codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested ASRocK K7NF2-RAID 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI9880
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;National Semi conductor (now TI) LM4540, LM4543, LM4545, LM4546, LM4548, LM4549, LM4550 LM4560 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;STAC9708T codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SigmaTel (now IDT) C-Major STAC 9460 (D/A only), 9461, 9462, 9463, 9200, 9202, 9250, 9251, 9220, 9221, 9223, 9750 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AKM (Asahi Kasei Microsystems) AK 4540, 4543, 4544A, 4545 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec VT1616 (VIA Six-TRAC Vinyl Audio)  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VIA VT1612, VT82C686
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1968 maestro-2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1968
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1978 maestro2e
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1978
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1988 maestro3 allegro-1 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1988
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x12
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha AC97 ymf-743 YMF752 YMF753 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested ymf-753 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;YMF724 YMF744 YMF-754 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| SIS 7018 / Trident 4dwave DX/NX / ALi 5451
| 0x1039 (0x1023 Trident) 
| 0x7018 (0x2000 Trident DX) (0x2001 Trident NX)
| 0x02
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| no support - introduced early 2000s
|-
| SIS 7012 
| 0x1039
| 0x7012
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| working through 1 speaker only took over from SIS7018 (2002 onwards) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson (now Cirrus Logic) WM9701, WM9701A (AC'97 1.03 spec), WM9703, WM9704 (AC'97 2.1), WM9705, WM9706, WM9707, WM9708 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;WM9709, WM9710, WM9711, WM9712, WM971 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;first Microsoft(TM) Xbox DAC sound chip (AC Link compliant D/A converter) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson WM9717 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| Parallels 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| VirtualBox
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| working
|-
| VirtualPC
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel 82801AA Proxmox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====2005-20xx HDAUDIO.audio====

*6.36 2025 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/43b33a9280b10963ca659de2cc3d1cf289b43a87 reset handler] 
*6.35 202  [] 
*6.34 2019 AROS One 1.5 upwards 
*6.29 2018 
*6.27 2017 update
*6.25 2014 used for most Icaros 2.x 
*6.20 July 2012 
*6.17 Nov 2011 
*6.15 Jun 2011
*[http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=109 6.13] Sep 2010


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC260 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC262 
* ALC262-VD2-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;LQFP-48 
|-
| ALC268 codec
| 0x 
| 0x
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 Acer AOA110 and AOA150 netbooks), works (Dell Mini Inspiron 9 and 10v, }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 remove QUERY and select 'Mic 1' as input. Tested with 6.15 as well using QuickRecord and AE 4.0.23 under Icaros 1.4.}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;AHI UNITS and Music are set to: hdaudio:HiFi 16 bit stereo++ / Frequency 48000 Hz, Volume +0.0 dB. The hdaudio.config in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive is WITHOUT the QUERY-line. After changing and saving the config-file turn off and start again the computer. Switch from internal loudspeaker to headphone you must turn off the music before plug in the headphone-cable, otherwise there is no output on the socket. Back from line-out to internal speakers it is the same. 
|-
| [http://blog.foool.net/wp-content/uploads/linuxdocs/sound.pdf Linux docs ALC269] 
* ALC269Q-GR
* ALC269QSRS-GR
* ALC269W-GR 
| 0x 
| 0x
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;TQFP 48 pin Power IC Chip From [https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/alsa-devel/patch/1408118123-15849-1-git-send-email-tiwai@suse.de/ ALC269 &amp; co have many vendor-specific setups with COEF verbs, result in the codec stalling] 
|-
| [http://www.alsa-project.org/db/?f=0321f8479fd670cd510f9912b1120fe7edcf2e07 ALC269VB] 
* ALC269Q-VB5-GR 
* ALC269Q-VB6-CG 
* ALC269Q-VB6-GR 
| 0x10ec
| 0x0269
| 0x100004, 0x100100, 0x100202
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some versions work}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* v1 works Asus eee PC netbook 901/1000HA 1005HA/1008HA, 1001P, 
* v2 maybe working Lenovo S9 S10 S10-2 S10-3 under HDAudio version 6.13
* v3 maybe dell wyse 7010 
|-
| [http://alsa-project.org/db/?f=9c1746c5957b0ce72ff9cfffa312e97d14baf785 ALC269VC aka ALC3202]
* ALC269Q-VC2-GR
* ALC269Q-VC3-GR
| 0x10ec
| 0x0269
| 0x100203, 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some versions work}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;SMT SMD QFN-48 - 
* v1 unknown
* v2 unknown
* v3 x230, dell wyse, 
|-
| ALC272 
* ALC272-VA4-GR
| 0x10ec
| 0x0272
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* works Acer AOD150 and Acer AOD250 works [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=33755&amp;forum=28#616910 Samsung NP-NC10], works Samsung NF210-A02] netbooks, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC273 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC270 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC282 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;needs retest 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC660 ALC660-VD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* works asus F9s, F9e 
* untested asus w7j, M51SN, A6Tc, A8Sr, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC661-GR (2011) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| ALC662 
| 0x1043
| 0x82a1
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 if QUERY added to top of hdaudio.config}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17 not working for eee pc 900}}
| 
* works Asus eee PC netbook 700/701/900, Atom 270 and 330 mobos, odd clicks (D410 NM10 PineTrail), 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://outpost.fr/rmaa/ALC663.htm ALC663]  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0861
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|Version 6.13}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not bad output like headphone amp part of the codec actually works well but messed up by undersized coupling capacitors to actually support such a low impedance 
* not working Asus n50vn x71vn, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC665 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC666 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC667
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC668 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC670 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC880 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;some 915 and 925 chipset mobos 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC882M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Realtek ALC883 ALC883-GR ALC883D-GR ALC883DTS-GR ALC883DD-GR codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some early versions work }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2005 to 2007 HD Audio codec untested (Asus ), 
|-
| Codec ALC885 
| 0x10ec
| 0x0885
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC888 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC888s
* ALC888S-VD2-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} MSI Wind U90/U100, 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| LQFP-48 
|-
| ALC888b
| 0x8086
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested (D510 NM10 Dual Core PineTrail mobo),  
|-
| ALC888-VD
| 0x8086
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested 
|-
| ALC889A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|works if QUERY added to the top of hdaudio.config in Prefs drawer/directory}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC889 Gr
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} with crackles 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC889 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Tested with MSI H55 board 
|-
| ALC887 ALC887-GR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* working on ASUS P5KPL/EPU and Gigabyte GA-E350N-Win8 Rev1.0 
|-
| ALC887-VD-CG
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0887
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x100302
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}} Subsystem Id: 0x1458a002 
| 
|-
| ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0887 0x1458
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}} index = 2 
| ALC887 does not have any volume control ability on the mixer NIDs, so put the volume controls on the dac NIDs instead 
* working with intermittent corrupting pop popping skipping stuttering sound issues MSI 760GM-P23 (FX), 
* not working Gigabyte H61MA-D3V, AT3IONT-I Deluxe, 
|-
| ALC887-VD2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 3jacks 
|-
| ALC887-VD2-GR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC887-
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC892-CG rev
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2011 48-pin LQFP Green package - 
|-
| ALC892 ALC892-DTS-CG rev 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 2009 introduced 
* works 
* not working 
* untested 
|-
| ALC892 rev 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0892
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x100302
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2014 
|-
| Realtek ALC886-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| LQFP-48 
|-
| Codec ALC861 ALC861-VD 
| 0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0663
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
* not working Toshiba Tecra A7 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC1200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| ALC898 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| not working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC1500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3232 (aka ALC292) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0292
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3234 aka ALC255 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0255 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;003
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3287 aka ALC257
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1882 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1883 HD Codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1884 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Analog Devices SoundMAX AD1981 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| IBM Thinkpad T60, 
|-
| AD1984 hp-m4 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* audio not working on Lenovo X61, Thinkpad T61, 
|-
| AD1986 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
|-
| AD1988
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1988A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CS4207
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CS4208 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20549 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|very very very low volume}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested Fujitsu Amilo SI 1510 1520 no datasheet for the general public 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20549-12Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested HP 530 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20561 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working lenovo x200s
* untested Lenovo Essential G555 Notebook, HP Pavilion dv6700, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20582 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX2059x CX20590 CX20594-21Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20585 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working Lenovo Thinkpad T410, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20672 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20671 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20751-21Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX11852 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX11880 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant after 2015 up to 2018 CX7501 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver codec}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no|no driver codec}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Conexant bought by synaptics 2019 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI9880 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Gigabyte GA-8GPNXP
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Silicon Labs 3054 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| VIA 1708A
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested, 
|-
| VIA VT1708B
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| 0x0010
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|VIA PicoITX}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| VIA 1708S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}  
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VT2021 10ch
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Gigabyte Z77MX-D3H, GA-H61M-S2H‎ S2P, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative CA0110-IBG
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SigmaTel STAC 9220 9221 9223 8ch (7+1) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ECS 945GCT/M-1333 (version 3.0), 
|-
| IDT SigmaTec [http://explorer.cekli.com/articles/pdf/hd-audio STAC9227] /28/29/30 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8384
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7626
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* works HP Compaq mini 110
* untested HP Pavilion HDX9000 CTO Notebook, Intel DG33TL mobo, Dell E520, Intel DP35DP mobo, Dell E6410 Laptop, 
|-
| IDT (formerly SigmaTel) IDC STAC 9271/71D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8384
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7626
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC STAC 9272 9273 9274 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Intel D5400XS, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDT 92HD73C
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;headphones only Asus AT4NM10 mobo 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDT 92HD75B
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x111d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7608
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working [http://koti.kapsi.fi/jvaltane/aros/hdaudio/ HP Compaq Mini 700 Netbook - feedback required]
* untested HP Mini 5103 and 5102, HP Compaq 610, HP ProBook Laptop 4520s 4525s 6450b 6550b 6555b, HP EliteBook 2540p 2740p 8440p, Mobile Workstation 8540w 8740w, Pavilion NoteBook DV8, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 92HD81XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 92HD83XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC STAC 92HD89XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson (now Cirrus Logic) WM8850 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson WM8860 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Intel High Definition Audio Revision 1.0. - 4-Channel DAC, 4-channel ADC. - DAC sampling 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


Using Prefs/AHI ensure you set the music unit and at least Units 0 (where most audio comes from) in top left drop down menu to HDaudio - HIFI in the section below. Set Units 1 or 2 to microphone or other outputs. Plus allow more than one channel for multiple audio streams and set frequency up to 44 kHz or higher on the right hand side of the ahi prefs. If sound beeps when you press the test button then all should be OK. 

 Output &lt;- Codec &lt;- Audio Controller (HDA) &lt;-&gt; Computer 

codecs and exact hardware identifier. As mentioned above, HDA is only part of the work here, it gets the audio out of the main chipset in digital format (on a bus called I2S). This is not enough, there is another step needed which is routing that I2S signal to the output, converting it to actual audio, amplifying it, etc. This is handled by a separate chip called a &quot;codec&quot;. Sometimes it is initialized by the BIOS, but this is not always the case. 

Most audio drivers are made up of two parts a [http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt Controller + a Codec]. The ProductID and VendorID are for the audio controller only - the important additional codec is '''NOT''' so easily identified. 

 Some newer versions of codecs are missing at the moment. 


Things to try if sound not working 

* try to connect something to the audio jack, maybe it is not playing on internal speakers or vice versa 
* make sure you try and select all music units e.g. unit0, unit1.... 
* even if PCI ID's are in Prefs/Env-Archive/HDaudio.config, this doesn't mean it is working, it is the codec that matters 
* it might be internally muted 


&lt;pre&gt;
add debug=memory to grub boot line - continue booting with F10 
Open a shell 
Tools/Debug/Bifteck &gt; RAM:audio.txt
&lt;/pre&gt;

or 

&lt;pre&gt;
Open a shell 
Tools/Debug/Sashimi &gt; RAM:audio.txt
Run ahi prefs
Click test tone button 
Stop sashimi with Ctrl-C 
&lt;/pre&gt;

If the boot sound is enabled, you have to use Bifteck to capture AHI debug output. In the GRUB menu, press E on your selected entry, then add &quot;debug=memory&quot; to the options (alongside ATA=, vesa= etc.). Then F10 or Ctrl-X to boot. Once booted, run Tools/Debug/Bifteck again. 

or 

* try adding QUERYD to the start of ENVARC:hdaudio.config file (also known as Prefs/Env-Archive/) ie. on the first line 
* '''OR''' try removing QUERY and QUERYD from the start of the hdaudio.config file 
* Reboot
* open a shell
* type: sys:tools/debug/sashimi &gt; ram:debug.txt
* open ahi prefs
* select one of the audio modes - HIFI or otherwise 
* press the 'test sound' button
* press ctrl-c in the shell
* post the results to Aros-World


The HD Audio standard was designed to be hardware pinout interchangeable so that the sound support could change easily and quickly. HDA is a standard around particular chips. Each kind of chip has a certain number of DACs and pins, and even the same chip could be hooked up in different ways on different motherboards. The chips are programmable and the operating system can adjust how things are routed. Some pins aren’t even hooked up, so it makes no sense to route sound to them. Also some pins have sensors that can tell when something is plugged in, so that for example the speakers in a laptop can be muted when headphones are plugged in. Pins are also grouped, so for example all the outputs for a 5.1 sound system are grouped. Generally the HDA driver in the operating system is supposed to read the pin set up and figure out a reasonable way to set things up, and disconnected pins should be ignored, etc. 

HDAudio standard has headphones on a separate DAC, and it's up to the driver.. it can even send different audio to the headphones without interrupting the main (green) outputs 


====Envy24 series ====

A little history. VIA bought the ICE created Envy chipsets [http://www.via.com.tw/en/products/audio/controllers/comparison_controller.jsp VT1712] first. A few years later, they created several cheaper variants VT1724 (mixer missing), VT1721 (low end cut down), VT1720 (embedded on motherboard) and lastly the VT1723 (no support apart from Windows Envy24DT like SYBA SD-PEX63034). 

There are PCI Express versions appearing. 

The Envy24 is the base product that was originally designed by ICEnsemble, and it supports multi-channel hardware mixing, which is great for professional use. The HT version removes the hardware mixer (unimportant for non-professional uses). The [http://www.avsforum.com/t/364771/envy24ht-s-the-definitive-source HT-S] version is almost exactly the same as the HT, it just uses cheaper DACs. The PT version is exactly the same as the HT-S version, it is just the edition used for on-board audio on motherboards.

N.B. [http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec04/articles/pcnotes.htm PCI slot identification] and [http://hsi.web.cern.ch/HSI/s-link/devices/s32pci64/slottypes.html 3.3v PCI]. 


=====[http://www.opensound.com/readme/README.Envy24.html envy24.audio] - [http://www.anime.net/~goemon/alsa/ VT1712] =====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Playback
! Recording
! Comments
|-
| M-Audio Delta 66 - Rev B 1999 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested AK4524VF CS8404A-CS - needs Delta Series break out box with D-sub lead - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles/maudioaudiophile/index.html Audiophile 2496] Rev A 2000
| 0x14
| 0x
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk| }}
| works audio out on   - I2S stereo codec AKM AK4528VF with the 24bit/96kHz DAC and ADC; CS8427 digital transceiver 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles/maudioaudiophile/index.html Audiophile 2496] Rev B 2003
| 0x14
| 0x
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| works well - I2S stereo codec AKM AK4528VF with the 24bit/96kHz DAC and ADC; CS8427 digital transceiver 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 410 - 2001  2001 REV-B 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested  for D-A AK4529VQ converters with CS8427-CS 5532 1158B  or Event Echo Gina 20-Bit Multitrack Interface Breakout Box - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 1010 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested  AK5383 and AK4393 - 25 pin dsub - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 1010LT 1010E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested for D-A AK4529 converters with 2 XLR Microphone inputs with pre amps 
* be aware of redesign in 2007 - possible issues 
|-
| M Audio Delta 44 - Rev A 2002 - Rev B 2003 - Rev D 2003 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested ICE1712G AK4524VF needs breakout box with 15 pin D-sub lead - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 66 Rev E 2006 - Omni Studio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested needs break out box with 15 pin D-sub lead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Delta DiO 2496
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Terratec EWX24/96
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/terratecdmx6fire/index.html TerraTec 6fire DMX 24/96] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1412
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1712
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x02
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|tried line 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| untested  - AKM  and codec
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec EWSA88MT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| [http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-multimedia/2007-March/006087.html Audiotrak Prodigy HD2] 24/96
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Maya 1010 1010L
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EMU 1212M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EMU 1616M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec EWS 88MT EWS 88D
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hoontech Soundtrack DSP 24
    Soundtrack DSP 24 Value
    Soundtrack DSP 24 Media 7.1
    Event Electronics EZ8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digigram VX442
    Lionstracs
    Mediastation
    Terrasoniq TS 88
    Roland/Edirol DA-2496
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


=====envy24ht.audio - VIA VT1724=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ESI Juli@
| 0x3031
| 0x4553
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes}}
| reported working years ago [http://envy24.svobodno.com/ Envy24HT-S] - AKM 4358 DAC - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| ESI Juli@ Ego Igo rev K 
| 0x3031
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| AK4358? DAC - AK4114 AK4112 DIT 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/multimedia/m-audio-revolution51.html M-Audio Revolution 5.1] 
| 0x1412
| 0x3631
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| reported working years ago but discontinued - (Envy24GT) - 3ch AKM 4358 DAC - ADC AKM 5365 - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/m-audio-revolution71/index.html M-Audio Revolution 7.1] 24/192
| 0x1412
| 0x3630 0x1724 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| not working - illegal semaphore - 6ch ADC AKM AK4355 24-bit 192 kHz - 2ch DAC AKM AK4381 24-bit 192 kHz - ADC AKM AK5380 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Sky 5.1
| 0x153b
| 0x1147
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - discontinued 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/terratec-aureon71/index.html Terratec Aureon Space 7.1] 
| 0x153b
| 0x1145
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Wolfson WM8770 DAC, AC'97 codec SigmaTel STAC9744 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Universe 7.1
| 0x153b
| 0x1153 (rev x) 0x1724 (rev3)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| not working - semaphore error on rev 3 -  DAC    ADC  
|-
| Terratec Phase 22
| 0x153b
| 0x1150
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Envy24HT-S - AK4524
|-
| Terratec Phase 28
| 0x153b
| 0x1149 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Envy24HT-S - AK4524
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Playback 
| Recording
| Revision 
| Comments
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 7.1
| 0x4933
| 0x4553
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Wolfson WM8770 and AC'97 SigmaTel STAC9744 codec 
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 7.1 LT
| 0x3132
| 0x4154
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/sound/audiotrak-prodigy192.html Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 192] 24/96
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - STAC9460S codec 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Echo Layla 24/96 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| [http://www.bit-tech.net/custompc/labs/80752/hercules-gamesurround-fortissimo-4.html Hercules Gamesurround Fortissimo 4] 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Wolfson WM8776 Codec and WM8766 DAC
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/multimedia/m-audio-audiophile192.html M-Audio Audiophile Delta AP 192k] 
| 0x1412
| 0x3632
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Stereo ADC AKM AK5385A 24-bit 192 kHZ - 8-channel DAC AKM AK4358 24-bit 192 kHz - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| ONKYO SE-150PCI
| 0x160b
| 0x0001
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI Waveterminal 192x
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quartet 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====hdmiaudio.audio - hdmi no support====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATI R6xx HDMI Audio codec support output 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x9840 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Not detected 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVidia HDMI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel Series 6 CougarPoint HDMI codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel HDMI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


[[#top|...to the top]]


===Graphic GFX Chipsets===

[https://gallium.readthedocs.io/en/latest/systems.html PCIe based] graphic chipset is defacto on 64bit AROS and recommended on 32bit. 

AGP works on 32bit but faster transfers through the AGP slot are only available on a few supported motherboard chipsets 
* Faster AGP Working = SIS 650 board, Intel 865pe AGP slot on MSI 6788-050, 
* Not Supported = NForce2 chipsets, most Intel 815/820 chipsets, VIA chipsets, ALi chipsets, 

The fallback for all graphics modes is vesa if any native support does not work. There is a choice of very low resolution vga as the last resort 


2D tests performed with [http://download.aros3d.org/software/gfxbench.zip gfxbench] in the shell type gfxbench &gt; out.txt (40 seconds blank screen is part of the test), via FreeDoom via limit-removing engine like odamex, chocolate or vanilla doom -timedemo demo1 or doom2 -timedemo demo1, doom.exe -iwad doom2 -file mymap.wad, Duke DNRATE 640x480 windowed 


3D tests performed with Demos/Mesa/ , Cube 1080p, Cube 2 windowed not fullscreen 1920 x 1025, Quake3 ~ cl_drawFPS 1, Xonotic , [http://shinh.skr.jp/sdlbench/showtestgl.cgi test gl], 


HDMI, DVI and DisplayPort monitors have a native resolution of 480p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p and up 

* HDMI 1.2 720p res. 
* HDMI 1.3 1080 resolution 
* HDMI 1.4 above 1080 res. 
* HDMI 2.0 
* HDMI 2.1 
* HDMI 2.2 ultra96 

* GPMI 


====vga.hidd====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| Generic VGA Driver, limited to 640x480 in 16 colours - no 3D support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====vesa.hidd====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| 2D support for VBE1, VBE2 and VBE3 (most cards) - various resolutions and 24bit colour -  no 3D support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


[[#top|...to the top]]


====[[w:en:Intel GMA|Intel GMA]]====

DVI output is not supported at the moment. 

If having problems:

* Ensure the latest version is being used. 
* Set GMA_MEM to 128 or 256 to test 
* Try the FORCEGMA ToolType for 2D, and try the FORCEGALLIUM ToolType for 3D acceleration after 2D is verified to work. ToolTypes should be applied to the Devs/Monitors/IntelGMA monitor icon.

If still having problems:

* At GRUB boot screen edit boot line and add option: debug=memory
* Boot.
* Use shell command: tools/debug/bifteck &gt; RAM:debug.txt
* And post [GMA MONITOR DETECTION] and other related debug lines 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;3%&quot; |Rev
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Laptop LCD
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Comments
|-
| 910GL 82910GL GMCH + ICH6 
| 0x8086
| 0x2582 0x2592
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| 910GML 82910 GML GMCH + ICH6 Mobile 
| 0x8086
| 0x2582 0x2592
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| may need to add forceGMA to grub boot line to work 
|-
| 915G 82915G GMCH + ICH6-M
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| 915GL 82915GL GMCH 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| 915GV 82915GV GMCH
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| HP DC5100 small form factor 
|-
| 915GM GMA900
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk|  tunnel  gearbox  }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}}
| asus eee pc 900 
|-
| 915GMS 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk|  tunnel   }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Graphics-Media-Accelerator-950.2177.0.html 945GU] - 133 MHz (Lake port for Intel A100 and A110) 
| 0x8086
| 0x2772
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| Fujitsu LifeBook U1010, 
|-
| 945GMS - 166 MHz / 250 MHz (1.05V) 
| 0x8086
| 0x27a2
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}}
| Dell D430 
|-
| 945GSE - 166 MHz (for Atom) 
| 0x8086
| 0x27ae
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Yes|[http://www.x.org/wiki/GalliumStatus]}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No|dvi port}}
| {{Yes| }}
| for atom motherboards and most 2008/2009 netbooks
* 3D Works - AOA110 AOA150, Dell Mini 9, Samsung NC10, Toshiba NB100, 
|-
| 945G 82945G GMCH + ICH7
| 0x8086
| 0x27a6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| untested 2D and 3D 
|-
| 945GC 82945GC MCH
| 0x8086
| 0x27a6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| untested 2D and 3D 
|-
| 945PM 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| Dell D420, Compaq nc6400, 
|-
| 945GMS - 250 MHz Calistoga
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Yes|most models}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| 
* 3D Works Dell Latitude 2100, HP Compaq nc6320, Lenovo 3000, Lenovo T60, Samsung Q35, Dell D620, Dell D820, 
* 3D untested Toshiba Satellite L100-120, Toshiba Portege M400,  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GMA 3100 G31 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D 
|-
| GMA 3100 G33 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA GMA 3150] netbooks and nettops 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D. no vga, dvi or hdmi output for nettops 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; G965
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; Q965 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2992
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Only tested with VGA output.
|-
| 965GM X3100 (500 MHz) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| some support 2D but no hardware 3D - could not get it to work with VGA or dvi output 
* untested Apple MacBook Air, Lenovo Thinkpad X300, Dell Inspiron 1525, Toshiba M9, 
|-
| 960GM X3100 (400 MHz)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| 965M X3100 (400 MHz) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Dell D830, 
|-
| 965PM ??
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Toshiba A9 works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GL965
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GM965
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GMA X3500 G35 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;X4500M G41 G43 G45 (400Mhz) Mobile 4 Series 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2a42 0x2a43
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x07
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt; {{No|}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt; {{No|}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt; {{Yes| VESA}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMA 4500M HD (533 MHz)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMA 4700M HD (640MHZ)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2a42
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====[http://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/FeatureMatrix nouveau].hidd (nvidia pci, agp, pci-e desktop)====

 PCIe based nvidia graphics (gfx 8xxx) are the base level for 64bit AROS but earlier models still has some support on 32bit AROS 

*Desktop, more likely hit rather than miss on early nvidia on Aros 32bit but on Aros 64bit ...
*Laptop, limited support for '''very''' early non-optimus (i.e. just Nvidia gfx only so no Intel and nvidia gfx combinations on 32bit but on 64bit ...) 

Please note that the nouveau project is reverse engineering a nvidia graphics driver but takes time because of [https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/ nVidia's closed firmwares], etc

* 2026-06 - DEVS  Nouveau.hidd  Gallium.hidd  Softpipe - LIBS  Gallium  GLU   20.0 Mesa OpenCL
* 2011-10 - DEVS  6.11 Nouveau.hidd  7.4 Gallium.hidd  9.4 Softpipe - LIBS  2.3 Gallium  1.3 GLU  19.0 Mesa OpenCL 1.x 
* 2011-04 - DEVS  5.31 Nouveau.hidd  7.3 Gallium.hidd  9.3 Softpipe - LIBS  2.2 Gallium  1.1 GLU  18.0 Mesa OpenCL n/a


[https://comparisoncpu.com/gpu/list Nouveau support for AROS] is limited to OpenGL 2.1 compliance on 32bit even for modern GL4 capable GPUs but on 64bit ...
 On Aros 32bit OpenCL supports the NV50 (8000 9000) cards, less support in NVC0 fermi cards (300 upwards) 
 On Aros 64bit 

ADoom3 graphic details ultra, benchmark while playing press the &quot;`&quot; key and type &quot;Timedemo demo1&quot; in the console 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Graphic Card
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 1024 x 768
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 800 x 600
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | 640 x 480
|-
| NV50 Asus EN8400GS SILENT/P/512M PCIe (G98) ||  ||  ||  
|-
| Gigabyte 8500 GT 256M || 42,6 || 57,2 || 68,6 
|-
| NV96 (G96) Geforce 9500GT 512M || 43 || 53 || 57 
|-
| NV96 (G96) 9600GT ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVA3 (GT215) GT 240 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVA5 (GT216) Palit GT220 Sonic 512M || 39,7 || 55,8 || 63,7 
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) gt210 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) ION2 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVC3 (GF106) 440GT ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVCF (GF116) NVC0 Fermi GTX 550Ti ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVC8 (GF110) 580GTX ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVE0 Kepler GT630 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NV110 Maxwell GTX 750 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| GTX950 upwards no reclocking || poor || poor || poor 
|-
| NV160 family (Turing) GTX 1650 and RTX 2000 upwards with GSP firmware || unknown || unknown || unknown  
|-
| HostGL Ryzen 5 4600H - Nvidia 1650 - Linux mint 21.1 || 150fps || 154fps || 155fps 
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;tnt1 (nv04) tnt2 (nv05) m64 value (1998)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|very slow}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV04 Riva TNT TNT2 Fahrenheit freezes on via motherboard chipset so rename agp.hidd in SYS:Devs/Drivers or Monitors 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;tnt vanta lt (nv06)  1998 /9
| 0x10de
| 0x002c
| 0x15
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}  
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 256 (nv10) (2000)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| untested Geforce256 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 2 Geforce 3 Geforce 4 (nv20) 2000 / 2
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works for some PCI and AGP Geforce2 Geforce3 Geforce4  
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| Geforce FX5200 nv34 (2003)
| 0x10DE
| 0x0322 0x
| 0xA1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|  }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|VGA15 }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV30 GeForce 5 FX Rankine Hardware OpenGL 1.5 - slower than GF MX 4000 for 2D - max 1024 x768 
* not working [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=92328&amp;page=8 mobos with VIA chipsets 2018] 
* working (MSI 0x9174) the previous nouveau 5.x driver 
* Others work with 6.x series XFX PV-T34K-NA, ASUS V9520-X/TD 
|-
| Geforce FX5500 (nv34) (2003)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works 
|-
| Geforce 5100 (NV34)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX 5200LE (NV34)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5200 Ultra
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX5600 (nv31) (2004)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600 Ultra
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600SE
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600XT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX5700 (nv36) (2004)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|some}} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700VE 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700LE 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5800 (NV30)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5800 Ultra (NV30) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900 (NV35) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900XT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900ZT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5950 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce 5xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| Geforce 6200 (nv44) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x00F3 0x014F 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|5.28 Pixel Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| use 5.28}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|VGA15 and s-video - plain 4pin cable lead will work with 7pin}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV40 GeForce 6 GeForce 7 Curie AGP Hardware OpenGL 2.1  needing previous 5.x version as regression arose 2011-10 
|-
| Geforce 6200 (nv44a) (2006)
| 0x
| 0x0221
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|5.28 Pixel Text }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|VGA15}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| Hardware OpenGL 2.1, PCI version tested OK in 2014-01-02 - Icaros 1.5.2
* not working 
*working
|-
| GeForce 6200 with Turbo Cache (NV43) 
| 0x
| 0x0161
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce 6200SE with Turbo Cache (NV44) 
| 0x
| 0x0162
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce 6200 LE 
| 0x10de
| 0x0163
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| PCI-E 
|-
| GeForce 6600 LE
| 0x
| 0x00F4 0x0142 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6600 
| 0x
| 0x00F2 0x0141
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 2006 PureVideo HD 1 or VP1 re-used the MPEG-1/MPEG-2 decoding pipeline from FX
|-
| Geforce 6600gt (nv4x) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x00F1 0x0140
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  OpenGL tests - 
|-
| Geforce 6800 (nv40) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x0041 0x00C1 0x00F0 0x0211 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 XE (NV4x)
| 0x
| 0x0043 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 LE 
| 0x
| 0x0042 0x00C2 0x0212 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 GT (quadro fx 1400)
| 0x
| 0x0045 0x0046 0x0215
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6800 GS
| 0x
| 0x0047 0x00C0 0x00F6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 GTS NV40 
| 0x
| 0x0040 0x0F9 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6800XT
| 0x
| 0x0044 0x0048 0x00C3 0x0218
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6600 VE  
| 0x
| 0x0143
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6500 NV44 
| 0x
| 0x0160 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6250 
| 0x
| 0x0169 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 7800 GTX 
| 0x
| 0x0090 0x0091 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel  gearbox  cube  cube2 25}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 256MB DDR3 - 1 6pin psu connector - 
* not working asus en7800gtx/2dhtv/256m/osp/a - 
* Works XFX PV-T70F-UDD7 Works in steve jones' scrap pc aros build 2010 2 DVI-I ports 
* Untested 
|-
| GeForce 7800 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0092
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7600gt (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x02E0 0x0391
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 2.1 
* not working 
* working 
|-
| GeForce 7800 SLI  
| 0x
| 0x0095 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GTX  
| 0x
| 0x0290
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GT GTO  
| 0x
| 0x0291
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GS  
| 0x10de
| 0x0292
| 0x0a1 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* Works with a few glitches with XFX Pine 0x2218 
|-
| GeForce 7950 GX2  
| 0x10de
| 0x0293 0x0294
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7950 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0295 0x02E4
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GS  
| 0x
| 0x02E3
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7600 GS 
| 0x
| 0x02E1 0x0392
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7650 GS  
| 0x
| 0x0390
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7600 LE  
| 0x
| 0x0394 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7800GS (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x0093 0x00F5 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* works if AGP motherboard chipset is supported - Hardware OpenGL 2.1 
|-
| GeForce 7100 GS  
| 0x
| 0x016A
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7350 LE 
| 0x
| 0x01D0
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7300le (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x01D1 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7300SE 7200GSGF-7200GS-N-B1 variant (G72) 
| 0x10de 
| 0x01D3
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA, 1x S-Video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 40W pci-e 1.0 VP1 no unified shaders - 
* not working Asus on via chipset (2015), 
* works Asus on intel chipset (2015), 
|-
| Geforce 7300gt (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x0395 0x0393
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 7300 GS  
| 0x
| 0x01DF 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7500 LE  
| 0x
| 0x01DD
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 8800 Ultra (NV50 family) 
| 0x
| 0x0194
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV50 GeForce 8 to GeForce 200s opengl 3.x - max res - 80nm technology - PureVideo HD 2 or VP2 Nvidia VDPAU Feature Set A (absent from ultra and some 8800gt?) added a dedicated bitstream processor (BSP) and enhanced video processor for H.264, VC-1 acceleration 
|-
| Geforce 8800gts (nv50) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x0400 0x0600 0x0193 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 200w openGL3  openCL - 2x6pin psu 
* not working 0x0193 models (2015) on via chipsets, 
* works 
|-
| Geforce 8800gtx (nv5 ) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 200W 1x 6pin connector, 
* not working 
* working 
* untested XFX PV-T88P-YDF4, Alpha Dog Edition runs extremely hot - Gigabyte GV-NX88T512H, 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GT 	
| 0x
| 0x0602 0x0611 0x0193 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;DVI up to 2500 x 1600
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - 6pin psu power connector required
* not working 
* untested Asus EN8800GT/HTDP/256M EN8800GT/HTDP/512M EN8800GT/G/HTDP/512M 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GT (G92)
| 0x10de
| 0x0611 
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3 pci-e 2.0 8800GT 512MB on Icaros 2.0.3 [[File:8800GT aros heads.png|thumb|8800GT]] [[File:8800GT aros tails.png|thumb|8800GT detail]]
|-
| Geforce 8600gt (nv5 ) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x0401 0x0402 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
* not working 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 8500 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0421
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  some color }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL tests - max opengl 3.x but 2.1 offered - max res 
* not working 
* works Gigabyte 8500 GT, 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GS 	
| 0x
| 0x0606 0x060D 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| GeForce 8600GS 
| 0x
| 0x0403
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.x VP3 offers complete hardware-decoding for all 3 video codecs of the Blu-ray Disc format: MPEG-2, VC-1, and H.264 - Nvidia VDPAU Feature Set B  
|-
| GeForce 8300 GS  
| 0x
| 0x0423
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 8400gs G98GS (end 2007)    GT218 (2009)
* Rev2 with 8/16 cores and 128-512MB of DDR2 or GDDR3 memory. 
* Rev3 with 8 cores and 512MB-1GB of DDR3 memory (based on Tesla 2.0) 
| 0x
| 0x0424 0x0422 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Doom  Doom2  Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel 490 gearbox 505 Cube 135 Cube2 55  quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|works digital part of DVI but nothing from any display port}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|output on digital 24 pin array of DDWG's DVI and hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 50W openGL 3.1 openCL - case single slot - one single-link DVI digital output, supporting up to one 1920x1080 resolution display - analog resolution 640 x 480 to 1024 x 768 16 and 24 bit color - [http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=nouveau_comp_2011&amp;num=19 runs a little hotter than expected] - G98 VP3 pci-e 2.0 512MB DDR2 - 
* not working 
* works Asus EN8400GS SILENT/P/512M PCIe (G98), 
|-
| Geforce 8400gs (nv50) (G86) (mid-2007)
* Rev1 with 16 cores / 256MB of DDR2 memory. 
| 0x
| 0x0404 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Doom  Doom2  Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel 490 gearbox 505 Cube 135 Cube2 55  quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|works but not tested thru 4 pins of analog signal of DVI plug}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|output on digital 24 pin array of DDWG's DVI and hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 50W openGL 3.1 openCL - case single slot - one single-link DVI digital output up to 1920x1080 resolution display - analog resolution 640 x 480 to 1024 x 768 16 and 24 bit color - [http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=nouveau_comp_2011&amp;num=19 runs a little hotter than expected] - G86 VP2 128MB - 
* not working XFX PV-T86S-YAJG NVIDIA GeForce 8400 GS 512MB DDR2, Sparkle 8400GS 512MB SX84GS512D2L-DPP, 
* works Asus EN8400GS SILENT/HTP/256M SILENT/HTP/512M/A, 
|-
| GeForce 8400 SE  
| 0x
| 0x0420
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 2.x openCL 
|-
| NVidia Quadro NVS290 DMS-59 
| 0x
| 0x0403
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|DMS-59 socket}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|DMS-59 }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 21W - G86S (G86-827-A2) - 16 shading units, 8 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs. NVIDIA has paired 256 MB DDR2 - PCIe 1.0 x16 Low Profile - 
|-
| Geforce Quadro FX 4600 (SDI), 5600 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Partial|VESA 2d}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{partial| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 9800 GX2 (NV50 family) 
| 0x
| 0x0604
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Partial|VESA }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Partial| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 150w - 65nm technology 
|-
| GeForce 9800 GTX 
| 0x10de
| 0x0612
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 2x6pin psu - 
* not working xfx on via chipset (2015),  
* works xfx on chipset intel , 
|-
| GeForce 9800 GTX+ 
| 0x10de
| 0x0613
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 2560 x 1920 - case dual slot - 26amp 12v rail on computer psu if 2x6pin connectors needed - 55nm version of the G92 chip - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working 
* works on a few models 
|-
| Geforce 9800gt (nv50) (G92a) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0614
| 0x0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel 495  gearbox 513  Cube 156  Cube2 120   Quake3  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 3.1  openCL 1.x - case dual slot - 600w 26amp on both 12v rails for 2x6pin psu on gfx card - no fan control - some come with 1x6pin - renamed version of the venerable GeForce 8800 GT - randomly works 
* not working Gainward 512M untested 
* working Gainward CardExpert (0x0401) Green Edition NE39800TFHD02-PM8D92 1024MB (no 6pin) 
|-
| Geforce gf9600 9600gt (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0622
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel 493  gearbox 675  Cube  Cube2 100  Quake3  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 3.2 openCL but no fan control - case dual slot - 1 6pin pcie psu connector - 500 Watt or greater power supply with a minimum of 26 Amp on the +12 volt rail - Max Analog: 2048x1536 and Max Digital: 2560x1600 (Dual Link DVI Only) - PCI Express® 2.0 / 1.1 Support - g96 gpu randomly works - 
* not working  bfg tech ocx, 
* works gigabyte gv-n96tsl-512i -
|-
| Geforce gf9500 9500gt (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0640
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel 480  gearbox 500  Cube  Cube2 64  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.2 - case single slot - 350 Watt/400 Watt or greater power supply with a minimum of 18 Amp/22 Amp on the +12 volt rail - Max Analog: 2048x1536 and Max Digital: 2560x1600 (Dual Link DVI Only) - PCI Express® 2.0 / 1.1 Support - 
* not working zotac zone fanless, Gainward USA NE29500THHD01-PM8796, PNY G9500GN2E50X+0TE, 
* works xfx xne-9500t-td01-pm8596 1024mb ddr2,  
|-
| GeForce 9600 GS 
| 0x
| 0x0623
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working  
* works 
|-
| GeForce 9600 GSO 
| 0x
| 0x0610
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res - G92 chopped down - 9600GSO is re-badged 8800GS both very power hungry cards - 
|-
| GeForce 9300 GS 	
| 0x
| 0x06E1 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 9400 GT  (nv5 ) (G86S) (2008) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{partial|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA, 1x S-Video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|1x DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 50W opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 9xxx   (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
NV84 (G84) 	GeForce 8600 (GT, GTS, M GT, M GS), 8700M GT, 
NV92 (G92) 	GeForce 8800 (GT, GS, GTS 512, M GTS, M GTX)
GeForce 9600 GSO, 9800 (GT, GTX, GTX+, GX2, M GT, M GTX)
NV96 (G96) 	GeForce 9400 GT, 9500 (GT, M G), 9600 (M GS, M GT), 
NV86 (G86) 	GeForce 8300 GS, 8400 (GS, M G, M GS, M GT), 8500 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA0 (GT200) GeForce GTX (260, 275, 280, 285, 295)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 280 (NV50 family) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x05E1
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res PureVideo HD 4 (Nvidia Feature Set C or &quot;VDPAU Feature Set C), VP4 added hardware to offload MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile (original DivX and Xvid) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 260
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x05E2
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{partial|Vesa}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;  2 6pin - psu pci express 2.1 - 
|-
| Geforce GTS250 250GTS (g92b) (2009)  
| 0x10de
| 0x0615
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  tunnel 486  gearbox 508-642  Cube   Cube2 80   Quake3 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 2x6pin psu VP2 - pci-e 2.x - case dual slots - 738m 1gb ddr3 - 
* not working Zotac branded version GDDR3 - 
* works  PNY gs-250x-zdfl and Gigabyte ??, BFG Tech RGTS2501024OCE, palit ne3ts250fhd52-pm8a92 with 2x6pin on top and hdmi output port, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 240 (GT215 family) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0ca3
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;late 2009 openGl 3.2 - case dual slots - no 6pin psu required with VP4 - All are pcie 2.1 cards and may not work in 1.0a slots - 
* not working 
* DDR3 with 512MB or 1GB - 
* DDR5 -Asus ENGT240 - XFX Pine GT240XYHFC 0x3001 - Gigabyte GV-N240D5-512I rev 1.0 - Zotac AMP! with HDMI 1.3a with DisplayPort 1.1, Dual Link DVI - 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT220 (GT216) G220 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0a20
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Icaros 2.0.3 GeForce GT220 1GB[[File:GT220 aros heads.png|thumb|GT220]][[File:GT220 aros tails.png|thumb|GT220]]
* untested NVIDIA Quadro® 400 512MB DDR3 GT216 DP DVI, AFox AF220 1Gb DDR3, 
|-
| Geforce GT220 220GT G94 Tesla (g92b)
| 0x10de
| 0x0a20
| 0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  tunnel 490 gearbox 505 cube 150 cube2 50  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI but not 1x HDMI }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 58W pci express 2.0 cards DDR3 - case single slot - 
* not working ASUS ENGT220/DI/1GD2(LP)/V2 - 
* works  - gainward card expert 0x0401 GDDr3 512MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT210 GT 210 210GT G210 based on Tesla 2.0 GT218S GT218-300-A2 variant, GT218-300-B1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0a65
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI out works but not hdmi or 1x DisplayPort}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 31W OpenGL 3.3  pci-e 2.0 cards - single slot - 
* working GT218 based Asus EN210 based silent low profile large passively cooled - 
* untested MSI GeForce 210 1GB DDR3 PCIe N210-MD1GD3H/LP, 
* not working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro NVS 295 (256 MB GDDR3), NVS 450 (256M/512 MB DDR3) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial|2 or 4 dp ports}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 25w low performance - G98s with 8 shading units, 4 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs on PCI-Express 1.0 x16 - 
*not working some NVIDIA Quadro NVS 295 2 dp ports (DELL, HP), 
*working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT310 Tesla 310, 315, GT 320, GT 330 GT 340
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 50w OpenGL 3.3  openCL all similar in performance to GT2xx except gt31x (poor) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro NVS310 NVIDIA NVS 310
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt; 2 dp 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 25w GF119S (GF119-825-A1) 48 shading units, 8 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs on PCI-Express 2.0 x16 - 512 MB DDR3 - PureVideo VP5 VDPAU Feature Set D - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; GTX 470, GTX 480   GF10 GF10* core (NVC0 family)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 215w 2x6 plugs - NVC0 family (Fermi) GF100 (GF100-275-A3) Fermi 448 shading units, 56 texture mapping units, and 40 ROPs with 1,280 MB GDDR5 - OpenGL4.5 OpenCL1.1  Tessellation - case dual slots - 
|-
| Geforce GTX460 460GTX (G104) 256bit, 1GB v2 192bit and GTX 465 
| 0x10de
| 0x0e22
| 0xa1 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel  gearbox  cube 055-111   cube2 50}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVC0 family (Fermi) OpenGL 4.x but  - 2x6pin psu - case dual slots - 
* not working evga 768MB GDDR5 192bit 01G-P3-1373-ER or 01G-P3-1372-TR
* works 1GB GDDR5 256bit 01G-P3-1371-ER 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GTX 460SE 192bit 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0e23
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x91 or 0xa1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; nouveau 6.11 - 2 6pin psu needed - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* works EVGA 01g-p3-1366-b6 et 1024MB p1041 - 
|-
| Geforce GT450 GTS450 450GTS GF106  
| 0x10de
| 0x0dc4
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel  gearbox  cube   cube2 50  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI  }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  2010 Hardware OpenGL 4.2 but nouveau at 3.3  - most need 1x 6pin psu - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* DDR3 1 or 2GB - Palit NEAS450NHD41F, 
* GDDR5 512Mb or 1GB - MSI MPN N450GTSM2D1GD5OC, Asus MPN ENGTS450DI1GD5, 
* works Gainward Card Expert NE5S4500FHd51, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 440 GF108 chipset or better OEM GF106  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGl 4.1 opencl 1.x - no 6 pin psu - 96 cuda cores 128bit - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* OEM 
* GDDR5 512MB to 1GB ASUSTeK ENGT440/DI/1GD5
* GDDR3 Asus 1gb to 2gb, 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT430 430GT (GF108) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ddr3 memory 64bit or 128bit - buggy await new revision of driver
* not working 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVidia Quadro FX1800 768MB GDDR3 Full Height Graphics Card Workstation
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI-I 2xDP}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;59W 768 MB GDDR3 memory using a 192-bit memory interface - OpenGL 3.3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 590   Fermi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;OpenGL4.4 OpenCL 1.1 - GDDR5 - 6pin and 8pin psu connectors - 512 cuda - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 580, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PureVideo HD 5&quot; or &quot;VP5&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set D or VDPAU Feature Set D) 4k UHD 3840 × 2160  H.264 decode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 570, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working Zotac GTX 570, Gainward GTX560TI/570 Phantom, 
* works gigabyte, evga 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 5xx 560gtx Fermi GTX 560, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4.x - 2 6pin psu - 384 cuda cores - case dual slots - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working Asus ENGTX560 DC/2DI/1GD5, 
* Ti LE 448 cuda GDDR5 320bit 
* Ti 256bit 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 560 Ti  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working evga GTX 560Ti 01GP31560KR - Gainward GTX560TI/570 Phantom, 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 550 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1201
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA  Doom   Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;can hang on boot up on I2C Init or suffer random lockups on OpenGL apps - most need 1 6pin min 400W 24A on the +12V1 / +12V2 dual 12V rails of the computers' power supply unit - 192 cuda cores - case dual slots used - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working eVGA GeForce GTX 550 Ti (1024 MB) (01GP31556KR) - 
* untested asus Extreme, eVGA GeForce GTX 550 Ti (1024 MB) (01GP31557KR) -  - 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 545 and OEM GF116 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 4.2 opencl 1.x - GDDR5 with OEM only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT530 OEM 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;96 cuda cores - 1GB or 2GB DDR3 128bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT520 520GT  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 48 cuda cores - DDR3 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;510, GT 530    
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; ddr 3 - 50w max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT610 Fermi GF119 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVS 315 300 GF119S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|VESA}} needs special dms-59 cable 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 fermi 315 PNY VCNVS315-T 1Gb DDR3 but needs special dms-59 cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT630 GF108 Fermi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not accelerated 2015 - like the GT730 below - 96 cuda cores whilst kepler version has 384 - 128bit to keplers' 64bit bandwidth - kepler has 2GB DDR3 
* not working Gigabyte 
* DDR3
* GDDR5 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GT 730 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| use VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; fermi version has 96 cuda cores 128bit GF108 
* not working Asus 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVIDIA Quadro 4000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}} 2 dp ports 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;142W 2Gb GDDR5 - PCI Express 2.0 x16 ; full Height card with 1x 6-Pin PCIe power need - CUDA Cores 256 - OpenGL 4.5 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVIDIA Quadro 5000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 200W 2.5Gb GDDR5 320 bit - PCI Express 2.0 x16 full Height card with 2x 6-Pin PCIe power need - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX Titan GeForce GTX Titan Black GeForce GTX Titan Z
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) GeForce 600 GeForce 700 GeForce GTX Titan Kepler 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 780    GeForce GTX 780 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PureVideo HD 6&quot; or &quot;VP6&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set E or VDPAU Feature Set E) significantly improved performance when decoding H.264 and MPEG-2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 770 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4.4 opencl 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 760 GeForce GTX 760 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 740
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 730 Kepler 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; two versions fermi 96 cores 128bit GF108 and kepler 384 cores 64bit GK208  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;680gtx GK104 core gtx680 680m
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 690 Kepler NVE0 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;pci-e 3.0, OpenGL 4.4 OpenCL 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 670
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 660 GTX 660 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 650 GTX 650 Ti GTX 650 Ti Boost
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) most need 1 6pin psu 
* not working asus ENGTX560 DC/2DI/1GD5 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GT 640
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* 128bit DDR3
* 192bit DDR3 1.5 to 3GB 50W 
* 128bit GDDR5 75W 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 620 GT 640 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 750ti, GeForce 900 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;[https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/FeatureMatrix.html NV110] Maxwell - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nvidia GTX 750 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1381
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 nvidia test 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;GM206 2nd gen maxwell PureVideo HD 7&quot; or &quot;VP7&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set F or VDPAU Feature Set F) adds full hardware-decode of H.265 HEVC Version 1 (Main and Main 10 profiles and full fixed function VP9 (video codec) hardware decoding 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro K620 quadro p620 2gb gddr5 128bit and quadro p1000 4gb gt1030 30w 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 50w slim low profile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce gtx 1060, GeForce 1070
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV130 Pascal 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;gtx 1050ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV130 family (Pascal)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV132 (GP102) NVIDIA Titan (X, Xp), GeForce GTX 1080 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV134 (GP104) GeForce GTX (1070, 1080)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV136 (GP106) GeForce GTX 1060
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV137 (GP107) GeForce GTX (1050, 1050 Ti)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV138 (GP108) GeForce GT 1030
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV162 (TU102) NVIDIA Titan RTX, GeForce RTX 2080 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV164 (TU104) GeForce RTX (2070 Super, 2080, 2080 Super)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 NV160 family (Turing) unified gsp-rm firmware - best starting point for Vulkan support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV166 (TU106) GeForce RTX (2060, 2060 Super, 2070)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV168 (TU116) GeForce GTX (1650 Super, 1660, 1660 Ti, 1660 Super)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV167 (TU117) GeForce GTX 1650
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;gtx 1650ti super 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 old style 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV172 (GA102) GeForce RTX (3080, 3090)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 av1 decoding ampere 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV174 (GA104) GeForce RTX (3060 Ti, 3070, 3080 Mobile)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV170 family (Ampere) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV176 (GA106) GeForce RTX (3050, 3060)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV177 (GA107) GeForce RTX 3050
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV192 (AD102) GeForce RTX 4090
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV193 (AD103) GeForce RTX 4080
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV190 family (Ada Lovelace) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV194 (AD104) GeForce RTX (4070, 4070 Ti)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV196 (AD106) GeForce RTX 4060 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV197 (AD107) GeForce RTX 4060
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

==== nouveau mobile integrated ====


 If you purchased a notebook with an NVidia sticker on it, most of the time you have a optimus based one, ie Intel CPU+GPU melded with Nvidia GPU, Optimus was slated at one point to go into desktop PCs but the industry ended up rejecting that concept 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| GeForce 6100 nForce 405 
| 0x
| 0x03D1 0x0242
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6100 nForce 400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x03D2
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6100 nForce 420 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x03D5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6150 LE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0241
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6150SE nForce 430 
| 0x
| 0x03D0
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6150 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0240
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7150M / nForce 630M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0531
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7000M / nForce 610M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0533
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7050 PV / NVIDIA nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x053A 0x053B
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce IGP 7025 nForce 630a
| 0x
| 0x053E
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|some}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|some}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No| }}
| some support on some chipsets 
|-
| GeForce 7100 / nForce 630i (C73)   
| 0x10de
| 0x07e1
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| Icaros 2.0.3 and Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev. 1.0 but will not boot on [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=806.msg8765#new Acer x270 with Icaros 2.3] 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7150 / NVIDIA nForce 630i 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07E0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 610i 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07E3
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce IGP 8100 (nForce 720a) 
| 0x
| 0x084F
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| GeForce 8100P 
| 0x
| 0x0847
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 8200 8300 nForce 730a 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084A 0x0848 (GeForce 8300) 0x0849 (GeForce 8200) 0x084B (GeForce 8200) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;working on some 8300's with Icaros 1.5 but others untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nForce 780a SLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nForce 750a SLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084D
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Nvidia Geforce IGP 9300 (nForce MCP7a) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;works 
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;9400 (ION) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;If AROS detects GPU chipset, works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;9700M ()
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce ION 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works well 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6150 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0244
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0247
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0164 0x0167
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0166 0x0168
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Sony Laptop
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00C8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6800 Ultra 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00C9
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0144
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 TE/6200 TE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0146
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0148
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0149
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D6
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7300 	
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D7
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D8 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;works 2D and 3d issues though 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x098
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7800 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0099
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7950 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0297
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7900 GS 	
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0298
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7900 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0299
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0398
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7600 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0399
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6610 XL
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0145
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6700 XL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0147
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8700M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0409
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8600M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0425
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0426
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0427
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0428
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0609
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8800M GTX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x060C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9500M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0405
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0407
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9650M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0408
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9400M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x042C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x042E
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9100M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0844
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0628
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9700M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x062A
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x062C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0647
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0648
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0649
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9500M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x064B
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9200M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV50 (G80) Quadro FX (4600 (SDI), 5600)
Quadro FX (2800M, 3600M, 3700, 3700M, 3800M, 4700 X2), VX 200
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV94 (G94) 9700M GTS, 9800M GTS, GeForce G 110M, GT 130(M), GT 140, Quadro FX (1800, 2700M)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV84 (G84) 	8700M GT, GeForce 9500M GS, 9650M GS
Quadro FX (370, 570, 570M, 1600M, 1700), NVS 320M
NV86 (G86) 	GeForce 8300 GS, 8400 (GS, M G, M GS, M GT), 8500 GT, GeForce 9300M G
Quadro FX 360M, NVS (130M, 135M, 140M, 290)
GeForce GTS 150(M), GTS 160M, GTS 240, GTS 250, GTX (260M, 280M, 285M), GT (330, 340)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV96 (G96)  9650M GT, 9700M GT
GeForce G 102M, GT 120
Quadro FX (380, 580, 770M, 1700M)
NV98 (G98) 	GeForce 8400 GS, GeForce 9200M GS, 9300 (GE, GS, M GS)
GeForce G 100, G 105M
Quadro FX (370 LP, 370M), NVS (150M, 160M, 295, 420, 450)
Quadro CX, FX (3800, 4800, 5800)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA3 (GT215) 	GeForce GT (240, 320, 335M), GTS (250M, 260M, 350M, 360M) Quadro FX 1800M
NVA5 (GT216) 	GeForce GT (220, 230M, 240M, 325M, 330M), 315
Quadro 400, FX 880M, NVS 5100M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA8 (GT218) 	GeForce 8400 GS, ION 2, GeForce 205, 210, G 210M, 305M, 310(M), 405
Quadro FX (380 LP, 380M), NVS (300, 2100M, 3100M)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVAA (MCP77/MCP78) 	GeForce 8100, 8200, 8300 mGPU / nForce 700a series, 8200M G
NVAC (MCP79/MCP7A) 	ION, GeForce 9300, 9400 mGPU / nForce 700i series, 8200M G, 9100M, 9400M (G)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVAF (MCP89) 	GeForce 320M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 605M, GT 610M GT 620M GT 630M GT 635M GT 645M     
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 650M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 1650 mobile
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 turing architecture - last old skool support pre Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 2050 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 ampere architecture best starting point for vulkan support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 2060 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 4060 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====radeon.hidd====

Michel Shultz ''2D'' graphics driver (standard on most distributions but only for very old GPUs) and bearsofts updated 2013 around Icaros 1.3.1  

3D is not implemented by AROS yet but could cover these AMD chipsets

&lt;pre&gt;
2014 SI        AMD HD 7xxx 
2016 GCN3rd    AMD R5E R7E 
2019 GCN5th    AMD Vega 8  
2022 RDNA1     AMD RX5500 desktop only 
2023 RDNA2     AMD 680M 780M 
2024 RDNA3     AMD 880M 890M
2025 RDNA3.5   AMD 8060S strix halo and AI 
2027 RDNA4     AMD 
&lt;/pre&gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! 2D
! 3D
! Analogue Output
! Digital Output
! Laptop LCD
! Comments
|-
| 7000 (r100)
| 0x1002
| 0x5159 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|vga15 pin connection but not s-video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.3 
|-
| 7500 (rv200 but still r100 based) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x5157 
| 0x
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|vga15}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.3 
|-
| 8000 8500 (r200) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x514c (8500LE)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.4 
|-
| 9000 9100 9250 (r200)
| 0x1002
| 0x5964 (9000) 0x514d (9100)
| 0x0001
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|VGA15 but not s-video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| 9600 9800 (r300)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| x300 x600 (r300)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| x700, x800 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r420])
| 0x
| 0x554d (R430 x800xl)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 - x800 XL PCIE (problem with mouse-pointer, some part of the pointer is not transparent) 
|-
| x1300 x1550 x1600 x1800 x1900 x1950 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R520 r520])
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| HD2400 HD2600 HD2900 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r600])
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.3 open CL 1.2 TeraScale architecture 
|-
| HD3400 HD3600 HD3800 (r600)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;pci-e 2.0, openGL 3.3 
|-
| HD4300 HD4500 HD4600 HD4700 HD4800 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r700])
| 0x1002
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|but some later cards need 3D engine for faster and more flexible 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 3.3 - DDR3 -  GDDR5 was one of AMD's aces for the 4800 series - 4670 liked - 
|-
| HD6900 cayman series 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.3 open CL not mature (2014) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| HD5400 Series HD5430 HD5450 HD5470 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 openGL 3.3 openCL - GDDR3 - 
|-
| HD5500 Series HD5550 HD5570 HD5600 Series HD5650 HD5670 HD5700 Series HD5750 HD5770 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 3.3 openCL  - GDDR5  
|-
| HD 5800 Series HD5850 HD5870 HD5900 Series HD5950 HD5970 - HD6xxx not NI chipset ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_(GPU_family) r800 evergreen]) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 openGL 3.3 openCL - DDR5 pci-e 2.1 best avoided for all pci-e 1.0 mobos - Ati TeraScale2 architecture - 
|-
| HD6450  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Islands_(GPU_family) Northern Islands chipset] 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; - DDR3 - 
|-
| HD6600 Series HD6650 HD6570 HD6600 Series HD6650 HD6670  
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 - DDR5 - 
Radeon HD 8470 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 8350 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 7510 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6550D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6530D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6410D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6370D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6320 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6310 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6290 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6250 	11 	TeraScale 2
|-
| HD6800 Series HD6850 HD6870 HD6700 Series HD6790 to HD6990 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 - DDR5 - AMD TeraScale3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7450-HD7670 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 OpenGL but not Vulkan 
Radeon HD 7660D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7560D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7540D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7480D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 6930 	11 	TeraScale 3
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7750 HD 7770 / R7 250X HD7850 HD7870 / R9 270X HD 7950 / R9 280 HD 7970 / R9 280X [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Islands_(GPU_family) Southern Islands]
*AMD Radeon R7 250XE Cape Verde XT	
*AMD Radeon R7 M465X Cape Verde	
*AMD Radeon R9 255	 Cape Verde PRX	
*AMD Radeon HD 7750  Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon R7 250E	 Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon HD 8740  Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon HD 7730	 Cape Verde LE
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 pci-e 3.0 1st Gen GCN architecture - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5 430, FirePro W2100, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 50W+ openGL openCL 1/3 speed of gtx750ti 1st gen gcn1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7790 [ Sea Islands ] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 openGL 4.1 open CL - GCN2.0 Vulkan 1.0 introduced a Shader Engine (SE) comprising one geometry processor, up to 44 CUs (Hawaii chip), rasterizers, ROPs, and L1 cache and Graphics Command Processor for faster audio/video - suits Vulkan 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;r5 240 240x (slow) R7 250 250x (faster) HD 7790 / R7 260  260X / R7 360 to R5 350 (fast) and last one R5 430 OEM Plus (slow again) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 50W+ openGL 4.x openCL 1.x Vulkan 1.0 GCN 1st gen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 290 / R9 390 R9 290X / R9 390X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 openGL 4.x openCL 1.x 2nd Gen GCN Vulkan 1.1 architecture - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 Fury Nano 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;r-200 series r8 275 285 295 375 [Volcanic Islands] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 4.x openCL 1.x - GCN3 Vulkan 1.2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 5700/5600/5500 Series and Radeon™ RX Vega Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 GCN 4 - OpenGL 4, Vulkan 1.3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 400/500 Series like rx 580
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ Pro WX 9100, x200 Series and Radeon™ Pro W5700/W5500 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 7900/7600 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 6900/6800/6700/6600/6500 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


==== amd radeon mobile integrated ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATI RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x5a62 0x5955 0x5974 (200m)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x00
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 7500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x4c57 (7500)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9000 
| 0x1002
| 0x4966 (9000)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9500 9550 (rv360) 9600 (rv350)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9800 (rv420)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X300 (RV370) X600 (RV380)
| 0x1002
| 0x (RV370) 0x5657 (RV380) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X700 (RV410) X800 (RV423) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X1200 (RS69M0) 
| 0x1002
| 0x791f
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;X1200 IGP (RS690)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X1300 X1350 X1400(rv515) X1600 (rv530) X1650 (RV535) X1800 (rv520) x1900 (rv570) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x71c7 (X1650) 
| 0x009e
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 2100
| 0x1002
| 0x796e (2100)
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 2400 (rv610) HD2600 (rv630) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 3100 HD3200 HD3450 3470 (RS780MC RV620) 3670 (M86-XT RV635) HD3870 (M88-LXT RV670)
| 0x1002 
| 0x9610 and 0x9612 (HD3200) 0x9614 (HD3300) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 4200 4250 (RV620)
| 0x1002
| 0x (HD4200) 0x9715 (HD4250)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 4330 4530 4550 (M92 RV710) 4650 (M96-XT RV730) 4670 RV730XT 4830 (M97 RV740) 4850 (M98 RV770)
| 0x1002 
| 0x (HD4350) 0x9442 (RV770) 0x9490 (HD4670)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 530v (M92 RV710) HD 550v (M96 RV730)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 5430 HD5650 (cedar Park LP)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon HD 6250 6290 6310 6320 6350M (Redwood Capilano PRO) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G Northern Islands 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 Last real support for old graphics standard before Vulkan takeover 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5 M230 M240 M255 - R7 M260 M265 (Kaveri Crystal series with Mantle and HSA) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 Maybe better with Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5E R7E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 bristol ridge GCN 3.0 IGP (Carrizo Mobile) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD Vega 3, 6, 8, 11 iGP 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 raven ridge GCN 5th Gen  
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;5500m 5600m 5800m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA1 NaviX1 Zen 2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rx680m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA2 NaviX2 Zen 3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;phoenix apu 1103 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 RDNA3 NaviX3 zen 4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== AMDGPU Vulkan desktop ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kaveri 290 290X, 260 260X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 AMDGPU Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 285 / R9 380  R9 380X  Fury / Fury X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4 opencl 1 3rd Gen GCN architecture 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX470 RX460 RX480 RX580 polaris10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX460 RX560D polaris11 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX580 polaris20 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 5000 5500 Navi 1x
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RNDA 1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 6000 Navi 2x 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RNDA 2 Mesa 21.3 decode av1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX6000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 7000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 RNDA 3 navi
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX7000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX9070 rx 9060 XT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 rdna4 navi
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 udna (aka rdna5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
|}


==== AMDGPU Vulkan mobile ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5E R7E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 bristol ridge GCN 3.0 IGP (Carrizo Mobile) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Vega iGP 3, 6, 8, 11 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 raven ridge - Graphics Core Next (GCN) 5th gen - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;5500m 5600m 5800m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA1 NaviX1 Zen 2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rx680m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA2 NaviX2 Zen 3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;phoenix apu 1103 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA3 NaviX3 zen 4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


fyi if a notebooks with two graphic cards, the integrated Intel card (id 0x7d) for low power usage and a discrete Radeon card (id 0x56) which should be used for GPU-intensive applications. By default the Intel card is always used 


[https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/ATI Gallium Radeon HD] is not ported yet but is [https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=Linux-5.9-AMDGPU-Stats really big] and complex so another solution may have to be [https://discuss.haiku-os.org/t/the-graphics-acceleration-can-of-worms/10515/5 found] like [https://discuss.haiku-os.org/t/vulkan-lavapipe-software-rendering-is-working-on-haiku/11363/10 vulkan] where support starts from very recent ISA GCN islands HD7000s cards only 


*Vulkan
*Gallium


Vulkan software renderer allows to prepares the infrastructure for hardware rendering. Primary difference between software and hardware renderer is output to regular RAM vs GPU RAM, the rest is almost the same. It is possible to render to GPU RAM offscreen.

bare bones basics data flow

 application,&gt;&gt;&gt; api/opengl/vulkan&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;, jit compiler, &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;memory manger, &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;gpu hardware

so you need to have a compiler that takes your api call/program/shaders/drawing commands and turns them into a program the gpu can render.

the vulkan to amd gpu compiler for shaders and textures is nearly os agnostic iirc as long as you have solid posix compliance

Unlike OpenGL, Vulkan does not depend on windowing system and it have driver add-on system with standardized API (Mesa also have OpenGL driver add-ons, but it have non-standard Mesa-specific API). OpenGL may need more work for windowing system related code at this point but developing Vulkan on real hardware is more strategic than developing OpenGL, since now Zink 3 running on Vulkan compensates for the lack of OpenGL support by giving performance similar to native accelerated OpenGL 

RadeonGfx use client-server model with client-server thread pairs. For each client thread that calls 3D acceleration API, server side thread is created. If client thread terminates, server side thread also exit. 


&lt;pre&gt;


GeForce RTX 5090 5070 5060 5050 
GeForce RTX 4090 4070 4060 4050 
GeForce RTX 2070
Radeon RX 7600
Quadro RTX 5000
Radeon PRO W6600
GeForce RTX 2060 12GB
Radeon PRO W7500
Quadro GP100
Radeon RX 6800S
GeForce RTX 3070 Laptop GPU
GeForce GTX 1080
GeForce RTX 3060 8GB
Quadro RTX 4000
Radeon Pro W5700
Radeon RX 6600
GeForce RTX 2080 (Mobile)
Radeon RX 7700S
Radeon RX 6700S
Radeon RX 6600S
Quadro RTX 5000 (Mobile)
GeForce GTX 1070 Ti
GeForce RTX 4050 Laptop GPU
Radeon Pro Vega 64X
Radeon RX 5700
Radeon RX Vega 64
GeForce RTX 2060
GeForce RTX 2070 Super with Max-Q Design


Radeon RX 6600M
GeForce GTX 1070
Radeon RX 6650M
GeForce RTX 3060 Laptop GPU
Radeon RX Vega 56
Radeon RX 6700M
GeForce RTX 2080 with Max-Q Design
Radeon RX 6800M
GeForce GTX 980 Ti
Radeon R9 Fury
GeForce GTX 980
Quadro M5500
Radeon R9 390X
Radeon RX 580
Radeon RX 5500
Radeon RX 6550M
GeForce GTX 1660 Ti with Max-Q Design
GeForce GTX 780 Ti
GeForce GTX 970
Radeon R9 290X
Radeon RX 480
Radeon RX 5600M
Quadro RTX 3000 with Max-Q Design
Radeon R9 290X / 390X
Ryzen 5 4600HS with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 290
Radeon Pro 5500 XT
Radeon R9 M490 *
GeForce GTX 780 
Radeon RX 6500M
Quadro M5500
GeForce GTX 1060 with Max-Q Design
Radeon RX 6500
Radeon RX 5300
Intel Arc A770M
GeForce GTX 1650 Ti
Radeon Pro 580X
Radeon RX 6400
GeForce RTX 2050
Ryzen 9 4900HS with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 9 6900HS
GeForce GTX 980M
Quadro M5000M
Radeon RX 6300
GeForce GTX 1650 Ti with Max-Q Design
Radeon Pro 570
Ryzen 9 6900HS with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 1050 Ti
Quadro M4000M
Radeon R9 280X  380X 
GeForce GTX 1650 with Max-Q Design
GeForce MX570
Radeon R9 280X
Radeon R9 380
Radeon 780M
GeForce GTX 960
GeForce GTX 970M
Quadro M4000M *
GeForce GTX 680


Radeon RX 6500M
Quadro M5500
Radeon Pro WX 7100
GeForce GTX 1060 with Max-Q Design
GeForce GTX 1650
Intel Arc A730M
Radeon HD 7970
Radeon R9 M395X
Radeon R9 M485X
Radeon R9 M480 *
Radeon R9 M295X
Radeon R9 M390X *
FirePro W7170M *
Radeon R9 M395
Radeon R7 370
Radeon RX 5500M
GeForce GTX 590
GeForce GTX 880M
GeForce GTX 950
Radeon R9 270X
GeForce GTX 660 Ti
GeForce GTX 760
GeForce GTX 780M
Quadro K5100M
GeForce GTX 680MX
Radeon HD 7870
GeForce GTX 965M
Quadro M3000M *
GeForce GTX 870M
Radeon R9 M290X
Radeon HD 8970M
Radeon Ryzen 7 7735U (680M), Radeon Ryzen 7 7735HS (680M 12C) 
GeForce GTX 580
Radeon HD 6970
GeForce GTX 1050
GeForce GTX 680M
GeForce GTX 775M
GeForce GTX 1630
FirePro M6100
Radeon HD 7970M
Radeon R9 M390 *
GeForce GTX 750 Ti


GeForce GTX 570
GeForce GTX 480
GeForce GTX 960M
Quadro M2000M *
Quadro K5000M
Quadro K4100M
GeForce GTX 770M
GeForce GTX 860M
GeForce GTX 675MX
GeForce GTX 950M
GeForce GTX 850M
Quadro M1000M
Radeon R9 M280X
Radeon HD 7950M *
GeForce GTX 560 Ti
Radeon HD 6870
GeForce GTX 470


GeForce GT 1030
GeForce MX330
Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 5800HS 
FirePro 3D V8800
GeForce MX250
Radeon Pro WX 3200
Ryzen 7 PRO 5750G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 5600H
Ryzen 5 Pro 4650G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 5800U
Ryzen 7 7730U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 5825U
Radeon Pro WX 4150
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4655G
Ryzen 5 4600G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4655GE
GeForce GTX 485M
FirePro W6150M
Ryzen 7 5800U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 7530U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 4800U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 M470
Ryzen 3 PRO 5350G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon RX Vega Ryzen 3 5300U
Ryzen 7 5825U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 4400G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE
Radeon Ryzen 7 4800U
FirePro V7900
Radeon HD 5970
Radeon Ryzen 7 7700X 8-Core
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5650G
Radeon Ryzen 5 4400G
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE
Radeon RX 550X
FirePro V8800
Radeon RX Vega Ryzen 5 5500U
GeForce MX150
Quadro K3100M
Ryzen 7 PRO 5850U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 6970M
Radeon R7 250X
Intel HD 5600
Ryzen 3 4300GE with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 460
Ryzen 7 5700U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 7530U
Quadro K620
Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE with Radeon Graphics
Intel Iris Pro P580
Intel UHD Graphics P630
Ryzen 5 4600H with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 7530U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 5870
Radeon HD 6870
Ryzen 7 4700G with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 5600U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 7770
Ryzen 3 Pro 4350G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 5625U
GeForce GTX 745
Radeon Ryzen 7 4850U Mobile
Radeon Ryzen 3 PRO 7330U
Quadro M600M
Radeon Ryzen 5 5500U
Ryzen 5 5560U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 4800H with Radeon Graphics


GeForce 945M
Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE with Radeon Graphics
FirePro M5100
Radeon Ryzen 5 5600U
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4500U
GeForce GTX 580M
Ryzen 7 PRO 5875U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 5300GE with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 M385
Quadro 5000M
Radeon Ryzen 7 4700U
Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U
Ryzen 7 4700U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U with Radeon Graphics
FirePro V7800
Radeon R9 350
Ryzen 3 4300G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3350G
Radeon Ryzen 5 5560U
GeForce GTX 460 SE
Radeon Pro W5500M
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3400G
Ryzen 5 5500U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 4500U with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GT 645
GeForce GTX 765M
Radeon R9 M385X
Ryzen 5 5625U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 PRO 7330U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 5850
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400G
Intel Iris Pro 580
Radeon HD 6850
Intel Iris Xe MAX
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 5875U
Radeon Ryzen 5 7600 6-Core
GeForce GTX 470M
Ryzen 3 5300G with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 670MX
Radeon RX 640
Qualcomm Adreno Gen 3
Radeon R7 450
GeForce GTX 675M
Radeon Pro WX 4130
Intel Iris Xe MAX 100
Quadro 5000
Radeon RX 570X
Radeon HD 7700-serie
Ryzen 5 4600U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Vega 8 


GeForce MX230
GeForce GTX 765M
Quadro K4000M
Iris Pro Graphics P580 *
Iris Pro Graphics 580 *
GeForce GTX 645
Quadro M520
GeForce GTX 570M
GeForce MX130
Radeon RX 540
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U
Intel UHD Graphics 770
Radeon RX Vega 11 Ryzen 7 3750H
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3400GE 
Radeon HD 5850
GeForce GTX 675M
GeForce GTX 580M
Radeon HD 6990M
Radeon R9 M385X *
Radeon R9 M470X *
Radeon R9 M470 *
Radeon R9 M385 *
Radeon R9 M380 *
Radeon R9 M370X
Radeon R9 M275
Radeon HD 7770
GeForce GTX 485M
GeForce GTX 460 768MB
Radeon HD 6790
GeForce GTX 285M SLI
Quadro K3100M
FirePro W5170M *
GeForce GTX 670MX
Quadro 5010M
GeForce GTX 760M
GeForce GTX 670M


GeForce 940MX *
Maxwell GPU (940M, GDDR5)
FirePro M8900
Radeon HD 6970M
Radeon R9 M270
Radeon HD 8870M
Radeon HD 7870M
Quadro K3000M
GeForce GTX 570M
FirePro M6000
FirePro M5100
Quadro K2100M
Radeon HD 5770
GeForce GTX 550 Ti
GeForce GTX 280M SLI
Radeon HD 6950M
Radeon R7 250
GeForce GT 755M
GeForce GTX 660M
GeForce 845M
Radeon HD 8850M
Radeon R9 M365X
Radeon R9 M265X
Ryzen 5 PRO 4400GE with Radeon Graphics
FirePro W5130M *
Radeon Vega 8 Ryzen 5 3500U 
Radeon Vega 6 Ryzen 3 3300U
Radeon HD 7850M
Radeon HD 8790M
FirePro W4170M
FirePro W4190M
FirePro W4100
Quadro 4000M
GeForce GTX 470M
GeForce GTX 480M
GeForce GT 750M
Iris Pro Graphics 6200
Quadro K1100M
GeForce 940M
Radeon R9 M375
GeForce 930MX *
Radeon R7 M380 *
Radeon R7 M370
Quadro M600M *
GeForce GT 650M
Quadro K620M
GeForce 840M
Radeon R7 M275DX
GeForce GT 745M
Radeon HD 7770M
GeForce GTX 560M
Radeon R7 512 Cores (Kaveri Desktop)
Radeon R7 384 Cores (Kaveri Desktop)
Radeon R7 (Carrizo) *
Iris Pro Graphics 5200
GeForce GT 740M
GeForce 930M
Radeon HD 4850


Iris Graphics 550 *
GeForce 830M
Iris Graphics 540
Quadro M500M *
Quadro K2000M
GeForce GTS 450
GeForce GTX 260M SLI
GeForce GT 735M
Mobility Radeon HD 5870
GeForce 825M
Quadro 5000M
FirePro M4000
FirePro M7820
Radeon HD 6870M
GeForce 9800M GTX SLI
Radeon HD 8830M *
Radeon HD 8770M
Radeon R7 M260X
GeForce GTX 460M
GeForce 920MX *
GeForce GT 730M
Radeon HD 7750M
GeForce GT 645M *
FirePro M4100
Radeon HD 8750M
Radeon R6 A10-9600P 4C+6G
Quadro 3000M
Radeon R7 M270
Radeon R7 M265
Quadro FX 3800M
GeForce GTX 285M
Mobility Radeon HD 4870
GeForce GT 640M
Radeon R7 (Kaveri)
Radeon R8 M365DX
Radeon R7 M460 *
Radeon HD 7730M
Radeon R7 M360
GeForce GTX 280M
Radeon HD 8690M
Quadro FX 3700M
Radeon R7 M340
GeForce 920M
Radeon R6 M340DX
HD Graphics 530
HD Graphics P530
Tegra X1 Maxwell GPU
Radeon R7 M260
Radeon R6 (Carrizo)


Mobility Radeon HD 4860
FirePro M7740
Mobility Radeon HD 4850
GeForce GTX 260M
GeForce 9800M GTX
Quadro FX 2800M
Radeon HD 8670D
Radeon HD 7690M XT
FirePro M5950
GeForce GT 640M LE
Radeon R6 (Kaveri)
Radeon HD 8650M *
Radeon HD 8730M
Radeon HD 6770M
GeForce GT 635M
GeForce GT 555M
Radeon R7 A10 PRO-7800B
Radeon HD 5670
Mobility Radeon HD 5850
Radeon HD 6850M
Quadro 2000M
GeForce 9800M GT
GeForce 8800M GTX
Quadro FX 3600M
GeForce GT 445M
GeForce GTS 360M


GeForce GT 240
Radeon R7 PRO A10-9700
Radeon HD 7690M
HD Graphics 5600
Radeon HD 8570D
Radeon HD 8670M
Radeon R6 M255DX
Radeon HD 7660D
Radeon HD 6750M
Quadro K1000M
GeForce GT 550M
Radeon HD 8590M *
GeForce GTS 260M
GeForce GTS 160M
GeForce 9800M GTS
GeForce GT 430
Radeon HD 6830M
Mobility Radeon HD 5830
Radeon HD 6730M *
GeForce 9800M GS
Mobility Radeon HD 4830
Mobility Radeon HD 5770
Radeon HD 6570M
Radeon HD 8650G
Radeon HD 7670M
GeForce GT 630M
Radeon HD 7560D
GeForce GTS 150M *
Radeon R5 M335
Radeon R5 M430 *
Radeon R5 M330
Radeon R5 M255
Radeon Vega 3
Quadro 1000M
GeForce 820M
FirePro W2100
HD Graphics 520 620 
Iris Graphics 6100


GeForce GT 720M
GeForce 8800M GTS
Radeon R5 M240
Radeon R5 M320 *
Radeon R5 M230
Radeon R5 M315 *
Mobility Radeon HD 5750 *
Radeon HD 8570M
Radeon R7 PRO A10-8850B
HD Graphics 6000
Quadro K610M
Radeon HD 8550M
Iris Graphics 5100
GeForce GT 540M
Mali-T880 MP12 *
Radeon HD 8610G *
Radeon HD 6650M
HD Graphics 4600
Mobility Radeon HD 5730
HD Graphics 5500


Radeon R5 (Carrizo) *
Radeon R5 (Kaveri)
FirePro M5800
NVS 5400M
GeForce 710M
Radeon HD 7660G
GeForce GT 435M
HD Graphics 5000
Quadro K510M *
Radeon HD 5570
Radeon HD 6550M
Radeon HD 7590M *
GeForce GTS 350M
GeForce GTS 250M
Radeon HD 6630M
Radeon HD 7650M
FirePro M2000
Radeon HD 7570M
Radeon HD 7630M
Quadro FX 1800M
Mobility Radeon HD 5650
Radeon HD 8510G *
Radeon HD 6530M
Radeon HD 8550G
Quadro K500M *
GeForce GT 625M *
GeForce GT 620M
GeForce GT 525M
Radeon HD 6550D *
Radeon HD 7610M
Radeon HD 7620G
Radeon HD 8470D
Radeon HD 7640G
Adreno 530
GeForce ULP K1 (Tegra K1 Kepler GPU)
HD Graphics 4400
HD Graphics 510 515 *


NVS 5200M
Mobility Radeon HD 565v
Radeon HD 7550M
Mobility Radeon HD 4670
GeForce GT 425M
GeForce 9700M GTS
Radeon HD 6645G2 *
Quadro FX 2700M
GeForce GT 335M
Radeon HD 7600G
Mobility Radeon HD 3870
Mobility Radeon HD 4650
GeForce GT 220
GeForce GT 420M
Radeon HD 7530M *
Mobility Radeon HD 3850
GeForce GT 330M
Quadro FX 880M
Quadro NVS 5100M
GeForce GT 240M
Radeon HD 7490M *
HD Graphics 5300
Radeon HD 7510M *
GeForce Go 7950 GTX
Quadro FX 3500M
GeForce 8700M GT SLI
GeForce 9700M GT
GeForce GT 230M
Mobility Radeon HD 550v
Radeon HD 7480D
HD Graphics 4000
Mali-T760 MP8
Radeon HD 6620G
HD Graphics (Broadwell) *
Adreno 430
Radeon R5 (Beema/Carrizo-L)
Radeon R4 (Beema) (Kaveri)
HD Graphics (Skylake) *


Radeon HD 6450 GDDR5
Radeon HD 7500G
Radeon HD 8450G
Radeon HD 7470M
Radeon HD 6490M
Radeon HD 8400
Mali-T880 MP4
GeForce GT 520MX
Radeon HD 7520G
GeForce GT 325M
GeForce Go 7800 GTX SLI
GeForce 8600M GT SLI
GeForce Go 7900 GS SLI
GeForce GT 130M
NVS 4200M
GeForce Go 7900 GTX
Quadro FX 2500M
Radeon HD 8350G
Radeon HD 8330
GeForce 9650M GS
GeForce 9650M GT
Radeon R3 (Mullins/Beema)
GeForce 8700M GT
Quadro FX 1700M
Quadro FX 1600M
GeForce Go 7800 GTX
GeForce Go 7900 GS
Quadro NVS 320M
Quadro FX 1500M
GeForce 9600M GT
GeForce GT 220M
Quadro FX 770M
GeForce GT 120M
Radeon HD 7450M
GeForce 610M
GeForce 705M
Mali-T760 MP6
Radeon HD 6470M
FirePro M3900 *
GeForce GT 520M
Radeon HD 7420G
Mobility Radeon HD 3670
Mobility FireGL V5725
PowerVR GX6450
Adreno 420
HD Graphics (Haswell)


Radeon HD 6520G
Radeon HD 8310G *
GeForce 320M
GeForce GT 320M
Mobility Radeon HD 2600 XT
Mobility Radeon X1900
Mobility Radeon X1800XT
Mobility Radeon X1800
GeForce Go 6800 Ultra
GeForce Go 7800
GeForce 9600M GS
GeForce 9500M GS
Radeon HD 7400G
Radeon HD 6480G *
Mobility Radeon HD 2700
GeForce GT 415M
GeForce 410M
Radeon HD 7370M
Adreno 418
HD Graphics (Cherry Trail)
Radeon HD 6370M
Radeon HD 8280
Mobility Radeon HD 5470
Radeon HD 6450M
Radeon HD 7430M *
Mobility Radeon HD 3650
Mobility FireGL V5700
Mobility Radeon HD 5145
Mobility Radeon HD 545v
Radeon R6 (Mullins) *
Radeon HD 8240
Radeon HD 8250
Mobility Radeon HD 4570
Quadro FX 570M
Mobility Radeon HD 5450 *
Radeon R2 (Mullins/Beema) *
GeForce 8600M GT
Mobility Radeon HD 2600
HD Graphics 3000
Quadro FX 380M
GeForce 310M
GeForce G210M
NVS 3100M
GeForce 405M
GeForce 315M
GeForce Go 7600 GT
GeForce 9500M G
GeForce 8600M GS
NVS 2100M
GeForce Go 7700
GeForce Go 6800
Quadro FX Go 1400
Mobility Radeon X800XT
Radeon HD 6430M *
Radeon HD 6380G *
Mobility Radeon HD 5430
Radeon HD 8210
Mobility Radeon HD 540v
Mobility Radeon HD 4550
HD Graphics 2500
HD Graphics (Ivy Bridge)


Quadro NVS 310 
Radeon HD 7350M *
Radeon HD 6350M *
Mobility Radeon HD 4530
Mobility Radeon HD 4350
Radeon HD 4350
GeForce 305M
Mobility Radeon X1700
Mobility FireGL V5250
Mobility Radeon X2500
GeForce Go 7600
Quadro NVS 300M
Mobility Radeon X800
Mobility Radeon X1600
Mobility FireGL V5200
Mobility Radeon 9800
GeForce Go 6600
Mobility Radeon X1450
Mobility Radeon X700
Mobility FireGL V5000
GeForce G 110M
Quadro NVS 295 
Radeon HD 6330M *
Mobility Radeon HD 4330
GeForce 8400M GT
Quadro NVS 140M
HD Graphics 2000
GeForce 9500M GE *
GeForce 9400M (G) / ION (LE)
HD Graphics (Sandy Bridge) *


Adreno 330
PowerVR G6430
PowerVR GX6250
PowerVR G6400
HD Graphics (Bay Trail)
Mali-T628 MP6
Mali-T760 MP4
Chrome9HD *
Radeon HD 7340
Radeon HD 6320 *
Radeon HD 7310
Radeon HD 6310 *
Radeon HD 8180
Mobility Radeon HD 3470
GeForce 9300M G
ION 2 *
GeForce 9300M GS
Quadro FX 370M
Quadro NVS 160M
GeForce 9200M GS
Mobility Radeon HD 3450
Mobility Radeon HD 3430
Mobility Radeon HD 3410
Mobility Radeon HD 2400 XT
Radeon HD 4270
Radeon HD 4250
Radeon HD 7290 *
Radeon HD 6290 *
Radeon HD 4200
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) HD Graphics
Radeon HD 6250
Quadro NVS 150M
Quadro FX 360M
Mobility Radeon X1350
Mobility Radeon X1400
GeForce 9100M G
GeForce 8400M GS
Quadro NVS 135M
Mobility Radeon HD 2400
Radeon HD 3200
Radeon HD 4225 *
Radeon HD 4100 *
SGX554MP4
Mali-T628 MP4
Mobility Radeon HD 3400 *
Radeon HD 3100
GeForce 8400M G
Mali-T860 MP2
Quadro NVS 130M
GeForce 8200M G
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4700MHD
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4500MHD
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4500M
Mali-T604 MP4
GeForce Go 7400
Quadro FX 350M
Quadro NVS 120M
GeForce Go 7300
GeForce Tegra 4 *
PowerVR G6200
Adreno 405 *
Quadro NVS 110M
Mobility Radeon X600
Mobility FireGL V3200
Mobility FireGL V3100
Mobility Radeon HD X2300
Mobility Radeon 9700


Mobility FireGL T2e
Mobility Radeon X1300
GeForce4 4200 Go
Mobility Radeon 9600
Mobility FireGL T2
Mobility Radeon 9550
GeForce Go 7200
GeForce Go 6400
Mobility Radeon X300
GeForce Go 6250
GeForce Go 6200
GeForce FX Go 5700
Quadro FX Go 1000
GeForce FX Go 5600 / 5650
Radeon Xpress X1270
Radeon Xpress X1250
Radeon Xpress X1200
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) X3100
Mali-T624
Adreno 320 *
Mali-T760 MP2
Mali-T720 MP4
Mali-450 MP4
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3650 *
GeForce 7190M *
GeForce 7150M
Radeon Xpress 1150
GeForce Go 6150
GeForce Go 6100
GeForce 7000M
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3600 *
Mobility Radeon 9200
Mobility FireGL 9000
GeForce FX Go 5200
Mobility Radeon 9000
GeForce 4 488 Go
GeForce 4 460 Go
GeForce 4 440 Go
GeForce 4 420 Go
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3150
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 950
SGX545 SGX544MP2 SGX543MP2 *
Mali-T720 MP2
Mali-T720
Adreno 302 304 305 306
Mobility Radeon 7500
Mobility FireGL 7800
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 900
Radeon Xpress 200M
Radeon Xpress 1100
Mirage 3+ 672MX
Mirage 3 671MX
Mali-400 MP4 *
GeForce ULP (Tegra 3) *
VideoCore-IV *
Adreno 220 225*
Vivante GC1000+ Dual-Core
Mali-400 MP2 *
GeForce ULP (Tegra 2) *
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 600 *
SGX540 *
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 500
Adreno 205 *
Adreno 203 *
GC800 *
SGX535
SGX531
SGX530
Adreno 200 *
Mali-200 *
GeForce 3 Go *
GeForce 2 Go 200 / 100
Mobility Radeon 9100 IGP
Mobility Radeon 9000 IGP
Mobility Radeon M7
Mobility Radeon M6
Chrome9 HC
Extreme Graphics 2
Mobility Radeon 7000 IGP
Radeon IGP 340M
Radeon IGP 320M
S3G UniChrome Pro II
S3G UniChrome Pro
Castle Rock
Mirage 2 M760
Mirage M661FX
S3 Graphics ProSavage8
Mobility 128 M3
SM502 *
&lt;/pre&gt;


Not supported on AROS 

*OpenGL4 GPU must have 64-bit floating point FP64 math support, which is a hard requirement for GL 4.0. The max last revision opengl 4.6 (2017) on [https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/AMDGPU AMDGPU] RX 5000's / 6000s ([https://forum.batocera.org/d/7491-enable-opengl-46-and-vulkan-for-an-old-radeon-video-card RDNA] might come to AROS) but Intel UHD, Iris Plus or Xe, Nvidia RTX (will not) 
*OpenGL3 last revision 3.3 (2011) 


Some support on AROS 

*OpenGL2 nvidia-nouveau, 
*OpenGL1 intel gma950, 


Kernel-space drivers like '''radeon''' (older AMD driver for older GPUs), '''amdgpu''' (newer driver for newer GPUs, allows using a few new features), i915, nouveau and a few others. They are what handles the gory details of talking to the GPU itself (writing to proper registers, handling its memory directly, configuring outputs, and so on). Unfortunately most of what they're exposing can be only consumed by a single user of that GPU, which is why we need...

DRM and DRI (Direct Rendering Manager/Infrastructure) controls access to the GPUs, provides interfaces for talking to the GPU concurrently by multiple apps at once (without them breaking each other) and lets the system perform the most basic tasks like setting proper resolution and such if no userspace apps understand how to talk to the GPU exposed. DRI and DRM expose the GPU interfaces mostly as-is, not in a &quot;vendor-neutral&quot; portable way - if you don't have an application developed specifically for a GPU you have, it won't work. 

&quot;let's create a vendor-neutral interface for graphics so that apps can ignore the GPU-specific bits and get right to the drawing!&quot; - which is what OpenGL is. User-space drivers implement the OpenGL specification and expose it as an OpenGL library to apps (like games, browsers, etc) instead of the GPU. Mesa is the most popular collection of open-source user-space drivers and contains a few user-space drivers for different GPU families: '''radeonsi''' for most modern AMD GPUs (and '''r600g''', r300g and others for older ones), '''i915/i965''' for old/new Intel GPUs and '''nouveau''' for Nvidia GPUs. 

There's also Gallium, which is a bunch of utilities and common code shared among these drivers - if certain things can be done once and work everywhere, they'll land in Gallium and benefit all the drivers. Most Mesa drivers use Gallium (radeonsi, nouveau, software renderers), some don't (intel after gma950). 

Displaying 2D windows supports device-specific 2D drivers as well, but nowadays most of these are no longer needed as the modesetting can handle most hardware on its own. As the DRM/DRI got some additional interfaces for what used to be hardware-specific (setting resolutions, refresh rates, etc) and software requiring accelerated 2D drawing was optimized OpenGL-based renderers, dedicated 2D acceleration is slowly going away. Since around 2012, the 3D part of the graphics card deals with 2D operations. 

Modern GPUs can also decode video!? There's VDPAU (NVIDIA &amp; AMD GPUs) and VA-API (AMD &amp; Intel GPUs) that can also talk to the GPU exposed via DRM/DRI and issue proper commands to decode/encode a given video stream. Those drivers are GPU-specific too. 


So let's say you have some example GPUs, here's how example stacks could look like:

* AMD Radeon HD8750: amdgpu -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (radeonsi)  
* AMD Radeon HD4850: radeon kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (r600g) -&gt; games/apps/etc.
* NVIDIA GeForce 460: nouveau kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (nouveau) -&gt; games/apps.
* Intel GMA950: i915 kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (i945) -&gt; games/apps.


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=30%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fudomi GC888A
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1080p 100in throw projector 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Vamvo VF320 (720P) 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 90in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Happrun H1 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1080p 90in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Umbolite Magcubic HIPPUS HY320 Mini 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 100in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zentality A10 Plus 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 110in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nexigo nova mini 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nebula mars 3 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epson lifestudio flex plus portable projector
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;dangbei freedo 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;benq gv50 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


Unless your computer uses a Firewire chipset manufactured by Texas Instruments, FireWire interfaces are likely to act buggy. 
AROS is unlikely to ever support FireWire. 


Bluetooth is similarly unlikely to be ever supported due to huge cost to be certified. 


No, x86 PCMCIA card.resource at the moment. Writing card.resource would be a similar amount of work to writing a typical driver. However, it might be complicated by having to support a variety of PCMCIA-controller chipsets like TI PCI1225, PCI1410, PCI1420, 1450, PCIxx12 and O2, etc. m68k card.resource does not really have many higher level functions, most functions are really simple or poke Gayle registers directly. only exception is CopyTuple(). Amiga card.resource has one significant flaw: it's single-unit. would need card.resource and pccard.library. There was talk in the past of designing a new API for PCMCIA because card.resource only supports one slot, but since most modern laptops only have one slot anyway, I think it might be worthwhile to implement card.resource as-is (at least as a first step). pccard.library would be trivial to port. So, a new API is needed.


&lt;pre&gt;
HDMI (licensing fee)

1.4  4K @ 30Hz
2.0  4K @ 60Hz
2.1  48Gbs for 4K @ 120Hz, 8K @ , VRR, etc 
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
DisplayPort (VESA introduced) 

1.4  4K @ 60Hz
2.1  96Gbs for 4K @ 240Hz, 8K @ 120Hz. MST daisy chain multiple monitors, 
&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="219219" sha1="g9jp2ycsg9e4iwwm1sue5scprd8r5le" xml:space="preserve">Google translation into [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=nl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Hindi], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Chinese Simplified], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Polish], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Russian], 

{{ArosNav}}


[[#Audio Chipsets]]

[[#Graphic GFX Chipsets]]

[[#Future]]


==x86 Native Environment==


AROS should run on almost any i386 PC hardware so long as the CPU is newer than an i486, and has a &quot;Floating Point Unit (FPU)&quot;. Ideally around 700Mhz and above with at least 256MB of memory is recommended for desktops and around 1GHz and at least 256MB for laptops/notebooks/netbooks. For web browsing, etc above 1GB is usually needed and offers the option to run web browsers, media players and other hard disk heavy usage from RAM: disk. 


Motherboards supported 
* Most Intel mobos are supported (Skt 775 is ok but newer is better) - additional pci / pci-e cards may be needed for networking, audio, etc 
* AMD based socket 939 am2 am2+ am3+, fusion and am4 ryzen based systems work but additional pci / pci-e cards may be needed 


Supported graphics cards (gfx) 
* Nvidia 2D and 3D 2005-2017. 
64bit AROS Nouveau covers '''2D''' 8xxxgs and higher to GTX 900s and '''3D''' from . 
32bit AROS supports '''2D''' from TNT through to fermi gtx5xx and  '''3D''' acceleration fx5xxx to gtx4xx. 
* Intel GMA 2D and 3D 2006-2009. 
'''2D''' for many old netbooks and motherboards. '''3D''' for many early netbooks and motherboards 
* AMD/ATI 2D only and '''no 3D'''. 1999-2005. 
Desktop ie external monitor support only (no laptop internal support) for very early Radeon 7000 through to x600. Experimental 2D version for up to HD3xxx came later 
* VESA 2D fallback modes for all graphic cards (GPUs) and with [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKCHZFYj9Kk screen dragging]. 

 It's worth noting however that support isn't guaranteed. Nor will potential power of a card reflect its performance under AROS. 


Sound wise there are 

* HDaudio support for onboard intel and AMD netbooks, ultrabooks, notebooks and motherboards (2005 to 2020) 
* some AC97 codec support for very old motherboards and laptops (ie pre 2004) 


* PCI and some PCI-E C-Media CMI8738 for desktop plugin cards 
* PCI Creative Soundblaster EMU10K1 cards [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2512 SBLive] 
* PCI semi professional some early VIA Envy24 desktop sound cards 
* PCI Sound Blaster 128 aka SB16 


Supported [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_Network_support network] which could be desktop, laptop, etc 
* PCI-E Realtek rtl8169 which also includes the rtl8111 and rtl8110 
* PCI Realtek rtl8139 and includes rtl8101 and rtl8100
* PCI intel pro100
* Broadcom 44xx 10/100 integrated in laptops around 2005 
* VIA 10/100 
* 3com Etherlink 10/100 
* Realtek rtl8029 10mbit 


Wireless wifi 
* atheros 5000 wireless 
*realtek 8187 usb 


It is very hard to recommend a completely supported motherboard because as soon as newer motherboards arrive so their features change subtly, often introducing non supported parts like ethernet and audio. It is a moving target. 

* mini-itx motherboard will only get you 1 pci or pci-e slot
* micro mATX or uATX will have more, typically 2 pci-e or pci slots which helps if any onboard features are not supported. 
* full atx will have more slots available 

'''N.B''' It is frustrating when a piece of hardware is not supported. Hardware documentation can run to over 100 pages and a lot of hardware do not have any public documentation anyway. Chips from different manufacturers for sound, graphics, SATA, etc. vary just as much, unless they follow a standard such as [https://github.com/acidanthera/AppleALC/wiki/Supported-codecs HDAudio codecs], AHCI etc. 

Coding drivers is a far cry from Hello World programs or even a port of existing software. If you do actually want to try then get a hold of documentation on the relevant hardware and start there. Alternatively you could try to find some '''BSD''', MIT or MPL licence drivers as a point of reference. Please , do not think you can just adapt strings in a driver for different strings, it does not work that way. You will '''need''' to start from scratch for each new bit of hardware. Device driver programming require '''embedded''' skills, like manipulation of bits within registers, good debugging skills, dealing with interrupts, lots of patience, etc. 


The following specific chipsets and drivers are also available - use Tools/PCITool to confirm Vendor and Product IDs - Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, to this General Chat list on [https://arosworld.org/ AROS World]


: Brief Timeline

: 2000-12-06 HIDD  first mouse.hidd completed ([http://msaros.blogspot.com/ Michal Schulz])
: 2001-03-31 BOOT  first boot from floppy disk with IDE device 
: 2001-10-30 BOOT  first cd bootable version
: 2002-01-27 HIDD  first pci.hidd added (Michal Schulz)
: 2002-04-13 BOOT  software HDToolBox added ()
: 2003-04-03 HIDD  vesa2.hidd graphic modes added ()
: 2004-03-08 HIDD  new pci and ata (pata) devices worked on (Michal Schulz)
: 2004-03-17 HIDD  nVidia 2D driver appears (Michal Schulz)
: 2005-01-05 AHI   AHI v6 audio system ported (Martin Blom)
: 2005-01-06 AHI   SBLive SoundBlaster Live driver ported (Georg Steger)
: 2005-02-04 AHI   AC97 playback only driver added (Michal Schulz) 
: 2005-06-27 NIC   amiTCP stack ported with 3com, NE2000, prism2 drivers (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2005-08-25 NIC   nForce2 support added (Michal Schulz)
: 2005-12-24 NIC   Intel Pro100 network driver added (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2006-03-25 HIDD  ATI radeon 2D driver added (Michal Schulz)
: 2007-03-06 HIDD  vesa 1.0 video driver added (Pavel Fedin) 
: 2007-03-08 HIDD  dospackets and FAT filesystem (Rob Norris) 
: 2007-03-21 HIDD  usb initial commit (Michal Schulz)


: 2007-10-01 BOOT  Installer added (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2007-11-29 PORT  64bit x86 added  (Michal Schulz) 
: 2008-04-12 BOOT  GRUB2 added (Alain Greppin and Nick Andrews)
: 2008-08-26 NIC   RTL8139 added ([http://kalamatee.blogspot.com/ Nick Andrews]) 
: 2008-10-22 PORT  to SAM440ep (ppc) (Michal Schulz)
: 2009-02-25 PORT  to efika (ppc) (Michal Schulz) 
: 2009-05-18 HIDD  poseidon usb2.0 stack ported to AROS (Chris Hodges) 
: 2009-11-18 NIC   RTL8169 network driver arrived (Nick Andrews and [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/franck.charlet/oldnews.html Franck Charlet])
: 2009-12-23 AHI   HDAudio based Atom CPU and netbook audio driver arrived (Davy Wentzler)
: 2010-03-09 BOOT  USB pendrive stick booting available (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2010-05-26 HIDD  Intel GMA900 2D graphics card support (Michal Schulz)
: 2010-09-03 NIC   Wireless PCI based NIC arrived (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2011-04-30 HIDD  Nvidia 2D and 3D nouveau graphics card support (Deadwood) 
: 2011-08-30 HIDD  Radeon 2D enhanced AMD driver arrives (Bearsoft)
: 2011-09-17 NIC   Wireless USB realtek arrives (Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2011-12-09 HIDD  Intel 945G 3D Gallium graphics support (Sami) 


: 2013-02-25 AHI   AC97 VIA 686 audio support (Davy Wentzler and Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2013-03-31 PORT  early Raspberry PI native support (Nik Andrews) 
: 2014-01-16 AHI   Envy24 audio chipset support (Davy Wentzler and Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2017-02-17 PORT  Symmetric MultiProcessing smp added for x86 64bit (Michal Schulz)
: 2018-10-20 PORT  Big Endian ARM 
: 2021-11-26 NIC   Broadcom 44xx ethernet (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2023-01-12 NIC   Nvidia MCP61 ethernet (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2025-11    HIDD  xHCI USB3 and isoc (Nik Andrews)


[[#top|...to the top]]


===Audio Chipsets===

'''If sound beeps in AHI prefs after Music set then some support is there. Select more than one channel for multiple audio streams, set frequency up to 44 kHz or higher and set the volume if not already set. Ensure you set the music unit 0 to 3 which allows the extra features of the audio card like microphone, line-out, etc).''' 


====1996-2000 sb128.audio aka SB16 PCI====

*2021 5.27 

as per CREATIVE's website, the model number is the first two digits on the front and first two digits on the back. my card says CT4810 and 161TK110B 995; this translates to CT4816 as the model. 

The original AudioPCI 3000 card with the ES1370 had a master clock crystal for 44.1 kHz (22.5792 MHz), used an AKM codec (AK4531, non-AC97) and had 4 channel output; Creative later modified the design with a crystal for 48 kHz (24.576 MHz) and Sigmatel AC97 codec (a CT4700 SB128 with a CT5507 chip, AK4531, 22.5792 MHz crystal and TDA7360 speaker power amp). The issue with these cards involved never quite eliminate the effects of resampling on the 64V, it also shows signs of undersized coupling caps. These Ensoniq cards automatically engaged headphone amplifier (with a 4565 opamp). 

Porting involved [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/b60abd12967144a844980c422ea9e99c056eabca 40897], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/b7d6511fca6430a63fbaaa390b4f51bf0203a460 40898 configure], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/f51034cd22759a4ec3a2547bddb3a7169d956eaa 40900 bugs], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/4f43fc38e3489ea45d12b7b5ba6fff50b69c5746 40901 further bugs], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/d23c78aec75f049484b6916d27b6804ce858bb2c 40913 memory IO fixes], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/d256860fe3035016952e88d143c6f2611997f2f3 40914 irq fix]. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Ensoniq AudioPCI 1000 
| 0x1274
| 0x5000
|
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  es1370 (u?)   AK4531 (u?)
|-
| Ensoniq AudioPCI
| 0x1274
| 0x5000
| 0x00
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
|
|-
| CT4700  Sound Blaster PCI 64 (audioPCI 3000) 
| 0x1274 
| 0x5000
| 0x7c
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works -  opamp JRC4565(u?)  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensoniq_ES1370 es1370] (u?) 
|-
| CT4750 Sound Blaster 64/PCI 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - 4565-1056W (u1)  stac9708t(u2)  [http://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=6&amp;t=916891 ct5880-dcq] (u3)  24wc012 (u4) 
|-
| CT4751 (SB128PCI) 
| 0x1274
| 0x8001
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Blaster#Ensoniq_AudioPCI-based_cards es1371] (u?) 
|-
| CT4810 Creative AudioPCI64V
| 0x1274 
| 0x1371 
| 0x06
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| CT4811 (SB Vibra 128) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4812 (Vibra 128) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4813 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4815 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4816 es1373 (vibra 128)
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested but this card has creative's ES1373 as the main chip(U1). it is also different from the other CT4810 (vibra128) in that it does not have a second chip in U2 position. Also there is only one jumper JP1 (2X3). 
|-
| CT5801 HP 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - es1373 (u3)
|-
| CT5803 Gateway 
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x08
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works  4565-0005b jrc (u1)    4297a-jq ztae0c0002  (u2)    es1373 (u3) 
|-
| CT4740
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x08
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| 
|-
| CT5805 Compaq OEM Premier Sound Presario 7  
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - es1373 (u3)
|-
| CT5806  (Sound Blaster AudioPCI 128D)
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - 4297A-JO EP (u?)  ZTAPWC9933 (u2)   es1373 (u3) 
|-
| CT5807 Dell OEM Dimension 8100 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  es1373 (u?) 
|-
| CT5808
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4730 Sound Blaster AudioPCI 64V Ectiva EV1938
| 0x1102
| 0x8938
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT5880 on various motherboards 
| 0x1274 
| 0x5880 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested [http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/mainboards/display/ga-6rx.html Gigabyte GA-6RX] (VIA ApolloPro 266 2001], Gigabyte GA-6VM7-4E mobo, [http://active-hardware.com/english/reviews/mainboard/ga-7vtx.htm Gigabyte GA-7VTX] (KT266 2001), Gigabyte [http://www.amdboard.com/gigabytega7vtxh.html GA-7VTXH] (KT266A 2001), [http://www.amdboard.com/gigabytega7vrxp.html Gigabyte 7VRXP] mobo (KT333 2002), MSI MS-6309, MS-6318, MS-6337 (815E Pro), MS-6339 (850Pro) and MS-6340, PCChips Motherboard M571 TXPRO, Soltek SL-65ME+, 
|-
| VMware Virtual Workstation(TM) 
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x02
| {{Yes|but not Hi-Fi modes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;pre&gt;
Revision 0x04 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_A  
Revision 0x06 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_B  

Revision 0x07 = ES1371 REV_CT5880_A  
Revision 0x02 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_C  
Revision 0x03 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_D  
Revision 0x04 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_E  

Revision 0x09 = ES1371 REV_ES1371_B  
Revision 0x00 = EV1938 REV_EV1938_A  
Revision 0x08 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_8  
&lt;/pre&gt;


====1999-2001 via-ac97.audio====

*2021 5.10 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;694X with 686A KT133 PM133 or 693A with VT8231 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3058
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} redirects earphones correctly 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;audio controller works but depends on the underlying invisible codec used see AC97 section 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;686B KT133A with VT8231 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3058
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x50
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|}} reroutes ear pieces right 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;audio controller works but depends on the underlying codec used see AC97 section below 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;686C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM266 or KT266 with VT8233, KT266A with VT8233A, VT8233C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM333 KT333 with VT8235 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x30
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM400 KT400 with VT8237, KT600 with VT8237R, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x40 0x50 0x60 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====1998-2003 emu10kx.audio - Creative Labs SoundBlaster Live! and Audigy====

*2021 6.5

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| PCI512 CT4790 (emu10k1)
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested (1st Gen)
|-
| Live CT4620 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested             
|-
| Live CT4760 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 0x07
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| playback works
|-
| Live Value CT4670 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| works plays stereo (2nd Gen)
|-
| Live Value DELL CT4780 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x06
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| plays/records stereo - untested 4.1mode
|-
| Live Value Compaq CT4830 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| not working 
|-
| Live Value CT4831 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Live Value CT4832 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x07
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{partial|Line-In only}}
| works
|-
| Live Value CT4832 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x08
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works
|-
| Live Value HP CT4870 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| Works
|-
| Live Value Gateway CT4871 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Live! Platinum 5.1 SB0060 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| plays audio/records, untested 5.1 (3rd Gen)
|-
| Live 5.1 SB0100 -SFF
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| Live 5.1 Player SB0220 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 0x0a
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| plays audio/records stereo, untested 5.1
|-
| Live 5.1 Digital SB0228 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 0x0a
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| working 
|-
| Audigy SB0090 (emu10k2)
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audigy SB0230 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1102
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0004
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x03
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|Mic only}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;5th Dec 2012 - untested optical tos link. contains also IEEE1394/Firewire (untested)
|-
| Audigy 2 Platinum 6.1 SB0240 SB0250 EMU10K2.5
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
| 0x04
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| Audigy 2 PRO SB0280 EMU10K2.5
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Audigy 2 ZS SB0350 
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
| 0x04
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| Live 5.1 DELL SB0200 SB0203 emu10kx
| 0x1102 
| 0x0006 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| 
|-
| Live 24bit SB0410 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Live 24bit DELL SB0413 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy LS SB0310 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver 
|-
| Audigy SE 7.1 SB0570
| 0x1102
| 0x0007
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver 
|-
| Audigy 2 ZS SB0320 SB0360 (PRO)
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 2 VALUE SB0400
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 4 VALUE SB0610
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 4 PRO SB0380
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| EMU E-MU 0404 PCI (not USB) EM8852 
| 0x1102 
| 0x000
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver but linux support needs firmware 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

the green jack is for the main speaker pair AND headphones, so manual switching will be required 
If your card is wired for the &quot;AC97&quot; standard, then it's up to your headphone jack to switch the green speaker output in and out 
the headphone jack has Normally-closed contacts that will open on insertion, which breaks the signal path back to the sound card (FP_RETURN) 


====2000-2010 cmi8738.audio - C-Media====

*2021 5.20 

;Read [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2512 more] and imported on [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/aff741d60160c6a9d7d39c9e004a25ea3aa13847 20th July 2011] and [http://alsa.opensrc.org/Cmipci alsa docs]. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Audiotrak MAYA EX5 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| cmi8738-sx 4ch 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested
|-
| e3dx hsp56 CMedia 8738-sx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EDio SC3000D 6ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Genius SoundMaker Value PCI C3DX 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Guillemot Maxi Sound Muse
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Hercules Gamesurround Muse LT
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{no}}
| 
|-
| Hercules Gamesurround Muse XL LT 5.1
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Inno audio extreme 5.1 cmi8738/lx pci 6ch 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| M-Audio (Midiman) DiO 2448
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Sabrent SBT-SP6C 6ch
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| StarTech PCISOUND4CH 8738sx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Sweex SC012 CMI8738-lx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Terratec 5.1 PCI 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Fun 5.1
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| Has SPDIF
|-
| Trust Sound Expert Digital Surround 5.1 (cm8738-mx 6ch) 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Turtle Beach Riviera CMI8738-MX 6ch
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| XSonic CMI 8738 6ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMI8738 6ch PCI-E PCI Express version 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x13f6
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0111
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Chinese based card with playback tested so far 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====2001-2005 ac97.audio====

*6.4 27-12-2008 


The AC97 chips were designed to be pinout interchangeable so that the sound support could change easily and quickly without motherboard redesigns 

the green jack is for the main speaker pair AND headphones, so manual switching will be required 
If your card is wired for the &quot;AC97&quot; standard, then it's up to your headphone jack to switch the green speaker output in and out, the headphone jack has Normally-closed contacts that will open on insertion, which breaks the signal path back to the sound card (FP_RETURN) 

The ProductID and VendorID are for the audio controller only - the important additional codec is '''NOT''' so easily identified. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avance Logic (now Realtek) ALC100 and ALC101 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC200 and ALC201 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC201A and ALC202  and ALC202A codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC650 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;most Nforce2 boards plays audio only - Abit NF7, Asus A7N8X, MSI K7N2, Epox 8RDA+, DFI 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC850 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support for via P4P800 chipset on ASUS A8V-E SE Deluxe mobo - ICaros 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Realtek ALC653 codec and ALC655 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested Acorp 7NFU400 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Realtek ALC658 codec ALC658D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8080
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x24c5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Prefs Music and Units 0-3 set volume control - playback}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;MSI Motherboard on NB 22-09-2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881 SoundMAX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Analog Devices first AC97 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with VIA Controller - untested Intel etc 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881B 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1885 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Playback only with issues on D845HV but not working on MS-6367 because Units 0-3 have masked volume control 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1886 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1887 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ADI AD1888 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Icaros 1.51
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1980 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1981A codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested IBM X30 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Analog Devices SoundMax(TM) AD1981B codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;plays back only on IBM T41 Thinkpad 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1985 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not working ahi prefs freezes on D865GLC mobo ([http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/multimedia/display/int-sound2_3.html ] 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1986 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/Boards/Motherboards/Fujitsu/D1931/D1931.htm D1931] but works (Acer Aspire 3610 laptop) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Crystal Semiconductors CS4205, CS4202 codecs 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CrystalWare 4236 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CrystalClear SoundFusion CS4297 CS4299 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested IBM T23
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;conexant Cx20468-31 codec (id 30)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x103c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3085 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|AC97 appears in AHI Prefs}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Tested AspireOS 1.8 on Gateway W322 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESS Technology ES1921 AC'97 2.1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMI 6501 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested on ASROCK SKT-AM2 AM2NF3-VSTA
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec CMI9738
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec CMI9739
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI 9739A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; untested on EPoX 8RDA3+ 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMedia CMI 9761A codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested ASRocK K7NF2-RAID 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI9880
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;National Semi conductor (now TI) LM4540, LM4543, LM4545, LM4546, LM4548, LM4549, LM4550 LM4560 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;STAC9708T codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SigmaTel (now IDT) C-Major STAC 9460 (D/A only), 9461, 9462, 9463, 9200, 9202, 9250, 9251, 9220, 9221, 9223, 9750 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AKM (Asahi Kasei Microsystems) AK 4540, 4543, 4544A, 4545 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec VT1616 (VIA Six-TRAC Vinyl Audio)  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VIA VT1612, VT82C686
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1968 maestro-2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1968
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1978 maestro2e
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1978
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1988 maestro3 allegro-1 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1988
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x12
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha AC97 ymf-743 YMF752 YMF753 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested ymf-753 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;YMF724 YMF744 YMF-754 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| SIS 7018 / Trident 4dwave DX/NX / ALi 5451
| 0x1039 (0x1023 Trident) 
| 0x7018 (0x2000 Trident DX) (0x2001 Trident NX)
| 0x02
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| no support - introduced early 2000s
|-
| SIS 7012 
| 0x1039
| 0x7012
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| working through 1 speaker only took over from SIS7018 (2002 onwards) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson (now Cirrus Logic) WM9701, WM9701A (AC'97 1.03 spec), WM9703, WM9704 (AC'97 2.1), WM9705, WM9706, WM9707, WM9708 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;WM9709, WM9710, WM9711, WM9712, WM971 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;first Microsoft(TM) Xbox DAC sound chip (AC Link compliant D/A converter) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson WM9717 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| Parallels 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| VirtualBox
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| working
|-
| VirtualPC
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel 82801AA Proxmox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====2005-20xx HDAUDIO.audio====

*6.36 2025 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/43b33a9280b10963ca659de2cc3d1cf289b43a87 reset handler] 
*6.35 202  [] 
*6.34 2019 AROS One 1.5 upwards 
*6.29 2018 
*6.27 2017 update
*6.25 2014 used for most Icaros 2.x 
*6.20 July 2012 
*6.17 Nov 2011 
*6.15 Jun 2011
*[http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=109 6.13] Sep 2010


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC260 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC262 
* ALC262-VD2-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;LQFP-48 
|-
| ALC268 codec
| 0x 
| 0x
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 Acer AOA110 and AOA150 netbooks), works (Dell Mini Inspiron 9 and 10v, }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 remove QUERY and select 'Mic 1' as input. Tested with 6.15 as well using QuickRecord and AE 4.0.23 under Icaros 1.4.}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;AHI UNITS and Music are set to: hdaudio:HiFi 16 bit stereo++ / Frequency 48000 Hz, Volume +0.0 dB. The hdaudio.config in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive is WITHOUT the QUERY-line. After changing and saving the config-file turn off and start again the computer. Switch from internal loudspeaker to headphone you must turn off the music before plug in the headphone-cable, otherwise there is no output on the socket. Back from line-out to internal speakers it is the same. 
|-
| [http://blog.foool.net/wp-content/uploads/linuxdocs/sound.pdf Linux docs ALC269] 
* ALC269Q-GR
* ALC269QSRS-GR
* ALC269W-GR 
| 0x 
| 0x
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;TQFP 48 pin Power IC Chip From [https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/alsa-devel/patch/1408118123-15849-1-git-send-email-tiwai@suse.de/ ALC269 &amp; co have many vendor-specific setups with COEF verbs, result in the codec stalling] 
|-
| [http://www.alsa-project.org/db/?f=0321f8479fd670cd510f9912b1120fe7edcf2e07 ALC269VB] 
* ALC269Q-VB5-GR 
* ALC269Q-VB6-CG 
* ALC269Q-VB6-GR 
| 0x10ec
| 0x0269
| 0x100004, 0x100100, 0x100202
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some versions work}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* v1 works Asus eee PC netbook 901/1000HA 1005HA/1008HA, 1001P, 
* v2 maybe working Lenovo S9 S10 S10-2 S10-3 under HDAudio version 6.13
* v3 maybe dell wyse 7010 
|-
| [http://alsa-project.org/db/?f=9c1746c5957b0ce72ff9cfffa312e97d14baf785 ALC269VC aka ALC3202]
* ALC269Q-VC2-GR
* ALC269Q-VC3-GR
| 0x10ec
| 0x0269
| 0x100203, 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some versions work}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;SMT SMD QFN-48 - 
* v1 unknown
* v2 unknown
* v3 x230, dell wyse, 
|-
| ALC272 
* ALC272-VA4-GR
| 0x10ec
| 0x0272
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* works Acer AOD150 and Acer AOD250 works [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=33755&amp;forum=28#616910 Samsung NP-NC10], works Samsung NF210-A02] netbooks, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC273 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC270 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC282 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;needs retest 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC660 ALC660-VD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* works asus F9s, F9e 
* untested asus w7j, M51SN, A6Tc, A8Sr, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC661-GR (2011) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| ALC662 
| 0x1043
| 0x82a1
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 if QUERY added to top of hdaudio.config}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17 not working for eee pc 900}}
| 
* works Asus eee PC netbook 700/701/900, Atom 270 and 330 mobos, odd clicks (D410 NM10 PineTrail), 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://outpost.fr/rmaa/ALC663.htm ALC663]  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0861
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|Version 6.13}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not bad output like headphone amp part of the codec actually works well but messed up by undersized coupling capacitors to actually support such a low impedance 
* not working Asus n50vn x71vn, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC665 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC666 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC667
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC668 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC670 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC880 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;some 915 and 925 chipset mobos 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC882M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Realtek ALC883 ALC883-GR ALC883D-GR ALC883DTS-GR ALC883DD-GR codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some early versions work }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2005 to 2007 HD Audio codec untested (Asus ), 
|-
| Codec ALC885 
| 0x10ec
| 0x0885
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC888 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC888s
* ALC888S-VD2-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} MSI Wind U90/U100, 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| LQFP-48 
|-
| ALC888b
| 0x8086
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested (D510 NM10 Dual Core PineTrail mobo),  
|-
| ALC888-VD
| 0x8086
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested 
|-
| ALC889A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|works if QUERY added to the top of hdaudio.config in Prefs drawer/directory}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC889 Gr
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} with crackles 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC889 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Tested with MSI H55 board 
|-
| ALC887 ALC887-GR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* working on ASUS P5KPL/EPU and Gigabyte GA-E350N-Win8 Rev1.0 
|-
| ALC887-VD-CG
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0887
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x100302
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}} Subsystem Id: 0x1458a002 
| 
|-
| ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0887 0x1458
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}} index = 2 
| ALC887 does not have any volume control ability on the mixer NIDs, so put the volume controls on the dac NIDs instead 
* working with intermittent corrupting pop popping skipping stuttering sound issues MSI 760GM-P23 (FX), 
* not working Gigabyte H61MA-D3V, AT3IONT-I Deluxe, 
|-
| ALC887-VD2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 3jacks 
|-
| ALC887-VD2-GR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC887-
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC892-CG rev
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2011 48-pin LQFP Green package - 
|-
| ALC892 ALC892-DTS-CG rev 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 2009 introduced 
* works 
* not working 
* untested 
|-
| ALC892 rev 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0892
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x100302
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2014 
|-
| Realtek ALC886-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| LQFP-48 
|-
| Codec ALC861 ALC861-VD 
| 0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0663
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
* not working Toshiba Tecra A7 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC1200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| ALC898 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| not working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC1500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3232 (aka ALC292) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0292
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3234 aka ALC255 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0255 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;003
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3287 aka ALC257
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1882 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1883 HD Codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1884 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Analog Devices SoundMAX AD1981 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| IBM Thinkpad T60, 
|-
| AD1984 hp-m4 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* audio not working on Lenovo X61, Thinkpad T61, 
|-
| AD1986 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
|-
| AD1988
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1988A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CS4207
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CS4208 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20549 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|very very very low volume}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested Fujitsu Amilo SI 1510 1520 no datasheet for the general public 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20549-12Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested HP 530 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20561 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working lenovo x200s
* untested Lenovo Essential G555 Notebook, HP Pavilion dv6700, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20582 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX2059x CX20590 CX20594-21Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20585 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working Lenovo Thinkpad T410, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20672 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20671 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20751-21Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX11852 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX11880 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant after 2015 up to 2018 CX7501 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver codec}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no|no driver codec}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Conexant bought by synaptics 2019 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI9880 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Gigabyte GA-8GPNXP
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Silicon Labs 3054 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| VIA 1708A
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested, 
|-
| VIA VT1708B
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| 0x0010
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|VIA PicoITX}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| VIA 1708S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}  
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VT2021 10ch
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Gigabyte Z77MX-D3H, GA-H61M-S2H‎ S2P, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative CA0110-IBG
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SigmaTel STAC 9220 9221 9223 8ch (7+1) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ECS 945GCT/M-1333 (version 3.0), 
|-
| IDT SigmaTec [http://explorer.cekli.com/articles/pdf/hd-audio STAC9227] /28/29/30 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8384
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7626
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* works HP Compaq mini 110
* untested HP Pavilion HDX9000 CTO Notebook, Intel DG33TL mobo, Dell E520, Intel DP35DP mobo, Dell E6410 Laptop, 
|-
| IDT (formerly SigmaTel) IDC STAC 9271/71D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8384
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7626
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC STAC 9272 9273 9274 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Intel D5400XS, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDT 92HD73C
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;headphones only Asus AT4NM10 mobo 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDT 92HD75B
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x111d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7608
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working [http://koti.kapsi.fi/jvaltane/aros/hdaudio/ HP Compaq Mini 700 Netbook - feedback required]
* untested HP Mini 5103 and 5102, HP Compaq 610, HP ProBook Laptop 4520s 4525s 6450b 6550b 6555b, HP EliteBook 2540p 2740p 8440p, Mobile Workstation 8540w 8740w, Pavilion NoteBook DV8, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 92HD81XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 92HD83XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC STAC 92HD89XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson (now Cirrus Logic) WM8850 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson WM8860 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Intel High Definition Audio Revision 1.0. - 4-Channel DAC, 4-channel ADC. - DAC sampling 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


Using Prefs/AHI ensure you set the music unit and at least Units 0 (where most audio comes from) in top left drop down menu to HDaudio - HIFI in the section below. Set Units 1 or 2 to microphone or other outputs. Plus allow more than one channel for multiple audio streams and set frequency up to 44 kHz or higher on the right hand side of the ahi prefs. If sound beeps when you press the test button then all should be OK. 

 Output &lt;- Codec &lt;- Audio Controller (HDA) &lt;-&gt; Computer 

codecs and exact hardware identifier. As mentioned above, HDA is only part of the work here, it gets the audio out of the main chipset in digital format (on a bus called I2S). This is not enough, there is another step needed which is routing that I2S signal to the output, converting it to actual audio, amplifying it, etc. This is handled by a separate chip called a &quot;codec&quot;. Sometimes it is initialized by the BIOS, but this is not always the case. 

Most audio drivers are made up of two parts a [http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt Controller + a Codec]. The ProductID and VendorID are for the audio controller only - the important additional codec is '''NOT''' so easily identified. 

 Some newer versions of codecs are missing at the moment. 


Things to try if sound not working 

* try to connect something to the audio jack, maybe it is not playing on internal speakers or vice versa 
* make sure you try and select all music units e.g. unit0, unit1.... 
* even if PCI ID's are in Prefs/Env-Archive/HDaudio.config, this doesn't mean it is working, it is the codec that matters 
* it might be internally muted 


&lt;pre&gt;
add debug=memory to grub boot line - continue booting with F10 
Open a shell 
Tools/Debug/Bifteck &gt; RAM:audio.txt
&lt;/pre&gt;

or 

&lt;pre&gt;
Open a shell 
Tools/Debug/Sashimi &gt; RAM:audio.txt
Run ahi prefs
Click test tone button 
Stop sashimi with Ctrl-C 
&lt;/pre&gt;

If the boot sound is enabled, you have to use Bifteck to capture AHI debug output. In the GRUB menu, press E on your selected entry, then add &quot;debug=memory&quot; to the options (alongside ATA=, vesa= etc.). Then F10 or Ctrl-X to boot. Once booted, run Tools/Debug/Bifteck again. 

or 

* try adding QUERYD to the start of ENVARC:hdaudio.config file (also known as Prefs/Env-Archive/) ie. on the first line 
* '''OR''' try removing QUERY and QUERYD from the start of the hdaudio.config file 
* Reboot
* open a shell
* type: sys:tools/debug/sashimi &gt; ram:debug.txt
* open ahi prefs
* select one of the audio modes - HIFI or otherwise 
* press the 'test sound' button
* press ctrl-c in the shell
* post the results to Aros-World


The HD Audio standard was designed to be hardware pinout interchangeable so that the sound support could change easily and quickly. HDA is a standard around particular chips. Each kind of chip has a certain number of DACs and pins, and even the same chip could be hooked up in different ways on different motherboards. The chips are programmable and the operating system can adjust how things are routed. Some pins aren’t even hooked up, so it makes no sense to route sound to them. Also some pins have sensors that can tell when something is plugged in, so that for example the speakers in a laptop can be muted when headphones are plugged in. Pins are also grouped, so for example all the outputs for a 5.1 sound system are grouped. Generally the HDA driver in the operating system is supposed to read the pin set up and figure out a reasonable way to set things up, and disconnected pins should be ignored, etc. 

HDAudio standard has headphones on a separate DAC, and it's up to the driver.. it can even send different audio to the headphones without interrupting the main (green) outputs 


====Envy24 series ====

A little history. VIA bought the ICE created Envy chipsets [http://www.via.com.tw/en/products/audio/controllers/comparison_controller.jsp VT1712] first. A few years later, they created several cheaper variants VT1724 (mixer missing), VT1721 (low end cut down), VT1720 (embedded on motherboard) and lastly the VT1723 (no support apart from Windows Envy24DT like SYBA SD-PEX63034). 

There are PCI Express versions appearing. 

The Envy24 is the base product that was originally designed by ICEnsemble, and it supports multi-channel hardware mixing, which is great for professional use. The HT version removes the hardware mixer (unimportant for non-professional uses). The [http://www.avsforum.com/t/364771/envy24ht-s-the-definitive-source HT-S] version is almost exactly the same as the HT, it just uses cheaper DACs. The PT version is exactly the same as the HT-S version, it is just the edition used for on-board audio on motherboards.

N.B. [http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec04/articles/pcnotes.htm PCI slot identification] and [http://hsi.web.cern.ch/HSI/s-link/devices/s32pci64/slottypes.html 3.3v PCI]. 


=====[http://www.opensound.com/readme/README.Envy24.html envy24.audio] - [http://www.anime.net/~goemon/alsa/ VT1712] =====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Playback
! Recording
! Comments
|-
| M-Audio Delta 66 - Rev B 1999 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested AK4524VF CS8404A-CS - needs Delta Series break out box with D-sub lead - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles/maudioaudiophile/index.html Audiophile 2496] Rev A 2000
| 0x14
| 0x
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk| }}
| works audio out on   - I2S stereo codec AKM AK4528VF with the 24bit/96kHz DAC and ADC; CS8427 digital transceiver 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles/maudioaudiophile/index.html Audiophile 2496] Rev B 2003
| 0x14
| 0x
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| works well - I2S stereo codec AKM AK4528VF with the 24bit/96kHz DAC and ADC; CS8427 digital transceiver 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 410 - 2001  2001 REV-B 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested  for D-A AK4529VQ converters with CS8427-CS 5532 1158B  or Event Echo Gina 20-Bit Multitrack Interface Breakout Box - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 1010 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested  AK5383 and AK4393 - 25 pin dsub - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 1010LT 1010E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested for D-A AK4529 converters with 2 XLR Microphone inputs with pre amps 
* be aware of redesign in 2007 - possible issues 
|-
| M Audio Delta 44 - Rev A 2002 - Rev B 2003 - Rev D 2003 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested ICE1712G AK4524VF needs breakout box with 15 pin D-sub lead - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 66 Rev E 2006 - Omni Studio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested needs break out box with 15 pin D-sub lead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Delta DiO 2496
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Terratec EWX24/96
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/terratecdmx6fire/index.html TerraTec 6fire DMX 24/96] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1412
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1712
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x02
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|tried line 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| untested  - AKM  and codec
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec EWSA88MT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| [http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-multimedia/2007-March/006087.html Audiotrak Prodigy HD2] 24/96
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Maya 1010 1010L
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EMU 1212M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EMU 1616M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec EWS 88MT EWS 88D
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hoontech Soundtrack DSP 24
    Soundtrack DSP 24 Value
    Soundtrack DSP 24 Media 7.1
    Event Electronics EZ8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digigram VX442
    Lionstracs
    Mediastation
    Terrasoniq TS 88
    Roland/Edirol DA-2496
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


=====envy24ht.audio - VIA VT1724=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ESI Juli@
| 0x3031
| 0x4553
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes}}
| reported working years ago [http://envy24.svobodno.com/ Envy24HT-S] - AKM 4358 DAC - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| ESI Juli@ Ego Igo rev K 
| 0x3031
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| AK4358? DAC - AK4114 AK4112 DIT 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/multimedia/m-audio-revolution51.html M-Audio Revolution 5.1] 
| 0x1412
| 0x3631
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| reported working years ago but discontinued - (Envy24GT) - 3ch AKM 4358 DAC - ADC AKM 5365 - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/m-audio-revolution71/index.html M-Audio Revolution 7.1] 24/192
| 0x1412
| 0x3630 0x1724 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| not working - illegal semaphore - 6ch ADC AKM AK4355 24-bit 192 kHz - 2ch DAC AKM AK4381 24-bit 192 kHz - ADC AKM AK5380 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Sky 5.1
| 0x153b
| 0x1147
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - discontinued 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/terratec-aureon71/index.html Terratec Aureon Space 7.1] 
| 0x153b
| 0x1145
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Wolfson WM8770 DAC, AC'97 codec SigmaTel STAC9744 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Universe 7.1
| 0x153b
| 0x1153 (rev x) 0x1724 (rev3)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| not working - semaphore error on rev 3 -  DAC    ADC  
|-
| Terratec Phase 22
| 0x153b
| 0x1150
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Envy24HT-S - AK4524
|-
| Terratec Phase 28
| 0x153b
| 0x1149 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Envy24HT-S - AK4524
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Playback 
| Recording
| Revision 
| Comments
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 7.1
| 0x4933
| 0x4553
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Wolfson WM8770 and AC'97 SigmaTel STAC9744 codec 
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 7.1 LT
| 0x3132
| 0x4154
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/sound/audiotrak-prodigy192.html Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 192] 24/96
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - STAC9460S codec 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Echo Layla 24/96 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| [http://www.bit-tech.net/custompc/labs/80752/hercules-gamesurround-fortissimo-4.html Hercules Gamesurround Fortissimo 4] 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Wolfson WM8776 Codec and WM8766 DAC
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/multimedia/m-audio-audiophile192.html M-Audio Audiophile Delta AP 192k] 
| 0x1412
| 0x3632
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Stereo ADC AKM AK5385A 24-bit 192 kHZ - 8-channel DAC AKM AK4358 24-bit 192 kHz - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| ONKYO SE-150PCI
| 0x160b
| 0x0001
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI Waveterminal 192x
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quartet 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====hdmiaudio.audio - hdmi no support====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATI R6xx HDMI Audio codec support output 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x9840 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Not detected 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVidia HDMI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel Series 6 CougarPoint HDMI codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel HDMI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


[[#top|...to the top]]


===Graphic GFX Chipsets===

[https://gallium.readthedocs.io/en/latest/systems.html PCIe based] graphic chipset is defacto on 64bit AROS and recommended on 32bit. 

AGP works on 32bit but faster transfers through the AGP slot are only available on a few supported motherboard chipsets 
* Faster AGP Working = SIS 650 board, Intel 865pe AGP slot on MSI 6788-050, 
* Not Supported = NForce2 chipsets, most Intel 815/820 chipsets, VIA chipsets, ALi chipsets, 

The fallback for all graphics modes is vesa if any native support does not work. There is a choice of very low resolution vga as the last resort 


2D tests performed with [http://download.aros3d.org/software/gfxbench.zip gfxbench] in the shell type gfxbench &gt; out.txt (40 seconds blank screen is part of the test), via FreeDoom via limit-removing engine like odamex, chocolate or vanilla doom -timedemo demo1 or doom2 -timedemo demo1, doom.exe -iwad doom2 -file mymap.wad, Duke DNRATE 640x480 windowed 


3D tests performed with Demos/Mesa/ , Cube 1080p, Cube 2 windowed not fullscreen 1920 x 1025, Quake3 ~ cl_drawFPS 1, Xonotic , [http://shinh.skr.jp/sdlbench/showtestgl.cgi test gl], 


HDMI, DVI and DisplayPort monitors have a native resolution of 480p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p and up 

* HDMI 1.2 720p res. 
* HDMI 1.3 1080 resolution 
* HDMI 1.4 above 1080 res. 
* HDMI 2.0 
* HDMI 2.1 
* HDMI 2.2 ultra96 

* GPMI 


====vga.hidd====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| Generic VGA Driver, limited to 640x480 in 16 colours - no 3D support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====vesa.hidd====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| 2D support for VBE1, VBE2 and VBE3 (most cards) - various resolutions and 24bit colour -  no 3D support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


[[#top|...to the top]]


====[[w:en:Intel GMA|Intel GMA]]====

DVI output is not supported at the moment. 

If having problems:

* Ensure the latest version is being used. 
* Set GMA_MEM to 128 or 256 to test 
* Try the FORCEGMA ToolType for 2D, and try the FORCEGALLIUM ToolType for 3D acceleration after 2D is verified to work. ToolTypes should be applied to the Devs/Monitors/IntelGMA monitor icon.

If still having problems:

* At GRUB boot screen edit boot line and add option: debug=memory
* Boot.
* Use shell command: tools/debug/bifteck &gt; RAM:debug.txt
* And post [GMA MONITOR DETECTION] and other related debug lines 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;3%&quot; |Rev
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Laptop LCD
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Comments
|-
| 910GL 82910GL GMCH + ICH6 
| 0x8086
| 0x2582 0x2592
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| 910GML 82910 GML GMCH + ICH6 Mobile 
| 0x8086
| 0x2582 0x2592
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| may need to add forceGMA to grub boot line to work 
|-
| 915G 82915G GMCH + ICH6-M
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| 915GL 82915GL GMCH 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| 915GV 82915GV GMCH
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| HP DC5100 small form factor 
|-
| 915GM GMA900
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk|  tunnel  gearbox  }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}}
| asus eee pc 900 
|-
| 915GMS 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk|  tunnel   }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Graphics-Media-Accelerator-950.2177.0.html 945GU] - 133 MHz (Lake port for Intel A100 and A110) 
| 0x8086
| 0x2772
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| Fujitsu LifeBook U1010, 
|-
| 945GMS - 166 MHz / 250 MHz (1.05V) 
| 0x8086
| 0x27a2
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}}
| Dell D430 
|-
| 945GSE - 166 MHz (for Atom) 
| 0x8086
| 0x27ae
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Yes|[http://www.x.org/wiki/GalliumStatus]}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No|dvi port}}
| {{Yes| }}
| for atom motherboards and most 2008/2009 netbooks
* 3D Works - AOA110 AOA150, Dell Mini 9, Samsung NC10, Toshiba NB100, 
|-
| 945G 82945G GMCH + ICH7
| 0x8086
| 0x27a6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| untested 2D and 3D 
|-
| 945GC 82945GC MCH
| 0x8086
| 0x27a6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| untested 2D and 3D 
|-
| 945PM 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| Dell D420, Compaq nc6400, 
|-
| 945GMS - 250 MHz Calistoga
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Yes|most models}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| 
* 3D Works Dell Latitude 2100, HP Compaq nc6320, Lenovo 3000, Lenovo T60, Samsung Q35, Dell D620, Dell D820, 
* 3D untested Toshiba Satellite L100-120, Toshiba Portege M400,  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GMA 3100 G31 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D 
|-
| GMA 3100 G33 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA GMA 3150] netbooks and nettops 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D. no vga, dvi or hdmi output for nettops 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; G965
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; Q965 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2992
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Only tested with VGA output.
|-
| 965GM X3100 (500 MHz) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| some support 2D but no hardware 3D - could not get it to work with VGA or dvi output 
* untested Apple MacBook Air, Lenovo Thinkpad X300, Dell Inspiron 1525, Toshiba M9, 
|-
| 960GM X3100 (400 MHz)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| 965M X3100 (400 MHz) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Dell D830, 
|-
| 965PM ??
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Toshiba A9 works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GL965
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GM965
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GMA X3500 G35 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;X4500M G41 G43 G45 (400Mhz) Mobile 4 Series 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2a42 0x2a43
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x07
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt; {{No|}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt; {{No|}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt; {{Yes| VESA}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMA 4500M HD (533 MHz)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMA 4700M HD (640MHZ)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2a42
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====[http://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/FeatureMatrix nouveau].hidd (nvidia pci, agp, pci-e desktop)====

 PCIe based nvidia graphics (gfx 8xxx) are the base level for 64bit AROS but earlier models still has some support on 32bit AROS 

*Desktop, more likely hit rather than miss on early nvidia on Aros 32bit but on Aros 64bit ...
*Laptop, limited support for '''very''' early non-optimus (i.e. just Nvidia gfx only so no Intel and nvidia gfx combinations on 32bit but on 64bit ...) 

Please note that the nouveau project is reverse engineering a nvidia graphics driver but takes time because of [https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/ nVidia's closed firmwares], etc

* 2026-06 - DEVS  Nouveau.hidd  Gallium.hidd  Softpipe - LIBS  Gallium  GLU   20.0 Mesa OpenCL
* 2011-10 - DEVS  6.11 Nouveau.hidd  7.4 Gallium.hidd  9.4 Softpipe - LIBS  2.3 Gallium  1.3 GLU  19.0 Mesa OpenCL 1.x 
* 2011-04 - DEVS  5.31 Nouveau.hidd  7.3 Gallium.hidd  9.3 Softpipe - LIBS  2.2 Gallium  1.1 GLU  18.0 Mesa OpenCL n/a


[https://comparisoncpu.com/gpu/list Nouveau support for AROS] is limited to OpenGL 2.1 compliance on 32bit even for modern GL4 capable GPUs but on 64bit ...
 On Aros 32bit OpenCL supports the NV50 (8000 9000) cards, less support in NVC0 fermi cards (300 upwards) 
 On Aros 64bit 

ADoom3 graphic details ultra, benchmark while playing press the &quot;`&quot; key and type &quot;Timedemo demo1&quot; in the console 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Graphic Card
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 1024 x 768
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 800 x 600
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | 640 x 480
|-
| NV50 Asus EN8400GS SILENT/P/512M PCIe (G98) ||  ||  ||  
|-
| Gigabyte 8500GT 256M || 42,6 || 57,2 || 68,6 
|-
| NV96 (G96) Geforce 9500GT 512M || 43 || 53 || 57 
|-
| NV96 (G96) 9600GT ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVA3 (GT215) GT240 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVA5 (GT216) Palit GT220 Sonic 512M || 39,7 || 55,8 || 63,7 
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) gt210 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) ION2 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVC3 (GF106) GT440 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVCF (GF116) NVC0 Fermi GTX 550Ti ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVC8 (GF110) 580GTX ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NVE0 Kepler GT630 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| NV110 Maxwell GTX 750 ||  ||  ||  
|-
| GTX950 upwards no reclocking || poor || poor || poor 
|-
| NV160 family (Turing) GTX 1650 and RTX 2000 upwards with GSP firmware || unknown || unknown || unknown  
|-
| HostGL Ryzen 5 4600H - Nvidia 1650 - Linux mint 21.1 || 150fps || 154fps || 155fps 
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) ||  ||  ||  
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;tnt1 (nv04) tnt2 (nv05) m64 value (1998)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|very slow}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV04 Riva TNT TNT2 Fahrenheit freezes on via motherboard chipset so rename agp.hidd in SYS:Devs/Drivers or Monitors 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;tnt vanta lt (nv06)  1998 /9
| 0x10de
| 0x002c
| 0x15
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}  
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 256 (nv10) (2000)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| untested Geforce256 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 2 Geforce 3 Geforce 4 (nv20) 2000 / 2
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works for some PCI and AGP Geforce2 Geforce3 Geforce4  
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| Geforce FX5200 nv34 (2003)
| 0x10DE
| 0x0322 0x
| 0xA1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|  }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|VGA15 }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV30 GeForce 5 FX Rankine Hardware OpenGL 1.5 - slower than GF MX 4000 for 2D - max 1024 x768 
* not working [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=92328&amp;page=8 mobos with VIA chipsets 2018] 
* working (MSI 0x9174) the previous nouveau 5.x driver 
* Others work with 6.x series XFX PV-T34K-NA, ASUS V9520-X/TD 
|-
| Geforce FX5500 (nv34) (2003)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works 
|-
| Geforce 5100 (NV34)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX 5200LE (NV34)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5200 Ultra
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX5600 (nv31) (2004)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600 Ultra
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600SE
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600XT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX5700 (nv36) (2004)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|some}} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700VE 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700LE 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5800 (NV30)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5800 Ultra (NV30) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900 (NV35) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900XT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900ZT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5950 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce 5xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| Geforce 6200 (nv44) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x00F3 0x014F 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|5.28 Pixel Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| use 5.28}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|VGA15 and s-video - plain 4pin cable lead will work with 7pin}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV40 GeForce 6 GeForce 7 Curie AGP Hardware OpenGL 2.1  needing previous 5.x version as regression arose 2011-10 
|-
| Geforce 6200 (nv44a) (2006)
| 0x
| 0x0221
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|5.28 Pixel Text }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|VGA15}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| Hardware OpenGL 2.1, PCI version tested OK in 2014-01-02 - Icaros 1.5.2
* not working 
*working
|-
| GeForce 6200 with Turbo Cache (NV43) 
| 0x
| 0x0161
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce 6200SE with Turbo Cache (NV44) 
| 0x
| 0x0162
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce 6200 LE 
| 0x10de
| 0x0163
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| PCI-E 
|-
| GeForce 6600 LE
| 0x
| 0x00F4 0x0142 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6600 
| 0x
| 0x00F2 0x0141
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 2006 PureVideo HD 1 or VP1 re-used the MPEG-1/MPEG-2 decoding pipeline from FX
|-
| Geforce 6600gt (nv4x) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x00F1 0x0140
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  OpenGL tests - 
|-
| Geforce 6800 (nv40) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x0041 0x00C1 0x00F0 0x0211 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 XE (NV4x)
| 0x
| 0x0043 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 LE 
| 0x
| 0x0042 0x00C2 0x0212 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 GT (quadro fx 1400)
| 0x
| 0x0045 0x0046 0x0215
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6800 GS
| 0x
| 0x0047 0x00C0 0x00F6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 GTS NV40 
| 0x
| 0x0040 0x0F9 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6800XT
| 0x
| 0x0044 0x0048 0x00C3 0x0218
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6600 VE  
| 0x
| 0x0143
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6500 NV44 
| 0x
| 0x0160 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6250 
| 0x
| 0x0169 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 7800 GTX 
| 0x
| 0x0090 0x0091 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel  gearbox  cube  cube2 25}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 256MB DDR3 - 1 6pin psu connector - 
* not working asus en7800gtx/2dhtv/256m/osp/a - 
* Works XFX PV-T70F-UDD7 Works in steve jones' scrap pc aros build 2010 2 DVI-I ports 
* Untested 
|-
| GeForce 7800 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0092
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7600gt (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x02E0 0x0391
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 2.1 
* not working 
* working 
|-
| GeForce 7800 SLI  
| 0x
| 0x0095 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GTX  
| 0x
| 0x0290
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GT GTO  
| 0x
| 0x0291
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GS  
| 0x10de
| 0x0292
| 0x0a1 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* Works with a few glitches with XFX Pine 0x2218 
|-
| GeForce 7950 GX2  
| 0x10de
| 0x0293 0x0294
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7950 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0295 0x02E4
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GS  
| 0x
| 0x02E3
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7600 GS 
| 0x
| 0x02E1 0x0392
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7650 GS  
| 0x
| 0x0390
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7600 LE  
| 0x
| 0x0394 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7800GS (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x0093 0x00F5 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* works if AGP motherboard chipset is supported - Hardware OpenGL 2.1 
|-
| GeForce 7100 GS  
| 0x
| 0x016A
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7350 LE 
| 0x
| 0x01D0
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7300le (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x01D1 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7300SE 7200GSGF-7200GS-N-B1 variant (G72) 
| 0x10de 
| 0x01D3
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA, 1x S-Video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 40W pci-e 1.0 VP1 no unified shaders - 
* not working Asus on via chipset (2015), 
* works Asus on intel chipset (2015), 
|-
| Geforce 7300gt (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x0395 0x0393
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 7300 GS  
| 0x
| 0x01DF 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7500 LE  
| 0x
| 0x01DD
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 8800 Ultra (NV50 family) 
| 0x
| 0x0194
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV50 GeForce 8 to GeForce 200s opengl 3.x - max res - 80nm technology - PureVideo HD 2 or VP2 Nvidia VDPAU Feature Set A (absent from ultra and some 8800gt?) added a dedicated bitstream processor (BSP) and enhanced video processor for H.264, VC-1 acceleration 
|-
| Geforce 8800gts (nv50) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x0400 0x0600 0x0193 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 200w openGL3  openCL - 2x6pin psu 
* not working 0x0193 models (2015) on via chipsets, 
* works 
|-
| Geforce 8800gtx (nv5 ) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 200W 1x 6pin connector, 
* not working 
* working 
* untested XFX PV-T88P-YDF4, Alpha Dog Edition runs extremely hot - Gigabyte GV-NX88T512H, 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GT 	
| 0x
| 0x0602 0x0611 0x0193 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;DVI up to 2500 x 1600
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - 6pin psu power connector required
* not working 
* untested Asus EN8800GT/HTDP/256M EN8800GT/HTDP/512M EN8800GT/G/HTDP/512M 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GT (G92)
| 0x10de
| 0x0611 
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3 pci-e 2.0 8800GT 512MB on Icaros 2.0.3 [[File:8800GT aros heads.png|thumb|8800GT]] [[File:8800GT aros tails.png|thumb|8800GT detail]]
|-
| Geforce 8600gt (nv5 ) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x0401 0x0402 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
* not working 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 8500 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0421
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  some color }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL tests - max opengl 3.x but 2.1 offered - max res 
* not working 
* works Gigabyte 8500 GT, 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GS 	
| 0x
| 0x0606 0x060D 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| GeForce 8600GS 
| 0x
| 0x0403
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.x VP3 offers complete hardware-decoding for all 3 video codecs of the Blu-ray Disc format: MPEG-2, VC-1, and H.264 - Nvidia VDPAU Feature Set B  
|-
| GeForce 8300 GS  
| 0x
| 0x0423
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 8400gs G98GS (end 2007)    GT218 (2009)
* Rev2 with 8/16 cores and 128-512MB of DDR2 or GDDR3 memory. 
* Rev3 with 8 cores and 512MB-1GB of DDR3 memory (based on Tesla 2.0) 
| 0x
| 0x0424 0x0422 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Doom  Doom2  Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel 490 gearbox 505 Cube 135 Cube2 55  quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|works digital part of DVI but nothing from any display port}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|output on digital 24 pin array of DDWG's DVI and hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 50W openGL 3.1 openCL - case single slot - one single-link DVI digital output, supporting up to one 1920x1080 resolution display - analog resolution 640 x 480 to 1024 x 768 16 and 24 bit color - [http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=nouveau_comp_2011&amp;num=19 runs a little hotter than expected] - G98 VP3 pci-e 2.0 512MB DDR2 - 
* not working 
* works Asus EN8400GS SILENT/P/512M PCIe (G98), 
|-
| Geforce 8400gs (nv50) (G86) (mid-2007)
* Rev1 with 16 cores / 256MB of DDR2 memory. 
| 0x
| 0x0404 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Doom  Doom2  Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel 490 gearbox 505 Cube 135 Cube2 55  quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|works but not tested thru 4 pins of analog signal of DVI plug}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|output on digital 24 pin array of DDWG's DVI and hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 50W openGL 3.1 openCL - case single slot - one single-link DVI digital output up to 1920x1080 resolution display - analog resolution 640 x 480 to 1024 x 768 16 and 24 bit color - [http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=nouveau_comp_2011&amp;num=19 runs a little hotter than expected] - G86 VP2 128MB - 
* not working XFX PV-T86S-YAJG NVIDIA GeForce 8400 GS 512MB DDR2, Sparkle 8400GS 512MB SX84GS512D2L-DPP, 
* works Asus EN8400GS SILENT/HTP/256M SILENT/HTP/512M/A, 
|-
| GeForce 8400 SE  
| 0x
| 0x0420
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 2.x openCL 
|-
| NVidia Quadro NVS290 DMS-59 
| 0x
| 0x0403
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|DMS-59 socket}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|DMS-59 }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 21W - G86S (G86-827-A2) - 16 shading units, 8 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs. NVIDIA has paired 256 MB DDR2 - PCIe 1.0 x16 Low Profile - 
|-
| Geforce Quadro FX 4600 (SDI), 5600 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Partial|VESA 2d}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{partial| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 9800 GX2 (NV50 family) 
| 0x
| 0x0604
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Partial|VESA }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Partial| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 150w - 65nm technology 
|-
| GeForce 9800 GTX 
| 0x10de
| 0x0612
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 2x6pin psu - 
* not working xfx on via chipset (2015),  
* works xfx on chipset intel , 
|-
| GeForce 9800 GTX+ 
| 0x10de
| 0x0613
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 2560 x 1920 - case dual slot - 26amp 12v rail on computer psu if 2x6pin connectors needed - 55nm version of the G92 chip - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working 
* works on a few models 
|-
| Geforce 9800gt (nv50) (G92a) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0614
| 0x0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel 495  gearbox 513  Cube 156  Cube2 120   Quake3  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 3.1  openCL 1.x - case dual slot - 600w 26amp on both 12v rails for 2x6pin psu on gfx card - no fan control - some come with 1x6pin - renamed version of the venerable GeForce 8800 GT - randomly works 
* not working Gainward 512M untested 
* working Gainward CardExpert (0x0401) Green Edition NE39800TFHD02-PM8D92 1024MB (no 6pin) 
|-
| Geforce gf9600 9600gt (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0622
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel 493  gearbox 675  Cube  Cube2 100  Quake3  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 3.2 openCL but no fan control - case dual slot - 1 6pin pcie psu connector - 500 Watt or greater power supply with a minimum of 26 Amp on the +12 volt rail - Max Analog: 2048x1536 and Max Digital: 2560x1600 (Dual Link DVI Only) - PCI Express® 2.0 / 1.1 Support - g96 gpu randomly works - 
* not working  bfg tech ocx, 
* works gigabyte gv-n96tsl-512i -
|-
| Geforce gf9500 9500gt (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0640
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel 480  gearbox 500  Cube  Cube2 64  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.2 - case single slot - 350 Watt/400 Watt or greater power supply with a minimum of 18 Amp/22 Amp on the +12 volt rail - Max Analog: 2048x1536 and Max Digital: 2560x1600 (Dual Link DVI Only) - PCI Express® 2.0 / 1.1 Support - 
* not working zotac zone fanless, Gainward USA NE29500THHD01-PM8796, PNY G9500GN2E50X+0TE, 
* works xfx xne-9500t-td01-pm8596 1024mb ddr2,  
|-
| GeForce 9600 GS 
| 0x
| 0x0623
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working  
* works 
|-
| GeForce 9600 GSO 
| 0x
| 0x0610
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res - G92 chopped down - 9600GSO is re-badged 8800GS both very power hungry cards - 
|-
| GeForce 9300 GS 	
| 0x
| 0x06E1 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 9400 GT  (nv5 ) (G86S) (2008) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{partial|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA, 1x S-Video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|1x DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 50W opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 9xxx   (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
NV84 (G84) 	GeForce 8600 (GT, GTS, M GT, M GS), 8700M GT, 
NV92 (G92) 	GeForce 8800 (GT, GS, GTS 512, M GTS, M GTX)
GeForce 9600 GSO, 9800 (GT, GTX, GTX+, GX2, M GT, M GTX)
NV96 (G96) 	GeForce 9400 GT, 9500 (GT, M G), 9600 (M GS, M GT), 
NV86 (G86) 	GeForce 8300 GS, 8400 (GS, M G, M GS, M GT), 8500 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA0 (GT200) GeForce GTX (260, 275, 280, 285, 295)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 280 (NV50 family) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x05E1
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res PureVideo HD 4 (Nvidia Feature Set C or &quot;VDPAU Feature Set C), VP4 added hardware to offload MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile (original DivX and Xvid) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 260
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x05E2
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{partial|Vesa}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;  2 6pin - psu pci express 2.1 - 
|-
| Geforce GTS250 250GTS (g92b) (2009)  
| 0x10de
| 0x0615
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  tunnel 486  gearbox 508-642  Cube   Cube2 80   Quake3 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 2x6pin psu VP2 - pci-e 2.x - case dual slots - 738m 1gb ddr3 - 
* not working Zotac branded version GDDR3 - 
* works  PNY gs-250x-zdfl and Gigabyte ??, BFG Tech RGTS2501024OCE, palit ne3ts250fhd52-pm8a92 with 2x6pin on top and hdmi output port, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 240 (GT215 family) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0ca3
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;late 2009 openGl 3.2 - case dual slots - no 6pin psu required with VP4 - All are pcie 2.1 cards and may not work in 1.0a slots - 
* not working 
* DDR3 with 512MB or 1GB - 
* DDR5 -Asus ENGT240 - XFX Pine GT240XYHFC 0x3001 - Gigabyte GV-N240D5-512I rev 1.0 - Zotac AMP! with HDMI 1.3a with DisplayPort 1.1, Dual Link DVI - 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT220 (GT216) G220 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0a20
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Icaros 2.0.3 GeForce GT220 1GB[[File:GT220 aros heads.png|thumb|GT220]][[File:GT220 aros tails.png|thumb|GT220]]
* untested NVIDIA Quadro® 400 512MB DDR3 GT216 DP DVI, AFox AF220 1Gb DDR3, 
|-
| Geforce GT220 220GT G94 Tesla (g92b)
| 0x10de
| 0x0a20
| 0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  tunnel 490 gearbox 505 cube 150 cube2 50  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI but not 1x HDMI }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 58W pci express 2.0 cards DDR3 - case single slot - 
* not working ASUS ENGT220/DI/1GD2(LP)/V2 - 
* works  - gainward card expert 0x0401 GDDr3 512MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT210 GT 210 210GT G210 based on Tesla 2.0 GT218S GT218-300-A2 variant, GT218-300-B1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0a65
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI out works but not hdmi or 1x DisplayPort}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 31W OpenGL 3.3  pci-e 2.0 cards - single slot - 
* working GT218 based Asus EN210 based silent low profile large passively cooled - 
* untested MSI GeForce 210 1GB DDR3 PCIe N210-MD1GD3H/LP, 
* not working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro NVS 295 (256 MB GDDR3), NVS 450 (256M/512 MB DDR3) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial|2 or 4 dp ports}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 25w low performance - G98s with 8 shading units, 4 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs on PCI-Express 1.0 x16 - 
*not working some NVIDIA Quadro NVS 295 2 dp ports (DELL, HP), 
*working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT310 Tesla 310, 315, GT 320, GT 330 GT 340
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 50w OpenGL 3.3  openCL all similar in performance to GT2xx except gt31x (poor) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro NVS310 NVIDIA NVS 310
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt; 2 dp 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 25w GF119S (GF119-825-A1) 48 shading units, 8 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs on PCI-Express 2.0 x16 - 512 MB DDR3 - PureVideo VP5 VDPAU Feature Set D - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; GTX 470, GTX 480   GF10 GF10* core (NVC0 family)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 215w 2x6 plugs - NVC0 family (Fermi) GF100 (GF100-275-A3) Fermi 448 shading units, 56 texture mapping units, and 40 ROPs with 1,280 MB GDDR5 - OpenGL4.5 OpenCL1.1  Tessellation - case dual slots - 
|-
| Geforce GTX460 460GTX (G104) 256bit, 1GB v2 192bit and GTX 465 
| 0x10de
| 0x0e22
| 0xa1 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel  gearbox  cube 055-111   cube2 50}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVC0 family (Fermi) OpenGL 4.x but  - 2x6pin psu - case dual slots - 
* not working evga 768MB GDDR5 192bit 01G-P3-1373-ER or 01G-P3-1372-TR
* works 1GB GDDR5 256bit 01G-P3-1371-ER 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GTX 460SE 192bit 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0e23
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x91 or 0xa1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; nouveau 6.11 - 2 6pin psu needed - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* works EVGA 01g-p3-1366-b6 et 1024MB p1041 - 
|-
| Geforce GT450 GTS450 450GTS GF106  
| 0x10de
| 0x0dc4
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel  gearbox  cube   cube2 50  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI  }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  2010 Hardware OpenGL 4.2 but nouveau at 3.3  - most need 1x 6pin psu - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* DDR3 1 or 2GB - Palit NEAS450NHD41F, 
* GDDR5 512Mb or 1GB - MSI MPN N450GTSM2D1GD5OC, Asus MPN ENGTS450DI1GD5, 
* works Gainward Card Expert NE5S4500FHd51, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 440 GF108 chipset or better OEM GF106  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGl 4.1 opencl 1.x - no 6 pin psu - 96 cuda cores 128bit - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* OEM 
* GDDR5 512MB to 1GB ASUSTeK ENGT440/DI/1GD5
* GDDR3 Asus 1gb to 2gb, 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT430 430GT (GF108) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ddr3 memory 64bit or 128bit - buggy await new revision of driver
* not working 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVidia Quadro FX1800 768MB GDDR3 Full Height Graphics Card Workstation
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI-I 2xDP}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;59W 768 MB GDDR3 memory using a 192-bit memory interface - OpenGL 3.3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 590   Fermi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;OpenGL4.4 OpenCL 1.1 - GDDR5 - 6pin and 8pin psu connectors - 512 cuda - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 580, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PureVideo HD 5&quot; or &quot;VP5&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set D or VDPAU Feature Set D) 4k UHD 3840 × 2160  H.264 decode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 570, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working Zotac GTX 570, Gainward GTX560TI/570 Phantom, 
* works gigabyte, evga 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 5xx 560gtx Fermi GTX 560, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4.x - 2 6pin psu - 384 cuda cores - case dual slots - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working Asus ENGTX560 DC/2DI/1GD5, 
* Ti LE 448 cuda GDDR5 320bit 
* Ti 256bit 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 560 Ti  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working evga GTX 560Ti 01GP31560KR - Gainward GTX560TI/570 Phantom, 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 550 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1201
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA  Doom   Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;can hang on boot up on I2C Init or suffer random lockups on OpenGL apps - most need 1 6pin min 400W 24A on the +12V1 / +12V2 dual 12V rails of the computers' power supply unit - 192 cuda cores - case dual slots used - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working eVGA GeForce GTX 550 Ti (1024 MB) (01GP31556KR) - 
* untested asus Extreme, eVGA GeForce GTX 550 Ti (1024 MB) (01GP31557KR) -  - 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 545 and OEM GF116 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 4.2 opencl 1.x - GDDR5 with OEM only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT530 OEM 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;96 cuda cores - 1GB or 2GB DDR3 128bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT520 520GT  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 48 cuda cores - DDR3 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;510, GT 530    
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; ddr 3 - 50w max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT610 Fermi GF119 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVS 315 300 GF119S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|VESA}} needs special dms-59 cable 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 fermi 315 PNY VCNVS315-T 1Gb DDR3 but needs special dms-59 cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT630 GF108 Fermi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not accelerated 2015 - like the GT730 below - 96 cuda cores whilst kepler version has 384 - 128bit to keplers' 64bit bandwidth - kepler has 2GB DDR3 
* not working Gigabyte 
* DDR3
* GDDR5 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GT 730 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| use VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; fermi version has 96 cuda cores 128bit GF108 
* not working Asus 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVIDIA Quadro 4000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}} 2 dp ports 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;142W 2Gb GDDR5 - PCI Express 2.0 x16 ; full Height card with 1x 6-Pin PCIe power need - CUDA Cores 256 - OpenGL 4.5 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVIDIA Quadro 5000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 200W 2.5Gb GDDR5 320 bit - PCI Express 2.0 x16 full Height card with 2x 6-Pin PCIe power need - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX Titan GeForce GTX Titan Black GeForce GTX Titan Z
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) GeForce 600 GeForce 700 GeForce GTX Titan Kepler 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 780    GeForce GTX 780 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PureVideo HD 6&quot; or &quot;VP6&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set E or VDPAU Feature Set E) significantly improved performance when decoding H.264 and MPEG-2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 770 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4.4 opencl 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 760 GeForce GTX 760 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 740
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 730 Kepler 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; two versions fermi 96 cores 128bit GF108 and kepler 384 cores 64bit GK208  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;680gtx GK104 core gtx680 680m
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 690 Kepler NVE0 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;pci-e 3.0, OpenGL 4.4 OpenCL 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 670
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 660 GTX 660 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 650 GTX 650 Ti GTX 650 Ti Boost
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) most need 1 6pin psu 
* not working asus ENGTX560 DC/2DI/1GD5 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GT 640
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* 128bit DDR3
* 192bit DDR3 1.5 to 3GB 50W 
* 128bit GDDR5 75W 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 620 GT 640 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 750ti, GeForce 900 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;[https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/FeatureMatrix.html NV110] Maxwell - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nvidia GTX 750 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1381
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 nvidia test 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;GM206 2nd gen maxwell PureVideo HD 7&quot; or &quot;VP7&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set F or VDPAU Feature Set F) adds full hardware-decode of H.265 HEVC Version 1 (Main and Main 10 profiles and full fixed function VP9 (video codec) hardware decoding 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro K620 quadro p620 2gb gddr5 128bit and quadro p1000 4gb gt1030 30w 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 50w slim low profile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce gtx 1060, GeForce 1070
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV130 Pascal 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;gtx 1050ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV130 family (Pascal)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV132 (GP102) NVIDIA Titan (X, Xp), GeForce GTX 1080 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV134 (GP104) GeForce GTX (1070, 1080)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV136 (GP106) GeForce GTX 1060
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV137 (GP107) GeForce GTX (1050, 1050 Ti)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV138 (GP108) GeForce GT 1030
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV162 (TU102) NVIDIA Titan RTX, GeForce RTX 2080 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV164 (TU104) GeForce RTX (2070 Super, 2080, 2080 Super)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 NV160 family (Turing) unified gsp-rm firmware - best starting point for Vulkan support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV166 (TU106) GeForce RTX (2060, 2060 Super, 2070)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV168 (TU116) GeForce GTX (1650 Super, 1660, 1660 Ti, 1660 Super)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV167 (TU117) GeForce GTX 1650
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;gtx 1650ti super 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 old style 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV172 (GA102) GeForce RTX (3080, 3090)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 av1 decoding ampere 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV174 (GA104) GeForce RTX (3060 Ti, 3070, 3080 Mobile)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV170 family (Ampere) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV176 (GA106) GeForce RTX (3050, 3060)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV177 (GA107) GeForce RTX 3050
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV192 (AD102) GeForce RTX 4090
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV193 (AD103) GeForce RTX 4080
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV190 family (Ada Lovelace) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV194 (AD104) GeForce RTX (4070, 4070 Ti)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV196 (AD106) GeForce RTX 4060 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV197 (AD107) GeForce RTX 4060
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

==== nouveau mobile integrated ====


 If you purchased a notebook with an NVidia sticker on it, most of the time you have a optimus based one, ie Intel CPU+GPU melded with Nvidia GPU, Optimus was slated at one point to go into desktop PCs but the industry ended up rejecting that concept 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| GeForce 6100 nForce 405 
| 0x
| 0x03D1 0x0242
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6100 nForce 400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x03D2
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6100 nForce 420 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x03D5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6150 LE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0241
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6150SE nForce 430 
| 0x
| 0x03D0
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6150 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0240
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7150M / nForce 630M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0531
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7000M / nForce 610M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0533
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7050 PV / NVIDIA nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x053A 0x053B
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce IGP 7025 nForce 630a
| 0x
| 0x053E
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|some}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|some}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No| }}
| some support on some chipsets 
|-
| GeForce 7100 / nForce 630i (C73)   
| 0x10de
| 0x07e1
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| Icaros 2.0.3 and Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev. 1.0 but will not boot on [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=806.msg8765#new Acer x270 with Icaros 2.3] 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7150 / NVIDIA nForce 630i 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07E0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 610i 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07E3
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce IGP 8100 (nForce 720a) 
| 0x
| 0x084F
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| GeForce 8100P 
| 0x
| 0x0847
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 8200 8300 nForce 730a 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084A 0x0848 (GeForce 8300) 0x0849 (GeForce 8200) 0x084B (GeForce 8200) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;working on some 8300's with Icaros 1.5 but others untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nForce 780a SLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nForce 750a SLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084D
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Nvidia Geforce IGP 9300 (nForce MCP7a) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;works 
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;9400 (ION) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;If AROS detects GPU chipset, works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;9700M ()
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce ION 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works well 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6150 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0244
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0247
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0164 0x0167
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0166 0x0168
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Sony Laptop
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00C8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6800 Ultra 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00C9
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0144
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 TE/6200 TE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0146
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0148
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0149
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D6
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7300 	
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D7
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D8 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;works 2D and 3d issues though 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x098
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7800 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0099
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7950 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0297
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7900 GS 	
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0298
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7900 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0299
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0398
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7600 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0399
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6610 XL
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0145
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6700 XL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0147
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8700M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0409
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8600M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0425
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0426
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0427
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0428
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0609
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8800M GTX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x060C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9500M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0405
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0407
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9650M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0408
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9400M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x042C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x042E
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9100M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0844
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0628
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9700M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x062A
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x062C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0647
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0648
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0649
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9500M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x064B
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9200M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV50 (G80) Quadro FX (4600 (SDI), 5600)
Quadro FX (2800M, 3600M, 3700, 3700M, 3800M, 4700 X2), VX 200
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV94 (G94) 9700M GTS, 9800M GTS, GeForce G 110M, GT 130(M), GT 140, Quadro FX (1800, 2700M)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV84 (G84) 	8700M GT, GeForce 9500M GS, 9650M GS
Quadro FX (370, 570, 570M, 1600M, 1700), NVS 320M
NV86 (G86) 	GeForce 8300 GS, 8400 (GS, M G, M GS, M GT), 8500 GT, GeForce 9300M G
Quadro FX 360M, NVS (130M, 135M, 140M, 290)
GeForce GTS 150(M), GTS 160M, GTS 240, GTS 250, GTX (260M, 280M, 285M), GT (330, 340)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV96 (G96)  9650M GT, 9700M GT
GeForce G 102M, GT 120
Quadro FX (380, 580, 770M, 1700M)
NV98 (G98) 	GeForce 8400 GS, GeForce 9200M GS, 9300 (GE, GS, M GS)
GeForce G 100, G 105M
Quadro FX (370 LP, 370M), NVS (150M, 160M, 295, 420, 450)
Quadro CX, FX (3800, 4800, 5800)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA3 (GT215) 	GeForce GT (240, 320, 335M), GTS (250M, 260M, 350M, 360M) Quadro FX 1800M
NVA5 (GT216) 	GeForce GT (220, 230M, 240M, 325M, 330M), 315
Quadro 400, FX 880M, NVS 5100M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA8 (GT218) 	GeForce 8400 GS, ION 2, GeForce 205, 210, G 210M, 305M, 310(M), 405
Quadro FX (380 LP, 380M), NVS (300, 2100M, 3100M)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVAA (MCP77/MCP78) 	GeForce 8100, 8200, 8300 mGPU / nForce 700a series, 8200M G
NVAC (MCP79/MCP7A) 	ION, GeForce 9300, 9400 mGPU / nForce 700i series, 8200M G, 9100M, 9400M (G)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVAF (MCP89) 	GeForce 320M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 605M, GT 610M GT 620M GT 630M GT 635M GT 645M     
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 650M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 1650 mobile
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 turing architecture - last old skool support pre Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 2050 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 ampere architecture best starting point for vulkan support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 2060 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 4060 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====radeon.hidd====

Michel Shultz ''2D'' graphics driver (standard on most distributions but only for very old GPUs) and bearsofts updated 2013 around Icaros 1.3.1  

3D is not implemented by AROS yet but could cover these AMD chipsets

&lt;pre&gt;
2014 SI        AMD HD 7xxx 
2016 GCN3rd    AMD R5E R7E 
2019 GCN5th    AMD Vega 8  
2022 RDNA1     AMD RX5500 desktop only 
2023 RDNA2     AMD 680M 780M 
2024 RDNA3     AMD 880M 890M
2025 RDNA3.5   AMD 8060S strix halo and AI 
2027 RDNA4     AMD 
&lt;/pre&gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! 2D
! 3D
! Analogue Output
! Digital Output
! Laptop LCD
! Comments
|-
| 7000 (r100)
| 0x1002
| 0x5159 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|vga15 pin connection but not s-video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.3 
|-
| 7500 (rv200 but still r100 based) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x5157 
| 0x
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|vga15}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.3 
|-
| 8000 8500 (r200) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x514c (8500LE)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.4 
|-
| 9000 9100 9250 (r200)
| 0x1002
| 0x5964 (9000) 0x514d (9100)
| 0x0001
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|VGA15 but not s-video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| 9600 9800 (r300)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| x300 x600 (r300)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| x700, x800 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r420])
| 0x
| 0x554d (R430 x800xl)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 - x800 XL PCIE (problem with mouse-pointer, some part of the pointer is not transparent) 
|-
| x1300 x1550 x1600 x1800 x1900 x1950 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R520 r520])
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| HD2400 HD2600 HD2900 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r600])
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.3 open CL 1.2 TeraScale architecture 
|-
| HD3400 HD3600 HD3800 (r600)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;pci-e 2.0, openGL 3.3 
|-
| HD4300 HD4500 HD4600 HD4700 HD4800 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r700])
| 0x1002
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|but some later cards need 3D engine for faster and more flexible 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 3.3 - DDR3 -  GDDR5 was one of AMD's aces for the 4800 series - 4670 liked - 
|-
| HD6900 cayman series 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.3 open CL not mature (2014) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| HD5400 Series HD5430 HD5450 HD5470 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 openGL 3.3 openCL - GDDR3 - 
|-
| HD5500 Series HD5550 HD5570 HD5600 Series HD5650 HD5670 HD5700 Series HD5750 HD5770 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 3.3 openCL  - GDDR5  
|-
| HD 5800 Series HD5850 HD5870 HD5900 Series HD5950 HD5970 - HD6xxx not NI chipset ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_(GPU_family) r800 evergreen]) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 openGL 3.3 openCL - DDR5 pci-e 2.1 best avoided for all pci-e 1.0 mobos - Ati TeraScale2 architecture - 
|-
| HD6450  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Islands_(GPU_family) Northern Islands chipset] 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; - DDR3 - 
|-
| HD6600 Series HD6650 HD6570 HD6600 Series HD6650 HD6670  
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 - DDR5 - 
Radeon HD 8470 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 8350 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 7510 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6550D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6530D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6410D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6370D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6320 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6310 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6290 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6250 	11 	TeraScale 2
|-
| HD6800 Series HD6850 HD6870 HD6700 Series HD6790 to HD6990 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 - DDR5 - AMD TeraScale3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7450-HD7670 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 OpenGL but not Vulkan 
Radeon HD 7660D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7560D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7540D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7480D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 6930 	11 	TeraScale 3
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7750 HD 7770 / R7 250X HD7850 HD7870 / R9 270X HD 7950 / R9 280 HD 7970 / R9 280X [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Islands_(GPU_family) Southern Islands]
*AMD Radeon R7 250XE Cape Verde XT	
*AMD Radeon R7 M465X Cape Verde	
*AMD Radeon R9 255	 Cape Verde PRX	
*AMD Radeon HD 7750  Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon R7 250E	 Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon HD 8740  Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon HD 7730	 Cape Verde LE
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 pci-e 3.0 1st Gen GCN architecture - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5 430, FirePro W2100, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 50W+ openGL openCL 1/3 speed of gtx750ti 1st gen gcn1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7790 [ Sea Islands ] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 openGL 4.1 open CL - GCN2.0 Vulkan 1.0 introduced a Shader Engine (SE) comprising one geometry processor, up to 44 CUs (Hawaii chip), rasterizers, ROPs, and L1 cache and Graphics Command Processor for faster audio/video - suits Vulkan 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;r5 240 240x (slow) R7 250 250x (faster) HD 7790 / R7 260  260X / R7 360 to R5 350 (fast) and last one R5 430 OEM Plus (slow again) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 50W+ openGL 4.x openCL 1.x Vulkan 1.0 GCN 1st gen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 290 / R9 390 R9 290X / R9 390X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 openGL 4.x openCL 1.x 2nd Gen GCN Vulkan 1.1 architecture - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 Fury Nano 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;r-200 series r8 275 285 295 375 [Volcanic Islands] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 4.x openCL 1.x - GCN3 Vulkan 1.2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 5700/5600/5500 Series and Radeon™ RX Vega Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 GCN 4 - OpenGL 4, Vulkan 1.3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 400/500 Series like rx 580
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ Pro WX 9100, x200 Series and Radeon™ Pro W5700/W5500 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 7900/7600 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 6900/6800/6700/6600/6500 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


==== amd radeon mobile integrated ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATI RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x5a62 0x5955 0x5974 (200m)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x00
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 7500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x4c57 (7500)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9000 
| 0x1002
| 0x4966 (9000)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9500 9550 (rv360) 9600 (rv350)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9800 (rv420)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X300 (RV370) X600 (RV380)
| 0x1002
| 0x (RV370) 0x5657 (RV380) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X700 (RV410) X800 (RV423) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X1200 (RS69M0) 
| 0x1002
| 0x791f
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;X1200 IGP (RS690)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X1300 X1350 X1400(rv515) X1600 (rv530) X1650 (RV535) X1800 (rv520) x1900 (rv570) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x71c7 (X1650) 
| 0x009e
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 2100
| 0x1002
| 0x796e (2100)
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 2400 (rv610) HD2600 (rv630) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 3100 HD3200 HD3450 3470 (RS780MC RV620) 3670 (M86-XT RV635) HD3870 (M88-LXT RV670)
| 0x1002 
| 0x9610 and 0x9612 (HD3200) 0x9614 (HD3300) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 4200 4250 (RV620)
| 0x1002
| 0x (HD4200) 0x9715 (HD4250)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 4330 4530 4550 (M92 RV710) 4650 (M96-XT RV730) 4670 RV730XT 4830 (M97 RV740) 4850 (M98 RV770)
| 0x1002 
| 0x (HD4350) 0x9442 (RV770) 0x9490 (HD4670)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 530v (M92 RV710) HD 550v (M96 RV730)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 5430 HD5650 (cedar Park LP)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon HD 6250 6290 6310 6320 6350M (Redwood Capilano PRO) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G Northern Islands 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 Last real support for old graphics standard before Vulkan takeover 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5 M230 M240 M255 - R7 M260 M265 (Kaveri Crystal series with Mantle and HSA) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 Maybe better with Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5E R7E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 bristol ridge GCN 3.0 IGP (Carrizo Mobile) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD Vega 3, 6, 8, 11 iGP 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 raven ridge GCN 5th Gen  
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;5500m 5600m 5800m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA1 NaviX1 Zen 2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rx680m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA2 NaviX2 Zen 3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;phoenix apu 1103 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 RDNA3 NaviX3 zen 4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== AMDGPU Vulkan desktop ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kaveri 290 290X, 260 260X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 AMDGPU Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 285 / R9 380  R9 380X  Fury / Fury X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4 opencl 1 3rd Gen GCN architecture 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX470 RX460 RX480 RX580 polaris10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX460 RX560D polaris11 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX580 polaris20 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 5000 5500 Navi 1x
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RNDA 1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 6000 Navi 2x 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RNDA 2 Mesa 21.3 decode av1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX6000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 7000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 RNDA 3 navi
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX7000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX9070 rx 9060 XT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 rdna4 navi
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 udna (aka rdna5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
|}


==== AMDGPU Vulkan mobile ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5E R7E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 bristol ridge GCN 3.0 IGP (Carrizo Mobile) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Vega iGP 3, 6, 8, 11 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 raven ridge - Graphics Core Next (GCN) 5th gen - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;5500m 5600m 5800m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA1 NaviX1 Zen 2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rx680m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA2 NaviX2 Zen 3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;phoenix apu 1103 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA3 NaviX3 zen 4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


fyi if a notebooks with two graphic cards, the integrated Intel card (id 0x7d) for low power usage and a discrete Radeon card (id 0x56) which should be used for GPU-intensive applications. By default the Intel card is always used 


[https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/ATI Gallium Radeon HD] is not ported yet but is [https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=Linux-5.9-AMDGPU-Stats really big] and complex so another solution may have to be [https://discuss.haiku-os.org/t/the-graphics-acceleration-can-of-worms/10515/5 found] like [https://discuss.haiku-os.org/t/vulkan-lavapipe-software-rendering-is-working-on-haiku/11363/10 vulkan] where support starts from very recent ISA GCN islands HD7000s cards only 


*Vulkan
*Gallium


Vulkan software renderer allows to prepares the infrastructure for hardware rendering. Primary difference between software and hardware renderer is output to regular RAM vs GPU RAM, the rest is almost the same. It is possible to render to GPU RAM offscreen.

bare bones basics data flow

 application,&gt;&gt;&gt; api/opengl/vulkan&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;, jit compiler, &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;memory manger, &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;gpu hardware

so you need to have a compiler that takes your api call/program/shaders/drawing commands and turns them into a program the gpu can render.

the vulkan to amd gpu compiler for shaders and textures is nearly os agnostic iirc as long as you have solid posix compliance

Unlike OpenGL, Vulkan does not depend on windowing system and it have driver add-on system with standardized API (Mesa also have OpenGL driver add-ons, but it have non-standard Mesa-specific API). OpenGL may need more work for windowing system related code at this point but developing Vulkan on real hardware is more strategic than developing OpenGL, since now Zink 3 running on Vulkan compensates for the lack of OpenGL support by giving performance similar to native accelerated OpenGL 

RadeonGfx use client-server model with client-server thread pairs. For each client thread that calls 3D acceleration API, server side thread is created. If client thread terminates, server side thread also exit. 


&lt;pre&gt;


GeForce RTX 5090 5070 5060 5050 
GeForce RTX 4090 4070 4060 4050 
GeForce RTX 2070
Radeon RX 7600
Quadro RTX 5000
Radeon PRO W6600
GeForce RTX 2060 12GB
Radeon PRO W7500
Quadro GP100
Radeon RX 6800S
GeForce RTX 3070 Laptop GPU
GeForce GTX 1080
GeForce RTX 3060 8GB
Quadro RTX 4000
Radeon Pro W5700
Radeon RX 6600
GeForce RTX 2080 (Mobile)
Radeon RX 7700S
Radeon RX 6700S
Radeon RX 6600S
Quadro RTX 5000 (Mobile)
GeForce GTX 1070 Ti
GeForce RTX 4050 Laptop GPU
Radeon Pro Vega 64X
Radeon RX 5700
Radeon RX Vega 64
GeForce RTX 2060
GeForce RTX 2070 Super with Max-Q Design


Radeon RX 6600M
GeForce GTX 1070
Radeon RX 6650M
GeForce RTX 3060 Laptop GPU
Radeon RX Vega 56
Radeon RX 6700M
GeForce RTX 2080 with Max-Q Design
Radeon RX 6800M
GeForce GTX 980 Ti
Radeon R9 Fury
GeForce GTX 980
Quadro M5500
Radeon R9 390X
Radeon RX 580
Radeon RX 5500
Radeon RX 6550M
GeForce GTX 1660 Ti with Max-Q Design
GeForce GTX 780 Ti
GeForce GTX 970
Radeon R9 290X
Radeon RX 480
Radeon RX 5600M
Quadro RTX 3000 with Max-Q Design
Radeon R9 290X / 390X
Ryzen 5 4600HS with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 290
Radeon Pro 5500 XT
Radeon R9 M490 *
GeForce GTX 780 
Radeon RX 6500M
Quadro M5500
GeForce GTX 1060 with Max-Q Design
Radeon RX 6500
Radeon RX 5300
Intel Arc A770M
GeForce GTX 1650 Ti
Radeon Pro 580X
Radeon RX 6400
GeForce RTX 2050
Ryzen 9 4900HS with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 9 6900HS
GeForce GTX 980M
Quadro M5000M
Radeon RX 6300
GeForce GTX 1650 Ti with Max-Q Design
Radeon Pro 570
Ryzen 9 6900HS with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 1050 Ti
Quadro M4000M
Radeon R9 280X  380X 
GeForce GTX 1650 with Max-Q Design
GeForce MX570
Radeon R9 280X
Radeon R9 380
Radeon 780M
GeForce GTX 960
GeForce GTX 970M
Quadro M4000M *
GeForce GTX 680


Radeon RX 6500M
Quadro M5500
Radeon Pro WX 7100
GeForce GTX 1060 with Max-Q Design
GeForce GTX 1650
Intel Arc A730M
Radeon HD 7970
Radeon R9 M395X
Radeon R9 M485X
Radeon R9 M480 *
Radeon R9 M295X
Radeon R9 M390X *
FirePro W7170M *
Radeon R9 M395
Radeon R7 370
Radeon RX 5500M
GeForce GTX 590
GeForce GTX 880M
GeForce GTX 950
Radeon R9 270X
GeForce GTX 660 Ti
GeForce GTX 760
GeForce GTX 780M
Quadro K5100M
GeForce GTX 680MX
Radeon HD 7870
GeForce GTX 965M
Quadro M3000M *
GeForce GTX 870M
Radeon R9 M290X
Radeon HD 8970M
Radeon Ryzen 7 7735U (680M), Radeon Ryzen 7 7735HS (680M 12C) 
GeForce GTX 580
Radeon HD 6970
GeForce GTX 1050
GeForce GTX 680M
GeForce GTX 775M
GeForce GTX 1630
FirePro M6100
Radeon HD 7970M
Radeon R9 M390 *
GeForce GTX 750 Ti


GeForce GTX 570
GeForce GTX 480
GeForce GTX 960M
Quadro M2000M *
Quadro K5000M
Quadro K4100M
GeForce GTX 770M
GeForce GTX 860M
GeForce GTX 675MX
GeForce GTX 950M
GeForce GTX 850M
Quadro M1000M
Radeon R9 M280X
Radeon HD 7950M *
GeForce GTX 560 Ti
Radeon HD 6870
GeForce GTX 470


GeForce GT 1030
GeForce MX330
Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 5800HS 
FirePro 3D V8800
GeForce MX250
Radeon Pro WX 3200
Ryzen 7 PRO 5750G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 5600H
Ryzen 5 Pro 4650G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 5800U
Ryzen 7 7730U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 5825U
Radeon Pro WX 4150
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4655G
Ryzen 5 4600G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4655GE
GeForce GTX 485M
FirePro W6150M
Ryzen 7 5800U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 7530U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 4800U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 M470
Ryzen 3 PRO 5350G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon RX Vega Ryzen 3 5300U
Ryzen 7 5825U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 4400G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE
Radeon Ryzen 7 4800U
FirePro V7900
Radeon HD 5970
Radeon Ryzen 7 7700X 8-Core
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5650G
Radeon Ryzen 5 4400G
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE
Radeon RX 550X
FirePro V8800
Radeon RX Vega Ryzen 5 5500U
GeForce MX150
Quadro K3100M
Ryzen 7 PRO 5850U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 6970M
Radeon R7 250X
Intel HD 5600
Ryzen 3 4300GE with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 460
Ryzen 7 5700U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 7530U
Quadro K620
Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE with Radeon Graphics
Intel Iris Pro P580
Intel UHD Graphics P630
Ryzen 5 4600H with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 7530U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 5870
Radeon HD 6870
Ryzen 7 4700G with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 5600U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 7770
Ryzen 3 Pro 4350G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 5625U
GeForce GTX 745
Radeon Ryzen 7 4850U Mobile
Radeon Ryzen 3 PRO 7330U
Quadro M600M
Radeon Ryzen 5 5500U
Ryzen 5 5560U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 4800H with Radeon Graphics


GeForce 945M
Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE with Radeon Graphics
FirePro M5100
Radeon Ryzen 5 5600U
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4500U
GeForce GTX 580M
Ryzen 7 PRO 5875U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 5300GE with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 M385
Quadro 5000M
Radeon Ryzen 7 4700U
Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U
Ryzen 7 4700U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U with Radeon Graphics
FirePro V7800
Radeon R9 350
Ryzen 3 4300G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3350G
Radeon Ryzen 5 5560U
GeForce GTX 460 SE
Radeon Pro W5500M
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3400G
Ryzen 5 5500U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 4500U with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GT 645
GeForce GTX 765M
Radeon R9 M385X
Ryzen 5 5625U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 PRO 7330U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 5850
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400G
Intel Iris Pro 580
Radeon HD 6850
Intel Iris Xe MAX
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 5875U
Radeon Ryzen 5 7600 6-Core
GeForce GTX 470M
Ryzen 3 5300G with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 670MX
Radeon RX 640
Qualcomm Adreno Gen 3
Radeon R7 450
GeForce GTX 675M
Radeon Pro WX 4130
Intel Iris Xe MAX 100
Quadro 5000
Radeon RX 570X
Radeon HD 7700-serie
Ryzen 5 4600U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Vega 8 


GeForce MX230
GeForce GTX 765M
Quadro K4000M
Iris Pro Graphics P580 *
Iris Pro Graphics 580 *
GeForce GTX 645
Quadro M520
GeForce GTX 570M
GeForce MX130
Radeon RX 540
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U
Intel UHD Graphics 770
Radeon RX Vega 11 Ryzen 7 3750H
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3400GE 
Radeon HD 5850
GeForce GTX 675M
GeForce GTX 580M
Radeon HD 6990M
Radeon R9 M385X *
Radeon R9 M470X *
Radeon R9 M470 *
Radeon R9 M385 *
Radeon R9 M380 *
Radeon R9 M370X
Radeon R9 M275
Radeon HD 7770
GeForce GTX 485M
GeForce GTX 460 768MB
Radeon HD 6790
GeForce GTX 285M SLI
Quadro K3100M
FirePro W5170M *
GeForce GTX 670MX
Quadro 5010M
GeForce GTX 760M
GeForce GTX 670M


GeForce 940MX *
Maxwell GPU (940M, GDDR5)
FirePro M8900
Radeon HD 6970M
Radeon R9 M270
Radeon HD 8870M
Radeon HD 7870M
Quadro K3000M
GeForce GTX 570M
FirePro M6000
FirePro M5100
Quadro K2100M
Radeon HD 5770
GeForce GTX 550 Ti
GeForce GTX 280M SLI
Radeon HD 6950M
Radeon R7 250
GeForce GT 755M
GeForce GTX 660M
GeForce 845M
Radeon HD 8850M
Radeon R9 M365X
Radeon R9 M265X
Ryzen 5 PRO 4400GE with Radeon Graphics
FirePro W5130M *
Radeon Vega 8 Ryzen 5 3500U 
Radeon Vega 6 Ryzen 3 3300U
Radeon HD 7850M
Radeon HD 8790M
FirePro W4170M
FirePro W4190M
FirePro W4100
Quadro 4000M
GeForce GTX 470M
GeForce GTX 480M
GeForce GT 750M
Iris Pro Graphics 6200
Quadro K1100M
GeForce 940M
Radeon R9 M375
GeForce 930MX *
Radeon R7 M380 *
Radeon R7 M370
Quadro M600M *
GeForce GT 650M
Quadro K620M
GeForce 840M
Radeon R7 M275DX
GeForce GT 745M
Radeon HD 7770M
GeForce GTX 560M
Radeon R7 512 Cores (Kaveri Desktop)
Radeon R7 384 Cores (Kaveri Desktop)
Radeon R7 (Carrizo) *
Iris Pro Graphics 5200
GeForce GT 740M
GeForce 930M
Radeon HD 4850


Iris Graphics 550 *
GeForce 830M
Iris Graphics 540
Quadro M500M *
Quadro K2000M
GeForce GTS 450
GeForce GTX 260M SLI
GeForce GT 735M
Mobility Radeon HD 5870
GeForce 825M
Quadro 5000M
FirePro M4000
FirePro M7820
Radeon HD 6870M
GeForce 9800M GTX SLI
Radeon HD 8830M *
Radeon HD 8770M
Radeon R7 M260X
GeForce GTX 460M
GeForce 920MX *
GeForce GT 730M
Radeon HD 7750M
GeForce GT 645M *
FirePro M4100
Radeon HD 8750M
Radeon R6 A10-9600P 4C+6G
Quadro 3000M
Radeon R7 M270
Radeon R7 M265
Quadro FX 3800M
GeForce GTX 285M
Mobility Radeon HD 4870
GeForce GT 640M
Radeon R7 (Kaveri)
Radeon R8 M365DX
Radeon R7 M460 *
Radeon HD 7730M
Radeon R7 M360
GeForce GTX 280M
Radeon HD 8690M
Quadro FX 3700M
Radeon R7 M340
GeForce 920M
Radeon R6 M340DX
HD Graphics 530
HD Graphics P530
Tegra X1 Maxwell GPU
Radeon R7 M260
Radeon R6 (Carrizo)


Mobility Radeon HD 4860
FirePro M7740
Mobility Radeon HD 4850
GeForce GTX 260M
GeForce 9800M GTX
Quadro FX 2800M
Radeon HD 8670D
Radeon HD 7690M XT
FirePro M5950
GeForce GT 640M LE
Radeon R6 (Kaveri)
Radeon HD 8650M *
Radeon HD 8730M
Radeon HD 6770M
GeForce GT 635M
GeForce GT 555M
Radeon R7 A10 PRO-7800B
Radeon HD 5670
Mobility Radeon HD 5850
Radeon HD 6850M
Quadro 2000M
GeForce 9800M GT
GeForce 8800M GTX
Quadro FX 3600M
GeForce GT 445M
GeForce GTS 360M


GeForce GT 240
Radeon R7 PRO A10-9700
Radeon HD 7690M
HD Graphics 5600
Radeon HD 8570D
Radeon HD 8670M
Radeon R6 M255DX
Radeon HD 7660D
Radeon HD 6750M
Quadro K1000M
GeForce GT 550M
Radeon HD 8590M *
GeForce GTS 260M
GeForce GTS 160M
GeForce 9800M GTS
GeForce GT 430
Radeon HD 6830M
Mobility Radeon HD 5830
Radeon HD 6730M *
GeForce 9800M GS
Mobility Radeon HD 4830
Mobility Radeon HD 5770
Radeon HD 6570M
Radeon HD 8650G
Radeon HD 7670M
GeForce GT 630M
Radeon HD 7560D
GeForce GTS 150M *
Radeon R5 M335
Radeon R5 M430 *
Radeon R5 M330
Radeon R5 M255
Radeon Vega 3
Quadro 1000M
GeForce 820M
FirePro W2100
HD Graphics 520 620 
Iris Graphics 6100


GeForce GT 720M
GeForce 8800M GTS
Radeon R5 M240
Radeon R5 M320 *
Radeon R5 M230
Radeon R5 M315 *
Mobility Radeon HD 5750 *
Radeon HD 8570M
Radeon R7 PRO A10-8850B
HD Graphics 6000
Quadro K610M
Radeon HD 8550M
Iris Graphics 5100
GeForce GT 540M
Mali-T880 MP12 *
Radeon HD 8610G *
Radeon HD 6650M
HD Graphics 4600
Mobility Radeon HD 5730
HD Graphics 5500


Radeon R5 (Carrizo) *
Radeon R5 (Kaveri)
FirePro M5800
NVS 5400M
GeForce 710M
Radeon HD 7660G
GeForce GT 435M
HD Graphics 5000
Quadro K510M *
Radeon HD 5570
Radeon HD 6550M
Radeon HD 7590M *
GeForce GTS 350M
GeForce GTS 250M
Radeon HD 6630M
Radeon HD 7650M
FirePro M2000
Radeon HD 7570M
Radeon HD 7630M
Quadro FX 1800M
Mobility Radeon HD 5650
Radeon HD 8510G *
Radeon HD 6530M
Radeon HD 8550G
Quadro K500M *
GeForce GT 625M *
GeForce GT 620M
GeForce GT 525M
Radeon HD 6550D *
Radeon HD 7610M
Radeon HD 7620G
Radeon HD 8470D
Radeon HD 7640G
Adreno 530
GeForce ULP K1 (Tegra K1 Kepler GPU)
HD Graphics 4400
HD Graphics 510 515 *


NVS 5200M
Mobility Radeon HD 565v
Radeon HD 7550M
Mobility Radeon HD 4670
GeForce GT 425M
GeForce 9700M GTS
Radeon HD 6645G2 *
Quadro FX 2700M
GeForce GT 335M
Radeon HD 7600G
Mobility Radeon HD 3870
Mobility Radeon HD 4650
GeForce GT 220
GeForce GT 420M
Radeon HD 7530M *
Mobility Radeon HD 3850
GeForce GT 330M
Quadro FX 880M
Quadro NVS 5100M
GeForce GT 240M
Radeon HD 7490M *
HD Graphics 5300
Radeon HD 7510M *
GeForce Go 7950 GTX
Quadro FX 3500M
GeForce 8700M GT SLI
GeForce 9700M GT
GeForce GT 230M
Mobility Radeon HD 550v
Radeon HD 7480D
HD Graphics 4000
Mali-T760 MP8
Radeon HD 6620G
HD Graphics (Broadwell) *
Adreno 430
Radeon R5 (Beema/Carrizo-L)
Radeon R4 (Beema) (Kaveri)
HD Graphics (Skylake) *


Radeon HD 6450 GDDR5
Radeon HD 7500G
Radeon HD 8450G
Radeon HD 7470M
Radeon HD 6490M
Radeon HD 8400
Mali-T880 MP4
GeForce GT 520MX
Radeon HD 7520G
GeForce GT 325M
GeForce Go 7800 GTX SLI
GeForce 8600M GT SLI
GeForce Go 7900 GS SLI
GeForce GT 130M
NVS 4200M
GeForce Go 7900 GTX
Quadro FX 2500M
Radeon HD 8350G
Radeon HD 8330
GeForce 9650M GS
GeForce 9650M GT
Radeon R3 (Mullins/Beema)
GeForce 8700M GT
Quadro FX 1700M
Quadro FX 1600M
GeForce Go 7800 GTX
GeForce Go 7900 GS
Quadro NVS 320M
Quadro FX 1500M
GeForce 9600M GT
GeForce GT 220M
Quadro FX 770M
GeForce GT 120M
Radeon HD 7450M
GeForce 610M
GeForce 705M
Mali-T760 MP6
Radeon HD 6470M
FirePro M3900 *
GeForce GT 520M
Radeon HD 7420G
Mobility Radeon HD 3670
Mobility FireGL V5725
PowerVR GX6450
Adreno 420
HD Graphics (Haswell)


Radeon HD 6520G
Radeon HD 8310G *
GeForce 320M
GeForce GT 320M
Mobility Radeon HD 2600 XT
Mobility Radeon X1900
Mobility Radeon X1800XT
Mobility Radeon X1800
GeForce Go 6800 Ultra
GeForce Go 7800
GeForce 9600M GS
GeForce 9500M GS
Radeon HD 7400G
Radeon HD 6480G *
Mobility Radeon HD 2700
GeForce GT 415M
GeForce 410M
Radeon HD 7370M
Adreno 418
HD Graphics (Cherry Trail)
Radeon HD 6370M
Radeon HD 8280
Mobility Radeon HD 5470
Radeon HD 6450M
Radeon HD 7430M *
Mobility Radeon HD 3650
Mobility FireGL V5700
Mobility Radeon HD 5145
Mobility Radeon HD 545v
Radeon R6 (Mullins) *
Radeon HD 8240
Radeon HD 8250
Mobility Radeon HD 4570
Quadro FX 570M
Mobility Radeon HD 5450 *
Radeon R2 (Mullins/Beema) *
GeForce 8600M GT
Mobility Radeon HD 2600
HD Graphics 3000
Quadro FX 380M
GeForce 310M
GeForce G210M
NVS 3100M
GeForce 405M
GeForce 315M
GeForce Go 7600 GT
GeForce 9500M G
GeForce 8600M GS
NVS 2100M
GeForce Go 7700
GeForce Go 6800
Quadro FX Go 1400
Mobility Radeon X800XT
Radeon HD 6430M *
Radeon HD 6380G *
Mobility Radeon HD 5430
Radeon HD 8210
Mobility Radeon HD 540v
Mobility Radeon HD 4550
HD Graphics 2500
HD Graphics (Ivy Bridge)


Quadro NVS 310 
Radeon HD 7350M *
Radeon HD 6350M *
Mobility Radeon HD 4530
Mobility Radeon HD 4350
Radeon HD 4350
GeForce 305M
Mobility Radeon X1700
Mobility FireGL V5250
Mobility Radeon X2500
GeForce Go 7600
Quadro NVS 300M
Mobility Radeon X800
Mobility Radeon X1600
Mobility FireGL V5200
Mobility Radeon 9800
GeForce Go 6600
Mobility Radeon X1450
Mobility Radeon X700
Mobility FireGL V5000
GeForce G 110M
Quadro NVS 295 
Radeon HD 6330M *
Mobility Radeon HD 4330
GeForce 8400M GT
Quadro NVS 140M
HD Graphics 2000
GeForce 9500M GE *
GeForce 9400M (G) / ION (LE)
HD Graphics (Sandy Bridge) *


Adreno 330
PowerVR G6430
PowerVR GX6250
PowerVR G6400
HD Graphics (Bay Trail)
Mali-T628 MP6
Mali-T760 MP4
Chrome9HD *
Radeon HD 7340
Radeon HD 6320 *
Radeon HD 7310
Radeon HD 6310 *
Radeon HD 8180
Mobility Radeon HD 3470
GeForce 9300M G
ION 2 *
GeForce 9300M GS
Quadro FX 370M
Quadro NVS 160M
GeForce 9200M GS
Mobility Radeon HD 3450
Mobility Radeon HD 3430
Mobility Radeon HD 3410
Mobility Radeon HD 2400 XT
Radeon HD 4270
Radeon HD 4250
Radeon HD 7290 *
Radeon HD 6290 *
Radeon HD 4200
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) HD Graphics
Radeon HD 6250
Quadro NVS 150M
Quadro FX 360M
Mobility Radeon X1350
Mobility Radeon X1400
GeForce 9100M G
GeForce 8400M GS
Quadro NVS 135M
Mobility Radeon HD 2400
Radeon HD 3200
Radeon HD 4225 *
Radeon HD 4100 *
SGX554MP4
Mali-T628 MP4
Mobility Radeon HD 3400 *
Radeon HD 3100
GeForce 8400M G
Mali-T860 MP2
Quadro NVS 130M
GeForce 8200M G
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4700MHD
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4500MHD
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4500M
Mali-T604 MP4
GeForce Go 7400
Quadro FX 350M
Quadro NVS 120M
GeForce Go 7300
GeForce Tegra 4 *
PowerVR G6200
Adreno 405 *
Quadro NVS 110M
Mobility Radeon X600
Mobility FireGL V3200
Mobility FireGL V3100
Mobility Radeon HD X2300
Mobility Radeon 9700


Mobility FireGL T2e
Mobility Radeon X1300
GeForce4 4200 Go
Mobility Radeon 9600
Mobility FireGL T2
Mobility Radeon 9550
GeForce Go 7200
GeForce Go 6400
Mobility Radeon X300
GeForce Go 6250
GeForce Go 6200
GeForce FX Go 5700
Quadro FX Go 1000
GeForce FX Go 5600 / 5650
Radeon Xpress X1270
Radeon Xpress X1250
Radeon Xpress X1200
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) X3100
Mali-T624
Adreno 320 *
Mali-T760 MP2
Mali-T720 MP4
Mali-450 MP4
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3650 *
GeForce 7190M *
GeForce 7150M
Radeon Xpress 1150
GeForce Go 6150
GeForce Go 6100
GeForce 7000M
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3600 *
Mobility Radeon 9200
Mobility FireGL 9000
GeForce FX Go 5200
Mobility Radeon 9000
GeForce 4 488 Go
GeForce 4 460 Go
GeForce 4 440 Go
GeForce 4 420 Go
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3150
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 950
SGX545 SGX544MP2 SGX543MP2 *
Mali-T720 MP2
Mali-T720
Adreno 302 304 305 306
Mobility Radeon 7500
Mobility FireGL 7800
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 900
Radeon Xpress 200M
Radeon Xpress 1100
Mirage 3+ 672MX
Mirage 3 671MX
Mali-400 MP4 *
GeForce ULP (Tegra 3) *
VideoCore-IV *
Adreno 220 225*
Vivante GC1000+ Dual-Core
Mali-400 MP2 *
GeForce ULP (Tegra 2) *
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 600 *
SGX540 *
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 500
Adreno 205 *
Adreno 203 *
GC800 *
SGX535
SGX531
SGX530
Adreno 200 *
Mali-200 *
GeForce 3 Go *
GeForce 2 Go 200 / 100
Mobility Radeon 9100 IGP
Mobility Radeon 9000 IGP
Mobility Radeon M7
Mobility Radeon M6
Chrome9 HC
Extreme Graphics 2
Mobility Radeon 7000 IGP
Radeon IGP 340M
Radeon IGP 320M
S3G UniChrome Pro II
S3G UniChrome Pro
Castle Rock
Mirage 2 M760
Mirage M661FX
S3 Graphics ProSavage8
Mobility 128 M3
SM502 *
&lt;/pre&gt;


Not supported on AROS 

*OpenGL4 GPU must have 64-bit floating point FP64 math support, which is a hard requirement for GL 4.0. The max last revision opengl 4.6 (2017) on [https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/AMDGPU AMDGPU] RX 5000's / 6000s ([https://forum.batocera.org/d/7491-enable-opengl-46-and-vulkan-for-an-old-radeon-video-card RDNA] might come to AROS) but Intel UHD, Iris Plus or Xe, Nvidia RTX (will not) 
*OpenGL3 last revision 3.3 (2011) 


Some support on AROS 

*OpenGL2 nvidia-nouveau, 
*OpenGL1 intel gma950, 


Kernel-space drivers like '''radeon''' (older AMD driver for older GPUs), '''amdgpu''' (newer driver for newer GPUs, allows using a few new features), i915, nouveau and a few others. They are what handles the gory details of talking to the GPU itself (writing to proper registers, handling its memory directly, configuring outputs, and so on). Unfortunately most of what they're exposing can be only consumed by a single user of that GPU, which is why we need...

DRM and DRI (Direct Rendering Manager/Infrastructure) controls access to the GPUs, provides interfaces for talking to the GPU concurrently by multiple apps at once (without them breaking each other) and lets the system perform the most basic tasks like setting proper resolution and such if no userspace apps understand how to talk to the GPU exposed. DRI and DRM expose the GPU interfaces mostly as-is, not in a &quot;vendor-neutral&quot; portable way - if you don't have an application developed specifically for a GPU you have, it won't work. 

&quot;let's create a vendor-neutral interface for graphics so that apps can ignore the GPU-specific bits and get right to the drawing!&quot; - which is what OpenGL is. User-space drivers implement the OpenGL specification and expose it as an OpenGL library to apps (like games, browsers, etc) instead of the GPU. Mesa is the most popular collection of open-source user-space drivers and contains a few user-space drivers for different GPU families: '''radeonsi''' for most modern AMD GPUs (and '''r600g''', r300g and others for older ones), '''i915/i965''' for old/new Intel GPUs and '''nouveau''' for Nvidia GPUs. 

There's also Gallium, which is a bunch of utilities and common code shared among these drivers - if certain things can be done once and work everywhere, they'll land in Gallium and benefit all the drivers. Most Mesa drivers use Gallium (radeonsi, nouveau, software renderers), some don't (intel after gma950). 

Displaying 2D windows supports device-specific 2D drivers as well, but nowadays most of these are no longer needed as the modesetting can handle most hardware on its own. As the DRM/DRI got some additional interfaces for what used to be hardware-specific (setting resolutions, refresh rates, etc) and software requiring accelerated 2D drawing was optimized OpenGL-based renderers, dedicated 2D acceleration is slowly going away. Since around 2012, the 3D part of the graphics card deals with 2D operations. 

Modern GPUs can also decode video!? There's VDPAU (NVIDIA &amp; AMD GPUs) and VA-API (AMD &amp; Intel GPUs) that can also talk to the GPU exposed via DRM/DRI and issue proper commands to decode/encode a given video stream. Those drivers are GPU-specific too. 


So let's say you have some example GPUs, here's how example stacks could look like:

* AMD Radeon HD8750: amdgpu -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (radeonsi)  
* AMD Radeon HD4850: radeon kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (r600g) -&gt; games/apps/etc.
* NVIDIA GeForce 460: nouveau kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (nouveau) -&gt; games/apps.
* Intel GMA950: i915 kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (i945) -&gt; games/apps.


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=30%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fudomi GC888A
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1080p 100in throw projector 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Vamvo VF320 (720P) 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 90in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Happrun H1 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1080p 90in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Umbolite Magcubic HIPPUS HY320 Mini 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 100in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zentality A10 Plus 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 110in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nexigo nova mini 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nebula mars 3 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epson lifestudio flex plus portable projector
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;dangbei freedo 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;benq gv50 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


Unless your computer uses a Firewire chipset manufactured by Texas Instruments, FireWire interfaces are likely to act buggy. 
AROS is unlikely to ever support FireWire. 


Bluetooth is similarly unlikely to be ever supported due to huge cost to be certified. 


No, x86 PCMCIA card.resource at the moment. Writing card.resource would be a similar amount of work to writing a typical driver. However, it might be complicated by having to support a variety of PCMCIA-controller chipsets like TI PCI1225, PCI1410, PCI1420, 1450, PCIxx12 and O2, etc. m68k card.resource does not really have many higher level functions, most functions are really simple or poke Gayle registers directly. only exception is CopyTuple(). Amiga card.resource has one significant flaw: it's single-unit. would need card.resource and pccard.library. There was talk in the past of designing a new API for PCMCIA because card.resource only supports one slot, but since most modern laptops only have one slot anyway, I think it might be worthwhile to implement card.resource as-is (at least as a first step). pccard.library would be trivial to port. So, a new API is needed.


&lt;pre&gt;
HDMI (licensing fee)

1.4  4K @ 30Hz
2.0  4K @ 60Hz
2.1  48Gbs for 4K @ 120Hz, 8K @ , VRR, etc 
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
DisplayPort (VESA introduced) 

1.4  4K @ 60Hz
2.1  96Gbs for 4K @ 240Hz, 8K @ 120Hz. MST daisy chain multiple monitors, 
&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g9jp2ycsg9e4iwwm1sue5scprd8r5le</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638797</id>
      <parentid>4638792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:30:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638797</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="219570" sha1="si2fwzr2dtd0mtzp825bstgz6s464z3" xml:space="preserve">Google translation into [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=nl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Hindi], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Chinese Simplified], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Polish], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FPlatforms%2Fx86_support Russian], 

{{ArosNav}}


[[#Audio Chipsets]]

[[#Graphic GFX Chipsets]]

[[#Future]]


==x86 Native Environment==


AROS should run on almost any i386 PC hardware so long as the CPU is newer than an i486, and has a &quot;Floating Point Unit (FPU)&quot;. Ideally around 700Mhz and above with at least 256MB of memory is recommended for desktops and around 1GHz and at least 256MB for laptops/notebooks/netbooks. For web browsing, etc above 1GB is usually needed and offers the option to run web browsers, media players and other hard disk heavy usage from RAM: disk. 


Motherboards supported 
* Most Intel mobos are supported (Skt 775 is ok but newer is better) - additional pci / pci-e cards may be needed for networking, audio, etc 
* AMD based socket 939 am2 am2+ am3+, fusion and am4 ryzen based systems work but additional pci / pci-e cards may be needed 


Supported graphics cards (gfx) 
* Nvidia 2D and 3D 2005-2017. 
64bit AROS Nouveau covers '''2D''' 8xxxgs and higher to GTX 900s and '''3D''' from . 
32bit AROS supports '''2D''' from TNT through to fermi gtx5xx and  '''3D''' acceleration fx5xxx to gtx4xx. 
* Intel GMA 2D and 3D 2006-2009. 
'''2D''' for many old netbooks and motherboards. '''3D''' for many early netbooks and motherboards 
* AMD/ATI 2D only and '''no 3D'''. 1999-2005. 
Desktop ie external monitor support only (no laptop internal support) for very early Radeon 7000 through to x600. Experimental 2D version for up to HD3xxx came later 
* VESA 2D fallback modes for all graphic cards (GPUs) and with [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKCHZFYj9Kk screen dragging]. 

 It's worth noting however that support isn't guaranteed. Nor will potential power of a card reflect its performance under AROS. 


Sound wise there are 

* HDaudio support for onboard intel and AMD netbooks, ultrabooks, notebooks and motherboards (2005 to 2020) 
* some AC97 codec support for very old motherboards and laptops (ie pre 2004) 


* PCI and some PCI-E C-Media CMI8738 for desktop plugin cards 
* PCI Creative Soundblaster EMU10K1 cards [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2512 SBLive] 
* PCI semi professional some early VIA Envy24 desktop sound cards 
* PCI Sound Blaster 128 aka SB16 


Supported [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_Network_support network] which could be desktop, laptop, etc 
* PCI-E Realtek rtl8169 which also includes the rtl8111 and rtl8110 
* PCI Realtek rtl8139 and includes rtl8101 and rtl8100
* PCI intel pro100
* Broadcom 44xx 10/100 integrated in laptops around 2005 
* VIA 10/100 
* 3com Etherlink 10/100 
* Realtek rtl8029 10mbit 


Wireless wifi 
* atheros 5000 wireless 
*realtek 8187 usb 


It is very hard to recommend a completely supported motherboard because as soon as newer motherboards arrive so their features change subtly, often introducing non supported parts like ethernet and audio. It is a moving target. 

* mini-itx motherboard will only get you 1 pci or pci-e slot
* micro mATX or uATX will have more, typically 2 pci-e or pci slots which helps if any onboard features are not supported. 
* full atx will have more slots available 

'''N.B''' It is frustrating when a piece of hardware is not supported. Hardware documentation can run to over 100 pages and a lot of hardware do not have any public documentation anyway. Chips from different manufacturers for sound, graphics, SATA, etc. vary just as much, unless they follow a standard such as [https://github.com/acidanthera/AppleALC/wiki/Supported-codecs HDAudio codecs], AHCI etc. 

Coding drivers is a far cry from Hello World programs or even a port of existing software. If you do actually want to try then get a hold of documentation on the relevant hardware and start there. Alternatively you could try to find some '''BSD''', MIT or MPL licence drivers as a point of reference. Please , do not think you can just adapt strings in a driver for different strings, it does not work that way. You will '''need''' to start from scratch for each new bit of hardware. Device driver programming require '''embedded''' skills, like manipulation of bits within registers, good debugging skills, dealing with interrupts, lots of patience, etc. 


The following specific chipsets and drivers are also available - use Tools/PCITool to confirm Vendor and Product IDs - Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, to this General Chat list on [https://arosworld.org/ AROS World]


: Brief Timeline

: 2000-12-06 HIDD  first mouse.hidd completed ([http://msaros.blogspot.com/ Michal Schulz])
: 2001-03-31 BOOT  first boot from floppy disk with IDE device 
: 2001-10-30 BOOT  first cd bootable version
: 2002-01-27 HIDD  first pci.hidd added (Michal Schulz)
: 2002-04-13 BOOT  software HDToolBox added ()
: 2003-04-03 HIDD  vesa2.hidd graphic modes added ()
: 2004-03-08 HIDD  new pci and ata (pata) devices worked on (Michal Schulz)
: 2004-03-17 HIDD  nVidia 2D driver appears (Michal Schulz)
: 2005-01-05 AHI   AHI v6 audio system ported (Martin Blom)
: 2005-01-06 AHI   SBLive SoundBlaster Live driver ported (Georg Steger)
: 2005-02-04 AHI   AC97 playback only driver added (Michal Schulz) 
: 2005-06-27 NIC   amiTCP stack ported with 3com, NE2000, prism2 drivers (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2005-08-25 NIC   nForce2 support added (Michal Schulz)
: 2005-12-24 NIC   Intel Pro100 network driver added (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2006-03-25 HIDD  ATI radeon 2D driver added (Michal Schulz)
: 2007-03-06 HIDD  vesa 1.0 video driver added (Pavel Fedin) 
: 2007-03-08 HIDD  dospackets and FAT filesystem (Rob Norris) 
: 2007-03-21 HIDD  usb initial commit (Michal Schulz)


: 2007-10-01 BOOT  Installer added (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2007-11-29 PORT  64bit x86 added  (Michal Schulz) 
: 2008-04-12 BOOT  GRUB2 added (Alain Greppin and Nick Andrews)
: 2008-08-26 NIC   RTL8139 added ([http://kalamatee.blogspot.com/ Nick Andrews]) 
: 2008-10-22 PORT  to SAM440ep (ppc) (Michal Schulz)
: 2009-02-25 PORT  to efika (ppc) (Michal Schulz) 
: 2009-05-18 HIDD  poseidon usb2.0 stack ported to AROS (Chris Hodges) 
: 2009-11-18 NIC   RTL8169 network driver arrived (Nick Andrews and [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/franck.charlet/oldnews.html Franck Charlet])
: 2009-12-23 AHI   HDAudio based Atom CPU and netbook audio driver arrived (Davy Wentzler)
: 2010-03-09 BOOT  USB pendrive stick booting available (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2010-05-26 HIDD  Intel GMA900 2D graphics card support (Michal Schulz)
: 2010-09-03 NIC   Wireless PCI based NIC arrived (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2011-04-30 HIDD  Nvidia 2D and 3D nouveau graphics card support (Deadwood) 
: 2011-08-30 HIDD  Radeon 2D enhanced AMD driver arrives (Bearsoft)
: 2011-09-17 NIC   Wireless USB realtek arrives (Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2011-12-09 HIDD  Intel 945G 3D Gallium graphics support (Sami) 


: 2013-02-25 AHI   AC97 VIA 686 audio support (Davy Wentzler and Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2013-03-31 PORT  early Raspberry PI native support (Nik Andrews) 
: 2014-01-16 AHI   Envy24 audio chipset support (Davy Wentzler and Neil Cafferkey) 
: 2017-02-17 PORT  Symmetric MultiProcessing smp added for x86 64bit (Michal Schulz)
: 2018-10-20 PORT  Big Endian ARM 
: 2021-11-26 NIC   Broadcom 44xx ethernet (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2023-01-12 NIC   Nvidia MCP61 ethernet (Neil Cafferkey)
: 2025-11    HIDD  xHCI USB3 and isoc (Nik Andrews)


[[#top|...to the top]]


===Audio Chipsets===

'''If sound beeps in AHI prefs after Music set then some support is there. Select more than one channel for multiple audio streams, set frequency up to 44 kHz or higher and set the volume if not already set. Ensure you set the music unit 0 to 3 which allows the extra features of the audio card like microphone, line-out, etc).''' 


====1996-2000 sb128.audio aka SB16 PCI====

*2021 5.27 

as per CREATIVE's website, the model number is the first two digits on the front and first two digits on the back. my card says CT4810 and 161TK110B 995; this translates to CT4816 as the model. 

The original AudioPCI 3000 card with the ES1370 had a master clock crystal for 44.1 kHz (22.5792 MHz), used an AKM codec (AK4531, non-AC97) and had 4 channel output; Creative later modified the design with a crystal for 48 kHz (24.576 MHz) and Sigmatel AC97 codec (a CT4700 SB128 with a CT5507 chip, AK4531, 22.5792 MHz crystal and TDA7360 speaker power amp). The issue with these cards involved never quite eliminate the effects of resampling on the 64V, it also shows signs of undersized coupling caps. These Ensoniq cards automatically engaged headphone amplifier (with a 4565 opamp). 

Porting involved [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/b60abd12967144a844980c422ea9e99c056eabca 40897], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/b7d6511fca6430a63fbaaa390b4f51bf0203a460 40898 configure], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/f51034cd22759a4ec3a2547bddb3a7169d956eaa 40900 bugs], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/4f43fc38e3489ea45d12b7b5ba6fff50b69c5746 40901 further bugs], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/d23c78aec75f049484b6916d27b6804ce858bb2c 40913 memory IO fixes], [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/d256860fe3035016952e88d143c6f2611997f2f3 40914 irq fix]. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Ensoniq AudioPCI 1000 
| 0x1274
| 0x5000
|
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  es1370 (u?)   AK4531 (u?)
|-
| Ensoniq AudioPCI
| 0x1274
| 0x5000
| 0x00
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
|
|-
| CT4700  Sound Blaster PCI 64 (audioPCI 3000) 
| 0x1274 
| 0x5000
| 0x7c
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works -  opamp JRC4565(u?)  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensoniq_ES1370 es1370] (u?) 
|-
| CT4750 Sound Blaster 64/PCI 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - 4565-1056W (u1)  stac9708t(u2)  [http://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=6&amp;t=916891 ct5880-dcq] (u3)  24wc012 (u4) 
|-
| CT4751 (SB128PCI) 
| 0x1274
| 0x8001
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Blaster#Ensoniq_AudioPCI-based_cards es1371] (u?) 
|-
| CT4810 Creative AudioPCI64V
| 0x1274 
| 0x1371 
| 0x06
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| CT4811 (SB Vibra 128) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4812 (Vibra 128) 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4813 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4815 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4816 es1373 (vibra 128)
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested but this card has creative's ES1373 as the main chip(U1). it is also different from the other CT4810 (vibra128) in that it does not have a second chip in U2 position. Also there is only one jumper JP1 (2X3). 
|-
| CT5801 HP 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - es1373 (u3)
|-
| CT5803 Gateway 
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x08
| {{yes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works  4565-0005b jrc (u1)    4297a-jq ztae0c0002  (u2)    es1373 (u3) 
|-
| CT4740
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x08
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| 
|-
| CT5805 Compaq OEM Premier Sound Presario 7  
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - es1373 (u3)
|-
| CT5806  (Sound Blaster AudioPCI 128D)
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested - 4297A-JO EP (u?)  ZTAPWC9933 (u2)   es1373 (u3) 
|-
| CT5807 Dell OEM Dimension 8100 
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested -  es1373 (u?) 
|-
| CT5808
| 
| 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT4730 Sound Blaster AudioPCI 64V Ectiva EV1938
| 0x1102
| 0x8938
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| CT5880 on various motherboards 
| 0x1274 
| 0x5880 
| 
| {{unk}}
| {{unk}}
| untested [http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/mainboards/display/ga-6rx.html Gigabyte GA-6RX] (VIA ApolloPro 266 2001], Gigabyte GA-6VM7-4E mobo, [http://active-hardware.com/english/reviews/mainboard/ga-7vtx.htm Gigabyte GA-7VTX] (KT266 2001), Gigabyte [http://www.amdboard.com/gigabytega7vtxh.html GA-7VTXH] (KT266A 2001), [http://www.amdboard.com/gigabytega7vrxp.html Gigabyte 7VRXP] mobo (KT333 2002), MSI MS-6309, MS-6318, MS-6337 (815E Pro), MS-6339 (850Pro) and MS-6340, PCChips Motherboard M571 TXPRO, Soltek SL-65ME+, 
|-
| VMware Virtual Workstation(TM) 
| 0x1274
| 0x1371
| 0x02
| {{Yes|but not Hi-Fi modes}}
| {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;pre&gt;
Revision 0x04 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_A  
Revision 0x06 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_B  

Revision 0x07 = ES1371 REV_CT5880_A  
Revision 0x02 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_C  
Revision 0x03 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_D  
Revision 0x04 = CT5880 REV_CT5880_E  

Revision 0x09 = ES1371 REV_ES1371_B  
Revision 0x00 = EV1938 REV_EV1938_A  
Revision 0x08 = ES1371 REV_ES1373_8  
&lt;/pre&gt;


====1999-2001 via-ac97.audio====

*2021 5.10 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;694X with 686A KT133 PM133 or 693A with VT8231 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3058
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} redirects earphones correctly 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;audio controller works but depends on the underlying invisible codec used see AC97 section 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;686B KT133A with VT8231 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3058
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x50
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|}} reroutes ear pieces right 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;audio controller works but depends on the underlying codec used see AC97 section below 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;686C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM266 or KT266 with VT8233, KT266A with VT8233A, VT8233C 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM333 KT333 with VT8235 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x30
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;KM400 KT400 with VT8237, KT600 with VT8237R, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1106
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3059
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x40 0x50 0x60 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====1998-2003 emu10kx.audio - Creative Labs SoundBlaster Live! and Audigy====

*2021 6.5

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| PCI512 CT4790 (emu10k1)
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested (1st Gen)
|-
| Live CT4620 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested             
|-
| Live CT4760 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 0x07
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| playback works
|-
| Live Value CT4670 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| works plays stereo (2nd Gen)
|-
| Live Value DELL CT4780 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x06
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| plays/records stereo - untested 4.1mode
|-
| Live Value Compaq CT4830 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| not working 
|-
| Live Value CT4831 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Live Value CT4832 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x07
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{partial|Line-In only}}
| works
|-
| Live Value CT4832 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x08
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works
|-
| Live Value HP CT4870 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| Works
|-
| Live Value Gateway CT4871 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Live! Platinum 5.1 SB0060 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| plays audio/records, untested 5.1 (3rd Gen)
|-
| Live 5.1 SB0100 -SFF
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002 
| 0x00 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| Live 5.1 Player SB0220 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0002
| 0x0a
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| plays audio/records stereo, untested 5.1
|-
| Live 5.1 Digital SB0228 
| 0x1102
| 0x0002
| 0x0a
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| working 
|-
| Audigy SB0090 (emu10k2)
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Audigy SB0230 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1102
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0004
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x03
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|Mic only}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;5th Dec 2012 - untested optical tos link. contains also IEEE1394/Firewire (untested)
|-
| Audigy 2 Platinum 6.1 SB0240 SB0250 EMU10K2.5
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
| 0x04
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{maybe}}
| works 
|-
| Audigy 2 PRO SB0280 EMU10K2.5
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| untested
|-
| Audigy 2 ZS SB0350 
| 0x1102
| 0x0004
| 0x04
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{yes}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| Live 5.1 DELL SB0200 SB0203 emu10kx
| 0x1102 
| 0x0006 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| 
|-
| Live 24bit SB0410 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Live 24bit DELL SB0413 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy LS SB0310 
| 0x1102 
| 0x0007 
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver 
|-
| Audigy SE 7.1 SB0570
| 0x1102
| 0x0007
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver 
|-
| Audigy 2 ZS SB0320 SB0360 (PRO)
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 2 VALUE SB0400
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 4 VALUE SB0610
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| Audigy 4 PRO SB0380
| 0x1102
| 0x0008
|
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver
|-
| EMU E-MU 0404 PCI (not USB) EM8852 
| 0x1102 
| 0x000
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no}}
| no driver but linux support needs firmware 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

the green jack is for the main speaker pair AND headphones, so manual switching will be required 
If your card is wired for the &quot;AC97&quot; standard, then it's up to your headphone jack to switch the green speaker output in and out 
the headphone jack has Normally-closed contacts that will open on insertion, which breaks the signal path back to the sound card (FP_RETURN) 


====2000-2010 cmi8738.audio - C-Media====

*2021 5.20 

;Read [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2512 more] and imported on [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/commit/aff741d60160c6a9d7d39c9e004a25ea3aa13847 20th July 2011] and [http://alsa.opensrc.org/Cmipci alsa docs]. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Audiotrak MAYA EX5 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| cmi8738-sx 4ch 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested
|-
| e3dx hsp56 CMedia 8738-sx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EDio SC3000D 6ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Genius SoundMaker Value PCI C3DX 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Guillemot Maxi Sound Muse
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Hercules Gamesurround Muse LT
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{no}}
| 
|-
| Hercules Gamesurround Muse XL LT 5.1
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Inno audio extreme 5.1 cmi8738/lx pci 6ch 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| M-Audio (Midiman) DiO 2448
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Sabrent SBT-SP6C 6ch
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| StarTech PCISOUND4CH 8738sx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Sweex SC012 CMI8738-lx 4ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Terratec 5.1 PCI 
| 0x13f6
| 0x0111
| 0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Fun 5.1
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt; {{unk}}
| Has SPDIF
|-
| Trust Sound Expert Digital Surround 5.1 (cm8738-mx 6ch) 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Turtle Beach Riviera CMI8738-MX 6ch
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| XSonic CMI 8738 6ch 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision 
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMI8738 6ch PCI-E PCI Express version 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x13f6
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0111
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x10
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Chinese based card with playback tested so far 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====2001-2005 ac97.audio====

*6.4 27-12-2008 


The AC97 chips were designed to be pinout interchangeable so that the sound support could change easily and quickly without motherboard redesigns 

the green jack is for the main speaker pair AND headphones, so manual switching will be required 
If your card is wired for the &quot;AC97&quot; standard, then it's up to your headphone jack to switch the green speaker output in and out, the headphone jack has Normally-closed contacts that will open on insertion, which breaks the signal path back to the sound card (FP_RETURN) 

The ProductID and VendorID are for the audio controller only - the important additional codec is '''NOT''' so easily identified. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Avance Logic (now Realtek) ALC100 and ALC101 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC200 and ALC201 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC201A and ALC202  and ALC202A codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC650 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;most Nforce2 boards plays audio only - Abit NF7, Asus A7N8X, MSI K7N2, Epox 8RDA+, DFI 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC850 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support for via P4P800 chipset on ASUS A8V-E SE Deluxe mobo - ICaros 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Realtek ALC653 codec and ALC655 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested Acorp 7NFU400 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Realtek ALC658 codec ALC658D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8080
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x24c5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Prefs Music and Units 0-3 set volume control - playback}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;MSI Motherboard on NB 22-09-2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881 SoundMAX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Analog Devices first AC97 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with VIA Controller - untested Intel etc 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1881B 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1885 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Playback only with issues on D845HV but not working on MS-6367 because Units 0-3 have masked volume control 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1886 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1887 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ADI AD1888 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Icaros 1.51
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1980 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1981A codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested IBM X30 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Analog Devices SoundMax(TM) AD1981B codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;plays back only on IBM T41 Thinkpad 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1985 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not working ahi prefs freezes on D865GLC mobo ([http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/multimedia/display/int-sound2_3.html ] 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1986 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/Boards/Motherboards/Fujitsu/D1931/D1931.htm D1931] but works (Acer Aspire 3610 laptop) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Crystal Semiconductors CS4205, CS4202 codecs 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CrystalWare 4236 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CrystalClear SoundFusion CS4297 CS4299 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested IBM T23
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;conexant Cx20468-31 codec (id 30)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x103c
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x3085 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|AC97 appears in AHI Prefs}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Tested AspireOS 1.8 on Gateway W322 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESS Technology ES1921 AC'97 2.1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMI 6501 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested on ASROCK SKT-AM2 AM2NF3-VSTA
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec CMI9738
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec CMI9739
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI 9739A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; untested on EPoX 8RDA3+ 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;CMedia CMI 9761A codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested ASRocK K7NF2-RAID 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI9880
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;National Semi conductor (now TI) LM4540, LM4543, LM4545, LM4546, LM4548, LM4549, LM4550 LM4560 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;STAC9708T codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SigmaTel (now IDT) C-Major STAC 9460 (D/A only), 9461, 9462, 9463, 9200, 9202, 9250, 9251, 9220, 9221, 9223, 9750 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AKM (Asahi Kasei Microsystems) AK 4540, 4543, 4544A, 4545 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;codec VT1616 (VIA Six-TRAC Vinyl Audio)  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VIA VT1612, VT82C686
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1968 maestro-2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1968
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1978 maestro2e
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1978
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESStech ESS ES1988 maestro3 allegro-1 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x125d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1988
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x12
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Yamaha AC97 ymf-743 YMF752 YMF753 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested ymf-753 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;YMF724 YMF744 YMF-754 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| SIS 7018 / Trident 4dwave DX/NX / ALi 5451
| 0x1039 (0x1023 Trident) 
| 0x7018 (0x2000 Trident DX) (0x2001 Trident NX)
| 0x02
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| no support - introduced early 2000s
|-
| SIS 7012 
| 0x1039
| 0x7012
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| working through 1 speaker only took over from SIS7018 (2002 onwards) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson (now Cirrus Logic) WM9701, WM9701A (AC'97 1.03 spec), WM9703, WM9704 (AC'97 2.1), WM9705, WM9706, WM9707, WM9708 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;WM9709, WM9710, WM9711, WM9712, WM971 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;first Microsoft(TM) Xbox DAC sound chip (AC Link compliant D/A converter) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson WM9717 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| Parallels 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| VirtualBox
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No}}
| working
|-
| VirtualPC
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel 82801AA Proxmox 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====2005-20xx HDAUDIO.audio====

*6.36 2025 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/43b33a9280b10963ca659de2cc3d1cf289b43a87 reset handler] 
*6.35 202  [] 
*6.34 2019 AROS One 1.5 upwards 
*6.29 2018 
*6.27 2017 update
*6.25 2014 used for most Icaros 2.x 
*6.20 July 2012 
*6.17 Nov 2011 
*6.15 Jun 2011
*[http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=109 6.13] Sep 2010


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC260 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC262 
* ALC262-VD2-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;LQFP-48 
|-
| ALC268 codec
| 0x 
| 0x
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 Acer AOA110 and AOA150 netbooks), works (Dell Mini Inspiron 9 and 10v, }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 remove QUERY and select 'Mic 1' as input. Tested with 6.15 as well using QuickRecord and AE 4.0.23 under Icaros 1.4.}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;AHI UNITS and Music are set to: hdaudio:HiFi 16 bit stereo++ / Frequency 48000 Hz, Volume +0.0 dB. The hdaudio.config in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive is WITHOUT the QUERY-line. After changing and saving the config-file turn off and start again the computer. Switch from internal loudspeaker to headphone you must turn off the music before plug in the headphone-cable, otherwise there is no output on the socket. Back from line-out to internal speakers it is the same. 
|-
| [http://blog.foool.net/wp-content/uploads/linuxdocs/sound.pdf Linux docs ALC269] 
* ALC269Q-GR
* ALC269QSRS-GR
* ALC269W-GR 
| 0x 
| 0x
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;TQFP 48 pin Power IC Chip From [https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/alsa-devel/patch/1408118123-15849-1-git-send-email-tiwai@suse.de/ ALC269 &amp; co have many vendor-specific setups with COEF verbs, result in the codec stalling] 
|-
| [http://www.alsa-project.org/db/?f=0321f8479fd670cd510f9912b1120fe7edcf2e07 ALC269VB] 
* ALC269Q-VB5-GR 
* ALC269Q-VB6-CG 
* ALC269Q-VB6-GR 
| 0x10ec
| 0x0269
| 0x100004, 0x100100, 0x100202
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some versions work}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* v1 works Asus eee PC netbook 901/1000HA 1005HA/1008HA, 1001P, 
* v2 maybe working Lenovo S9 S10 S10-2 S10-3 under HDAudio version 6.13
* v3 maybe dell wyse 7010 
|-
| [http://alsa-project.org/db/?f=9c1746c5957b0ce72ff9cfffa312e97d14baf785 ALC269VC aka ALC3202]
* ALC269Q-VC2-GR
* ALC269Q-VC3-GR
| 0x10ec
| 0x0269
| 0x100203, 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some versions work}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;SMT SMD QFN-48 - 
* v1 unknown
* v2 unknown
* v3 x230, dell wyse, 
|-
| ALC272 
* ALC272-VA4-GR
| 0x10ec
| 0x0272
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* works Acer AOD150 and Acer AOD250 works [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=33755&amp;forum=28#616910 Samsung NP-NC10], works Samsung NF210-A02] netbooks, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC273 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC270 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC282 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;needs retest 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC660 ALC660-VD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* works asus F9s, F9e 
* untested asus w7j, M51SN, A6Tc, A8Sr, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC661-GR (2011) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| ALC662 
| 0x1043
| 0x82a1
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|Version 6.17 if QUERY added to top of hdaudio.config}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No|Version 6.17 not working for eee pc 900}}
| 
* works Asus eee PC netbook 700/701/900, Atom 270 and 330 mobos, odd clicks (D410 NM10 PineTrail), 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;[http://outpost.fr/rmaa/ALC663.htm ALC663]  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0861
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|Version 6.13}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not bad output like headphone amp part of the codec actually works well but messed up by undersized coupling capacitors to actually support such a low impedance 
* not working Asus n50vn x71vn, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC665 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC666 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC667
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC668 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC670 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC880 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;some 915 and 925 chipset mobos 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC882M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Realtek ALC883 ALC883-GR ALC883D-GR ALC883DTS-GR ALC883DD-GR codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|some early versions work }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2005 to 2007 HD Audio codec untested (Asus ), 
|-
| Codec ALC885 
| 0x10ec
| 0x0885
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC888 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC888s
* ALC888S-VD2-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} MSI Wind U90/U100, 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| LQFP-48 
|-
| ALC888b
| 0x8086
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested (D510 NM10 Dual Core PineTrail mobo),  
|-
| ALC888-VD
| 0x8086
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested 
|-
| ALC889A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes|works if QUERY added to the top of hdaudio.config in Prefs drawer/directory}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC889 Gr
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} with crackles 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC889 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Tested with MSI H55 board 
|-
| ALC887 ALC887-GR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* working on ASUS P5KPL/EPU and Gigabyte GA-E350N-Win8 Rev1.0 
|-
| ALC887-VD-CG
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0887
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x100302
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}} Subsystem Id: 0x1458a002 
| 
|-
| ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0887 0x1458
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}} index = 2 
| ALC887 does not have any volume control ability on the mixer NIDs, so put the volume controls on the dac NIDs instead 
* working with intermittent corrupting pop popping skipping stuttering sound issues MSI 760GM-P23 (FX), 
* not working Gigabyte H61MA-D3V, AT3IONT-I Deluxe, 
|-
| ALC887-VD2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 3jacks 
|-
| ALC887-VD2-GR 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC887-
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| ALC892-CG rev
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2011 48-pin LQFP Green package - 
|-
| ALC892 ALC892-DTS-CG rev 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 2009 introduced 
* works 
* not working 
* untested 
|-
| ALC892 rev 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0892
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x100302
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| 2014 
|-
| Realtek ALC886-GR
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| LQFP-48 
|-
| Codec ALC861 ALC861-VD 
| 0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0663
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
* not working Toshiba Tecra A7 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC1200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| ALC898 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| not working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC1500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3232 (aka ALC292) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0292
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3234 aka ALC255 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10ec
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0255 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;003
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC3287 aka ALC257
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ALC aka ALC
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1882 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1883 HD Codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1884 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Analog Devices SoundMAX AD1981 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| IBM Thinkpad T60, 
|-
| AD1984 hp-m4 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* audio not working on Lenovo X61, Thinkpad T61, 
|-
| AD1986 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
|-
| AD1988
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AD1988A 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CS4207
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Cirrus Logic CS4208 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20549 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Maybe|very very very low volume}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested Fujitsu Amilo SI 1510 1520 no datasheet for the general public 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20549-12Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested HP 530 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20561 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working lenovo x200s
* untested Lenovo Essential G555 Notebook, HP Pavilion dv6700, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20582 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX2059x CX20590 CX20594-21Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20585 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working Lenovo Thinkpad T410, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20672 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20671 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX20751-21Z codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX11852 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant CX11880 codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Conexant after 2015 up to 2018 CX7501 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{no|no driver codec}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{no|no driver codec}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Conexant bought by synaptics 2019 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;C-Media CMI9880 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Gigabyte GA-8GPNXP
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Silicon Labs 3054 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| VIA 1708A
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| untested, 
|-
| VIA VT1708B
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| 0x0010
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|VIA PicoITX}} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| VIA 1708S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}  
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;VT2021 10ch
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Gigabyte Z77MX-D3H, GA-H61M-S2H‎ S2P, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Creative CA0110-IBG
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;SigmaTel STAC 9220 9221 9223 8ch (7+1) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ECS 945GCT/M-1333 (version 3.0), 
|-
| IDT SigmaTec [http://explorer.cekli.com/articles/pdf/hd-audio STAC9227] /28/29/30 codec
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8384
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7626
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
* works HP Compaq mini 110
* untested HP Pavilion HDX9000 CTO Notebook, Intel DG33TL mobo, Dell E520, Intel DP35DP mobo, Dell E6410 Laptop, 
|-
| IDT (formerly SigmaTel) IDC STAC 9271/71D 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x8384
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7626
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x0002
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
|  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC STAC 9272 9273 9274 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Intel D5400XS, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDT 92HD73C
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;headphones only Asus AT4NM10 mobo 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDT 92HD75B
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x111d
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x7608
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* working [http://koti.kapsi.fi/jvaltane/aros/hdaudio/ HP Compaq Mini 700 Netbook - feedback required]
* untested HP Mini 5103 and 5102, HP Compaq 610, HP ProBook Laptop 4520s 4525s 6450b 6550b 6555b, HP EliteBook 2540p 2740p 8440p, Mobile Workstation 8540w 8740w, Pavilion NoteBook DV8, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 92HD81XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 92HD83XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC STAC 92HD89XX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;IDC 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson (now Cirrus Logic) WM8850 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Wolfson WM8860 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Intel High Definition Audio Revision 1.0. - 4-Channel DAC, 4-channel ADC. - DAC sampling 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


Using Prefs/AHI ensure you set the music unit and at least Units 0 (where most audio comes from) in top left drop down menu to HDaudio - HIFI in the section below. Set Units 1 or 2 to microphone or other outputs. Plus allow more than one channel for multiple audio streams and set frequency up to 44 kHz or higher on the right hand side of the ahi prefs. If sound beeps when you press the test button then all should be OK. 

 Output &lt;- Codec &lt;- Audio Controller (HDA) &lt;-&gt; Computer 

codecs and exact hardware identifier. As mentioned above, HDA is only part of the work here, it gets the audio out of the main chipset in digital format (on a bus called I2S). This is not enough, there is another step needed which is routing that I2S signal to the output, converting it to actual audio, amplifying it, etc. This is handled by a separate chip called a &quot;codec&quot;. Sometimes it is initialized by the BIOS, but this is not always the case. 

Most audio drivers are made up of two parts a [http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt Controller + a Codec]. The ProductID and VendorID are for the audio controller only - the important additional codec is '''NOT''' so easily identified. 

 Some newer versions of codecs are missing at the moment. 


Things to try if sound not working 

* try to connect something to the audio jack, maybe it is not playing on internal speakers or vice versa 
* make sure you try and select all music units e.g. unit0, unit1.... 
* even if PCI ID's are in Prefs/Env-Archive/HDaudio.config, this doesn't mean it is working, it is the codec that matters 
* it might be internally muted 


&lt;pre&gt;
add debug=memory to grub boot line - continue booting with F10 
Open a shell 
Tools/Debug/Bifteck &gt; RAM:audio.txt
&lt;/pre&gt;

or 

&lt;pre&gt;
Open a shell 
Tools/Debug/Sashimi &gt; RAM:audio.txt
Run ahi prefs
Click test tone button 
Stop sashimi with Ctrl-C 
&lt;/pre&gt;

If the boot sound is enabled, you have to use Bifteck to capture AHI debug output. In the GRUB menu, press E on your selected entry, then add &quot;debug=memory&quot; to the options (alongside ATA=, vesa= etc.). Then F10 or Ctrl-X to boot. Once booted, run Tools/Debug/Bifteck again. 

or 

* try adding QUERYD to the start of ENVARC:hdaudio.config file (also known as Prefs/Env-Archive/) ie. on the first line 
* '''OR''' try removing QUERY and QUERYD from the start of the hdaudio.config file 
* Reboot
* open a shell
* type: sys:tools/debug/sashimi &gt; ram:debug.txt
* open ahi prefs
* select one of the audio modes - HIFI or otherwise 
* press the 'test sound' button
* press ctrl-c in the shell
* post the results to Aros-World


The HD Audio standard was designed to be hardware pinout interchangeable so that the sound support could change easily and quickly. HDA is a standard around particular chips. Each kind of chip has a certain number of DACs and pins, and even the same chip could be hooked up in different ways on different motherboards. The chips are programmable and the operating system can adjust how things are routed. Some pins aren’t even hooked up, so it makes no sense to route sound to them. Also some pins have sensors that can tell when something is plugged in, so that for example the speakers in a laptop can be muted when headphones are plugged in. Pins are also grouped, so for example all the outputs for a 5.1 sound system are grouped. Generally the HDA driver in the operating system is supposed to read the pin set up and figure out a reasonable way to set things up, and disconnected pins should be ignored, etc. 

HDAudio standard has headphones on a separate DAC, and it's up to the driver.. it can even send different audio to the headphones without interrupting the main (green) outputs 


====Envy24 series ====

A little history. VIA bought the ICE created Envy chipsets [http://www.via.com.tw/en/products/audio/controllers/comparison_controller.jsp VT1712] first. A few years later, they created several cheaper variants VT1724 (mixer missing), VT1721 (low end cut down), VT1720 (embedded on motherboard) and lastly the VT1723 (no support apart from Windows Envy24DT like SYBA SD-PEX63034). 

There are PCI Express versions appearing. 

The Envy24 is the base product that was originally designed by ICEnsemble, and it supports multi-channel hardware mixing, which is great for professional use. The HT version removes the hardware mixer (unimportant for non-professional uses). The [http://www.avsforum.com/t/364771/envy24ht-s-the-definitive-source HT-S] version is almost exactly the same as the HT, it just uses cheaper DACs. The PT version is exactly the same as the HT-S version, it is just the edition used for on-board audio on motherboards.

N.B. [http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec04/articles/pcnotes.htm PCI slot identification] and [http://hsi.web.cern.ch/HSI/s-link/devices/s32pci64/slottypes.html 3.3v PCI]. 


=====[http://www.opensound.com/readme/README.Envy24.html envy24.audio] - [http://www.anime.net/~goemon/alsa/ VT1712] =====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Playback
! Recording
! Comments
|-
| M-Audio Delta 66 - Rev B 1999 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested AK4524VF CS8404A-CS - needs Delta Series break out box with D-sub lead - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles/maudioaudiophile/index.html Audiophile 2496] Rev A 2000
| 0x14
| 0x
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk| }}
| works audio out on   - I2S stereo codec AKM AK4528VF with the 24bit/96kHz DAC and ADC; CS8427 digital transceiver 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles/maudioaudiophile/index.html Audiophile 2496] Rev B 2003
| 0x14
| 0x
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| works well - I2S stereo codec AKM AK4528VF with the 24bit/96kHz DAC and ADC; CS8427 digital transceiver 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 410 - 2001  2001 REV-B 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested  for D-A AK4529VQ converters with CS8427-CS 5532 1158B  or Event Echo Gina 20-Bit Multitrack Interface Breakout Box - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 1010 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested  AK5383 and AK4393 - 25 pin dsub - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 1010LT 1010E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested for D-A AK4529 converters with 2 XLR Microphone inputs with pre amps 
* be aware of redesign in 2007 - possible issues 
|-
| M Audio Delta 44 - Rev A 2002 - Rev B 2003 - Rev D 2003 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested ICE1712G AK4524VF needs breakout box with 15 pin D-sub lead - 
|-
| M-Audio Delta 66 Rev E 2006 - Omni Studio 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested needs break out box with 15 pin D-sub lead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;M-Audio Delta DiO 2496
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Terratec EWX24/96
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/terratecdmx6fire/index.html TerraTec 6fire DMX 24/96] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1412
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1712
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x02
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No|tried line 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| untested  - AKM  and codec
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec EWSA88MT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| [http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-multimedia/2007-March/006087.html Audiotrak Prodigy HD2] 24/96
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Maya 1010 1010L
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EMU 1212M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| EMU 1616M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Terratec EWS 88MT EWS 88D
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Hoontech Soundtrack DSP 24
    Soundtrack DSP 24 Value
    Soundtrack DSP 24 Media 7.1
    Event Electronics EZ8
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Digigram VX442
    Lionstracs
    Mediastation
    Terrasoniq TS 88
    Roland/Edirol DA-2496
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


=====envy24ht.audio - VIA VT1724=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Revision 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Playback
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Recording
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ESI Juli@
| 0x3031
| 0x4553
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Yes}}
| reported working years ago [http://envy24.svobodno.com/ Envy24HT-S] - AKM 4358 DAC - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| ESI Juli@ Ego Igo rev K 
| 0x3031
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{Unk}}
| AK4358? DAC - AK4114 AK4112 DIT 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/multimedia/m-audio-revolution51.html M-Audio Revolution 5.1] 
| 0x1412
| 0x3631
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| reported working years ago but discontinued - (Envy24GT) - 3ch AKM 4358 DAC - ADC AKM 5365 - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/m-audio-revolution71/index.html M-Audio Revolution 7.1] 24/192
| 0x1412
| 0x3630 0x1724 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| not working - illegal semaphore - 6ch ADC AKM AK4355 24-bit 192 kHz - 2ch DAC AKM AK4381 24-bit 192 kHz - ADC AKM AK5380 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Sky 5.1
| 0x153b
| 0x1147
| 0x
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - discontinued 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/terratec-aureon71/index.html Terratec Aureon Space 7.1] 
| 0x153b
| 0x1145
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Wolfson WM8770 DAC, AC'97 codec SigmaTel STAC9744 
|-
| Terratec Aureon Universe 7.1
| 0x153b
| 0x1153 (rev x) 0x1724 (rev3)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }}
| not working - semaphore error on rev 3 -  DAC    ADC  
|-
| Terratec Phase 22
| 0x153b
| 0x1150
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Envy24HT-S - AK4524
|-
| Terratec Phase 28
| 0x153b
| 0x1149 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| untested - Envy24HT-S - AK4524
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Playback 
| Recording
| Revision 
| Comments
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 7.1
| 0x4933
| 0x4553
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Wolfson WM8770 and AC'97 SigmaTel STAC9744 codec 
|-
| Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 7.1 LT
| 0x3132
| 0x4154
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - 
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/sound/audiotrak-prodigy192.html Audiotrak (ESI) Prodigy 192] 24/96
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - STAC9460S codec 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Echo Layla 24/96 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| [http://www.bit-tech.net/custompc/labs/80752/hercules-gamesurround-fortissimo-4.html Hercules Gamesurround Fortissimo 4] 
| 
| 
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Wolfson WM8776 Codec and WM8766 DAC
|-
| [http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/multimedia/m-audio-audiophile192.html M-Audio Audiophile Delta AP 192k] 
| 0x1412
| 0x3632
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver - Stereo ADC AKM AK5385A 24-bit 192 kHZ - 8-channel DAC AKM AK4358 24-bit 192 kHz - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| ONKYO SE-150PCI
| 0x160b
| 0x0001
| 
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| no driver
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ESI Waveterminal 192x
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quartet 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; - AKM 4114/4112 DIT 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====hdmiaudio.audio - hdmi no support====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| Playback
| Recording
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATI R6xx HDMI Audio codec support output 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002 
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x9840 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Not detected 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVidia HDMI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel Series 6 CougarPoint HDMI codec 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Intel HDMI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Playback--&gt;
| &lt;!--Recording--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


[[#top|...to the top]]


===Graphic GFX Chipsets===

[https://gallium.readthedocs.io/en/latest/systems.html PCIe based] graphic chipset is defacto on 64bit AROS and recommended on 32bit. 

AGP works on 32bit but faster transfers through the AGP slot are only available on a few supported motherboard chipsets 
* Faster AGP Working = SIS 650 board, Intel 865pe AGP slot on MSI 6788-050, 
* Not Supported = NForce2 chipsets, most Intel 815/820 chipsets, VIA chipsets, ALi chipsets, 

The fallback for all graphics modes is vesa if any native support does not work. There is a choice of very low resolution vga as the last resort 


2D tests performed with [http://download.aros3d.org/software/gfxbench.zip gfxbench] in the shell type gfxbench &gt; out.txt (40 seconds blank screen is part of the test), via FreeDoom via limit-removing engine like odamex, chocolate or vanilla doom -timedemo demo1 or doom2 -timedemo demo1, doom.exe -iwad doom2 -file mymap.wad, Duke DNRATE 640x480 windowed 


3D tests performed with Demos/Mesa/ , Cube 1080p, Cube 2 windowed not fullscreen 1920 x 1025, Quake3 ~ cl_drawFPS 1, Xonotic , [http://shinh.skr.jp/sdlbench/showtestgl.cgi test gl], 


HDMI, DVI and DisplayPort monitors have a native resolution of 480p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p and up 

* HDMI 1.2 720p res. 
* HDMI 1.3 1080 resolution 
* HDMI 1.4 above 1080 res. 
* HDMI 2.0 
* HDMI 2.1 
* HDMI 2.2 ultra96 

* GPMI 


====vga.hidd====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| Generic VGA Driver, limited to 640x480 in 16 colours - no 3D support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====vesa.hidd====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! Comments
|-
| 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| 2D support for VBE1, VBE2 and VBE3 (most cards) - various resolutions and 24bit colour -  no 3D support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


[[#top|...to the top]]


====[[w:en:Intel GMA|Intel GMA]]====

DVI output is not supported at the moment. 

If having problems:

* Ensure the latest version is being used. 
* Set GMA_MEM to 128 or 256 to test 
* Try the FORCEGMA ToolType for 2D, and try the FORCEGALLIUM ToolType for 3D acceleration after 2D is verified to work. ToolTypes should be applied to the Devs/Monitors/IntelGMA monitor icon.

If still having problems:

* At GRUB boot screen edit boot line and add option: debug=memory
* Boot.
* Use shell command: tools/debug/bifteck &gt; RAM:debug.txt
* And post [GMA MONITOR DETECTION] and other related debug lines 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Product ID
! width=&quot;3%&quot; |Rev
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Laptop LCD
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Comments
|-
| 910GL 82910GL GMCH + ICH6 
| 0x8086
| 0x2582 0x2592
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| 910GML 82910 GML GMCH + ICH6 Mobile 
| 0x8086
| 0x2582 0x2592
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| may need to add forceGMA to grub boot line to work 
|-
| 915G 82915G GMCH + ICH6-M
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| 915GL 82915GL GMCH 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| 915GV 82915GV GMCH
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| HP DC5100 small form factor 
|-
| 915GM GMA900
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk|  tunnel  gearbox  }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}}
| asus eee pc 900 
|-
| 915GMS 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk|  tunnel   }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Graphics-Media-Accelerator-950.2177.0.html 945GU] - 133 MHz (Lake port for Intel A100 and A110) 
| 0x8086
| 0x2772
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| Fujitsu LifeBook U1010, 
|-
| 945GMS - 166 MHz / 250 MHz (1.05V) 
| 0x8086
| 0x27a2
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}}
| Dell D430 
|-
| 945GSE - 166 MHz (for Atom) 
| 0x8086
| 0x27ae
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Yes|[http://www.x.org/wiki/GalliumStatus]}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No|dvi port}}
| {{Yes| }}
| for atom motherboards and most 2008/2009 netbooks
* 3D Works - AOA110 AOA150, Dell Mini 9, Samsung NC10, Toshiba NB100, 
|-
| 945G 82945G GMCH + ICH7
| 0x8086
| 0x27a6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| untested 2D and 3D 
|-
| 945GC 82945GC MCH
| 0x8086
| 0x27a6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| untested 2D and 3D 
|-
| 945PM 
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| Dell D420, Compaq nc6400, 
|-
| 945GMS - 250 MHz Calistoga
| 0x8086
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; {{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; {{Yes|most models}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| 
* 3D Works Dell Latitude 2100, HP Compaq nc6320, Lenovo 3000, Lenovo T60, Samsung Q35, Dell D620, Dell D820, 
* 3D untested Toshiba Satellite L100-120, Toshiba Portege M400,  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Analogue Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital Output--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GMA 3100 G31 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D 
|-
| GMA 3100 G33 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA GMA 3150] netbooks and nettops 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works 2D but no 3D. no vga, dvi or hdmi output for nettops 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; G965
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; Q965 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2992
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Only tested with VGA output.
|-
| 965GM X3100 (500 MHz) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| some support 2D but no hardware 3D - could not get it to work with VGA or dvi output 
* untested Apple MacBook Air, Lenovo Thinkpad X300, Dell Inspiron 1525, Toshiba M9, 
|-
| 960GM X3100 (400 MHz)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| 
|-
| 965M X3100 (400 MHz) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Dell D830, 
|-
| 965PM ??
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| Toshiba A9 works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GL965
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GM965
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| GMA X3500 G35 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;X4500M G41 G43 G45 (400Mhz) Mobile 4 Series 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2a42 0x2a43
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x07
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt; {{No|}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt; {{No|}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt; {{Yes| VESA}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMA 4500M HD (533 MHz)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GMA 4700M HD (640MHZ)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt; 0x8086
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt; 0x2a42
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{Unk}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works with limited 2D acceleration but no hardware 3D 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====[http://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/FeatureMatrix nouveau].hidd (nvidia pci, agp, pci-e desktop)====

 PCIe based nvidia graphics (gfx 8xxx) are the base level for 64bit AROS but earlier models still has some support on 32bit AROS 

*Desktop, more likely hit rather than miss on early nvidia on Aros 32bit but on Aros 64bit ...
*Laptop, limited support for '''very''' early non-optimus (i.e. just Nvidia gfx only so no Intel and nvidia gfx combinations on 32bit but on 64bit ...) 

Please note that the nouveau project is reverse engineering a nvidia graphics driver but takes time because of [https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/ nVidia's closed firmwares], etc

* 2026-06 - DEVS  Nouveau.hidd  Gallium.hidd  Softpipe - LIBS  Gallium  GLU   20.0 Mesa OpenCL
* 2011-10 - DEVS  6.11 Nouveau.hidd  7.4 Gallium.hidd  9.4 Softpipe - LIBS  2.3 Gallium  1.3 GLU  19.0 Mesa OpenCL 1.x 
* 2011-04 - DEVS  5.31 Nouveau.hidd  7.3 Gallium.hidd  9.3 Softpipe - LIBS  2.2 Gallium  1.1 GLU  18.0 Mesa OpenCL n/a


[https://comparisoncpu.com/gpu/list Nouveau support for AROS] is limited to OpenGL 2.1 compliance on 32bit even for modern GL4 capable GPUs but on 64bit ...
 On Aros 32bit OpenCL supports the NV50 (8000 9000) cards, less support in NVC0 fermi cards (300 upwards) 
 On Aros 64bit 

ADoom3 graphic details ultra, benchmark while playing press the &quot;`&quot; key and type &quot;Timedemo demo1&quot; in the console 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Graphic Card
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Aros 32bit 1024 x 768
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Aros 32bit 800 x 600
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Aros 32bit 640 x 480
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Aros 64bit 1024 x 768
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Aros 64bit 800 x 600
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Aros 64bit 640 x 480
|-
| NV50 Asus EN8400GS SILENT/P/512M PCIe (G98) ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  
|-
| Gigabyte 8500GT 256M || 42,6 || 57,2 || 68,6  ||  ||  ||
|-
| NV96 (G96) Geforce 9500GT 512M || 43 || 53 || 57  ||  ||  ||
|-
| NV96 (G96) 9600GT ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||
|-
| NVA3 (GT215) GT240 ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||
|-
| NVA5 (GT216) Palit GT220 Sonic 512M || 39,7 || 55,8 || 63,7  ||  ||  ||
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) gt210 ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) ION2 ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||
|-
| NVC3 (GF106) GT440 ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||
|-
| NVCF (GF116) NVC0 Fermi GTX 550Ti ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| NVC8 (GF110) 580GTX ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||
|-
| NVE0 Kepler GT630 ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||
|-
| NV110 Maxwell GTX 750 ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||
|-
| GTX950 upwards no reclocking || N/A || N/A || N/A || poor || poor || poor
|-
| NV160 family (Turing) GTX 1650 and RTX 2000 upwards with GSP firmware  || N/A || N/A || N/A || unknown || unknown || unknown  
|-
| HostGL Ryzen 5 4600H - Nvidia 1650 - Linux mint 21.1 || 150fps || 154fps || 155fps  ||  ||  || 
|-
| NVA8 (GT218) ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  || 
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;tnt1 (nv04) tnt2 (nv05) m64 value (1998)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|very slow}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV04 Riva TNT TNT2 Fahrenheit freezes on via motherboard chipset so rename agp.hidd in SYS:Devs/Drivers or Monitors 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;tnt vanta lt (nv06)  1998 /9
| 0x10de
| 0x002c
| 0x15
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}  
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 256 (nv10) (2000)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| untested Geforce256 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 2 Geforce 3 Geforce 4 (nv20) 2000 / 2
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|slow }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works for some PCI and AGP Geforce2 Geforce3 Geforce4  
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| Geforce FX5200 nv34 (2003)
| 0x10DE
| 0x0322 0x
| 0xA1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|  }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|VGA15 }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV30 GeForce 5 FX Rankine Hardware OpenGL 1.5 - slower than GF MX 4000 for 2D - max 1024 x768 
* not working [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=92328&amp;page=8 mobos with VIA chipsets 2018] 
* working (MSI 0x9174) the previous nouveau 5.x driver 
* Others work with 6.x series XFX PV-T34K-NA, ASUS V9520-X/TD 
|-
| Geforce FX5500 (nv34) (2003)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works 
|-
| Geforce 5100 (NV34)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX 5200LE (NV34)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5200 Ultra
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX5600 (nv31) (2004)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| works 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600 Ultra
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600SE
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5600XT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce FX5700 (nv36) (2004)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|some}} 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700VE 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5700LE 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5800 (NV30)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5800 Ultra (NV30) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900 (NV35) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900XT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5900ZT 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce FX 5950 Ultra 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce 5xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| Geforce 6200 (nv44) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x00F3 0x014F 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|5.28 Pixel Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| use 5.28}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|VGA15 and s-video - plain 4pin cable lead will work with 7pin}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| NV40 GeForce 6 GeForce 7 Curie AGP Hardware OpenGL 2.1  needing previous 5.x version as regression arose 2011-10 
|-
| Geforce 6200 (nv44a) (2006)
| 0x
| 0x0221
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|5.28 Pixel Text }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|VGA15}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| Hardware OpenGL 2.1, PCI version tested OK in 2014-01-02 - Icaros 1.5.2
* not working 
*working
|-
| GeForce 6200 with Turbo Cache (NV43) 
| 0x
| 0x0161
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| GeForce 6200SE with Turbo Cache (NV44) 
| 0x
| 0x0162
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| Geforce 6200 LE 
| 0x10de
| 0x0163
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| PCI-E 
|-
| GeForce 6600 LE
| 0x
| 0x00F4 0x0142 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6600 
| 0x
| 0x00F2 0x0141
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 2006 PureVideo HD 1 or VP1 re-used the MPEG-1/MPEG-2 decoding pipeline from FX
|-
| Geforce 6600gt (nv4x) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x00F1 0x0140
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  OpenGL tests - 
|-
| Geforce 6800 (nv40) (2005)
| 0x
| 0x0041 0x00C1 0x00F0 0x0211 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 XE (NV4x)
| 0x
| 0x0043 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 LE 
| 0x
| 0x0042 0x00C2 0x0212 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 GT (quadro fx 1400)
| 0x
| 0x0045 0x0046 0x0215
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6800 GS
| 0x
| 0x0047 0x00C0 0x00F6
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6800 GTS NV40 
| 0x
| 0x0040 0x0F9 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6800XT
| 0x
| 0x0044 0x0048 0x00C3 0x0218
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6600 VE  
| 0x
| 0x0143
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6500 NV44 
| 0x
| 0x0160 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6250 
| 0x
| 0x0169 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 6xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 7800 GTX 
| 0x
| 0x0090 0x0091 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel  gearbox  cube  cube2 25}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 256MB DDR3 - 1 6pin psu connector - 
* not working asus en7800gtx/2dhtv/256m/osp/a - 
* Works XFX PV-T70F-UDD7 Works in steve jones' scrap pc aros build 2010 2 DVI-I ports 
* Untested 
|-
| GeForce 7800 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0092
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7600gt (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x02E0 0x0391
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 2.1 
* not working 
* working 
|-
| GeForce 7800 SLI  
| 0x
| 0x0095 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GTX  
| 0x
| 0x0290
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GT GTO  
| 0x
| 0x0291
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GS  
| 0x10de
| 0x0292
| 0x0a1 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* Works with a few glitches with XFX Pine 0x2218 
|-
| GeForce 7950 GX2  
| 0x10de
| 0x0293 0x0294
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7950 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0295 0x02E4
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7900 GS  
| 0x
| 0x02E3
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7600 GS 
| 0x
| 0x02E1 0x0392
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7650 GS  
| 0x
| 0x0390
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7600 LE  
| 0x
| 0x0394 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7800GS (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x0093 0x00F5 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* works if AGP motherboard chipset is supported - Hardware OpenGL 2.1 
|-
| GeForce 7100 GS  
| 0x
| 0x016A
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7350 LE 
| 0x
| 0x01D0
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7300le (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x01D1 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7300SE 7200GSGF-7200GS-N-B1 variant (G72) 
| 0x10de 
| 0x01D3
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA, 1x S-Video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 40W pci-e 1.0 VP1 no unified shaders - 
* not working Asus on via chipset (2015), 
* works Asus on intel chipset (2015), 
|-
| Geforce 7300gt (G8 ) (nv4 ) (2006) 
| 0x
| 0x0395 0x0393
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 7300 GS  
| 0x
| 0x01DF 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 7500 LE  
| 0x
| 0x01DD
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce 7xxx 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 8800 Ultra (NV50 family) 
| 0x
| 0x0194
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV50 GeForce 8 to GeForce 200s opengl 3.x - max res - 80nm technology - PureVideo HD 2 or VP2 Nvidia VDPAU Feature Set A (absent from ultra and some 8800gt?) added a dedicated bitstream processor (BSP) and enhanced video processor for H.264, VC-1 acceleration 
|-
| Geforce 8800gts (nv50) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x0400 0x0600 0x0193 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 200w openGL3  openCL - 2x6pin psu 
* not working 0x0193 models (2015) on via chipsets, 
* works 
|-
| Geforce 8800gtx (nv5 ) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 200W 1x 6pin connector, 
* not working 
* working 
* untested XFX PV-T88P-YDF4, Alpha Dog Edition runs extremely hot - Gigabyte GV-NX88T512H, 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GT 	
| 0x
| 0x0602 0x0611 0x0193 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;DVI up to 2500 x 1600
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - 6pin psu power connector required
* not working 
* untested Asus EN8800GT/HTDP/256M EN8800GT/HTDP/512M EN8800GT/G/HTDP/512M 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GT (G92)
| 0x10de
| 0x0611 
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3 pci-e 2.0 8800GT 512MB on Icaros 2.0.3 [[File:8800GT aros heads.png|thumb|8800GT]] [[File:8800GT aros tails.png|thumb|8800GT detail]]
|-
| Geforce 8600gt (nv5 ) (G8x) (2007) 
| 0x
| 0x0401 0x0402 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
* not working 
* works 
|-
| GeForce 8500 GT  
| 0x
| 0x0421
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  some color }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL tests - max opengl 3.x but 2.1 offered - max res 
* not working 
* works Gigabyte 8500 GT, 
|-
| GeForce 8800 GS 	
| 0x
| 0x0606 0x060D 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| GeForce 8600GS 
| 0x
| 0x0403
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.x VP3 offers complete hardware-decoding for all 3 video codecs of the Blu-ray Disc format: MPEG-2, VC-1, and H.264 - Nvidia VDPAU Feature Set B  
|-
| GeForce 8300 GS  
| 0x
| 0x0423
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 8400gs G98GS (end 2007)    GT218 (2009)
* Rev2 with 8/16 cores and 128-512MB of DDR2 or GDDR3 memory. 
* Rev3 with 8 cores and 512MB-1GB of DDR3 memory (based on Tesla 2.0) 
| 0x
| 0x0424 0x0422 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Doom  Doom2  Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel 490 gearbox 505 Cube 135 Cube2 55  quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|works digital part of DVI but nothing from any display port}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|output on digital 24 pin array of DDWG's DVI and hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 50W openGL 3.1 openCL - case single slot - one single-link DVI digital output, supporting up to one 1920x1080 resolution display - analog resolution 640 x 480 to 1024 x 768 16 and 24 bit color - [http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=nouveau_comp_2011&amp;num=19 runs a little hotter than expected] - G98 VP3 pci-e 2.0 512MB DDR2 - 
* not working 
* works Asus EN8400GS SILENT/P/512M PCIe (G98), 
|-
| Geforce 8400gs (nv50) (G86) (mid-2007)
* Rev1 with 16 cores / 256MB of DDR2 memory. 
| 0x
| 0x0404 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|Doom  Doom2  Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| tunnel 490 gearbox 505 Cube 135 Cube2 55  quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|works but not tested thru 4 pins of analog signal of DVI plug}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|output on digital 24 pin array of DDWG's DVI and hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 50W openGL 3.1 openCL - case single slot - one single-link DVI digital output up to 1920x1080 resolution display - analog resolution 640 x 480 to 1024 x 768 16 and 24 bit color - [http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=nouveau_comp_2011&amp;num=19 runs a little hotter than expected] - G86 VP2 128MB - 
* not working XFX PV-T86S-YAJG NVIDIA GeForce 8400 GS 512MB DDR2, Sparkle 8400GS 512MB SX84GS512D2L-DPP, 
* works Asus EN8400GS SILENT/HTP/256M SILENT/HTP/512M/A, 
|-
| GeForce 8400 SE  
| 0x
| 0x0420
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 2.x openCL 
|-
| NVidia Quadro NVS290 DMS-59 
| 0x
| 0x0403
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|DMS-59 socket}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|DMS-59 }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 21W - G86S (G86-827-A2) - 16 shading units, 8 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs. NVIDIA has paired 256 MB DDR2 - PCIe 1.0 x16 Low Profile - 
|-
| Geforce Quadro FX 4600 (SDI), 5600 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Partial|VESA 2d}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{partial| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| GeForce 9800 GX2 (NV50 family) 
| 0x
| 0x0604
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Partial|VESA }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Partial| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 150w - 65nm technology 
|-
| GeForce 9800 GTX 
| 0x10de
| 0x0612
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 2x6pin psu - 
* not working xfx on via chipset (2015),  
* works xfx on chipset intel , 
|-
| GeForce 9800 GTX+ 
| 0x10de
| 0x0613
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res 2560 x 1920 - case dual slot - 26amp 12v rail on computer psu if 2x6pin connectors needed - 55nm version of the G92 chip - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working 
* works on a few models 
|-
| Geforce 9800gt (nv50) (G92a) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0614
| 0x0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel 495  gearbox 513  Cube 156  Cube2 120   Quake3  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 3.1  openCL 1.x - case dual slot - 600w 26amp on both 12v rails for 2x6pin psu on gfx card - no fan control - some come with 1x6pin - renamed version of the venerable GeForce 8800 GT - randomly works 
* not working Gainward 512M untested 
* working Gainward CardExpert (0x0401) Green Edition NE39800TFHD02-PM8D92 1024MB (no 6pin) 
|-
| Geforce gf9600 9600gt (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0622
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel 493  gearbox 675  Cube  Cube2 100  Quake3  }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; OpenGL 3.2 openCL but no fan control - case dual slot - 1 6pin pcie psu connector - 500 Watt or greater power supply with a minimum of 26 Amp on the +12 volt rail - Max Analog: 2048x1536 and Max Digital: 2560x1600 (Dual Link DVI Only) - PCI Express® 2.0 / 1.1 Support - g96 gpu randomly works - 
* not working  bfg tech ocx, 
* works gigabyte gv-n96tsl-512i -
|-
| Geforce gf9500 9500gt (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x10de
| 0x0640
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2 Duke  }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel 480  gearbox 500  Cube  Cube2 64  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.2 - case single slot - 350 Watt/400 Watt or greater power supply with a minimum of 18 Amp/22 Amp on the +12 volt rail - Max Analog: 2048x1536 and Max Digital: 2560x1600 (Dual Link DVI Only) - PCI Express® 2.0 / 1.1 Support - 
* not working zotac zone fanless, Gainward USA NE29500THHD01-PM8796, PNY G9500GN2E50X+0TE, 
* works xfx xne-9500t-td01-pm8596 1024mb ddr2,  
|-
| GeForce 9600 GS 
| 0x
| 0x0623
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working  
* works 
|-
| GeForce 9600 GSO 
| 0x
| 0x0610
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res - G92 chopped down - 9600GSO is re-badged 8800GS both very power hungry cards - 
|-
| GeForce 9300 GS 	
| 0x
| 0x06E1 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 9400 GT  (nv5 ) (G86S) (2008) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{partial|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA, 1x S-Video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|1x DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 50W opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| Geforce 9xxx   (nv5 ) (G9x) (2008) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 opengl 3.x - max res 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
NV84 (G84) 	GeForce 8600 (GT, GTS, M GT, M GS), 8700M GT, 
NV92 (G92) 	GeForce 8800 (GT, GS, GTS 512, M GTS, M GTX)
GeForce 9600 GSO, 9800 (GT, GTX, GTX+, GX2, M GT, M GTX)
NV96 (G96) 	GeForce 9400 GT, 9500 (GT, M G), 9600 (M GS, M GT), 
NV86 (G86) 	GeForce 8300 GS, 8400 (GS, M G, M GS, M GT), 8500 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA0 (GT200) GeForce GTX (260, 275, 280, 285, 295)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 280 (NV50 family) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x05E1
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; opengl 3.x - max res PureVideo HD 4 (Nvidia Feature Set C or &quot;VDPAU Feature Set C), VP4 added hardware to offload MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile (original DivX and Xvid) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 260
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x05E2
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{partial|Vesa}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;  2 6pin - psu pci express 2.1 - 
|-
| Geforce GTS250 250GTS (g92b) (2009)  
| 0x10de
| 0x0615
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|  Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  tunnel 486  gearbox 508-642  Cube   Cube2 80   Quake3 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 2x6pin psu VP2 - pci-e 2.x - case dual slots - 738m 1gb ddr3 - 
* not working Zotac branded version GDDR3 - 
* works  PNY gs-250x-zdfl and Gigabyte ??, BFG Tech RGTS2501024OCE, palit ne3ts250fhd52-pm8a92 with 2x6pin on top and hdmi output port, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 240 (GT215 family) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0ca3
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;late 2009 openGl 3.2 - case dual slots - no 6pin psu required with VP4 - All are pcie 2.1 cards and may not work in 1.0a slots - 
* not working 
* DDR3 with 512MB or 1GB - 
* DDR5 -Asus ENGT240 - XFX Pine GT240XYHFC 0x3001 - Gigabyte GV-N240D5-512I rev 1.0 - Zotac AMP! with HDMI 1.3a with DisplayPort 1.1, Dual Link DVI - 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT220 (GT216) G220 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0a20
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Icaros 2.0.3 GeForce GT220 1GB[[File:GT220 aros heads.png|thumb|GT220]][[File:GT220 aros tails.png|thumb|GT220]]
* untested NVIDIA Quadro® 400 512MB DDR3 GT216 DP DVI, AFox AF220 1Gb DDR3, 
|-
| Geforce GT220 220GT G94 Tesla (g92b)
| 0x10de
| 0x0a20
| 0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|  tunnel 490 gearbox 505 cube 150 cube2 50  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI but not 1x HDMI }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 58W pci express 2.0 cards DDR3 - case single slot - 
* not working ASUS ENGT220/DI/1GD2(LP)/V2 - 
* works  - gainward card expert 0x0401 GDDr3 512MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT210 GT 210 210GT G210 based on Tesla 2.0 GT218S GT218-300-A2 variant, GT218-300-B1 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0a65
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk|1x DVI, 1x VGA}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI out works but not hdmi or 1x DisplayPort}} 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 31W OpenGL 3.3  pci-e 2.0 cards - single slot - 
* working GT218 based Asus EN210 based silent low profile large passively cooled - 
* untested MSI GeForce 210 1GB DDR3 PCIe N210-MD1GD3H/LP, 
* not working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro NVS 295 (256 MB GDDR3), NVS 450 (256M/512 MB DDR3) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{partial|2 or 4 dp ports}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 25w low performance - G98s with 8 shading units, 4 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs on PCI-Express 1.0 x16 - 
*not working some NVIDIA Quadro NVS 295 2 dp ports (DELL, HP), 
*working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT310 Tesla 310, 315, GT 320, GT 330 GT 340
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 50w OpenGL 3.3  openCL all similar in performance to GT2xx except gt31x (poor) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro NVS310 NVIDIA NVS 310
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt; 2 dp 
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 25w GF119S (GF119-825-A1) 48 shading units, 8 texture mapping units, and 4 ROPs on PCI-Express 2.0 x16 - 512 MB DDR3 - PureVideo VP5 VDPAU Feature Set D - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt; GTX 470, GTX 480   GF10 GF10* core (NVC0 family)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 215w 2x6 plugs - NVC0 family (Fermi) GF100 (GF100-275-A3) Fermi 448 shading units, 56 texture mapping units, and 40 ROPs with 1,280 MB GDDR5 - OpenGL4.5 OpenCL1.1  Tessellation - case dual slots - 
|-
| Geforce GTX460 460GTX (G104) 256bit, 1GB v2 192bit and GTX 465 
| 0x10de
| 0x0e22
| 0xa1 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel  gearbox  cube 055-111   cube2 50}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVC0 family (Fermi) OpenGL 4.x but  - 2x6pin psu - case dual slots - 
* not working evga 768MB GDDR5 192bit 01G-P3-1373-ER or 01G-P3-1372-TR
* works 1GB GDDR5 256bit 01G-P3-1371-ER 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GTX 460SE 192bit 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0e23
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x91 or 0xa1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; nouveau 6.11 - 2 6pin psu needed - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* works EVGA 01g-p3-1366-b6 et 1024MB p1041 - 
|-
| Geforce GT450 GTS450 450GTS GF106  
| 0x10de
| 0x0dc4
| 0x0a1
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| Doom  Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|  tunnel  gearbox  cube   cube2 50  Quake3 }} 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI  }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
|  2010 Hardware OpenGL 4.2 but nouveau at 3.3  - most need 1x 6pin psu - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* DDR3 1 or 2GB - Palit NEAS450NHD41F, 
* GDDR5 512Mb or 1GB - MSI MPN N450GTSM2D1GD5OC, Asus MPN ENGTS450DI1GD5, 
* works Gainward Card Expert NE5S4500FHd51, 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 440 GF108 chipset or better OEM GF106  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGl 4.1 opencl 1.x - no 6 pin psu - 96 cuda cores 128bit - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* OEM 
* GDDR5 512MB to 1GB ASUSTeK ENGT440/DI/1GD5
* GDDR3 Asus 1gb to 2gb, 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT430 430GT (GF108) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ddr3 memory 64bit or 128bit - buggy await new revision of driver
* not working 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVidia Quadro FX1800 768MB GDDR3 Full Height Graphics Card Workstation
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no|6.11 tunnel gearbox}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe|DVI-I 2xDP}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;59W 768 MB GDDR3 memory using a 192-bit memory interface - OpenGL 3.3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 590   Fermi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;OpenGL4.4 OpenCL 1.1 - GDDR5 - 6pin and 8pin psu connectors - 512 cuda - case dual slots - 
* not working 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 580, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PureVideo HD 5&quot; or &quot;VP5&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set D or VDPAU Feature Set D) 4k UHD 3840 × 2160  H.264 decode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 570, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working Zotac GTX 570, Gainward GTX560TI/570 Phantom, 
* works gigabyte, evga 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 5xx 560gtx Fermi GTX 560, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4.x - 2 6pin psu - 384 cuda cores - case dual slots - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working Asus ENGTX560 DC/2DI/1GD5, 
* Ti LE 448 cuda GDDR5 320bit 
* Ti 256bit 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 560 Ti  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* not working evga GTX 560Ti 01GP31560KR - Gainward GTX560TI/570 Phantom, 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 550 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1201
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA  Doom   Doom2  Duke }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;can hang on boot up on I2C Init or suffer random lockups on OpenGL apps - most need 1 6pin min 400W 24A on the +12V1 / +12V2 dual 12V rails of the computers' power supply unit - 192 cuda cores - case dual slots used - will not work with PCI-e 1.0a slots - 
* not working eVGA GeForce GTX 550 Ti (1024 MB) (01GP31556KR) - 
* untested asus Extreme, eVGA GeForce GTX 550 Ti (1024 MB) (01GP31557KR) -  - 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 545 and OEM GF116 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 4.2 opencl 1.x - GDDR5 with OEM only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT530 OEM 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;96 cuda cores - 1GB or 2GB DDR3 128bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT520 520GT  
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 48 cuda cores - DDR3 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;510, GT 530    
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; ddr 3 - 50w max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT610 Fermi GF119 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No|6.11 }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVS 315 300 GF119S
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|VESA}} needs special dms-59 cable 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 fermi 315 PNY VCNVS315-T 1Gb DDR3 but needs special dms-59 cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT630 GF108 Fermi 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;not accelerated 2015 - like the GT730 below - 96 cuda cores whilst kepler version has 384 - 128bit to keplers' 64bit bandwidth - kepler has 2GB DDR3 
* not working Gigabyte 
* DDR3
* GDDR5 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GT 730 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| use VESA 6.11 Pixel  Text}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; fermi version has 96 cuda cores 128bit GF108 
* not working Asus 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVIDIA Quadro 4000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}} 2 dp ports 
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;142W 2Gb GDDR5 - PCI Express 2.0 x16 ; full Height card with 1x 6-Pin PCIe power need - CUDA Cores 256 - OpenGL 4.5 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nVIDIA Quadro 5000
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 200W 2.5Gb GDDR5 320 bit - PCI Express 2.0 x16 full Height card with 2x 6-Pin PCIe power need - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX Titan GeForce GTX Titan Black GeForce GTX Titan Z
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) GeForce 600 GeForce 700 GeForce GTX Titan Kepler 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 780    GeForce GTX 780 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PureVideo HD 6&quot; or &quot;VP6&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set E or VDPAU Feature Set E) significantly improved performance when decoding H.264 and MPEG-2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 770 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4.4 opencl 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GTX 760 GeForce GTX 760 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 740
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce GT 730 Kepler 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; two versions fermi 96 cores 128bit GF108 and kepler 384 cores 64bit GK208  
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;680gtx GK104 core gtx680 680m
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 690 Kepler NVE0 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;pci-e 3.0, OpenGL 4.4 OpenCL 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 670
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 660 GTX 660 Ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 650 GTX 650 Ti GTX 650 Ti Boost
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NVE0 family (Kepler) most need 1 6pin psu 
* not working asus ENGTX560 DC/2DI/1GD5 
* works 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce GT 640
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
* 128bit DDR3
* 192bit DDR3 1.5 to 3GB 50W 
* 128bit GDDR5 75W 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 620 GT 640 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 750ti, GeForce 900 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;[https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/FeatureMatrix.html NV110] Maxwell - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Nvidia GTX 750 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x1381
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0xa2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 nvidia test 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;GM206 2nd gen maxwell PureVideo HD 7&quot; or &quot;VP7&quot; (Nvidia Feature Set F or VDPAU Feature Set F) adds full hardware-decode of H.265 HEVC Version 1 (Main and Main 10 profiles and full fixed function VP9 (video codec) hardware decoding 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Quadro K620 quadro p620 2gb gddr5 128bit and quadro p1000 4gb gt1030 30w 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 50w slim low profile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce gtx 1060, GeForce 1070
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV130 Pascal 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;gtx 1050ti 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV130 family (Pascal)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV132 (GP102) NVIDIA Titan (X, Xp), GeForce GTX 1080 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV134 (GP104) GeForce GTX (1070, 1080)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV136 (GP106) GeForce GTX 1060
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV137 (GP107) GeForce GTX (1050, 1050 Ti)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV138 (GP108) GeForce GT 1030
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV162 (TU102) NVIDIA Titan RTX, GeForce RTX 2080 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV164 (TU104) GeForce RTX (2070 Super, 2080, 2080 Super)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 NV160 family (Turing) unified gsp-rm firmware - best starting point for Vulkan support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV166 (TU106) GeForce RTX (2060, 2060 Super, 2070)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV168 (TU116) GeForce GTX (1650 Super, 1660, 1660 Ti, 1660 Super)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV167 (TU117) GeForce GTX 1650
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;gtx 1650ti super 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 old style 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV172 (GA102) GeForce RTX (3080, 3090)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 av1 decoding ampere 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV174 (GA104) GeForce RTX (3060 Ti, 3070, 3080 Mobile)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV170 family (Ampere) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV176 (GA106) GeForce RTX (3050, 3060)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV177 (GA107) GeForce RTX 3050
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV192 (AD102) GeForce RTX 4090
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV193 (AD103) GeForce RTX 4080
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;NV190 family (Ada Lovelace) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV194 (AD104) GeForce RTX (4070, 4070 Ti)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV196 (AD106) GeForce RTX 4060 Ti
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV197 (AD107) GeForce RTX 4060
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x10de
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

==== nouveau mobile integrated ====


 If you purchased a notebook with an NVidia sticker on it, most of the time you have a optimus based one, ie Intel CPU+GPU melded with Nvidia GPU, Optimus was slated at one point to go into desktop PCs but the industry ended up rejecting that concept 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| GeForce 6100 nForce 405 
| 0x
| 0x03D1 0x0242
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6100 nForce 400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x03D2
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6100 nForce 420 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x03D5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6150 LE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0241
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| GeForce 6150SE nForce 430 
| 0x
| 0x03D0
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| working 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6150 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0240
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7150M / nForce 630M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0531
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7000M / nForce 610M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0533
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7050 PV / NVIDIA nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x053A 0x053B
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce IGP 7025 nForce 630a
| 0x
| 0x053E
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|some}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes|some}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No| }}
| some support on some chipsets 
|-
| GeForce 7100 / nForce 630i (C73)   
| 0x10de
| 0x07e1
| 0x0a2
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| Icaros 2.0.3 and Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev. 1.0 but will not boot on [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=806.msg8765#new Acer x270 with Icaros 2.3] 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7150 / NVIDIA nForce 630i 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07E0
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 610i 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x07E3
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce IGP 8100 (nForce 720a) 
| 0x
| 0x084F
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| GeForce 8100P 
| 0x
| 0x0847
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Geforce 8200 8300 nForce 730a 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084A 0x0848 (GeForce 8300) 0x0849 (GeForce 8200) 0x084B (GeForce 8200) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;working on some 8300's with Icaros 1.5 but others untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nForce 780a SLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nForce 750a SLI 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x084D
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Nvidia Geforce IGP 9300 (nForce MCP7a) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;works 
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;9400 (ION) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;If AROS detects GPU chipset, works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;9700M ()
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Geforce ION 2
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;works well 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6150 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0244
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6100 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0247
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0164 0x0167
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0166 0x0168
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Sony Laptop
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00C8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6800 Ultra 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x00C9
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0144
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 TE/6200 TE 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0146
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0148
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 6600 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0149
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7200 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D6
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7300 	
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D7
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7400 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x01D8 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;works 2D and 3d issues though 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7800 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x098
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7800 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0099
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7950 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0297
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7900 GS 	
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0298
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7900 GTX 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0299
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7600 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0398
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce Go 7600 GT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0399
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6610 XL
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0145
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 6700 XL 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0147
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8700M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0409
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8600M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0425
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0426
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0427
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8400M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0428
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0609
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8800M GTX
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x060C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9500M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0405
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 8600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0407
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9650M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0408
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9400M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x042C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x042E
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9100M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0844
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0628
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9700M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x062A
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9800M GTS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x062C
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0647
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0648
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9600M GT
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x0649
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9500M G
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x064B
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E5
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9200M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GeForce 9300M GS
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x06E8
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV50 (G80) Quadro FX (4600 (SDI), 5600)
Quadro FX (2800M, 3600M, 3700, 3700M, 3800M, 4700 X2), VX 200
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV94 (G94) 9700M GTS, 9800M GTS, GeForce G 110M, GT 130(M), GT 140, Quadro FX (1800, 2700M)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV84 (G84) 	8700M GT, GeForce 9500M GS, 9650M GS
Quadro FX (370, 570, 570M, 1600M, 1700), NVS 320M
NV86 (G86) 	GeForce 8300 GS, 8400 (GS, M G, M GS, M GT), 8500 GT, GeForce 9300M G
Quadro FX 360M, NVS (130M, 135M, 140M, 290)
GeForce GTS 150(M), GTS 160M, GTS 240, GTS 250, GTX (260M, 280M, 285M), GT (330, 340)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NV96 (G96)  9650M GT, 9700M GT
GeForce G 102M, GT 120
Quadro FX (380, 580, 770M, 1700M)
NV98 (G98) 	GeForce 8400 GS, GeForce 9200M GS, 9300 (GE, GS, M GS)
GeForce G 100, G 105M
Quadro FX (370 LP, 370M), NVS (150M, 160M, 295, 420, 450)
Quadro CX, FX (3800, 4800, 5800)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA3 (GT215) 	GeForce GT (240, 320, 335M), GTS (250M, 260M, 350M, 360M) Quadro FX 1800M
NVA5 (GT216) 	GeForce GT (220, 230M, 240M, 325M, 330M), 315
Quadro 400, FX 880M, NVS 5100M
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVA8 (GT218) 	GeForce 8400 GS, ION 2, GeForce 205, 210, G 210M, 305M, 310(M), 405
Quadro FX (380 LP, 380M), NVS (300, 2100M, 3100M)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVAA (MCP77/MCP78) 	GeForce 8100, 8200, 8300 mGPU / nForce 700a series, 8200M G
NVAC (MCP79/MCP7A) 	ION, GeForce 9300, 9400 mGPU / nForce 700i series, 8200M G, 9100M, 9400M (G)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;NVAF (MCP89) 	GeForce 320M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GT 605M, GT 610M GT 620M GT 630M GT 635M GT 645M     
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 650M 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;GTX 1650 mobile
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 turing architecture - last old skool support pre Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 2050 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 ampere architecture best starting point for vulkan support 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 2060 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Rev
| 2D
| 3D
| Analog Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rtx 4060 mobile 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====radeon.hidd====

Michel Shultz ''2D'' graphics driver (standard on most distributions but only for very old GPUs) and bearsofts updated 2013 around Icaros 1.3.1  

3D is not implemented by AROS yet but could cover these AMD chipsets

&lt;pre&gt;
2014 SI        AMD HD 7xxx 
2016 GCN3rd    AMD R5E R7E 
2019 GCN5th    AMD Vega 8  
2022 RDNA1     AMD RX5500 desktop only 
2023 RDNA2     AMD 680M 780M 
2024 RDNA3     AMD 880M 890M
2025 RDNA3.5   AMD 8060S strix halo and AI 
2027 RDNA4     AMD 
&lt;/pre&gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Description
! Vendor ID
! Product ID
! Revision 
! 2D
! 3D
! Analogue Output
! Digital Output
! Laptop LCD
! Comments
|-
| 7000 (r100)
| 0x1002
| 0x5159 
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|vga15 pin connection but not s-video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.3 
|-
| 7500 (rv200 but still r100 based) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x5157 
| 0x
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Yes|vga15}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.3 
|-
| 8000 8500 (r200) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x514c (8500LE)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.4 
|-
| 9000 9100 9250 (r200)
| 0x1002
| 0x5964 (9000) 0x514d (9100)
| 0x0001
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{Maybe|VGA15 but not s-video}}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{Yes|DVI}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 1.4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| 9600 9800 (r300)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| x300 x600 (r300)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| x700, x800 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r420])
| 0x
| 0x554d (R430 x800xl)
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 - x800 XL PCIE (problem with mouse-pointer, some part of the pointer is not transparent) 
|-
| x1300 x1550 x1600 x1800 x1900 x1950 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R520 r520])
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Yes|new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{no}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 2.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| HD2400 HD2600 HD2900 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r600])
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.3 open CL 1.2 TeraScale architecture 
|-
| HD3400 HD3600 HD3800 (r600)
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;pci-e 2.0, openGL 3.3 
|-
| HD4300 HD4500 HD4600 HD4700 HD4800 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R600 r700])
| 0x1002
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|but some later cards need 3D engine for faster and more flexible 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 3.3 - DDR3 -  GDDR5 was one of AMD's aces for the 4800 series - 4670 liked - 
|-
| HD6900 cayman series 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|some features with new driver}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; openGL 3.3 open CL not mature (2014) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| HD5400 Series HD5430 HD5450 HD5470 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 openGL 3.3 openCL - GDDR3 - 
|-
| HD5500 Series HD5550 HD5570 HD5600 Series HD5650 HD5670 HD5700 Series HD5750 HD5770 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 3.3 openCL  - GDDR5  
|-
| HD 5800 Series HD5850 HD5870 HD5900 Series HD5950 HD5970 - HD6xxx not NI chipset ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_(GPU_family) r800 evergreen]) 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 openGL 3.3 openCL - DDR5 pci-e 2.1 best avoided for all pci-e 1.0 mobos - Ati TeraScale2 architecture - 
|-
| HD6450  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Islands_(GPU_family) Northern Islands chipset] 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; - DDR3 - 
|-
| HD6600 Series HD6650 HD6570 HD6600 Series HD6650 HD6670  
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 - DDR5 - 
Radeon HD 8470 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 8350 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 7510 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6550D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6530D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6410D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6370D 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6320 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6310 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6290 	11 	TeraScale 2
Radeon HD 6250 	11 	TeraScale 2
|-
| HD6800 Series HD6850 HD6870 HD6700 Series HD6790 to HD6990 
| 0x
| 0x
| 0x0
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{No|needs 3D engine for accelerated 2D now}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 - DDR5 - AMD TeraScale3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7450-HD7670 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 OpenGL but not Vulkan 
Radeon HD 7660D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7560D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7540D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 7480D 	11 	TeraScale 3
Radeon HD 6930 	11 	TeraScale 3
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7750 HD 7770 / R7 250X HD7850 HD7870 / R9 270X HD 7950 / R9 280 HD 7970 / R9 280X [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Islands_(GPU_family) Southern Islands]
*AMD Radeon R7 250XE Cape Verde XT	
*AMD Radeon R7 M465X Cape Verde	
*AMD Radeon R9 255	 Cape Verde PRX	
*AMD Radeon HD 7750  Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon R7 250E	 Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon HD 8740  Cape Verde PRO	
*AMD Radeon HD 7730	 Cape Verde LE
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 pci-e 3.0 1st Gen GCN architecture - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5 430, FirePro W2100, 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 50W+ openGL openCL 1/3 speed of gtx750ti 1st gen gcn1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;HD7790 [ Sea Islands ] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 openGL 4.1 open CL - GCN2.0 Vulkan 1.0 introduced a Shader Engine (SE) comprising one geometry processor, up to 44 CUs (Hawaii chip), rasterizers, ROPs, and L1 cache and Graphics Command Processor for faster audio/video - suits Vulkan 1.1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;r5 240 240x (slow) R7 250 250x (faster) HD 7790 / R7 260  260X / R7 360 to R5 350 (fast) and last one R5 430 OEM Plus (slow again) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 50W+ openGL 4.x openCL 1.x Vulkan 1.0 GCN 1st gen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 290 / R9 390 R9 290X / R9 390X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 openGL 4.x openCL 1.x 2nd Gen GCN Vulkan 1.1 architecture - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 Fury Nano 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;r-200 series r8 275 285 295 375 [Volcanic Islands] 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;openGL 4.x openCL 1.x - GCN3 Vulkan 1.2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 5700/5600/5500 Series and Radeon™ RX Vega Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 GCN 4 - OpenGL 4, Vulkan 1.3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 400/500 Series like rx 580
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ Pro WX 9100, x200 Series and Radeon™ Pro W5700/W5500 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 7900/7600 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon™ RX 6900/6800/6700/6600/6500 Series
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


==== amd radeon mobile integrated ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;ATI RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x5a62 0x5955 0x5974 (200m)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;0x00
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 7500 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;0x1002
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;0x4c57 (7500)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9000 
| 0x1002
| 0x4966 (9000)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9500 9550 (rv360) 9600 (rv350)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 9800 (rv420)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X300 (RV370) X600 (RV380)
| 0x1002
| 0x (RV370) 0x5657 (RV380) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X700 (RV410) X800 (RV423) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X1200 (RS69M0) 
| 0x1002
| 0x791f
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;X1200 IGP (RS690)
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon X1300 X1350 X1400(rv515) X1600 (rv530) X1650 (RV535) X1800 (rv520) x1900 (rv570) 
| 0x1002 
| 0x71c7 (X1650) 
| 0x009e
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon 2100
| 0x1002
| 0x796e (2100)
| 0x0 
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 2400 (rv610) HD2600 (rv630) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 3100 HD3200 HD3450 3470 (RS780MC RV620) 3670 (M86-XT RV635) HD3870 (M88-LXT RV670)
| 0x1002 
| 0x9610 and 0x9612 (HD3200) 0x9614 (HD3300) 
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 4200 4250 (RV620)
| 0x1002
| 0x (HD4200) 0x9715 (HD4250)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 4330 4530 4550 (M92 RV710) 4650 (M96-XT RV730) 4670 RV730XT 4830 (M97 RV740) 4850 (M98 RV770)
| 0x1002 
| 0x (HD4350) 0x9442 (RV770) 0x9490 (HD4670)
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 530v (M92 RV710) HD 550v (M96 RV730)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Mobility Radeon HD 5430 HD5650 (cedar Park LP)
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Radeon HD 6250 6290 6310 6320 6350M (Redwood Capilano PRO) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{No}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no support yet
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G Northern Islands 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 Last real support for old graphics standard before Vulkan takeover 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5 M230 M240 M255 - R7 M260 M265 (Kaveri Crystal series with Mantle and HSA) 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 Maybe better with Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5E R7E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 bristol ridge GCN 3.0 IGP (Carrizo Mobile) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;AMD Vega 3, 6, 8, 11 iGP 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 raven ridge GCN 5th Gen  
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;5500m 5600m 5800m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA1 NaviX1 Zen 2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rx680m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA2 NaviX2 Zen 3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;phoenix apu 1103 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 RDNA3 NaviX3 zen 4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== AMDGPU Vulkan desktop ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Kaveri 290 290X, 260 260X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 AMDGPU Vulkan 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R9 285 / R9 380  R9 380X  Fury / Fury X 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;opengl 4 opencl 1 3rd Gen GCN architecture 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX470 RX460 RX480 RX580 polaris10 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX460 RX560D polaris11 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX580 polaris20 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 opengl 4 opencl 2 4th Gen GCN architecture vulkan 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 5000 5500 Navi 1x
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RNDA 1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 6000 Navi 2x 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RNDA 2 Mesa 21.3 decode av1 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX6000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX 7000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 RNDA 3 navi
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX7000 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;{{No|nothing}}
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;RX9070 rx 9060 XT 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 rdna4 navi
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 udna (aka rdna5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
|}


==== AMDGPU Vulkan mobile ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Vendor ID
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Product ID
! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Rev 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 2D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | 3D
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=40%&quot; | Comments
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;R5E R7E 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 bristol ridge GCN 3.0 IGP (Carrizo Mobile) 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Vega iGP 3, 6, 8, 11 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 raven ridge - Graphics Core Next (GCN) 5th gen - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;5500m 5600m 5800m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA1 NaviX1 Zen 2 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;rx680m 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA2 NaviX2 Zen 3 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;phoenix apu 1103 
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;RDNA3 NaviX3 zen 4 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Description
| Vendor ID
| Product ID
| Revision
| 2D
| 3D
| Analogue Output
| Digital Output
| Laptop LCD
| Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Vendor ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Product ID--&gt;
| &lt;!--Revision--&gt;
| &lt;!--2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


fyi if a notebooks with two graphic cards, the integrated Intel card (id 0x7d) for low power usage and a discrete Radeon card (id 0x56) which should be used for GPU-intensive applications. By default the Intel card is always used 


[https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/ATI Gallium Radeon HD] is not ported yet but is [https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=Linux-5.9-AMDGPU-Stats really big] and complex so another solution may have to be [https://discuss.haiku-os.org/t/the-graphics-acceleration-can-of-worms/10515/5 found] like [https://discuss.haiku-os.org/t/vulkan-lavapipe-software-rendering-is-working-on-haiku/11363/10 vulkan] where support starts from very recent ISA GCN islands HD7000s cards only 


*Vulkan
*Gallium


Vulkan software renderer allows to prepares the infrastructure for hardware rendering. Primary difference between software and hardware renderer is output to regular RAM vs GPU RAM, the rest is almost the same. It is possible to render to GPU RAM offscreen.

bare bones basics data flow

 application,&gt;&gt;&gt; api/opengl/vulkan&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;, jit compiler, &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;memory manger, &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;gpu hardware

so you need to have a compiler that takes your api call/program/shaders/drawing commands and turns them into a program the gpu can render.

the vulkan to amd gpu compiler for shaders and textures is nearly os agnostic iirc as long as you have solid posix compliance

Unlike OpenGL, Vulkan does not depend on windowing system and it have driver add-on system with standardized API (Mesa also have OpenGL driver add-ons, but it have non-standard Mesa-specific API). OpenGL may need more work for windowing system related code at this point but developing Vulkan on real hardware is more strategic than developing OpenGL, since now Zink 3 running on Vulkan compensates for the lack of OpenGL support by giving performance similar to native accelerated OpenGL 

RadeonGfx use client-server model with client-server thread pairs. For each client thread that calls 3D acceleration API, server side thread is created. If client thread terminates, server side thread also exit. 


&lt;pre&gt;


GeForce RTX 5090 5070 5060 5050 
GeForce RTX 4090 4070 4060 4050 
GeForce RTX 2070
Radeon RX 7600
Quadro RTX 5000
Radeon PRO W6600
GeForce RTX 2060 12GB
Radeon PRO W7500
Quadro GP100
Radeon RX 6800S
GeForce RTX 3070 Laptop GPU
GeForce GTX 1080
GeForce RTX 3060 8GB
Quadro RTX 4000
Radeon Pro W5700
Radeon RX 6600
GeForce RTX 2080 (Mobile)
Radeon RX 7700S
Radeon RX 6700S
Radeon RX 6600S
Quadro RTX 5000 (Mobile)
GeForce GTX 1070 Ti
GeForce RTX 4050 Laptop GPU
Radeon Pro Vega 64X
Radeon RX 5700
Radeon RX Vega 64
GeForce RTX 2060
GeForce RTX 2070 Super with Max-Q Design


Radeon RX 6600M
GeForce GTX 1070
Radeon RX 6650M
GeForce RTX 3060 Laptop GPU
Radeon RX Vega 56
Radeon RX 6700M
GeForce RTX 2080 with Max-Q Design
Radeon RX 6800M
GeForce GTX 980 Ti
Radeon R9 Fury
GeForce GTX 980
Quadro M5500
Radeon R9 390X
Radeon RX 580
Radeon RX 5500
Radeon RX 6550M
GeForce GTX 1660 Ti with Max-Q Design
GeForce GTX 780 Ti
GeForce GTX 970
Radeon R9 290X
Radeon RX 480
Radeon RX 5600M
Quadro RTX 3000 with Max-Q Design
Radeon R9 290X / 390X
Ryzen 5 4600HS with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 290
Radeon Pro 5500 XT
Radeon R9 M490 *
GeForce GTX 780 
Radeon RX 6500M
Quadro M5500
GeForce GTX 1060 with Max-Q Design
Radeon RX 6500
Radeon RX 5300
Intel Arc A770M
GeForce GTX 1650 Ti
Radeon Pro 580X
Radeon RX 6400
GeForce RTX 2050
Ryzen 9 4900HS with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 9 6900HS
GeForce GTX 980M
Quadro M5000M
Radeon RX 6300
GeForce GTX 1650 Ti with Max-Q Design
Radeon Pro 570
Ryzen 9 6900HS with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 1050 Ti
Quadro M4000M
Radeon R9 280X  380X 
GeForce GTX 1650 with Max-Q Design
GeForce MX570
Radeon R9 280X
Radeon R9 380
Radeon 780M
GeForce GTX 960
GeForce GTX 970M
Quadro M4000M *
GeForce GTX 680


Radeon RX 6500M
Quadro M5500
Radeon Pro WX 7100
GeForce GTX 1060 with Max-Q Design
GeForce GTX 1650
Intel Arc A730M
Radeon HD 7970
Radeon R9 M395X
Radeon R9 M485X
Radeon R9 M480 *
Radeon R9 M295X
Radeon R9 M390X *
FirePro W7170M *
Radeon R9 M395
Radeon R7 370
Radeon RX 5500M
GeForce GTX 590
GeForce GTX 880M
GeForce GTX 950
Radeon R9 270X
GeForce GTX 660 Ti
GeForce GTX 760
GeForce GTX 780M
Quadro K5100M
GeForce GTX 680MX
Radeon HD 7870
GeForce GTX 965M
Quadro M3000M *
GeForce GTX 870M
Radeon R9 M290X
Radeon HD 8970M
Radeon Ryzen 7 7735U (680M), Radeon Ryzen 7 7735HS (680M 12C) 
GeForce GTX 580
Radeon HD 6970
GeForce GTX 1050
GeForce GTX 680M
GeForce GTX 775M
GeForce GTX 1630
FirePro M6100
Radeon HD 7970M
Radeon R9 M390 *
GeForce GTX 750 Ti


GeForce GTX 570
GeForce GTX 480
GeForce GTX 960M
Quadro M2000M *
Quadro K5000M
Quadro K4100M
GeForce GTX 770M
GeForce GTX 860M
GeForce GTX 675MX
GeForce GTX 950M
GeForce GTX 850M
Quadro M1000M
Radeon R9 M280X
Radeon HD 7950M *
GeForce GTX 560 Ti
Radeon HD 6870
GeForce GTX 470


GeForce GT 1030
GeForce MX330
Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 5800HS 
FirePro 3D V8800
GeForce MX250
Radeon Pro WX 3200
Ryzen 7 PRO 5750G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 5600H
Ryzen 5 Pro 4650G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 5800U
Ryzen 7 7730U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 5825U
Radeon Pro WX 4150
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4655G
Ryzen 5 4600G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4655GE
GeForce GTX 485M
FirePro W6150M
Ryzen 7 5800U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 7530U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 4800U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 M470
Ryzen 3 PRO 5350G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon RX Vega Ryzen 3 5300U
Ryzen 7 5825U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 4400G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE
Radeon Ryzen 7 4800U
FirePro V7900
Radeon HD 5970
Radeon Ryzen 7 7700X 8-Core
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5650G
Radeon Ryzen 5 4400G
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE
Radeon RX 550X
FirePro V8800
Radeon RX Vega Ryzen 5 5500U
GeForce MX150
Quadro K3100M
Ryzen 7 PRO 5850U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 6970M
Radeon R7 250X
Intel HD 5600
Ryzen 3 4300GE with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 460
Ryzen 7 5700U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 7530U
Quadro K620
Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE with Radeon Graphics
Intel Iris Pro P580
Intel UHD Graphics P630
Ryzen 5 4600H with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 7530U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 5870
Radeon HD 6870
Ryzen 7 4700G with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 5600U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 7770
Ryzen 3 Pro 4350G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 5 5625U
GeForce GTX 745
Radeon Ryzen 7 4850U Mobile
Radeon Ryzen 3 PRO 7330U
Quadro M600M
Radeon Ryzen 5 5500U
Ryzen 5 5560U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 4800H with Radeon Graphics


GeForce 945M
Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE with Radeon Graphics
FirePro M5100
Radeon Ryzen 5 5600U
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 4500U
GeForce GTX 580M
Ryzen 7 PRO 5875U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 5300GE with Radeon Graphics
Radeon R9 M385
Quadro 5000M
Radeon Ryzen 7 4700U
Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U
Ryzen 7 4700U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U with Radeon Graphics
FirePro V7800
Radeon R9 350
Ryzen 3 4300G with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3350G
Radeon Ryzen 5 5560U
GeForce GTX 460 SE
Radeon Pro W5500M
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3400G
Ryzen 5 5500U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 5 PRO 4500U with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GT 645
GeForce GTX 765M
Radeon R9 M385X
Ryzen 5 5625U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 PRO 7330U with Radeon Graphics
Radeon HD 5850
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400G
Intel Iris Pro 580
Radeon HD 6850
Intel Iris Xe MAX
Radeon Ryzen 7 PRO 5875U
Radeon Ryzen 5 7600 6-Core
GeForce GTX 470M
Ryzen 3 5300G with Radeon Graphics
GeForce GTX 670MX
Radeon RX 640
Qualcomm Adreno Gen 3
Radeon R7 450
GeForce GTX 675M
Radeon Pro WX 4130
Intel Iris Xe MAX 100
Quadro 5000
Radeon RX 570X
Radeon HD 7700-serie
Ryzen 5 4600U with Radeon Graphics
Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE with Radeon Graphics
Radeon Vega 8 


GeForce MX230
GeForce GTX 765M
Quadro K4000M
Iris Pro Graphics P580 *
Iris Pro Graphics 580 *
GeForce GTX 645
Quadro M520
GeForce GTX 570M
GeForce MX130
Radeon RX 540
Radeon Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U
Intel UHD Graphics 770
Radeon RX Vega 11 Ryzen 7 3750H
Radeon Vega 11 Ryzen 5 PRO 3400GE 
Radeon HD 5850
GeForce GTX 675M
GeForce GTX 580M
Radeon HD 6990M
Radeon R9 M385X *
Radeon R9 M470X *
Radeon R9 M470 *
Radeon R9 M385 *
Radeon R9 M380 *
Radeon R9 M370X
Radeon R9 M275
Radeon HD 7770
GeForce GTX 485M
GeForce GTX 460 768MB
Radeon HD 6790
GeForce GTX 285M SLI
Quadro K3100M
FirePro W5170M *
GeForce GTX 670MX
Quadro 5010M
GeForce GTX 760M
GeForce GTX 670M


GeForce 940MX *
Maxwell GPU (940M, GDDR5)
FirePro M8900
Radeon HD 6970M
Radeon R9 M270
Radeon HD 8870M
Radeon HD 7870M
Quadro K3000M
GeForce GTX 570M
FirePro M6000
FirePro M5100
Quadro K2100M
Radeon HD 5770
GeForce GTX 550 Ti
GeForce GTX 280M SLI
Radeon HD 6950M
Radeon R7 250
GeForce GT 755M
GeForce GTX 660M
GeForce 845M
Radeon HD 8850M
Radeon R9 M365X
Radeon R9 M265X
Ryzen 5 PRO 4400GE with Radeon Graphics
FirePro W5130M *
Radeon Vega 8 Ryzen 5 3500U 
Radeon Vega 6 Ryzen 3 3300U
Radeon HD 7850M
Radeon HD 8790M
FirePro W4170M
FirePro W4190M
FirePro W4100
Quadro 4000M
GeForce GTX 470M
GeForce GTX 480M
GeForce GT 750M
Iris Pro Graphics 6200
Quadro K1100M
GeForce 940M
Radeon R9 M375
GeForce 930MX *
Radeon R7 M380 *
Radeon R7 M370
Quadro M600M *
GeForce GT 650M
Quadro K620M
GeForce 840M
Radeon R7 M275DX
GeForce GT 745M
Radeon HD 7770M
GeForce GTX 560M
Radeon R7 512 Cores (Kaveri Desktop)
Radeon R7 384 Cores (Kaveri Desktop)
Radeon R7 (Carrizo) *
Iris Pro Graphics 5200
GeForce GT 740M
GeForce 930M
Radeon HD 4850


Iris Graphics 550 *
GeForce 830M
Iris Graphics 540
Quadro M500M *
Quadro K2000M
GeForce GTS 450
GeForce GTX 260M SLI
GeForce GT 735M
Mobility Radeon HD 5870
GeForce 825M
Quadro 5000M
FirePro M4000
FirePro M7820
Radeon HD 6870M
GeForce 9800M GTX SLI
Radeon HD 8830M *
Radeon HD 8770M
Radeon R7 M260X
GeForce GTX 460M
GeForce 920MX *
GeForce GT 730M
Radeon HD 7750M
GeForce GT 645M *
FirePro M4100
Radeon HD 8750M
Radeon R6 A10-9600P 4C+6G
Quadro 3000M
Radeon R7 M270
Radeon R7 M265
Quadro FX 3800M
GeForce GTX 285M
Mobility Radeon HD 4870
GeForce GT 640M
Radeon R7 (Kaveri)
Radeon R8 M365DX
Radeon R7 M460 *
Radeon HD 7730M
Radeon R7 M360
GeForce GTX 280M
Radeon HD 8690M
Quadro FX 3700M
Radeon R7 M340
GeForce 920M
Radeon R6 M340DX
HD Graphics 530
HD Graphics P530
Tegra X1 Maxwell GPU
Radeon R7 M260
Radeon R6 (Carrizo)


Mobility Radeon HD 4860
FirePro M7740
Mobility Radeon HD 4850
GeForce GTX 260M
GeForce 9800M GTX
Quadro FX 2800M
Radeon HD 8670D
Radeon HD 7690M XT
FirePro M5950
GeForce GT 640M LE
Radeon R6 (Kaveri)
Radeon HD 8650M *
Radeon HD 8730M
Radeon HD 6770M
GeForce GT 635M
GeForce GT 555M
Radeon R7 A10 PRO-7800B
Radeon HD 5670
Mobility Radeon HD 5850
Radeon HD 6850M
Quadro 2000M
GeForce 9800M GT
GeForce 8800M GTX
Quadro FX 3600M
GeForce GT 445M
GeForce GTS 360M


GeForce GT 240
Radeon R7 PRO A10-9700
Radeon HD 7690M
HD Graphics 5600
Radeon HD 8570D
Radeon HD 8670M
Radeon R6 M255DX
Radeon HD 7660D
Radeon HD 6750M
Quadro K1000M
GeForce GT 550M
Radeon HD 8590M *
GeForce GTS 260M
GeForce GTS 160M
GeForce 9800M GTS
GeForce GT 430
Radeon HD 6830M
Mobility Radeon HD 5830
Radeon HD 6730M *
GeForce 9800M GS
Mobility Radeon HD 4830
Mobility Radeon HD 5770
Radeon HD 6570M
Radeon HD 8650G
Radeon HD 7670M
GeForce GT 630M
Radeon HD 7560D
GeForce GTS 150M *
Radeon R5 M335
Radeon R5 M430 *
Radeon R5 M330
Radeon R5 M255
Radeon Vega 3
Quadro 1000M
GeForce 820M
FirePro W2100
HD Graphics 520 620 
Iris Graphics 6100


GeForce GT 720M
GeForce 8800M GTS
Radeon R5 M240
Radeon R5 M320 *
Radeon R5 M230
Radeon R5 M315 *
Mobility Radeon HD 5750 *
Radeon HD 8570M
Radeon R7 PRO A10-8850B
HD Graphics 6000
Quadro K610M
Radeon HD 8550M
Iris Graphics 5100
GeForce GT 540M
Mali-T880 MP12 *
Radeon HD 8610G *
Radeon HD 6650M
HD Graphics 4600
Mobility Radeon HD 5730
HD Graphics 5500


Radeon R5 (Carrizo) *
Radeon R5 (Kaveri)
FirePro M5800
NVS 5400M
GeForce 710M
Radeon HD 7660G
GeForce GT 435M
HD Graphics 5000
Quadro K510M *
Radeon HD 5570
Radeon HD 6550M
Radeon HD 7590M *
GeForce GTS 350M
GeForce GTS 250M
Radeon HD 6630M
Radeon HD 7650M
FirePro M2000
Radeon HD 7570M
Radeon HD 7630M
Quadro FX 1800M
Mobility Radeon HD 5650
Radeon HD 8510G *
Radeon HD 6530M
Radeon HD 8550G
Quadro K500M *
GeForce GT 625M *
GeForce GT 620M
GeForce GT 525M
Radeon HD 6550D *
Radeon HD 7610M
Radeon HD 7620G
Radeon HD 8470D
Radeon HD 7640G
Adreno 530
GeForce ULP K1 (Tegra K1 Kepler GPU)
HD Graphics 4400
HD Graphics 510 515 *


NVS 5200M
Mobility Radeon HD 565v
Radeon HD 7550M
Mobility Radeon HD 4670
GeForce GT 425M
GeForce 9700M GTS
Radeon HD 6645G2 *
Quadro FX 2700M
GeForce GT 335M
Radeon HD 7600G
Mobility Radeon HD 3870
Mobility Radeon HD 4650
GeForce GT 220
GeForce GT 420M
Radeon HD 7530M *
Mobility Radeon HD 3850
GeForce GT 330M
Quadro FX 880M
Quadro NVS 5100M
GeForce GT 240M
Radeon HD 7490M *
HD Graphics 5300
Radeon HD 7510M *
GeForce Go 7950 GTX
Quadro FX 3500M
GeForce 8700M GT SLI
GeForce 9700M GT
GeForce GT 230M
Mobility Radeon HD 550v
Radeon HD 7480D
HD Graphics 4000
Mali-T760 MP8
Radeon HD 6620G
HD Graphics (Broadwell) *
Adreno 430
Radeon R5 (Beema/Carrizo-L)
Radeon R4 (Beema) (Kaveri)
HD Graphics (Skylake) *


Radeon HD 6450 GDDR5
Radeon HD 7500G
Radeon HD 8450G
Radeon HD 7470M
Radeon HD 6490M
Radeon HD 8400
Mali-T880 MP4
GeForce GT 520MX
Radeon HD 7520G
GeForce GT 325M
GeForce Go 7800 GTX SLI
GeForce 8600M GT SLI
GeForce Go 7900 GS SLI
GeForce GT 130M
NVS 4200M
GeForce Go 7900 GTX
Quadro FX 2500M
Radeon HD 8350G
Radeon HD 8330
GeForce 9650M GS
GeForce 9650M GT
Radeon R3 (Mullins/Beema)
GeForce 8700M GT
Quadro FX 1700M
Quadro FX 1600M
GeForce Go 7800 GTX
GeForce Go 7900 GS
Quadro NVS 320M
Quadro FX 1500M
GeForce 9600M GT
GeForce GT 220M
Quadro FX 770M
GeForce GT 120M
Radeon HD 7450M
GeForce 610M
GeForce 705M
Mali-T760 MP6
Radeon HD 6470M
FirePro M3900 *
GeForce GT 520M
Radeon HD 7420G
Mobility Radeon HD 3670
Mobility FireGL V5725
PowerVR GX6450
Adreno 420
HD Graphics (Haswell)


Radeon HD 6520G
Radeon HD 8310G *
GeForce 320M
GeForce GT 320M
Mobility Radeon HD 2600 XT
Mobility Radeon X1900
Mobility Radeon X1800XT
Mobility Radeon X1800
GeForce Go 6800 Ultra
GeForce Go 7800
GeForce 9600M GS
GeForce 9500M GS
Radeon HD 7400G
Radeon HD 6480G *
Mobility Radeon HD 2700
GeForce GT 415M
GeForce 410M
Radeon HD 7370M
Adreno 418
HD Graphics (Cherry Trail)
Radeon HD 6370M
Radeon HD 8280
Mobility Radeon HD 5470
Radeon HD 6450M
Radeon HD 7430M *
Mobility Radeon HD 3650
Mobility FireGL V5700
Mobility Radeon HD 5145
Mobility Radeon HD 545v
Radeon R6 (Mullins) *
Radeon HD 8240
Radeon HD 8250
Mobility Radeon HD 4570
Quadro FX 570M
Mobility Radeon HD 5450 *
Radeon R2 (Mullins/Beema) *
GeForce 8600M GT
Mobility Radeon HD 2600
HD Graphics 3000
Quadro FX 380M
GeForce 310M
GeForce G210M
NVS 3100M
GeForce 405M
GeForce 315M
GeForce Go 7600 GT
GeForce 9500M G
GeForce 8600M GS
NVS 2100M
GeForce Go 7700
GeForce Go 6800
Quadro FX Go 1400
Mobility Radeon X800XT
Radeon HD 6430M *
Radeon HD 6380G *
Mobility Radeon HD 5430
Radeon HD 8210
Mobility Radeon HD 540v
Mobility Radeon HD 4550
HD Graphics 2500
HD Graphics (Ivy Bridge)


Quadro NVS 310 
Radeon HD 7350M *
Radeon HD 6350M *
Mobility Radeon HD 4530
Mobility Radeon HD 4350
Radeon HD 4350
GeForce 305M
Mobility Radeon X1700
Mobility FireGL V5250
Mobility Radeon X2500
GeForce Go 7600
Quadro NVS 300M
Mobility Radeon X800
Mobility Radeon X1600
Mobility FireGL V5200
Mobility Radeon 9800
GeForce Go 6600
Mobility Radeon X1450
Mobility Radeon X700
Mobility FireGL V5000
GeForce G 110M
Quadro NVS 295 
Radeon HD 6330M *
Mobility Radeon HD 4330
GeForce 8400M GT
Quadro NVS 140M
HD Graphics 2000
GeForce 9500M GE *
GeForce 9400M (G) / ION (LE)
HD Graphics (Sandy Bridge) *


Adreno 330
PowerVR G6430
PowerVR GX6250
PowerVR G6400
HD Graphics (Bay Trail)
Mali-T628 MP6
Mali-T760 MP4
Chrome9HD *
Radeon HD 7340
Radeon HD 6320 *
Radeon HD 7310
Radeon HD 6310 *
Radeon HD 8180
Mobility Radeon HD 3470
GeForce 9300M G
ION 2 *
GeForce 9300M GS
Quadro FX 370M
Quadro NVS 160M
GeForce 9200M GS
Mobility Radeon HD 3450
Mobility Radeon HD 3430
Mobility Radeon HD 3410
Mobility Radeon HD 2400 XT
Radeon HD 4270
Radeon HD 4250
Radeon HD 7290 *
Radeon HD 6290 *
Radeon HD 4200
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) HD Graphics
Radeon HD 6250
Quadro NVS 150M
Quadro FX 360M
Mobility Radeon X1350
Mobility Radeon X1400
GeForce 9100M G
GeForce 8400M GS
Quadro NVS 135M
Mobility Radeon HD 2400
Radeon HD 3200
Radeon HD 4225 *
Radeon HD 4100 *
SGX554MP4
Mali-T628 MP4
Mobility Radeon HD 3400 *
Radeon HD 3100
GeForce 8400M G
Mali-T860 MP2
Quadro NVS 130M
GeForce 8200M G
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4700MHD
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4500MHD
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4500M
Mali-T604 MP4
GeForce Go 7400
Quadro FX 350M
Quadro NVS 120M
GeForce Go 7300
GeForce Tegra 4 *
PowerVR G6200
Adreno 405 *
Quadro NVS 110M
Mobility Radeon X600
Mobility FireGL V3200
Mobility FireGL V3100
Mobility Radeon HD X2300
Mobility Radeon 9700


Mobility FireGL T2e
Mobility Radeon X1300
GeForce4 4200 Go
Mobility Radeon 9600
Mobility FireGL T2
Mobility Radeon 9550
GeForce Go 7200
GeForce Go 6400
Mobility Radeon X300
GeForce Go 6250
GeForce Go 6200
GeForce FX Go 5700
Quadro FX Go 1000
GeForce FX Go 5600 / 5650
Radeon Xpress X1270
Radeon Xpress X1250
Radeon Xpress X1200
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) X3100
Mali-T624
Adreno 320 *
Mali-T760 MP2
Mali-T720 MP4
Mali-450 MP4
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3650 *
GeForce 7190M *
GeForce 7150M
Radeon Xpress 1150
GeForce Go 6150
GeForce Go 6100
GeForce 7000M
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3600 *
Mobility Radeon 9200
Mobility FireGL 9000
GeForce FX Go 5200
Mobility Radeon 9000
GeForce 4 488 Go
GeForce 4 460 Go
GeForce 4 440 Go
GeForce 4 420 Go
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 3150
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 950
SGX545 SGX544MP2 SGX543MP2 *
Mali-T720 MP2
Mali-T720
Adreno 302 304 305 306
Mobility Radeon 7500
Mobility FireGL 7800
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 900
Radeon Xpress 200M
Radeon Xpress 1100
Mirage 3+ 672MX
Mirage 3 671MX
Mali-400 MP4 *
GeForce ULP (Tegra 3) *
VideoCore-IV *
Adreno 220 225*
Vivante GC1000+ Dual-Core
Mali-400 MP2 *
GeForce ULP (Tegra 2) *
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 600 *
SGX540 *
Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 500
Adreno 205 *
Adreno 203 *
GC800 *
SGX535
SGX531
SGX530
Adreno 200 *
Mali-200 *
GeForce 3 Go *
GeForce 2 Go 200 / 100
Mobility Radeon 9100 IGP
Mobility Radeon 9000 IGP
Mobility Radeon M7
Mobility Radeon M6
Chrome9 HC
Extreme Graphics 2
Mobility Radeon 7000 IGP
Radeon IGP 340M
Radeon IGP 320M
S3G UniChrome Pro II
S3G UniChrome Pro
Castle Rock
Mirage 2 M760
Mirage M661FX
S3 Graphics ProSavage8
Mobility 128 M3
SM502 *
&lt;/pre&gt;


Not supported on AROS 

*OpenGL4 GPU must have 64-bit floating point FP64 math support, which is a hard requirement for GL 4.0. The max last revision opengl 4.6 (2017) on [https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/AMDGPU AMDGPU] RX 5000's / 6000s ([https://forum.batocera.org/d/7491-enable-opengl-46-and-vulkan-for-an-old-radeon-video-card RDNA] might come to AROS) but Intel UHD, Iris Plus or Xe, Nvidia RTX (will not) 
*OpenGL3 last revision 3.3 (2011) 


Some support on AROS 

*OpenGL2 nvidia-nouveau, 
*OpenGL1 intel gma950, 


Kernel-space drivers like '''radeon''' (older AMD driver for older GPUs), '''amdgpu''' (newer driver for newer GPUs, allows using a few new features), i915, nouveau and a few others. They are what handles the gory details of talking to the GPU itself (writing to proper registers, handling its memory directly, configuring outputs, and so on). Unfortunately most of what they're exposing can be only consumed by a single user of that GPU, which is why we need...

DRM and DRI (Direct Rendering Manager/Infrastructure) controls access to the GPUs, provides interfaces for talking to the GPU concurrently by multiple apps at once (without them breaking each other) and lets the system perform the most basic tasks like setting proper resolution and such if no userspace apps understand how to talk to the GPU exposed. DRI and DRM expose the GPU interfaces mostly as-is, not in a &quot;vendor-neutral&quot; portable way - if you don't have an application developed specifically for a GPU you have, it won't work. 

&quot;let's create a vendor-neutral interface for graphics so that apps can ignore the GPU-specific bits and get right to the drawing!&quot; - which is what OpenGL is. User-space drivers implement the OpenGL specification and expose it as an OpenGL library to apps (like games, browsers, etc) instead of the GPU. Mesa is the most popular collection of open-source user-space drivers and contains a few user-space drivers for different GPU families: '''radeonsi''' for most modern AMD GPUs (and '''r600g''', r300g and others for older ones), '''i915/i965''' for old/new Intel GPUs and '''nouveau''' for Nvidia GPUs. 

There's also Gallium, which is a bunch of utilities and common code shared among these drivers - if certain things can be done once and work everywhere, they'll land in Gallium and benefit all the drivers. Most Mesa drivers use Gallium (radeonsi, nouveau, software renderers), some don't (intel after gma950). 

Displaying 2D windows supports device-specific 2D drivers as well, but nowadays most of these are no longer needed as the modesetting can handle most hardware on its own. As the DRM/DRI got some additional interfaces for what used to be hardware-specific (setting resolutions, refresh rates, etc) and software requiring accelerated 2D drawing was optimized OpenGL-based renderers, dedicated 2D acceleration is slowly going away. Since around 2012, the 3D part of the graphics card deals with 2D operations. 

Modern GPUs can also decode video!? There's VDPAU (NVIDIA &amp; AMD GPUs) and VA-API (AMD &amp; Intel GPUs) that can also talk to the GPU exposed via DRM/DRI and issue proper commands to decode/encode a given video stream. Those drivers are GPU-specific too. 


So let's say you have some example GPUs, here's how example stacks could look like:

* AMD Radeon HD8750: amdgpu -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (radeonsi)  
* AMD Radeon HD4850: radeon kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (r600g) -&gt; games/apps/etc.
* NVIDIA GeForce 460: nouveau kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (nouveau) -&gt; games/apps.
* Intel GMA950: i915 kernel driver -&gt; DRM/DRI -&gt; Mesa (i945) -&gt; games/apps.


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Description
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Analog Output
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Digital Output
! width=&quot;15%&quot; | Laptop LCD
! width=30%&quot; | Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Fudomi GC888A
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1080p 100in throw projector 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Vamvo VF320 (720P) 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 90in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Happrun H1 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1080p 90in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Umbolite Magcubic HIPPUS HY320 Mini 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 100in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;Zentality A10 Plus 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;720p 110in 
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nexigo nova mini 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;nebula mars 3 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;epson lifestudio flex plus portable projector
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;dangbei freedo 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;benq gv50 
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Description--&gt;
| &lt;!--Analogue--&gt;
| &lt;!--Digital--&gt;
| &lt;!--Laptop LCD--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


Unless your computer uses a Firewire chipset manufactured by Texas Instruments, FireWire interfaces are likely to act buggy. 
AROS is unlikely to ever support FireWire. 


Bluetooth is similarly unlikely to be ever supported due to huge cost to be certified. 


No, x86 PCMCIA card.resource at the moment. Writing card.resource would be a similar amount of work to writing a typical driver. However, it might be complicated by having to support a variety of PCMCIA-controller chipsets like TI PCI1225, PCI1410, PCI1420, 1450, PCIxx12 and O2, etc. m68k card.resource does not really have many higher level functions, most functions are really simple or poke Gayle registers directly. only exception is CopyTuple(). Amiga card.resource has one significant flaw: it's single-unit. would need card.resource and pccard.library. There was talk in the past of designing a new API for PCMCIA because card.resource only supports one slot, but since most modern laptops only have one slot anyway, I think it might be worthwhile to implement card.resource as-is (at least as a first step). pccard.library would be trivial to port. So, a new API is needed.


&lt;pre&gt;
HDMI (licensing fee)

1.4  4K @ 30Hz
2.0  4K @ 60Hz
2.1  48Gbs for 4K @ 120Hz, 8K @ , VRR, etc 
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
DisplayPort (VESA introduced) 

1.4  4K @ 60Hz
2.1  96Gbs for 4K @ 240Hz, 8K @ 120Hz. MST daisy chain multiple monitors, 
&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
      <sha1>si2fwzr2dtd0mtzp825bstgz6s464z3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/Safari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638872</id>
      <parentid>4422928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T08:38:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wisdood</username>
        <id>3170229</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14422" sha1="og7rjj17beldhtw3enzs4hfhpz2wt3x" xml:space="preserve">=Introduction=
The original browser of choice among Mac OS X users was Microsoft's Internet Explorer for Mac. However, after Internet Explorer rose to dominate the market, Microsoft grew complacent and stopped updating it. By 2002, Internet Explorer was no longer a modern browser, and Apple began work on its own web browser to replace it. 

In January of 2003, Apple's CEO Steve Jobs announced Safari, an all-new, Apple-designed web browser that was designed to replace Internet Explorer for Mac.

Since then, Safari has evolved into a browser to be reckoned with - with the greatest standards compliance of any browser (Mac or Windows), fast performance, and a crop of advanced features like tabbed browsing, RSS, and AutoFill. It's the third most popular browser in the world and the single most popular browser available for Mac OS X.


{{Info|'''NOTE:''' Just as this wikibook assumes moderate computer experience, this chapter assumes you're a proficient internet user. If none of these words mean anything to you, seek out a book on the web for beginners: link, form, account, inbox, address, and Google.}}

=The Safari Interface=
This section looks at Safari's interface and explains how to use it to browse the web. &lt;font style=&quot;BACKGROUND-COLOR: FFFF66&quot;&gt;Safari is unique in that it actually has ''two'' toolbars (called the &quot;Address Bar&quot; and the &quot;Bookmarks Bar&quot;).&lt;/font&gt; Both can be toggled on and off independently in the View menu. In addition, you can use the view menu to opt for a &quot;status bar&quot; to appear along the bottom of the window. This bar will display page loading progress and will tell you where links lead to if you roll your cursor over them.

Note that there's a third toolbar in Safari, called the &quot;Tab Bar&quot;. You'll use it only if you turn on tabbed browsing, which is discussed later on in this chapter.

==The Address Bar==
This brushed metal toolbar houses all of Safari's basic web browsing controls. Like most toolbars in Mac OS X, the Address Bar is totally customizable. The default, factory-fresh toolbar has the following buttons and fields on it:

*Back/Forward - These two conjoined buttons let you go back to the previous page you viewed, or reverse the action of pressing the back button and return to the page you went back from.
*Stop/Reload - These two Web Browsing mainstays have been combined into one button: when a page is loading, this button halts the page-loading process. When Safari isn't loading anything, the button '''re'''loads the current page, in case it changed since you last loaded it or didn't load properly the first time around.
{{Info|'''NOTE:''' Many other browsers refer to the reload button as &quot;Refresh&quot;, so if a website tells you to refresh the page, reload instead.}}
*Add Bookmark - This essential button, marked with a plus sign, lets you add the page you're looking at to your bookmark collection. Bookmarks are covered later on in this sub-chapter, along with exactly how this button works.
*Address and Search - These two text fields are probably the most important items in the Address Bar, and browsing without them would be very difficult indeed. The Address Field lets you type a web address (aka &quot;URL&quot;), and one press of the Return key later, takes you directly to it. It even doubles as a progress bar, filling up with a blue color as a page loads. The Search field, which is pill-shaped and marked with a magnifying glass, lets you perform a Google Web search right from your Safari toolbar. Clicking the tiny arrow next to the magnifying glass lets you review searches you have previously made.{{Mac Trick Box|You can proportion the two text fields by dragging the small dot between them.}}{{Yellow_Warning|'''WARNING:''' Don't confuse the Address Bar and the Address Field! The Address Bar is the entire toolbar that the Address Field resides in, along with the other items described here.}}


If you want to, you can add other buttons to the toolbar to help improve your web-browsing experience. You know the toolbar customization drill: right-click the toolbar and choose &quot;Customize Toolbar&quot;.

The other buttons available are:
*Home - Safari lets you set a &quot;Home Page&quot;, which is the first page you'll see when you open Safari. This button takes you there.

*AutoFill - AutoFill, a supremely useful Safari feature, is covered later on in this sub-chapter.

*Print - The print button does the same thing as the File &gt; Print command or the ⌘P keystroke: it opens the standard Mac OS X print box and offers to print a hard copy of a web page for you.

*Report Bug - These days, Safari's standards compliance is legendary. It was the first browser ever to pass the &quot;Acid2&quot; test, a modern benchmark for browser compatibility. But back in the day, when Safari was still in beta (geek-speak for &quot;released for testing&quot;) and Apple was just learning the ropes, the Report Bug button let Safari users complain to Apple about websites that didn't work correctly. It still works today, in case you find a site that disagrees with Safari.

==The Bookmarks Bar==
The thin metal strip of words under the Address Bar is the Bookmarks Bar. It's discussed in the Bookmarks section of this sub-chapter.

=Browsing Around=
==Setting a Home Page==

==Downloading Files==
==Blocking Pop-Ups==
==Saving and eMailing==
==PDF Files==
==Spell Checking==
Safari, like most applications that use Apple's standard Programming API, has access to OS X's built-in spell check service. It can be used several ways. The first, and easiest to use way, is to have OS X check spelling as you type. This method can be activated by first clicking in any web page's entry field, then going to Edit &gt; Spelling then select 'Check Spelling as You Type.' This feature will then underline misspelled words in red and allow you to correct the word from its suggestions by Control-Clicking (Right-clicking with a two-button mouse) the word. If you know you spelled the word right you can have OS X add it to the spelling dictionary by selecting 'Learn Spelling' from the Control-Click menu. This setting may only be active for that session of Safari but once activated only the red underlining may go away on relaunch. Spelling options will still be a Control-Click/Right-click away and easily re-enabled.

Alternatively you can check the spelling of an entire text area by pressing ⌘; or by using the Edit&gt;Spelling&gt;Check Spelling menu command. If you only want to check one word using this method simply select the word you wish to check and then pressing ⌘; or use Edit&gt;Spelling&gt;Check Spelling. Preferences for how spelling is checked can be changed, including what dictionary to use, by using the Edit&gt;Spelling&gt;Spelling… menu command.

Note spell checking will not pick up Roman numerals. (try to spell check cdcdc ). Spell checking must also be enabled per application even though it is a shared program (so [[Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/TextEdit]], [[Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/Mail]], and others need their own enabling of spell check.

If a spelling error is added it is put in a file at '~/Library/Spelling/en' if the entry is in English. There is syntax in the file so be wary editing it.

See also [http://www.old.tuaw.com/2007/05/07/mac-101-enabling-built-in-spell-check/ Mac 101 on Spell Check]

=Bookmarks and History=
As you browse the web, you may find it convenient to keep certain web addresses handy for easy access. Safari includes many places to keep these stored addresses, called bookmarks.

The first place is the Bookmarks Bar. This brushed-metal strip directly below the Address Bar is something like a Dock for bookmarks: it keeps your ''very'' favorite websites within easy reach. To add a bookmark to this bar, navigate to the page you want to add. Click on the &quot;Add Bookmark&quot; button in the Address Bar, type a short name for the bookmark, and choose &quot;Bookmarks Bar&quot; from the pop-up menu. Then click &quot;OK&quot;. 

The bookmark now appears directly in the Bookmarks Bar. You can now visit the site you bookmarked simply by clicking the name that you chose.


{{Mac Trick Box|You can reorder bookmarks in the Bookmarks Bar by dragging them horizontally.}}


If the Bookmarks Bar fills up, an &gt;&gt; icon appears at the end. Clicking this shows a menu that contains all the bookmarks that didn't fit. However, this is hardly an ideal solution. For bookmarks that you use semi-frequently but do not want on your Bookmarks Bar, you can use the Bookmarks Menu instead.

This menu works just like the Bookmarks Bar. To add a page, navigate to the page you want to add, click on the &quot;Add Bookmark&quot; button, type a name, but this time choose &quot;Bookmarks Menu&quot; from the pop-up menu. Then click &quot;OK&quot;. The page now appears in the Bookmarks menu.

==Bookmarks Manager==
===Folders===
Once you start accumulating bookmarks, you'll want to organize them into folders. To do this, you'll use a part of Safari called the Bookmarks Manager. You can get to the Bookmarks Manager by clicking the little book icon in the left side of the Bookmarks Bar. The website you were viewing will be temporarily covered up by the Bookmarks Manager. This screen lets you organize your bookmarks and delete ones you don't want anymore.

The sidebar on the left contains collections of bookmarks. You'll notice that two of these collections are named Bookmarks Bar and Bookmarks Menu. These contain the bookmarks that appear in the Bookmarks Bar and Bookmarks Menu. Click one of these in the sidebar, and the contents pane to the right will display the bookmarks inside.

Let's say you want to add a folder inside the Bookmarks Menu collection. To do this, click the ''second plus button from the left'' at the bottom of the screen. The folder appears in the contents pane, ready to be named. Once you have finished typing a name, press the return key. You can then put the bookmarks inside the folder by dragging them onto the folder's icon. Folders like these are great for grouping websites with similar subjects; you could create a folder called &quot;Macintosh&quot; that contains all of your Mac-related websites. 

Folders appear in the Bookmarks Bar as pop-up menus, and in the Bookmarks Menu as sub-menus. 

If you want to delete a bookmark or folder of bookmarks, find it in the Bookmarks Manager, select it in the contents pane and pressing the delete key on your keyboard.

===Collections===
There are some other collections in the sidebar besides &quot;Bookmarks Bar&quot; and &quot;Bookmarks Manager&quot;. These contain bookmarks that appear in neither the Bookmarks Bar nor the Bookmarks Menu. You actually have to open the Bookmarks Manager and double-click on them when you want to access the site they point to. This is rather inconvenient, so these folders are for bookmarks that you use infrequently. 

You can create a collection with the '''plus button at the far left'''. Apple gives you a bunch of these collections already stocked with bookmarks to help you discover some websites. But if you don't want them gunking up your sidebar, you can delete them by clicking on their name and pressing the delete key on your keyboard.

{{Mac Trick Box|You can do a Spotlight search for your bookmarks with the search field at the bottom of the Bookmarks Manager.}}

===History===
=Tabbed Browsing=
==Basics==
Tabbed Browsing is a productivity feature in Safari that lets you view multiple web pages in the same window. It vastly streamlines the browsing experience, and it's a great idea to learn how to use it.

The first thing you have to do is turn Tabbed Browsing on. To do this, you'll need to visit Safari Preferences. Just like every other application, Safari's preferences can found in the application menu, or can be accessed by pressing ⌘-comma.  Once you're inside Safari Preferences, click on &quot;Tabs&quot;. The pane that appears contains three checkboxes. The top one is the one you're looking for; the master switch that turns on Tabbed Browsing. However, don't expect anything magical to happen when you check the box. You can now close Safari Preferences.

The magic happens when you create a tab. To do this, press ⌘T. A few things happen. First of all, the third toolbar mentioned at the beginning of this sub-chapter magically appears below the Bookmarks Bar. This is called the Tab Bar. You'll notice it contains two tabs. Try clicking them and watch what happens. One of the tabs contains the web page you were just viewing; the other one is the one you just created, which is blank.

Each tab is now a totally separate entity. You can browse the web in one tab, then click on the other and find it totally undisturbed. If you're in the middle of editing a Wikibook and want to quickly check on Mac news, you can create a second tab for the Mac news site, browse around a bit, and then go right back to your Wikibook editing. Depending on how you browse the web, you might find it convenient to open three, four, or even ten tabs at the same time.

You can close any tab by clicking on the little &quot;X&quot; button inside it.

==Tips and Tricks==
A few tabbed browsing pointers:
*You can opt to have the tab bar displayed even with only one site open by checking &quot;Always show tab bar&quot; in the Tabs pane of Safari Preferences.
*You can still open multiple windows when tabbed browsing is turned on. Each window can have a different set of tabs inside.
*The keyboard shortcuts used for tabbed browsing change depending on settings. Check the Tabs pane of Safari Preferences for a list of keyboard shorcuts that apply to your current settings.

=RSS=
RSS stands for &quot;Really Simple Syndication&quot;. It's an emerging web standard that lets website creators make special pages for their websites called &quot;feeds&quot;. Feeds have no visuals or layout; they simply provide a list of links with descriptions. It's up to an RSS reader application like Safari to display the links in a feed in a visually appealing way.

Feeds are taking the web by a storm, and you're lucky to have Safari; its RSS functionality is often considered the best of any browser. As you will see if you read this section, there are many unique uses for feeds.

==Finding a Feed==
Finding a feed is pretty easy. Start by hopping on over to [http://www.apple.com apple.com]. 

{{Mac Note Box|Remember to hold down ⌘ as you click the link. Doing so will cause it to open in a new window or new tab (depending on settings), so you can continue to read this wikibook while trying out the feed.}}

=Autofill=


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>og7rjj17beldhtw3enzs4hfhpz2wt3x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Field Remedies/Healing remedies/Ginger tea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>57604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638876</id>
      <parentid>3335722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T10:59:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaGizza</username>
        <id>8680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notes */  sp</comment>
      <origin>4638876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4137" sha1="5vm5k3fxsgctiifh4u8xyuckiadmj1e" xml:space="preserve">'''Ginger tea''', made by steeping crushed [[w:Ginger|ginger root]] in hot water, can be used to cure some digestive issues.

==Background==
Ginger has many beneficiary properties.  It contains many [[w:Antioxidants|antioxidants]], which may help prevent [[w:Cancer|cancer]] according to medical studies.  It is also known to effectively cure all forms of nausea including [[w:Motion sickness|seasickness and carsickness]] as well as [[w:Morning sickness|morning sickness]]; do note, however, many physicians recommend against the use of ginger to combat morning sickness, although pregnant Chinese women traditionally use it for exactly this purpose.

According to the PDR,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/101230.shtml pdrhealth.com]&lt;/ref&gt; ginger has been shown to promote production of saliva, digestive juices, and bile.  It also tends to boost the pumping action of the heart, prevent the formation of blood clots, lower LDL cholesterol, and decrease inflammation.  It may have a stimulative effect on the immune system; this has not been concluded.  Ginger also has mild laxative effects due to stimulation of the [[w:GI tract|GI tract]].

The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger has lead some to use it for the treatment of diseases such as arthritis and bronchitis; one study of 261 participants showed that ingesting ginger twice daily significantly reduces the pain experienced by sufferers of osteoarthritis, versus those being administered a placebo.

As ingesting ginger ''may'' lower LDL cholesterol levels and prevent blood clotting, it may be helpful in preventing [[w:Atherosclerosis|atherosclerosis]], [[w:Heart attack|heart attack]]s, and [[w:Stroke|stroke]].  Ginger also has [[w:Analgesic|pain relieving]], [[w:Sedative|sedative]], [[w:Antipyretic|fever reduction]], and [[w:Antibacterial|antibacterial]] effects.

===Precautions===
Ginger root should not be consumed in doses exceeding 6 grams per day.  This may damage the lining of the stomach and cause stomach ulcers.  '''Large overdoses may lead to [[w:Central nervous system|CNS]] depression and heart irregularities''' and you should '''seek medical attention ''immediately'' if you suspect a large overdose'''.

Avoid ginger if you are at risk of internal bleeding or have gallstones.  The PDR also recommends against using ginger to treat morning sickness, although there is no evidence that ginger is harmful during pregnancy.

Do not take large doses of ginger if you are also taking a blood-thinning drug.

===Notes===
It is notable that ginger will not cure the underlying cause of any disease, especially nausea; it will only alleviate some of the symptoms associated.  Mild cases of food poisoning, for example, can be easily waited out; but severe cases can be fatal, and you should always seek medical attention if you suspect a dangerous infection.  If your doctor tells you it will go away on its own, or just prescribes simple antibiotics such as [[w:Penicillin|penicillin]], ginger tea is a good way to quell the symptoms in the meanwhile.

Ginger root has a strong and spicy flavor; chewing on a small piece of the root may be quite painful and difficult for many individuals, somewhat in the way chewing on a [[w:Cayenne pepper|cayenne pepper]] would be, as the active constituent is a compound similar to [[w:Capsaicin|capsaicin]].  A diluted tea, however, should be easily drinkable by most; and for those who enjoy the flavor of ginger root, can even be a pleasant beverage.

==Preparation==
For ginger tea, you will need a small slice of [[w:Ginger|ginger root]] and 250mL (''about 8oz'') of hot water; the PDR recommends 0.5-1g [http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/101230.shtml] of ginger be used.

To prepare the tea, [[Field Remedies/Preparation/Crush|crush]] the ginger and pour hot water (''recommended: 85C'') over it.  Fill the vessel with approximately 175-250mL (''6-8oz'') of hot water and steep for about 5 minutes.  [[Field Remedies/Preparation/Strain|Strain]], if desired.  Honey may be added to sweeten the tea to taste.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>5vm5k3fxsgctiifh4u8xyuckiadmj1e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cascading Style Sheets/Color</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>92338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638745</id>
      <parentid>4638703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xeverything11</username>
        <id>3410648</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Contrast ratio */ APCA</comment>
      <origin>4638745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="170445" sha1="n8yksdx5aqhaucd686fhijufasj58me" xml:space="preserve">Colors can be specified for various objects. These include text (&quot;&lt;code&gt;color: white&lt;/code&gt;&quot;), background (&quot;&lt;code&gt;background-color: white&lt;/code&gt;&quot;), and borders (&quot;&lt;code&gt;border-color: gray&lt;/code&gt;&quot;).

An example CSS rule that sets all &lt;code&gt;h1&lt;/code&gt; elements to have white text on a red background:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: white; background-color: red; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Methods of specification of colors, an overview:
* English name, such as &lt;code&gt;color: white&lt;/code&gt;
* The CSS color name transparent creates a completely transparent color = rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)
* Hexadecimal RGB value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: #ff0000&lt;/code&gt;
* Soft colours in hexadecimal RGB value like &lt;code&gt;color: #f00&lt;/code&gt;
* Decimal RGB value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: rgb(255, 0, 0)&lt;/code&gt;
* Decimal RGBA value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2)&lt;/code&gt;
* HSL value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt;
* HSLA value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5)&lt;/code&gt;

Specification of colors is detailed in the following sections.

If you set any colors in your web page, you should set both the background and text color for the body element of the page. Imagine if you set the text color to black and did not set the background color. A user has their preferred colors set to yellow text on a black background, a fairly common combination for users with low vision. The page is rendered with your black text on their black background and is unusable.

==color values syntax==

Formal syntax

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;color&gt; = 
  &lt;absolute-color-base&gt;  |
  currentcolor           |
  &lt;system-color&gt;         

&lt;absolute-color-base&gt; = 
  &lt;hex-color&gt;                |
  &lt;absolute-color-function&gt;  |
  &lt;named-color&gt;              |
  transparent                

&lt;absolute-color-function&gt; = 
  &lt;rgb()&gt;    |
  &lt;rgba()&gt;   |
  &lt;hsl()&gt;    |
  &lt;hsla()&gt;   |
  &lt;hwb()&gt;    |
  &lt;lab()&gt;    |
  &lt;lch()&gt;    |
  &lt;oklab()&gt;  |
  &lt;oklch()&gt;  |
  &lt;color()&gt;  

&lt;rgb()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt;  

&lt;rgba()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hsl()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-hsl-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-hsl-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hsla()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-hsla-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-hsla-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hwb()&gt; = 
  hwb( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;lab()&gt; = 
  lab( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;lch()&gt; = 
  lch( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;oklab()&gt; = 
  oklab( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;oklch()&gt; = 
  oklch( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;color()&gt; = 
  color( &lt;colorspace-params&gt; [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; = 
  rgb( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  |
  rgb( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )      

&lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; = 
  rgb( [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3} [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; = 
  rgba( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  |
  rgba( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )      

&lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; = 
  rgba( [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3} [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-hsl-syntax&gt; = 
  hsl( &lt;hue&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  

&lt;modern-hsl-syntax&gt; = 
  hsl( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-hsla-syntax&gt; = 
  hsla( &lt;hue&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  

&lt;modern-hsla-syntax&gt; = 
  hsla( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;hue&gt; = 
  &lt;number&gt;  |
  &lt;angle&gt;   

&lt;alpha-value&gt; = 
  &lt;number&gt;      |
  &lt;percentage&gt;  

&lt;colorspace-params&gt; = 
  &lt;predefined-rgb-params&gt;  |
  &lt;xyz-params&gt;             

&lt;predefined-rgb-params&gt; = 
  &lt;predefined-rgb&gt; [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3}  

&lt;xyz-params&gt; = 
  &lt;xyz-space&gt; [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3}  

&lt;predefined-rgb&gt; = 
  srgb          |
  srgb-linear   |
  display-p3    |
  a98-rgb       |
  prophoto-rgb  |
  rec2020       

&lt;xyz-space&gt; = 
  xyz      |
  xyz-d50  |
  xyz-d65  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Examples:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* Keyword values */
color: currentcolor;

/* &lt;named-color&gt; values */
color: red;
color: orange;
color: tan;
color: rebeccapurple;

/* &lt;hex-color&gt; values */
color: #090;
color: #009900;
color: #090a;
color: #009900aa;

/* &lt;rgb()&gt; values */
color: rgb(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgba(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 0.6);
color: rgba(34 12 64 / 0.3);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 60%);
color: rgba(34.6 12 64 / 30%);

/* &lt;hsl()&gt; values */
color: hsl(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6);
color: hsla(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6);
color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 0.6);
color: hsla(30 100% 50% / 0.6);
color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 60%);
color: hsla(30.2 100% 50% / 60%);

/* &lt;hwb()&gt; values */
color: hwb(90 10% 10%);
color: hwb(90 10% 10% / 0.5);
color: hwb(90deg 10% 10%);
color: hwb(1.5708rad 60% 0%);
color: hwb(0.25turn 0% 40% / 50%);

/* Global values */
color: inherit;
color: initial;
color: revert;
color: revert-layer;
color: unset;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* Named colors */
rebeccapurple
aliceblue

/* RGB Hexadecimal */
#f09
#ff0099

/* RGB (Red, Green, Blue) */
rgb(255 0 153)
rgb(255 0 153 / 80%)

/* HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) */
hsl(150 30% 60%)
hsl(150 30% 60% / 0.8)

/* HWB (Hue, Whiteness, Blackness) */
hwb(12 50% 0%)
hwb(194 0% 0% / 0.5)

/* LAB (Lightness, A-axis, B-axis) */
lab(50% 40 59.5)
lab(50% 40 59.5 / 0.5)

/* LCH (Lightness, Chroma, Hue) */
lch(52.2% 72.2 50)
lch(52.2% 72.2 50 / 0.5)

/* Oklab (Lightness, A-axis, B-axis) */
oklab(59% 0.1 0.1)
oklab(59% 0.1 0.1 / 0.5)

/* Oklch (Lightness, Chroma, Hue) */
oklch(60% 0.15 50)
oklch(60% 0.15 50 / 0.5)

/* light-dark */
light-dark(white, black)
light-dark(rgb(255 255 255), rgb(0 0 0))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Using English names==
Initially, the following 16 values were defined to make a consistent experience across browsers and displays in the early days of the Web:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
aqua&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: aqua; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
black &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: black; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
blue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: blue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
fuchsia &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: fuchsia; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
gray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: gray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
green &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: green; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
lime &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: lime; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
maroon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: maroon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
navy &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: navy; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
olive &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: olive; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
purple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: purple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
red &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: red; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
silver &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
teal &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: teal; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
white  &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
yellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: yellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
CSS does not define the exact shade that should be used for the named colours. Use RGB-values if the exact shade is important.

This list has been expanded to 140 total colors that are named and can be used in CSS when defining a color:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
AliceBlue&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: AliceBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
AntiqueWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: AntiqueWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Aquamarine &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Aquamarine; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Azure &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Azure; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Beige &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Beige; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Bisque &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Bisque; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
BlanchedAlmond &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: BlanchedAlmond; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
BlueViolet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: BlueViolet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Brown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Brown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Burlywood &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Burlywood; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
CadetBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: CadetBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Chartreuse &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Chartreuse; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Chocolate &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Chocolate; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Coral &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Coral; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
CornflowerBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: CornflowerBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Cornsilk &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Cornsilk; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Crimson &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Crimson; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Cyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Cyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkCyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkCyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGoldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGoldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkKhaki &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkKhaki; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkMagenta &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkMagenta; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOliveGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOliveGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOrange &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOrange; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOrchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOrchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSalmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSalmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkViolet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkViolet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DeepPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DeepPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DeepSkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DeepSkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DimGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DimGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DodgerBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DodgerBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Firebrick &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Firebrick; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
FloralWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: FloralWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
ForestGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: ForestGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Gainsboro &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Gainsboro; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
GhostWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: GhostWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Gold &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Gold; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Goldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Goldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
GreenYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: GreenYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Honeydew &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Honeydew; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
HotPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: HotPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
IndianRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: IndianRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Indigo &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Indigo; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Ivory &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Ivory; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Khaki &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Khaki; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Lavender &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Lavender; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LavenderBlush &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LavenderBlush; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LawnGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LawnGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LemonChiffon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LemonChiffon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightCoral &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightCoral; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightCyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightCyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightGoldenrodYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGoldenrodYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
yellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSalmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSalmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSteelBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSteelBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LimeGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LimeGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Linen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Linen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Magenta &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Magenta; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumAquamarine &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumAquamarine; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumOrchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumOrchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumPurple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumPurple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSpringGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSpringGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumVioletRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumVioletRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MidnightBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MidnightBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MintCream &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MintCream; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MistyRose &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MistyRose; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Moccasin &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Moccasin; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
NavajoWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: NavajoWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OldLace &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OldLace; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OliveDrab &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OliveDrab; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Orange &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Orange; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OrangeRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OrangeRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Orchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Orchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleGoldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleGoldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleVioletRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleVioletRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PapayaWhip &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PapayaWhip; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PeachPuff &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PeachPuff; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Peru &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Peru; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Pink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Pink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Plum &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Plum; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PowderBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PowderBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RosyBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RosyBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RoyalBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RoyalBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SaddleBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SaddleBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Salmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Salmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SandyBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SandyBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Seashell &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Seashell; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Sienna &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Sienna; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Snow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Snow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SpringGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SpringGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SteelBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SteelBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Tan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Tan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Thistle &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Thistle; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Tomato &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Tomato; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Turquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Turquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Violet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Violet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Wheat &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Wheat; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
WhiteSmoke &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: WhiteSmoke; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
YellowGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: YellowGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Lastly, one color was added to CSS 4.1:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RebeccaPurple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RebeccaPurple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Note that all instances of &quot;gray&quot; can also be spelled &quot;grey&quot;.

==Hexadecimal RGB value==
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; float: right; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:silver&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Hex !! Bin !! Dec
|-
| 0 || 0000 ||  0
|-
| 1 || 0001 ||  1
|-
| 2 || 0010 ||  2
|-
| 3 || 0011 ||  3
|-
| 4 || 0100 ||  4
|-
| 5 || 0101 ||  5
|-
| 6 || 0110 ||  6
|-
| 7 || 0111 ||  7
|-
| 8 || 1000 ||  8
|-
| 9 || 1001 ||  9
|-
| A || 1010 || 10
|-
| B || 1011 || 11
|-
| C || 1100 || 12
|-
| D || 1101 || 13
|-
| E || 1110 || 14
|-
| F || 1111 || 15
|}
&lt;/div&gt;


The mixture ratio of a color to be displayed is specified in [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] notation.  That is, they are written in base-16 as opposed to the more familiar base 10. A reference table is included, courtesy [[w:Main Page|Wikipedia]].  

The two first hexadecimal digits specify the amount of red in the color&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_colors.asp|title=CSS colors}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the third and fourth specify the amount of green and the last two figures specify the amount of blue.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: #ff0000; } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
A short-hand notation is permitted: &lt;code&gt;#rgb&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;#rrggbb&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;#3cf&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;#33ccff&lt;/code&gt;.

Note that the range of values possible is hexadecimal 00 (= decimal 0) to hexadecimal ff (= decimal 255).  This is the same range that is available using the RGB notation from the next section.

In newer browsers (Chrome 62+, Edge 79+, Firefox 49+, Opera 49+, Safari 10+), 4- and 8-digit HEX notations are permitted, i.e. &lt;code&gt;#rgba&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;#rrggbbaa&lt;/code&gt; respectively, with the last one or two digits denoting the alpha (opacity) amount.

== RGB value ==
RGB is a abbreviation for red, green and blue – the three colors that are mixed to create all the other colors on a computer screen.

The basic syntax is &lt;code&gt;rgb(red-value, green-value, blue-value)&lt;/code&gt;.

The different values can be set using two different approaches.

A number from 0 to 255
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: rgb(255, 0, 0); } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A decimal figure from 0% to 100%
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: rgb(100%, 0, 0); } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Modern (css-color-4) rgb and rgba syntax

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
rgb() = [ &lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; | &lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; ] 
rgba() = [ &lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; | &lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; ] 
&lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; =   rgb( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? ) |
                  rgb( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )
&lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; = rgba( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? ) |
                  rgba( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )
&lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; = rgb( 
  [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none]{3} 
  [ / [&lt;alpha-value&gt; | none] ]?  )
&lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; = rgba( 
  [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none]{3} 
  [ / [&lt;alpha-value&gt; | none] ]?  )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Percentages	Allowed for r, g and b
Percent reference range: For r, g and b: 0% = 0.0, 100% = 255.0 For alpha: 0% = 0.0, 100% = 1.0

==RGBA value==
RGBA is RGB with an added [[w:alpha channel|alpha channel]] as its 4th argument. The alpha channel is a value between 0 (fully transparent) and 1 (opaque). RGBA is part of CSS3.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div { background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); } /* All divs are in bright red with 50% opacity. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; background-image: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Please note that [[MediaWiki]] blocks the use of the background-image property, so you must copy the code used below to a file or your snippet editor to see the full effect.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here is the example again, with a &lt;span style=&quot;text-color: silver;&quot;&gt;silver&lt;/span&gt; background:

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);, which is the: rgb(255, 0, 0)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==HSL value==
HSL stands for [[w:HSL and HSV|hue, saturation and lightness]]. It is the color value system used by many [[w:cathode-ray tube|cathode-ray tube]] devices. HSL is part of CSS3.

* hsl(color-angle, saturation%, lightness%);

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div.red   { background-color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%); } /* red in HSL */
div.green  { background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); } /* green in HSL */
div.blue { background-color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%); } /* blue in HSL */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Red: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Green: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Blue: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Hue ===
Range: 0-360 degrees. Measured in degrees.

* 0 degrees = red
* 60 degrees = yellow
* 120 degrees = green
* 180 degrees = cyan
* 240 degrees = blue
* 300 degrees = magenta

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Hue comparison at 100% saturation and 50% lightness
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
|-
|0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|120
| style=&quot;background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|10
| style=&quot;background: hsl(10, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|130
| style=&quot;background: hsl(130, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|250
| style=&quot;background: hsl(250, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|20
| style=&quot;background: hsl(20, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|140
| style=&quot;background: hsl(140, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|260
| style=&quot;background: hsl(260, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|30
| style=&quot;background: hsl(30, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|150
| style=&quot;background: hsl(150, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|270
| style=&quot;background: hsl(270, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|40
| style=&quot;background: hsl(40, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|160
| style=&quot;background: hsl(160, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|280
| style=&quot;background: hsl(280, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(50, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|170
| style=&quot;background: hsl(170, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|290
| style=&quot;background: hsl(290, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|180
| style=&quot;background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|300
| style=&quot;background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|70
| style=&quot;background: hsl(70, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|190
| style=&quot;background: hsl(190, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|310
| style=&quot;background: hsl(310, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|80
| style=&quot;background: hsl(80, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|200
| style=&quot;background: hsl(200, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|320
| style=&quot;background: hsl(320, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|90
| style=&quot;background: hsl(90, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|210
| style=&quot;background: hsl(210, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|330
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|100
| style=&quot;background: hsl(100, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|220
| style=&quot;background: hsl(220, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|340
| style=&quot;background: hsl(340, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|110
| style=&quot;background: hsl(110, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|230
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|350
| style=&quot;background: hsl(350, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|}

=== Saturation ===
Measured as percentage in a range of 0%-100%. The higher, the more saturated. 0% is pure monochrome gray.

=== Lightness ===
Measured as percentage in a range of 0%-100%. The higher, the lighter. 0% is black, and 100% is white.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Saturation (left to right) vs lightness (top to bottom) at 330 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 0%)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 10%)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 20%)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 30%)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 40%)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 60%)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 70%)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 80%)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 90%)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 100%)&quot; |
|}

==HSLA value==
HSLA is the HSL color with an alpha channel. Like RGBA, the 4th argument is a value between 0 and 1. HSLA is part of CSS3.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div.red { background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); } /* red in HSL with 50% opacity*/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div { background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); } /* All divs are in bright red with 50% opacity. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; background-image: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Please note that [[MediaWiki]] blocks the use of the background-image property, so you must copy the code used below a file or your snippet editor to see the full effect.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here is the example again, with a &lt;span style=&quot;text-color: silver;&quot;&gt;silver&lt;/span&gt; background:

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);, which is the: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
== HWB value ==
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=101 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=96 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=101 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=87 and newer|type=&gt;}}
HWB is a fairly new color standard, introduced in browsers in 2022 (Chrome and Edge versions 101, Firefox 96, Opera 87 and Safari 15).
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* These examples all specify varying shades of a lime green. */
hwb(90 10% 10%)
hwb(90 10% 10%)
hwb(90 50% 10%)
hwb(90deg 10% 10%)
hwb(1.5708rad 60% 0%)
hwb(.25turn 0% 40%)

/* Same lime green but with an alpha value */
hwb(90 10% 10% / 0.5)
hwb(90 10% 10% / 50%)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Hue ===
Range: 0-360 degrees. Measured in degrees.

* 0 degrees = red
* 60 degrees = yellow
* 120 degrees = green
* 180 degrees = cyan
* 240 degrees = blue
* 300 degrees = magenta

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Hue comparison at 0% whiteness and 0% blackness
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
|-
|0
| style=&quot;background: hwb(0 0% 0%)&quot; |
|120
| style=&quot;background: hwb(120 0% 0%)&quot; |
|240
| style=&quot;background: hwb(240 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|10
| style=&quot;background: hwb(10 0% 0%)&quot; |
|130
| style=&quot;background: hwb(130 0% 0%)&quot; |
|250
| style=&quot;background: hwb(250 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|20
| style=&quot;background: hwb(20 0% 0%)&quot; |
|140
| style=&quot;background: hwb(140 0% 0%)&quot; |
|260
| style=&quot;background: hwb(260 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|30
| style=&quot;background: hwb(30 0% 0%)&quot; |
|150
| style=&quot;background: hwb(150 0% 0%)&quot; |
|270
| style=&quot;background: hwb(270 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|40
| style=&quot;background: hwb(40 0% 0%)&quot; |
|160
| style=&quot;background: hwb(160 0% 0%)&quot; |
|280
| style=&quot;background: hwb(280 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|50
| style=&quot;background: hwb(50 0% 0%)&quot; |
|170
| style=&quot;background: hwb(170 0% 0%)&quot; |
|290
| style=&quot;background: hwb(290 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|60
| style=&quot;background: hwb(60 0% 0%)&quot; |
|180
| style=&quot;background: hwb(180 0% 0%)&quot; |
|300
| style=&quot;background: hwb(300 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|70
| style=&quot;background: hwb(70 0% 0%)&quot; |
|190
| style=&quot;background: hwb(190 0% 0%)&quot; |
|310
| style=&quot;background: hwb(310 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|80
| style=&quot;background: hwb(80 0% 0%)&quot; |
|200
| style=&quot;background: hwb(200 0% 0%)&quot; |
|320
| style=&quot;background: hwb(320 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|90
| style=&quot;background: hwb(90 0% 0%)&quot; |
|210
| style=&quot;background: hwb(210 0% 0%)&quot; |
|330
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|100
| style=&quot;background: hwb(100 0% 0%)&quot; |
|220
| style=&quot;background: hwb(220 0% 0%)&quot; |
|340
| style=&quot;background: hwb(340 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|110
| style=&quot;background: hwb(110 0% 0%)&quot; |
|230
| style=&quot;background: hwb(230 0% 0%)&quot; |
|350
| style=&quot;background: hwb(350 0% 0%)&quot; |
|}

=== Whiteness ===
Measured in percentage from 0% to 100%. 100% means pure white.

=== Blackness ===
Measured in percentage from 0% to 100%. 100% means pure black.

=== Combining whiteness and blackness ===
If the whiteness and blackness are below 100% combined, the colors are desaturated.

If both values are over 100% combined, they are automatically converted to 100% combined values. For example, if HWB value is &lt;code&gt;hwb(45, 90%, 60%)&lt;/code&gt;, which both values total 150%, they are converted to 100% (&lt;code&gt;hwb(45, 60%, 40%)&lt;/code&gt;).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Whiteness (left to right) vs blackness (top to bottom) at 330 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 0%)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 10%)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 20%)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 30%)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 40%)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 50%)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 60%)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 70%)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 80%)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 90%)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 100%)&quot; |
|}

== New color functions ==
=== LAB value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LAB values represent the range of colors that human sees.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;lab(''l a b'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''A'''-axis - any value. Higher is more pink, lower is more green.
* '''B'''-axis - any value. Higher is more yellow, lower is more blue.

A and B can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed ±150.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison of A-axis (top to bottom) and B-axis (left to right) at 60% luminosity
! 
! -120
! -100
! -80
! -60
! -40
! -20
! 0
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 100
! 120
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 120)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 120)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 120)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 120)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 120)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 120)&quot; |
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 120)&quot; |
|-
! -20
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 120)&quot; |
|-
! -40
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 120)&quot; |
|-
! -60
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 120)&quot; |
|-
! -80
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 120)&quot; |
|-
! -100
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 120)&quot; |
|-
! -120
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 120)&quot; |
|}

=== LCH value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LCH values represent the range of colors that human sees.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;lch(''l c h'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''C'''hroma - any positive value. This indicates the saturation of colors. Higher is more saturated.
* '''H'''ue - hue of color - values from 0 to 360.

Chroma can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed 200.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (top to bottom) at 160 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 0 160)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 10 160)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 20 160)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 30 160)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 40 160)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 50 160)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 60 160)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 70 160)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 80 160)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 90 160)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 100 160)&quot; |
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (left to right) vs hue (top to bottom)
! L&amp;nbsp;(%)
! colspan=1 | 10
! colspan=2 | 20
! colspan=2 | 30
! colspan=3 | 40
! colspan=3 | 50
! colspan=4 | 60
! colspan=4 | 70
! colspan=3 | 80
! colspan=2 | 90
|-
! C
! 20
! 20
! 40
! 20
! 40
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 0)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 10)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 20)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 30)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 40)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 50)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 60)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 70)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 80)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 90)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 100)&quot; |
|-
! 110
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 110)&quot; |
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 120)&quot; |
|-
! 130
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 130)&quot; |
|-
! 140
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 140)&quot; |
|-
! 150
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 150)&quot; |
|-
! 160
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 160)&quot; |
|-
! 170
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 170)&quot; |
|-
! 180
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 180)&quot; |
|-
! 190
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 190)&quot; |
|-
! 200
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 200)&quot; |
|-
! 210
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 210)&quot; |
|-
! 220
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 220)&quot; |
|-
! 230
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 230)&quot; |
|-
! 240
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 240)&quot; |
|-
! 250
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 250)&quot; |
|-
! 260
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 260)&quot; |
|-
! 270
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 270)&quot; |
|-
! 280
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 280)&quot; |
|-
! 290
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 290)&quot; |
|-
! 300
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 300)&quot; |
|-
! 310
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 310)&quot; |
|-
! 320
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 320)&quot; |
|-
! 330
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 330)&quot; |
|-
! 340
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 340)&quot; |
|-
! 350
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 350)&quot; |
|}
==== HSL vs LCH ====
HSL values were available for browsers in the late 2000s and early 2010s.

However, there are a couple of problems with HSL values. &lt;code&gt;hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt; appears much lighter than &lt;code&gt;hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt;, despite having the same lightness.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Effect on perceived lightness on colors at 100% saturation and 50% lightness
|-
! Hue
! Color
! Perceived lightness 
|-
| 0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Second darkest
|-
| 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Lightest of all six
|-
| 120
| style=&quot;background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Lightest of primary colors; third lightest
|-
| 180
| style=&quot;background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Second lightest
|-
| 240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Darkest of all six
|-
| 300
| style=&quot;background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Third darkest, darkest of two primary colors combined
|}

* &lt;span style=&quot;color: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot;&gt;This is text with HSL hue of 60 degrees and 50% lightness. It is unreadable, but is readable in dark mode.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot;&gt;This is text with HSL hue of 240 degrees and the same lightness as yellow. It is readable, but is unreadable in dark mode.&lt;/span&gt;

Another problem in HSL involves sometimes when we increase hue by 10 the difference is substantial, other times it isn't.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Effect on perceived color at different hues
|-
! colspan=2 | From hue
! colspan=2 | To hue
! Perceived difference 
|-
| 50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(50, 100%, 50%); width: 2em;&quot; |
| 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%); width: 2em;&quot; |
| Very noticeable
|-
| 240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| 250
| style=&quot;background: hsl(250, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Not very noticeable
|}

Another problem is with saturation. If you increase saturation on lighter hues (eg. yellow or blue), the color turns lighter.

LCH is designed to fix the problems caused by HSL.
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: lch(50% 60 90)&quot;&gt;This is text with LCH hue of 90 degrees and 50% luminosity. It is readable.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: lch(50% 60 290)&quot;&gt;This is text with LCH hue of 290 degrees and 50% luminosity. It is also readable.&lt;/span&gt;

=== Inherent problems with LAB/LCH ===

Consider the following colors of LCH at 290 degrees hue and 40% luminosity:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Chroma 
! LCH
! HSL equ
|-
| 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 0 290); width: 4em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 0%, 50%); width: 4em;&quot; |
|-
| 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 10 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 10%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 20%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 30 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 30%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 40%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 50 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 50%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 60%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 70 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 70%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 80 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 80%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 90 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 90%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 100 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 100%, 50%);&quot; |
|}

As you can see, at lower chroma values, the hue is more of a purple color, but as you increase, this turns blue.

HSL doesn't have this problem.

=== OKLAB value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), OKLAB values represent the range of colors that human sees. It fixes the inherent problems caused by normal LAB.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;oklab(''l a b'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''A'''-axis - any value. Higher is more pink, lower is more green.
* '''B'''-axis - any value. Higher is more yellow, lower is more blue.

A and B can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed ±0.6.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison of A-axis (top to bottom) and B-axis (left to right) at 60% luminosity
! 
! -0.5
! -0.4
! -0.3
! -0.2
! -0.1
! 0
! 0.1
! 0.2
! 0.3
! 0.4
! 0.5
|-
! 0.5
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.6 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.5
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.5)&quot; |
|}

=== OKLCH value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LCH values represent the range of colors that human sees. It fixes the inherent problems caused by normal LCH.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;oklch(''l c h'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''C'''hroma - any positive value. This indicates the saturation of colors. Higher is more saturated.
* '''H'''ue - hue of color - values from 0 to 360.

Chroma can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed 0.7.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (top to bottom) at 160 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.05
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.05 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.1 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.15
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.15 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.2 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.25
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.25 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.3 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.35
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.35 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.4 160)&quot; |
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (left to right) vs hue (top to bottom)
! L&amp;nbsp;(%)
! colspan=1 | 10
! colspan=2 | 20
! colspan=2 | 30
! colspan=3 | 40
! colspan=3 | 50
! colspan=4 | 60
! colspan=4 | 70
! colspan=3 | 80
! colspan=2 | 90
|-
! C
! .1
! .1
! .2
! .1
! .2
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .4
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .4
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 0)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 10)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 20)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 30)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 40)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 50)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 60)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 70)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 80)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 90)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 100)&quot; |
|-
! 110
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 110)&quot; |
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 120)&quot; |
|-
! 130
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 130)&quot; |
|-
! 140
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 140)&quot; |
|-
! 150
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 150)&quot; |
|-
! 160
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 160)&quot; |
|-
! 170
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 170)&quot; |
|-
! 180
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 180)&quot; |
|-
! 190
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 190)&quot; |
|-
! 200
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 200)&quot; |
|-
! 210
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 210)&quot; |
|-
! 220
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 220)&quot; |
|-
! 230
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 230)&quot; |
|-
! 240
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 240)&quot; |
|-
! 250
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 250)&quot; |
|-
! 260
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 260)&quot; |
|-
! 270
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 270)&quot; |
|-
! 280
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 280)&quot; |
|-
! 290
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 290)&quot; |
|-
! 300
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 300)&quot; |
|-
! 310
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 310)&quot; |
|-
! 320
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 320)&quot; |
|-
! 330
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 330)&quot; |
|-
! 340
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 340)&quot; |
|-
! 350
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 350)&quot; |
|}

=== Relative colors ===
{{Main|Cascading Style Sheets/Color/Relative colors}}
Another way to define colors is by using relative colors. It is a powerful tool to create palettes. It is introduced in Chrome/Edge 119, Safari 16.4, Firefox 128 and Opera 106.

==gamut==
css Color Display Quality: the color-gamut feature&lt;ref&gt;[https://drafts.csswg.org/mediaqueries-4/ W3C: Media Queries Level 4]&lt;/ref&gt;. Value:	srgb | p3 | rec2020

== Considerations ==
Not all colors are readable by everyone. {{color|yellow|This yellow text only has a contrast ratio of 1.07 to 1, which is practically hard to read as it doesn't meet WCAG AA standards,}} {{color|blue|while this blue text has a contrast ratio of 8.59:1, which meets WCAG AAA standards.}} Also, some colors like {{color|red|red}} and {{color|green|green}} can look identical in &lt;span style=&quot;color: olive; color: oklab(from red l 0 b);&quot;&gt;some people&lt;/span&gt; with &lt;span style=&quot;color: olive; color: oklab(from green l 0 b);&quot;&gt;color blindness&lt;/span&gt;.

=== Contrast ratio ===
==== WCAG ====
WCAG defines two standards:
* AA: 3:1 for text 14pt+ bold or 18pt+ normal, 4.5:1 for others
* AAA: 4.5:1 for text 14pt+ bold or 18pt+ normal, 7:1 for others
The formula of the WCAG contrast ratio against two colors is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{L_{1}+0.05}{L_{2}+0.05}&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = 0.2126 * R + 0.7152 * G + 0.0722 * B&lt;/math&gt;.
===== Table of minimum contrast ratio of colors =====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Hue
! colspan=3 | On/involving black background/text
! colspan=3 | On/involving white background/text
|-
! AA for larger text (3:1)
! AAA for larger text; AA (4.5:1)
! AAA for normal text (7:1)
! AA for larger text (3:1)
! AAA for larger text; AA (4.5:1)
! AAA for normal text (7:1)
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 0° (Red)
| style=&quot;background: #b70000; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#b70000&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #eb0000; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#eb0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#eb0000
| style=&quot;background: #ff5e5e; color: black;&quot; | #ff5e5e
| style=&quot;background: #ff5d5d; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff5d5d&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #ee0000; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ee0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ee0000
| style=&quot;background: #b60000; color: white;&quot; | #b60000
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #b70000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#b70000&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #eb0000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#eb0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#eb0000
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ff5e5e;&quot; | #ff5e5e
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ff5d5d;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff5d5d&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ee0000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ee0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ee0000
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #b60000;&quot; | #b60000
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 60° (Yellow)
| style=&quot;background: #5d5d00; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5d5d00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #797900; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#797900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#797900
| style=&quot;background: #9b9b00; color: black;&quot; | #9b9b00
| style=&quot;background: #9a9a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#9a9a00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #7a7a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#7a7a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#7a7a00
| style=&quot;background: #5c5c00; color: white;&quot; | #5c5c00
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5d5d00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5d5d00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #797900;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#797900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#797900
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #9b9b00;&quot; | #9b9b00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #9a9a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#9a9a00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #7a7a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#7a7a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#7a7a00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #5c5c00;&quot; | #5c5c00
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 120° (Green)
| style=&quot;background: #006900; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006900&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008800; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008800
| style=&quot;background: #00ae00; color: black;&quot; | #00ae00
| style=&quot;background: #00ad00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00ad00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008a00
| style=&quot;background: #006800; color: white;&quot; | #006800
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #006900;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006900&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #008800;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008800
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #00ae00;&quot; | #00ae00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #00ad00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00ad00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #008a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008a00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #006800;&quot; | #006800
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 180° (Cyan)
| style=&quot;background: #006464; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006464&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008282; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008282&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008282
| style=&quot;background: #00a6a6; color: black;&quot; | #00a6a6
| style=&quot;background: #00a5a5; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00a5a5&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008484; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008484&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008484
| style=&quot;background: #006363; color: white;&quot; | #006363
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #006464;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006464&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #008282;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008282&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008282
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #00a6a6;&quot; | #00a6a6
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #00a5a5;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00a5a5&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #008484;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008484&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008484
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #006363;&quot; | #006363
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 240° (Blue)
| style=&quot;background: #3131ff; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#3131ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #5e5eff; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5e5eff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#5e5eff
| style=&quot;background: #8888ff; color: black;&quot; | #8888ff
| style=&quot;background: #8787ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#8787ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #6161ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#6161ff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#6161ff
| style=&quot;background: #3030ff; color: white;&quot; | #3030ff
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #3131ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#3131ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5e5eff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5e5eff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#5e5eff
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #8888ff;&quot; | #8888ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #8787ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#8787ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #6161ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#6161ff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#6161ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #3030ff;&quot; | #3030ff
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 300° (Magenta)
| style=&quot;background: #a000a0; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#a000a0&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #ce00ce; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ce00ce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ce00ce
| style=&quot;background: #ff29ff; color: black;&quot; | #ff29ff
| style=&quot;background: #ff28ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff28ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #d100d1; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#d100d1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#d100d1
| style=&quot;background: #9f009f; color: white;&quot; | #9f009f
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #a000a0;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#a000a0&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ce00ce;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ce00ce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ce00ce
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ff29ff;&quot; | #ff29ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ff28ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff28ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #d100d1;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#d100d1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#d100d1
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #9f009f;&quot; | #9f009f
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(0, 0%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | — (Gray)
| style=&quot;background: #5a5a5a; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5a5a5a&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #757575; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#757575&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#757575
| style=&quot;background: #959595; color: black;&quot; | #959595
| style=&quot;background: #949494; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#949494&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #767676; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#767676&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#767676
| style=&quot;background: #595959; color: white;&quot; | #595959
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5a5a5a;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5a5a5a&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #757575;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#757575&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#757575
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #959595;&quot; | #959595
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #949494;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#949494&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #767676;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#767676&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#767676
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #595959;&quot; | #595959
|}

However, there are a few problems with WCAG contrast ratio. especially around dark colors. Even with same WCAG contrast ratio, this do not reliably determine the readability of the text as perceived contrast ratios can be unpredictable. For example, &lt;span style=&quot;color: #000; background: #eb0000&quot;&gt;black text on #eb0000&lt;/span&gt; is more difficult to read than &lt;span style=&quot;color: #fff; background: #ee0000&quot;&gt;white text on #ee0000&lt;/span&gt;, despite meeting WCAG AA (all font sizes) and AAA (larger font sizes) standards.

==== APCA ====
APCA, also known as Accessible Perceptual Contrast Algorithm, is designed to solve the problems WCAG has faced. While &lt;span style=&quot;color: #000; background: #eb0000&quot;&gt;black text on #eb0000&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style=&quot;color: #fff; background: #ee0000&quot;&gt;white text on #ee0000&lt;/span&gt; have the same contrast ratio, the former has less perceived contrast ratio at L&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; of 35.3 (vs -73.9). Dark text on light background gives positive values, while light text on dark background gives negative values. Values ranges from L&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; of -108 to 106.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}

[[de:Websiteentwicklung: CSS: Farben]]
[[es:Lenguaje_HTML/Estilos_CSS]]
[[fr:Le langage CSS/Valeurs et unités]]
[[nl:Cascading Style Sheets/Kleur]]</text>
      <sha1>n8yksdx5aqhaucd686fhijufasj58me</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638746</id>
      <parentid>4638745</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:27:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xeverything11</username>
        <id>3410648</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* APCA */ Clarify</comment>
      <origin>4638746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="170450" sha1="7upbuk6r1ckhrq8bru8yldeggh8ri2a" xml:space="preserve">Colors can be specified for various objects. These include text (&quot;&lt;code&gt;color: white&lt;/code&gt;&quot;), background (&quot;&lt;code&gt;background-color: white&lt;/code&gt;&quot;), and borders (&quot;&lt;code&gt;border-color: gray&lt;/code&gt;&quot;).

An example CSS rule that sets all &lt;code&gt;h1&lt;/code&gt; elements to have white text on a red background:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: white; background-color: red; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Methods of specification of colors, an overview:
* English name, such as &lt;code&gt;color: white&lt;/code&gt;
* The CSS color name transparent creates a completely transparent color = rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)
* Hexadecimal RGB value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: #ff0000&lt;/code&gt;
* Soft colours in hexadecimal RGB value like &lt;code&gt;color: #f00&lt;/code&gt;
* Decimal RGB value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: rgb(255, 0, 0)&lt;/code&gt;
* Decimal RGBA value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2)&lt;/code&gt;
* HSL value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt;
* HSLA value, such as &lt;code&gt;color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5)&lt;/code&gt;

Specification of colors is detailed in the following sections.

If you set any colors in your web page, you should set both the background and text color for the body element of the page. Imagine if you set the text color to black and did not set the background color. A user has their preferred colors set to yellow text on a black background, a fairly common combination for users with low vision. The page is rendered with your black text on their black background and is unusable.

==color values syntax==

Formal syntax

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;color&gt; = 
  &lt;absolute-color-base&gt;  |
  currentcolor           |
  &lt;system-color&gt;         

&lt;absolute-color-base&gt; = 
  &lt;hex-color&gt;                |
  &lt;absolute-color-function&gt;  |
  &lt;named-color&gt;              |
  transparent                

&lt;absolute-color-function&gt; = 
  &lt;rgb()&gt;    |
  &lt;rgba()&gt;   |
  &lt;hsl()&gt;    |
  &lt;hsla()&gt;   |
  &lt;hwb()&gt;    |
  &lt;lab()&gt;    |
  &lt;lch()&gt;    |
  &lt;oklab()&gt;  |
  &lt;oklch()&gt;  |
  &lt;color()&gt;  

&lt;rgb()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt;  

&lt;rgba()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hsl()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-hsl-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-hsl-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hsla()&gt; = 
  &lt;legacy-hsla-syntax&gt;  |
  &lt;modern-hsla-syntax&gt;  

&lt;hwb()&gt; = 
  hwb( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;lab()&gt; = 
  lab( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;lch()&gt; = 
  lch( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;oklab()&gt; = 
  oklab( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;oklch()&gt; = 
  oklch( [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;color()&gt; = 
  color( &lt;colorspace-params&gt; [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; = 
  rgb( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  |
  rgb( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )      

&lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; = 
  rgb( [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3} [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; = 
  rgba( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  |
  rgba( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )      

&lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; = 
  rgba( [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3} [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-hsl-syntax&gt; = 
  hsl( &lt;hue&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  

&lt;modern-hsl-syntax&gt; = 
  hsl( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;legacy-hsla-syntax&gt; = 
  hsla( &lt;hue&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;percentage&gt; , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )  

&lt;modern-hsla-syntax&gt; = 
  hsla( [ &lt;hue&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ &lt;percentage&gt; | &lt;number&gt; | none ] [ / [ &lt;alpha-value&gt; | none ] ]? )  

&lt;hue&gt; = 
  &lt;number&gt;  |
  &lt;angle&gt;   

&lt;alpha-value&gt; = 
  &lt;number&gt;      |
  &lt;percentage&gt;  

&lt;colorspace-params&gt; = 
  &lt;predefined-rgb-params&gt;  |
  &lt;xyz-params&gt;             

&lt;predefined-rgb-params&gt; = 
  &lt;predefined-rgb&gt; [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3}  

&lt;xyz-params&gt; = 
  &lt;xyz-space&gt; [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none ]{3}  

&lt;predefined-rgb&gt; = 
  srgb          |
  srgb-linear   |
  display-p3    |
  a98-rgb       |
  prophoto-rgb  |
  rec2020       

&lt;xyz-space&gt; = 
  xyz      |
  xyz-d50  |
  xyz-d65  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Examples:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* Keyword values */
color: currentcolor;

/* &lt;named-color&gt; values */
color: red;
color: orange;
color: tan;
color: rebeccapurple;

/* &lt;hex-color&gt; values */
color: #090;
color: #009900;
color: #090a;
color: #009900aa;

/* &lt;rgb()&gt; values */
color: rgb(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgba(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 0.6);
color: rgba(34 12 64 / 0.3);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 60%);
color: rgba(34.6 12 64 / 30%);

/* &lt;hsl()&gt; values */
color: hsl(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6);
color: hsla(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6);
color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 0.6);
color: hsla(30 100% 50% / 0.6);
color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 60%);
color: hsla(30.2 100% 50% / 60%);

/* &lt;hwb()&gt; values */
color: hwb(90 10% 10%);
color: hwb(90 10% 10% / 0.5);
color: hwb(90deg 10% 10%);
color: hwb(1.5708rad 60% 0%);
color: hwb(0.25turn 0% 40% / 50%);

/* Global values */
color: inherit;
color: initial;
color: revert;
color: revert-layer;
color: unset;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* Named colors */
rebeccapurple
aliceblue

/* RGB Hexadecimal */
#f09
#ff0099

/* RGB (Red, Green, Blue) */
rgb(255 0 153)
rgb(255 0 153 / 80%)

/* HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) */
hsl(150 30% 60%)
hsl(150 30% 60% / 0.8)

/* HWB (Hue, Whiteness, Blackness) */
hwb(12 50% 0%)
hwb(194 0% 0% / 0.5)

/* LAB (Lightness, A-axis, B-axis) */
lab(50% 40 59.5)
lab(50% 40 59.5 / 0.5)

/* LCH (Lightness, Chroma, Hue) */
lch(52.2% 72.2 50)
lch(52.2% 72.2 50 / 0.5)

/* Oklab (Lightness, A-axis, B-axis) */
oklab(59% 0.1 0.1)
oklab(59% 0.1 0.1 / 0.5)

/* Oklch (Lightness, Chroma, Hue) */
oklch(60% 0.15 50)
oklch(60% 0.15 50 / 0.5)

/* light-dark */
light-dark(white, black)
light-dark(rgb(255 255 255), rgb(0 0 0))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Using English names==
Initially, the following 16 values were defined to make a consistent experience across browsers and displays in the early days of the Web:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
aqua&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: aqua; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
black &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: black; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
blue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: blue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
fuchsia &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: fuchsia; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
gray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: gray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
green &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: green; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
lime &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: lime; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
maroon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: maroon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
navy &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: navy; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
olive &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: olive; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
purple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: purple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
red &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: red; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
silver &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
teal &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: teal; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
white  &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
yellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: yellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
CSS does not define the exact shade that should be used for the named colours. Use RGB-values if the exact shade is important.

This list has been expanded to 140 total colors that are named and can be used in CSS when defining a color:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
AliceBlue&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: AliceBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
AntiqueWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: AntiqueWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Aquamarine &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Aquamarine; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Azure &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Azure; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Beige &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Beige; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Bisque &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Bisque; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
BlanchedAlmond &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: BlanchedAlmond; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
BlueViolet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: BlueViolet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Brown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Brown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Burlywood &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Burlywood; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
CadetBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: CadetBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Chartreuse &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Chartreuse; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Chocolate &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Chocolate; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Coral &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Coral; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
CornflowerBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: CornflowerBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Cornsilk &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Cornsilk; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Crimson &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Crimson; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Cyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Cyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkCyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkCyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGoldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGoldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkKhaki &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkKhaki; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkMagenta &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkMagenta; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOliveGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOliveGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOrange &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOrange; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkOrchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkOrchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSalmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSalmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkSlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkSlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DarkViolet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DarkViolet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DeepPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DeepPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DeepSkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DeepSkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DimGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DimGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
DodgerBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: DodgerBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Firebrick &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Firebrick; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
FloralWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: FloralWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
ForestGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: ForestGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Gainsboro &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Gainsboro; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
GhostWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: GhostWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Gold &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Gold; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Goldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Goldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
GreenYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: GreenYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Honeydew &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Honeydew; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
HotPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: HotPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
IndianRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: IndianRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Indigo &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Indigo; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Ivory &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Ivory; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Khaki &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Khaki; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Lavender &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Lavender; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LavenderBlush &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LavenderBlush; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LawnGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LawnGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LemonChiffon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LemonChiffon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightCoral &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightCoral; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightCyan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightCyan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightGoldenrodYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGoldenrodYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
yellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightPink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightPink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSalmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSalmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightSteelBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightSteelBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LightYellow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LightYellow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
LimeGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: LimeGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Linen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Linen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Magenta &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Magenta; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumAquamarine &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumAquamarine; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumOrchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumOrchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumPurple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumPurple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumSpringGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumSpringGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MediumVioletRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MediumVioletRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MidnightBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MidnightBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MintCream &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MintCream; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
MistyRose &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: MistyRose; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Moccasin &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Moccasin; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
NavajoWhite &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: NavajoWhite; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OldLace &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OldLace; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OliveDrab &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OliveDrab; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Orange &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Orange; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
OrangeRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: OrangeRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Orchid &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Orchid; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleGoldenrod &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleGoldenrod; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleTurquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleTurquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PaleVioletRed &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PaleVioletRed; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PapayaWhip &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PapayaWhip; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PeachPuff &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PeachPuff; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Peru &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Peru; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Pink &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Pink; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Plum &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Plum; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
PowderBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: PowderBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RosyBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RosyBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RoyalBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RoyalBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SaddleBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SaddleBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Salmon &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Salmon; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SandyBrown &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SandyBrown; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SeaGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SeaGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Seashell &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Seashell; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Sienna &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Sienna; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SkyBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SkyBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SlateBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SlateBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SlateGray &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SlateGray; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Snow &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Snow; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SpringGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SpringGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
SteelBlue &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: SteelBlue; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Tan &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Tan; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Thistle &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Thistle; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Tomato &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Tomato; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Turquoise &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Turquoise; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Violet &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Violet; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
Wheat &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: Wheat; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
WhiteSmoke &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: WhiteSmoke; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
YellowGreen &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: YellowGreen; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Lastly, one color was added to CSS 4.1:
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-basis: 0; flex-grow: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: auto; text-align: center; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 8px;&quot;&gt;
RebeccaPurple &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: RebeccaPurple; height: 80px; width: 80px; border: 1px solid black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Note that all instances of &quot;gray&quot; can also be spelled &quot;grey&quot;.

==Hexadecimal RGB value==
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; float: right; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:silver&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Hex !! Bin !! Dec
|-
| 0 || 0000 ||  0
|-
| 1 || 0001 ||  1
|-
| 2 || 0010 ||  2
|-
| 3 || 0011 ||  3
|-
| 4 || 0100 ||  4
|-
| 5 || 0101 ||  5
|-
| 6 || 0110 ||  6
|-
| 7 || 0111 ||  7
|-
| 8 || 1000 ||  8
|-
| 9 || 1001 ||  9
|-
| A || 1010 || 10
|-
| B || 1011 || 11
|-
| C || 1100 || 12
|-
| D || 1101 || 13
|-
| E || 1110 || 14
|-
| F || 1111 || 15
|}
&lt;/div&gt;


The mixture ratio of a color to be displayed is specified in [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] notation.  That is, they are written in base-16 as opposed to the more familiar base 10. A reference table is included, courtesy [[w:Main Page|Wikipedia]].  

The two first hexadecimal digits specify the amount of red in the color&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_colors.asp|title=CSS colors}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the third and fourth specify the amount of green and the last two figures specify the amount of blue.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: #ff0000; } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
A short-hand notation is permitted: &lt;code&gt;#rgb&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;#rrggbb&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;#3cf&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;#33ccff&lt;/code&gt;.

Note that the range of values possible is hexadecimal 00 (= decimal 0) to hexadecimal ff (= decimal 255).  This is the same range that is available using the RGB notation from the next section.

In newer browsers (Chrome 62+, Edge 79+, Firefox 49+, Opera 49+, Safari 10+), 4- and 8-digit HEX notations are permitted, i.e. &lt;code&gt;#rgba&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;#rrggbbaa&lt;/code&gt; respectively, with the last one or two digits denoting the alpha (opacity) amount.

== RGB value ==
RGB is a abbreviation for red, green and blue – the three colors that are mixed to create all the other colors on a computer screen.

The basic syntax is &lt;code&gt;rgb(red-value, green-value, blue-value)&lt;/code&gt;.

The different values can be set using two different approaches.

A number from 0 to 255
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: rgb(255, 0, 0); } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A decimal figure from 0% to 100%
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
h1 { color: rgb(100%, 0, 0); } /* All h1 headings are printed in bright red. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Modern (css-color-4) rgb and rgba syntax

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
rgb() = [ &lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; | &lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; ] 
rgba() = [ &lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; | &lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; ] 
&lt;legacy-rgb-syntax&gt; =   rgb( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? ) |
                  rgb( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )
&lt;legacy-rgba-syntax&gt; = rgba( &lt;percentage&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? ) |
                  rgba( &lt;number&gt;#{3} , &lt;alpha-value&gt;? )
&lt;modern-rgb-syntax&gt; = rgb( 
  [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none]{3} 
  [ / [&lt;alpha-value&gt; | none] ]?  )
&lt;modern-rgba-syntax&gt; = rgba( 
  [ &lt;number&gt; | &lt;percentage&gt; | none]{3} 
  [ / [&lt;alpha-value&gt; | none] ]?  )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Percentages	Allowed for r, g and b
Percent reference range: For r, g and b: 0% = 0.0, 100% = 255.0 For alpha: 0% = 0.0, 100% = 1.0

==RGBA value==
RGBA is RGB with an added [[w:alpha channel|alpha channel]] as its 4th argument. The alpha channel is a value between 0 (fully transparent) and 1 (opaque). RGBA is part of CSS3.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div { background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); } /* All divs are in bright red with 50% opacity. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; background-image: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Please note that [[MediaWiki]] blocks the use of the background-image property, so you must copy the code used below to a file or your snippet editor to see the full effect.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here is the example again, with a &lt;span style=&quot;text-color: silver;&quot;&gt;silver&lt;/span&gt; background:

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);, which is the: rgb(255, 0, 0)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==HSL value==
HSL stands for [[w:HSL and HSV|hue, saturation and lightness]]. It is the color value system used by many [[w:cathode-ray tube|cathode-ray tube]] devices. HSL is part of CSS3.

* hsl(color-angle, saturation%, lightness%);

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div.red   { background-color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%); } /* red in HSL */
div.green  { background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); } /* green in HSL */
div.blue { background-color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%); } /* blue in HSL */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Red: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Green: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Blue: &lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%); height: 1em; width: 18em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Hue ===
Range: 0-360 degrees. Measured in degrees.

* 0 degrees = red
* 60 degrees = yellow
* 120 degrees = green
* 180 degrees = cyan
* 240 degrees = blue
* 300 degrees = magenta

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Hue comparison at 100% saturation and 50% lightness
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
|-
|0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|120
| style=&quot;background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|10
| style=&quot;background: hsl(10, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|130
| style=&quot;background: hsl(130, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|250
| style=&quot;background: hsl(250, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|20
| style=&quot;background: hsl(20, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|140
| style=&quot;background: hsl(140, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|260
| style=&quot;background: hsl(260, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|30
| style=&quot;background: hsl(30, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|150
| style=&quot;background: hsl(150, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|270
| style=&quot;background: hsl(270, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|40
| style=&quot;background: hsl(40, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|160
| style=&quot;background: hsl(160, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|280
| style=&quot;background: hsl(280, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(50, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|170
| style=&quot;background: hsl(170, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|290
| style=&quot;background: hsl(290, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|180
| style=&quot;background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|300
| style=&quot;background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|70
| style=&quot;background: hsl(70, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|190
| style=&quot;background: hsl(190, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|310
| style=&quot;background: hsl(310, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|80
| style=&quot;background: hsl(80, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|200
| style=&quot;background: hsl(200, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|320
| style=&quot;background: hsl(320, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|90
| style=&quot;background: hsl(90, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|210
| style=&quot;background: hsl(210, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|330
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|100
| style=&quot;background: hsl(100, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|220
| style=&quot;background: hsl(220, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|340
| style=&quot;background: hsl(340, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
|110
| style=&quot;background: hsl(110, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|230
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|350
| style=&quot;background: hsl(350, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|}

=== Saturation ===
Measured as percentage in a range of 0%-100%. The higher, the more saturated. 0% is pure monochrome gray.

=== Lightness ===
Measured as percentage in a range of 0%-100%. The higher, the lighter. 0% is black, and 100% is white.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Saturation (left to right) vs lightness (top to bottom) at 330 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 0%)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 10%)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 20%)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 30%)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 40%)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 60%)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 70%)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 80%)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 90%)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 0%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 10%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 20%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 30%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 40%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 50%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 60%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 70%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 80%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 90%, 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(330, 100%, 100%)&quot; |
|}

==HSLA value==
HSLA is the HSL color with an alpha channel. Like RGBA, the 4th argument is a value between 0 and 1. HSLA is part of CSS3.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div.red { background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); } /* red in HSL with 50% opacity*/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
div { background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); } /* All divs are in bright red with 50% opacity. */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver; background-image: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Please note that [[MediaWiki]] blocks the use of the background-image property, so you must copy the code used below a file or your snippet editor to see the full effect.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Wallpaper.FALA-S.gif');&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here is the example again, with a &lt;span style=&quot;text-color: silver;&quot;&gt;silver&lt;/span&gt; background:

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: silver;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.1);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.2);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.4);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.6);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.7);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.8);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.9);&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1); padding: .25em;&quot;&gt;background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);, which is the: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
== HWB value ==
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=101 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=96 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=101 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=87 and newer|type=&gt;}}
HWB is a fairly new color standard, introduced in browsers in 2022 (Chrome and Edge versions 101, Firefox 96, Opera 87 and Safari 15).
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
/* These examples all specify varying shades of a lime green. */
hwb(90 10% 10%)
hwb(90 10% 10%)
hwb(90 50% 10%)
hwb(90deg 10% 10%)
hwb(1.5708rad 60% 0%)
hwb(.25turn 0% 40%)

/* Same lime green but with an alpha value */
hwb(90 10% 10% / 0.5)
hwb(90 10% 10% / 50%)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Hue ===
Range: 0-360 degrees. Measured in degrees.

* 0 degrees = red
* 60 degrees = yellow
* 120 degrees = green
* 180 degrees = cyan
* 240 degrees = blue
* 300 degrees = magenta

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Hue comparison at 0% whiteness and 0% blackness
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
!Hue
!Color
|-
|0
| style=&quot;background: hwb(0 0% 0%)&quot; |
|120
| style=&quot;background: hwb(120 0% 0%)&quot; |
|240
| style=&quot;background: hwb(240 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|10
| style=&quot;background: hwb(10 0% 0%)&quot; |
|130
| style=&quot;background: hwb(130 0% 0%)&quot; |
|250
| style=&quot;background: hwb(250 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|20
| style=&quot;background: hwb(20 0% 0%)&quot; |
|140
| style=&quot;background: hwb(140 0% 0%)&quot; |
|260
| style=&quot;background: hwb(260 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|30
| style=&quot;background: hwb(30 0% 0%)&quot; |
|150
| style=&quot;background: hwb(150 0% 0%)&quot; |
|270
| style=&quot;background: hwb(270 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|40
| style=&quot;background: hwb(40 0% 0%)&quot; |
|160
| style=&quot;background: hwb(160 0% 0%)&quot; |
|280
| style=&quot;background: hwb(280 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|50
| style=&quot;background: hwb(50 0% 0%)&quot; |
|170
| style=&quot;background: hwb(170 0% 0%)&quot; |
|290
| style=&quot;background: hwb(290 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|60
| style=&quot;background: hwb(60 0% 0%)&quot; |
|180
| style=&quot;background: hwb(180 0% 0%)&quot; |
|300
| style=&quot;background: hwb(300 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|70
| style=&quot;background: hwb(70 0% 0%)&quot; |
|190
| style=&quot;background: hwb(190 0% 0%)&quot; |
|310
| style=&quot;background: hwb(310 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|80
| style=&quot;background: hwb(80 0% 0%)&quot; |
|200
| style=&quot;background: hwb(200 0% 0%)&quot; |
|320
| style=&quot;background: hwb(320 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|90
| style=&quot;background: hwb(90 0% 0%)&quot; |
|210
| style=&quot;background: hwb(210 0% 0%)&quot; |
|330
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|100
| style=&quot;background: hwb(100 0% 0%)&quot; |
|220
| style=&quot;background: hwb(220 0% 0%)&quot; |
|340
| style=&quot;background: hwb(340 0% 0%)&quot; |
|-
|110
| style=&quot;background: hwb(110 0% 0%)&quot; |
|230
| style=&quot;background: hwb(230 0% 0%)&quot; |
|350
| style=&quot;background: hwb(350 0% 0%)&quot; |
|}

=== Whiteness ===
Measured in percentage from 0% to 100%. 100% means pure white.

=== Blackness ===
Measured in percentage from 0% to 100%. 100% means pure black.

=== Combining whiteness and blackness ===
If the whiteness and blackness are below 100% combined, the colors are desaturated.

If both values are over 100% combined, they are automatically converted to 100% combined values. For example, if HWB value is &lt;code&gt;hwb(45, 90%, 60%)&lt;/code&gt;, which both values total 150%, they are converted to 100% (&lt;code&gt;hwb(45, 60%, 40%)&lt;/code&gt;).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Whiteness (left to right) vs blackness (top to bottom) at 330 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 0%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 0%)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 10%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 10%)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 20%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 20%)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 30%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 30%)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 40%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 40%)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 50%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 50%)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 60%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 60%)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 70%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 70%)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 80%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 80%)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 90%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 90%)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 0% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 10% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 20% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 30% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 40% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 50% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 60% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 70% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 80% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 90% 100%)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hwb(330 100% 100%)&quot; |
|}

== New color functions ==
=== LAB value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LAB values represent the range of colors that human sees.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;lab(''l a b'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''A'''-axis - any value. Higher is more pink, lower is more green.
* '''B'''-axis - any value. Higher is more yellow, lower is more blue.

A and B can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed ±150.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison of A-axis (top to bottom) and B-axis (left to right) at 60% luminosity
! 
! -120
! -100
! -80
! -60
! -40
! -20
! 0
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 100
! 120
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 120)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 100 120)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 80 120)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 60 120)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 40 120)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 20 120)&quot; |
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% 0 120)&quot; |
|-
! -20
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -20 120)&quot; |
|-
! -40
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -40 120)&quot; |
|-
! -60
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -60 120)&quot; |
|-
! -80
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -80 120)&quot; |
|-
! -100
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -100 120)&quot; |
|-
! -120
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 -20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lab(60% -120 120)&quot; |
|}

=== LCH value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LCH values represent the range of colors that human sees.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;lch(''l c h'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''C'''hroma - any positive value. This indicates the saturation of colors. Higher is more saturated.
* '''H'''ue - hue of color - values from 0 to 360.

Chroma can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed 200.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (top to bottom) at 160 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 0 160)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 10 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 10 160)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 20 160)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 30 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 30 160)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 40 160)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 50 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 50 160)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 60 160)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 70 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 70 160)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 80 160)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 90 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 90 160)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(0% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 100 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(100% 100 160)&quot; |
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (left to right) vs hue (top to bottom)
! L&amp;nbsp;(%)
! colspan=1 | 10
! colspan=2 | 20
! colspan=2 | 30
! colspan=3 | 40
! colspan=3 | 50
! colspan=4 | 60
! colspan=4 | 70
! colspan=3 | 80
! colspan=2 | 90
|-
! C
! 20
! 20
! 40
! 20
! 40
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 80
! 20
! 40
! 60
! 20
! 40
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 0)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 10)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 20)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 30)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 40)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 50)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 60)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 70)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 80)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 90)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 100)&quot; |
|-
! 110
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 110)&quot; |
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 120)&quot; |
|-
! 130
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 130)&quot; |
|-
! 140
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 140)&quot; |
|-
! 150
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 150)&quot; |
|-
! 160
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 160)&quot; |
|-
! 170
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 170)&quot; |
|-
! 180
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 180)&quot; |
|-
! 190
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 190)&quot; |
|-
! 200
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 200)&quot; |
|-
! 210
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 210)&quot; |
|-
! 220
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 220)&quot; |
|-
! 230
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 230)&quot; |
|-
! 240
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 240)&quot; |
|-
! 250
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 250)&quot; |
|-
! 260
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 260)&quot; |
|-
! 270
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 270)&quot; |
|-
! 280
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 280)&quot; |
|-
! 290
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 290)&quot; |
|-
! 300
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 300)&quot; |
|-
! 310
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 310)&quot; |
|-
! 320
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 320)&quot; |
|-
! 330
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 330)&quot; |
|-
! 340
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 340)&quot; |
|-
! 350
| style=&quot;background: lch(10% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(20% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(30% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(50% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(60% 80 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(70% 80 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 40 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(80% 60 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 20 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: lch(90% 40 350)&quot; |
|}
==== HSL vs LCH ====
HSL values were available for browsers in the late 2000s and early 2010s.

However, there are a couple of problems with HSL values. &lt;code&gt;hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt; appears much lighter than &lt;code&gt;hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&lt;/code&gt;, despite having the same lightness.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Effect on perceived lightness on colors at 100% saturation and 50% lightness
|-
! Hue
! Color
! Perceived lightness 
|-
| 0
| style=&quot;background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Second darkest
|-
| 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Lightest of all six
|-
| 120
| style=&quot;background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Lightest of primary colors; third lightest
|-
| 180
| style=&quot;background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Second lightest
|-
| 240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Darkest of all six
|-
| 300
| style=&quot;background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Third darkest, darkest of two primary colors combined
|}

* &lt;span style=&quot;color: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot;&gt;This is text with HSL hue of 60 degrees and 50% lightness. It is unreadable, but is readable in dark mode.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot;&gt;This is text with HSL hue of 240 degrees and the same lightness as yellow. It is readable, but is unreadable in dark mode.&lt;/span&gt;

Another problem in HSL involves sometimes when we increase hue by 10 the difference is substantial, other times it isn't.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Effect on perceived color at different hues
|-
! colspan=2 | From hue
! colspan=2 | To hue
! Perceived difference 
|-
| 50
| style=&quot;background: hsl(50, 100%, 50%); width: 2em;&quot; |
| 60
| style=&quot;background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%); width: 2em;&quot; |
| Very noticeable
|-
| 240
| style=&quot;background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| 250
| style=&quot;background: hsl(250, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| Not very noticeable
|}

Another problem is with saturation. If you increase saturation on lighter hues (eg. yellow or blue), the color turns lighter.

LCH is designed to fix the problems caused by HSL.
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: lch(50% 60 90)&quot;&gt;This is text with LCH hue of 90 degrees and 50% luminosity. It is readable.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span style=&quot;color: lch(50% 60 290)&quot;&gt;This is text with LCH hue of 290 degrees and 50% luminosity. It is also readable.&lt;/span&gt;

=== Inherent problems with LAB/LCH ===

Consider the following colors of LCH at 290 degrees hue and 40% luminosity:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Chroma 
! LCH
! HSL equ
|-
| 0
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 0 290); width: 4em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 0%, 50%); width: 4em;&quot; |
|-
| 10
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 10 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 10%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 20
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 20 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 20%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 30
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 30 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 30%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 40
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 40 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 40%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 50
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 50 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 50%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 60
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 60 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 60%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 70
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 70 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 70%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 80
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 80 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 80%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 90
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 90 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 90%, 50%);&quot; |
|-
| 100
| style=&quot;background: lch(40% 100 290);&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: hsl(230, 100%, 50%);&quot; |
|}

As you can see, at lower chroma values, the hue is more of a purple color, but as you increase, this turns blue.

HSL doesn't have this problem.

=== OKLAB value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), OKLAB values represent the range of colors that human sees. It fixes the inherent problems caused by normal LAB.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;oklab(''l a b'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''A'''-axis - any value. Higher is more pink, lower is more green.
* '''B'''-axis - any value. Higher is more yellow, lower is more blue.

A and B can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed ±0.6.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison of A-axis (top to bottom) and B-axis (left to right) at 60% luminosity
! 
! -0.5
! -0.4
! -0.3
! -0.2
! -0.1
! 0
! 0.1
! 0.2
! 0.3
! 0.4
! 0.5
|-
! 0.5
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.6 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.5 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.4 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.3 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.2 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0.1 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% 0 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.1 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.2 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.3 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.4 0.5)&quot; |
|-
! -0.5
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.5)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 -0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.1)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.2)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.3)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.4)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklab(60% -0.5 0.5)&quot; |
|}

=== OKLCH value ===
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Chrome|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Firefox|version=113 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Edge|version=111 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Safari|version=15 and newer|type=&gt;}}
{{software sidebox|scope=section|name=Opera|version=97 and newer|type=&gt;}}
Introduced in browsers in 2023 (Chrome/Edge 111, Firefox 113, Opera 97 and Safari 15), LCH values represent the range of colors that human sees. It fixes the inherent problems caused by normal LCH.

Syntax: &lt;code&gt;oklch(''l c h'')&lt;/code&gt;
* '''L'''uminosity - brightness of color - 0% to 100%. Higher is lighter.
* '''C'''hroma - any positive value. This indicates the saturation of colors. Higher is more saturated.
* '''H'''ue - hue of color - values from 0 to 360.

Chroma can be any value, but in practice it cannot exceed 0.7.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (top to bottom) at 160 degrees hue
! %
! 0
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.05
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.05 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.05 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.1
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.1 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.15
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.15 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.15 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.2
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.2 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.25
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.25 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.25 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.3
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.3 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.35
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.35 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.35 160)&quot; |
|-
! 0.4
| style=&quot;background: oklch(0% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(100% 0.4 160)&quot; |
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luminosity (left to right) vs chroma (left to right) vs hue (top to bottom)
! L&amp;nbsp;(%)
! colspan=1 | 10
! colspan=2 | 20
! colspan=2 | 30
! colspan=3 | 40
! colspan=3 | 50
! colspan=4 | 60
! colspan=4 | 70
! colspan=3 | 80
! colspan=2 | 90
|-
! C
! .1
! .1
! .2
! .1
! .2
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .4
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .4
! .1
! .2
! .3
! .1
! .2
|-
! 0
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 0)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 0)&quot; |
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 10)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 10)&quot; |
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 20)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 20)&quot; |
|-
! 30
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 30)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 30)&quot; |
|-
! 40
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 40)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 40)&quot; |
|-
! 50
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 50)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 50)&quot; |
|-
! 60
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 60)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 60)&quot; |
|-
! 70
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 70)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 70)&quot; |
|-
! 80
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 80)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 80)&quot; |
|-
! 90
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 90)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 90)&quot; |
|-
! 100
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 100)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 100)&quot; |
|-
! 110
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 110)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 110)&quot; |
|-
! 120
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 120)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 120)&quot; |
|-
! 130
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 130)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 130)&quot; |
|-
! 140
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 140)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 140)&quot; |
|-
! 150
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 150)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 150)&quot; |
|-
! 160
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 160)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 160)&quot; |
|-
! 170
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 170)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 170)&quot; |
|-
! 180
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 180)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 180)&quot; |
|-
! 190
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 190)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 190)&quot; |
|-
! 200
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 200)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 200)&quot; |
|-
! 210
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 210)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 210)&quot; |
|-
! 220
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 220)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 220)&quot; |
|-
! 230
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 230)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 230)&quot; |
|-
! 240
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 240)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 240)&quot; |
|-
! 250
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 250)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 250)&quot; |
|-
! 260
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 260)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 260)&quot; |
|-
! 270
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 270)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 270)&quot; |
|-
! 280
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 280)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 280)&quot; |
|-
! 290
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 290)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 290)&quot; |
|-
! 300
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 300)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 300)&quot; |
|-
! 310
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 310)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 310)&quot; |
|-
! 320
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 320)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 320)&quot; |
|-
! 330
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 330)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 330)&quot; |
|-
! 340
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 340)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 340)&quot; |
|-
! 350
| style=&quot;background: oklch(10% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(20% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(30% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(40% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(50% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(60% 0.4 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(70% 0.4 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.2 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(80% 0.3 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.1 350)&quot; |
| style=&quot;background: oklch(90% 0.2 350)&quot; |
|}

=== Relative colors ===
{{Main|Cascading Style Sheets/Color/Relative colors}}
Another way to define colors is by using relative colors. It is a powerful tool to create palettes. It is introduced in Chrome/Edge 119, Safari 16.4, Firefox 128 and Opera 106.

==gamut==
css Color Display Quality: the color-gamut feature&lt;ref&gt;[https://drafts.csswg.org/mediaqueries-4/ W3C: Media Queries Level 4]&lt;/ref&gt;. Value:	srgb | p3 | rec2020

== Considerations ==
Not all colors are readable by everyone. {{color|yellow|This yellow text only has a contrast ratio of 1.07 to 1, which is practically hard to read as it doesn't meet WCAG AA standards,}} {{color|blue|while this blue text has a contrast ratio of 8.59:1, which meets WCAG AAA standards.}} Also, some colors like {{color|red|red}} and {{color|green|green}} can look identical in &lt;span style=&quot;color: olive; color: oklab(from red l 0 b);&quot;&gt;some people&lt;/span&gt; with &lt;span style=&quot;color: olive; color: oklab(from green l 0 b);&quot;&gt;color blindness&lt;/span&gt;.

=== Contrast ratio ===
==== WCAG ====
WCAG defines two standards:
* AA: 3:1 for text 14pt+ bold or 18pt+ normal, 4.5:1 for others
* AAA: 4.5:1 for text 14pt+ bold or 18pt+ normal, 7:1 for others
The formula of the WCAG contrast ratio against two colors is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{L_{1}+0.05}{L_{2}+0.05}&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = 0.2126 * R + 0.7152 * G + 0.0722 * B&lt;/math&gt;.
===== Table of minimum contrast ratio of colors =====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Hue
! colspan=3 | On/involving black background/text
! colspan=3 | On/involving white background/text
|-
! AA for larger text (3:1)
! AAA for larger text; AA (4.5:1)
! AAA for normal text (7:1)
! AA for larger text (3:1)
! AAA for larger text; AA (4.5:1)
! AAA for normal text (7:1)
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 0° (Red)
| style=&quot;background: #b70000; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#b70000&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #eb0000; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#eb0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#eb0000
| style=&quot;background: #ff5e5e; color: black;&quot; | #ff5e5e
| style=&quot;background: #ff5d5d; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff5d5d&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #ee0000; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ee0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ee0000
| style=&quot;background: #b60000; color: white;&quot; | #b60000
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #b70000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#b70000&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #eb0000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#eb0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#eb0000
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ff5e5e;&quot; | #ff5e5e
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ff5d5d;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff5d5d&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ee0000;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ee0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ee0000
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #b60000;&quot; | #b60000
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(60, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 60° (Yellow)
| style=&quot;background: #5d5d00; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5d5d00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #797900; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#797900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#797900
| style=&quot;background: #9b9b00; color: black;&quot; | #9b9b00
| style=&quot;background: #9a9a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#9a9a00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #7a7a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#7a7a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#7a7a00
| style=&quot;background: #5c5c00; color: white;&quot; | #5c5c00
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5d5d00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5d5d00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #797900;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#797900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#797900
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #9b9b00;&quot; | #9b9b00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #9a9a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#9a9a00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #7a7a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#7a7a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#7a7a00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #5c5c00;&quot; | #5c5c00
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(120, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 120° (Green)
| style=&quot;background: #006900; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006900&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008800; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008800
| style=&quot;background: #00ae00; color: black;&quot; | #00ae00
| style=&quot;background: #00ad00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00ad00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008a00; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008a00
| style=&quot;background: #006800; color: white;&quot; | #006800
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #006900;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006900&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #008800;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008800
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #00ae00;&quot; | #00ae00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #00ad00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00ad00&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #008a00;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008a00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008a00
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #006800;&quot; | #006800
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(180, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 180° (Cyan)
| style=&quot;background: #006464; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006464&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008282; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008282&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008282
| style=&quot;background: #00a6a6; color: black;&quot; | #00a6a6
| style=&quot;background: #00a5a5; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00a5a5&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #008484; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008484&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008484
| style=&quot;background: #006363; color: white;&quot; | #006363
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #006464;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#006464&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #008282;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008282&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008282
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #00a6a6;&quot; | #00a6a6
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #00a5a5;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#00a5a5&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #008484;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#008484&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#008484
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #006363;&quot; | #006363
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 240° (Blue)
| style=&quot;background: #3131ff; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#3131ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #5e5eff; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5e5eff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#5e5eff
| style=&quot;background: #8888ff; color: black;&quot; | #8888ff
| style=&quot;background: #8787ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#8787ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #6161ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#6161ff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#6161ff
| style=&quot;background: #3030ff; color: white;&quot; | #3030ff
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #3131ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#3131ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5e5eff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5e5eff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#5e5eff
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #8888ff;&quot; | #8888ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #8787ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#8787ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #6161ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#6161ff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#6161ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #3030ff;&quot; | #3030ff
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(300, 100%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | 300° (Magenta)
| style=&quot;background: #a000a0; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#a000a0&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #ce00ce; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ce00ce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ce00ce
| style=&quot;background: #ff29ff; color: black;&quot; | #ff29ff
| style=&quot;background: #ff28ff; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff28ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #d100d1; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#d100d1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#d100d1
| style=&quot;background: #9f009f; color: white;&quot; | #9f009f
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #a000a0;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#a000a0&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ce00ce;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ce00ce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#ce00ce
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #ff29ff;&quot; | #ff29ff
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #ff28ff;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#ff28ff&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #d100d1;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#d100d1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#d100d1
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #9f009f;&quot; | #9f009f
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;width: 2em; background: hsl(0, 0%, 50%)&quot; |
| rowspan=2 | — (Gray)
| style=&quot;background: #5a5a5a; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5a5a5a&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #757575; color: black;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#757575&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#757575
| style=&quot;background: #959595; color: black;&quot; | #959595
| style=&quot;background: #949494; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#949494&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: #767676; color: white;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#767676&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#767676
| style=&quot;background: #595959; color: white;&quot; | #595959
|-
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #5a5a5a;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#5a5a5a&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #757575;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#757575&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#757575
| style=&quot;background: black; color: #959595;&quot; | #959595
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #949494;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#949494&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #767676;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 180%;&quot;&gt;#767676&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;#767676
| style=&quot;background: white; color: #595959;&quot; | #595959
|}

However, there are a few problems with WCAG contrast ratio. especially around dark colors. Even with same WCAG contrast ratio, this do not reliably determine the readability of the text as perceived contrast ratios can be unpredictable. For example, &lt;span style=&quot;color: #000; background: #eb0000&quot;&gt;black text on #eb0000&lt;/span&gt; is more difficult to read than &lt;span style=&quot;color: #fff; background: #ee0000&quot;&gt;white text on #ee0000&lt;/span&gt;, despite meeting WCAG AA (all font sizes) and AAA (larger font sizes) standards.

==== APCA ====
APCA, also known as Accessible Perceptual Contrast Algorithm, is designed to solve the problems WCAG has faced. While &lt;span style=&quot;color: #000; background: #eb0000&quot;&gt;black text on #eb0000&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style=&quot;color: #fff; background: #ee0000&quot;&gt;white text on #ee0000&lt;/span&gt; have the same WCAG contrast ratio, the former has less perceived contrast ratio at L&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; of 35.3 (vs -73.9). Dark text on light background gives positive values, while light text on dark background gives negative values. Values ranges from L&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; of -108 to 106.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}

[[de:Websiteentwicklung: CSS: Farben]]
[[es:Lenguaje_HTML/Estilos_CSS]]
[[fr:Le langage CSS/Valeurs et unités]]
[[nl:Cascading Style Sheets/Kleur]]</text>
      <sha1>7upbuk6r1ckhrq8bru8yldeggh8ri2a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Miskito/Subject index</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-04T06:56:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SEONISWALDAN</username>
        <id>3600927</id>
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      <text bytes="14376" sha1="ex6ud2q3l6ga0cjxjkbkdpg6fo0yxf9" xml:space="preserve">{{miskito_title| |Subject index| |Abbreviations|Links}}

Use this index to look up any grammatical point or term, prefix, suffix or other grammatically relevant item (in Miskito or English) covered in the course. Just click on the first letter below and then scroll down until you find the item you are looking for in the alphabetical list on the left. On the right-hand side you will see a brief specification or explanation of the point. Hover the mouse pointer over an item in the alphabetical list to see which lesson covers it. For more information, clicking on the link will take you to the relevant section.

{| width=&quot;75%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=6 align=&quot;center&quot;
|
===A===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#A|''a''|'''kum'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#The -a or -ya ligature|'''-a'''|ligature}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#A-verbs and i-verbs|''a''-verbs|conjugation}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#Other uses of ligature|'''ai'''|''his, her''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#The future tense|'''-aisa'''|future tense}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 4#The -ras form|'''aisaia'''|irregular: '''aisaras'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#A|''an''|'''kum'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#The future tense|''and''|'''bara'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#The past tense|'''-an'''|past tense}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#Other uses of ligature|'''ani'''|''which''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Who, what and where|'''ani wina'''|''where from''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Who, what and where|'''anira'''|''where''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 5#To and from|'''anira'''|''where to''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 4#The -ras form|''anything''|'''diara'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Questions|'''apia'''|''no''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#The negative|'''apia kaia'''|negation of '''kaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#Isn't/aren't|'''apia sa'''|isn't/aren't}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#Plural nouns|''are''|'''sa'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#In, on and at|''at''|'''ra'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Questions|'''au'''|''yes''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#To and from|'''aula'''|''comes'' (present)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#To and from|'''auya'''|''goes'' (present)}}

===B===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#The|'''ba'''|''the''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#The -ka ligature after demonstratives|'''baha'''|determiner}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 1#This and that|'''baha'''|''that''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Here and there|'''baha wina'''|''from there''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Here and there|'''bahara'''|''there''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Here and there|'''balaia'''|''come'' (irregular)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 8#Go, come, know and want|'''balaia'''|''come'' (present)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Banghwaia|'''banghwaia'''|plural auxiliary}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#The future tense|'''bara'''|''and then, and so''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#There is/are|'''bara sa'''|''there is/are''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#A note on infinitives|''be''|infinitive: '''kaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 7#You are|''be''|present: '''sna, sma, sa'''}}

===C===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#Other uses of ligature|compound nouns|use of ligature in}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 6#With|compound nouns|'''prias watla'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#With|compound verbs|'''hilp munaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 8#Go, come, know and want|compound verbs|'''laik/nu/want kaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#The future tense|connectors|'''bara'''}}

===D===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#The|definite article|'''ba'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#The -ka ligature after demonstratives|demonstrative determiners|'''naha, baha'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#This and that|demonstrative pronouns|'''naha, baha'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Who, what and where|'''dia'''|''what''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 4#The -ras form|'''diara'''|''anything''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Direct objects|direct object|''-ra'' with animates}}

===E===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|exclusive vs. inclusive|'''yang nani, yawan'''}}

===F===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#To and from|''from''|'''wina'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#The future tense|future tense|'''-aisa'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 7#The future tense|future tense|'''-aisna, -aisma, -aisa'''}}

===G===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#Is|gender|no grammatical gender distinctions}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#The genitive construction|genitive|use of ligature}}

===H===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Here and there|''here''|'''nahara'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#With|'''hilp munaia'''|compound verb}}

===I===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#With|''I, me''|'''yang'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#Is|'''-i'''|''my''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#Past forms|'''-i''' participle|imperfect ('''-i kan''')}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 4#The -isa form|'''-i''' participle|present tense formation}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 10#Banghwaia|'''-i''' participle|with '''banghwaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#The negative|''i''-verbs|'''briaia, piaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 10#A-verbs and i-verbs|''i''-verbs|conjugation}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#Past forms|imperfect|'''-i kan'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#In, on and at|''in''|'''ra'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#We, they, these and those|inclusive we|'''yawan'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|inclusive vs. exclusive|'''yawan, yang nani'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#A note on infinitives|infinitive|'''-aia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#Is|''is''|'''sa'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 4#The -isa form|'''-isa'''|present tense}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#The present tense|'''-isa, -isma, -isna'''|present tense}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#Isn't/aren't|''isn't''|'''apia sa'''}}

===K===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9|'''-ka'''|ligature}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#A note on infinitives|'''kaia'''|''be'' (infinitive)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 7#You are|'''kaia'''|''be'' (present)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 8#Go, come, know and want|'''kaia'''|compound verbs with ~}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Questions|'''ki'''|question particle}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#A|'''kum'''|''a, an''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#There is/are|'''kum kum'''|''some''}}

===L===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#Go, come, know and want|'''laik kaia'''|''to like''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#The -a or -ya ligature|'''li'''|ligature: '''laya'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9|ligature|'''-ka'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 10#The -a or -ya ligature|ligature|'''-(y)a'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#With|loan words|'''hilp munaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 8#Go, come, know and want|loan words|'''laik/nu/want kaia'''}}

===M===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Your|'''-m'''|''your''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#Rules for adding -ka|'''mairin'''|irregular ligature form}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#Some personal pronouns|'''man'''|personal pronouns}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|'''man nani'''|''you'' (plural)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#Is|''my''|'''-i'''}}

===N===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#The|'''na'''|''this''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#The -ka ligature after demonstratives|'''naha'''|determiner}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 1#This and that|'''naha'''|''this''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Here and there|'''naha wina'''|''from here''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Here and there|'''nahara'''|''here''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#Plural nouns|'''nani'''|plural marker}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|'''nani''' (with personal pronouns)|plural marker}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#Isn't/aren't|negation|'''apia sa'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 4#The -ras form|negation|'''-ras'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#The negative|negation|'''-ras + kaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Questions|''no''|'''apia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 4#The -ras form|''nothing''|'''diara'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#Go, come, know and want|'''nu kaia'''|''know''}}

===O===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#In, on and at|''on''|'''ra'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#Future tense|''other''|'''wala'''}}

===P===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Your|'''pali'''|''very''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#The past tense|past tense|'''-an'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#Past forms|past tenses|simple past, imperfect, negative}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#Some personal pronouns|personal pronouns|'''yang, man, witin, yawan'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|personal pronouns (plural)|'''yang nani, man nani, witin nani'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#Plural nouns|plural|'''nani'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|plural personal pronouns|'''yang nani, man nani, witin nani'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|plural verbs|same forms as singular}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 10#Banghwaia|plural verbs|auxiliary '''banghwaia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#In, on and at|postpositions|'''ra'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#In, on and at|prepositions|→ postpositions}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 4#The -isa form|present tense|'''-isa'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 7#The present tense|present tense|'''-isna, -isma, -isa'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#With|'''prias watla'''|compound noun}}

===Q===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Questions|questions|'''ki'''}}

===R===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#In, on and at|'''ra'''|''in, on, at''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 5#To and from|'''ra'''|''to''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 5#Direct objects|'''ra'''|object marker}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 4#The -ras form|'''-ras'''|negative verb form}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#The negative|'''-ras + kaia'''|negative}}

===S===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#Plural nouns|'''sa'''|''are''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 1#Is|'''sa'''|''is''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 3#Your|'''sa'''|often omitted}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#Past forms|simple past|'''-an''', vs. imperfect}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#You are|'''sma'''|''(you) are''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#I am|'''sna'''|''(I) am''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#There is/are|''some''|'''kum kum'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Banghwaia|subject|omission of}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 1#Is|subject|position of}}

===T===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#The present tense|'''takaia'''|'''lan/wark ~'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#This and that|''that''|'''baha'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 9#The -ka ligature after demonstratives|''that''|'''baha ... -ka'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#The|''the''|'''ba'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Here and there|''there''|'''bahara'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#There is/are|''there is/are''|'''bara sa'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|''they''|'''witin nani'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#The|''this''|'''na'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 1#This and that|''this''|'''naha'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 9#The -ka ligature after demonstratives|''this''|'''naha ... -ka'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#To and from|''to''|'''ra'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#Rules for adding -ka|'''tuktan'''|irregular ligature form}}

===V===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Your|''very''|'''pali'''}}
===W===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Here and there|'''waia'''|''go'' (irreguar)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 8#Go, come, know and want|'''waia'''|''go'' (present)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#With|'''wal'''|''with''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#Future tense|'''wala'''|''other''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 9#Other uses of ligature|'''wan'''|''our'' (inclusive)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 8#Go, come, know and want|'''want kaia'''|''want''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|''we''|exclusive: '''yang nani'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 2#We, they, these and those|''we''|inclusive: '''yawan'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Who, what and where|''what''|'''dia'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Who, what and where|''where''|'''anira'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Who, what and where|''who''|'''ya'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Direct objects|''whom''|'''yaura'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#To and from|'''wina'''|''from''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#With|''with''|'''wal'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#Is|'''witin'''|''he, she''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 7#Some personal pronouns|'''witin'''|personal pronouns}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|'''witin nani'''|''they''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 1#Is|word order|verb-final}}

===Y===
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Who, what and where|'''ya'''|''who''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#The -a or -ya ligature|'''-ya'''|ligature}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 6#With|'''yang'''|''I, me''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 7#Some personal pronouns|'''yang'''|personal pronouns}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|'''yang nani'''|''we'' (exclusive)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 5#Direct objects|'''yaura'''|''whom''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 2#We, they, these and those|'''yawan'''|''we'' (inclusive)}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 7#Some personal pronouns|'''yawan'''|personal pronouns}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|'''yawan'''|versus '''yang nani'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Questions|''yes''|'''au'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 7#I am|''you''|'''man'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log_ditto|Lesson 10#Plural personal pronouns|''you''|plural: '''man nani'''}}
{{miskito_new_page_log|Lesson 3#Your|''your''|'''-m'''}}
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ex6ud2q3l6ga0cjxjkbkdpg6fo0yxf9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638784</id>
      <parentid>4637819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T19:32:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsievsky</username>
        <id>1705693</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="82157" sha1="h3h9rgfm80g61txh12f6ezhh91o6x7j" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]] '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Почта СССР&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''' [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]]&lt;/div&gt;

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; align=center 
|align=center|[[w:Soviet Union stamp catalogue|CPA catalogue]]&lt;br&gt; [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1979|←]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1980|1980]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1981|1981]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1982|1982]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1983|1983]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1984|1984]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1985|1985]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1986|1986]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1987|1987]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1988|1988]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989|'''&lt;big&gt;1989&lt;/big&gt;''']] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990|1990]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991|1991]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1992|1992]] [[:Category:Stamps of Russia, 1992|→]]
|}
&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;CPA Nr 6037-6162 (126)&lt;/div&gt;

'''Here complete descriptions of 1989 USSR stamps are given.'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Здесь приведены полные описания почтовых марок СССР 1989 года.'''

* All available images of 1989 USSR stamps are on the Wikimedia Commons:&lt;br /&gt;
* Все имеющиеся изображения почтовых марок СССР 1989 года находятся на Викискладе:&lt;br /&gt;
*[[File:Commons-logo.svg|32px|Wikimedia commons|link=c:]] [[c:Category:1989 stamps of the Soviet Union|1989 stamps of the Soviet Union]]

:* You can also see standard images of 1989 USSR stamps on Wikimedia commons:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Типовые изображения почтовых марок СССР 1989 года можно также посмотреть на Викискладе:&lt;br /&gt;
:*[[File:Commons-logo.svg|32px|Wikimedia commons|link=c:]] [[c:Каталог ЦФА (6001-6380)|Каталог ЦФА (6001-6380)]]&lt;br&gt;


Attention! The stamps are sorted by CPA (Central Philatelic Agency) catalog numbers, not by dates of their issue!&lt;br /&gt;
Внимание! Марки отсортированы по номерам каталога [[w:ru:Союзпечать|ЦФА]], а не по дате выпуска!&lt;br /&gt;

The names of stamps and stamp series are made according to all used 7 catalogues.&lt;br /&gt;
Названия марок и серий марок составлены по всем используемым 7 каталогам.&lt;br /&gt;


{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|- style=&quot;background-color:#E5E1A8;font-size:9.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| '''Date/Image''' 
| '''Catalogue Number''' 
| width=&quot;460&quot;|'''Description''' 
| '''CPA''' 
| '''[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]''' 
| '''[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]''' 
| '''[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yver]]''' 
| '''[[World Stamp Catalogue/Stamp valuation|Valuation]] &amp; Other Notes''' 
|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-01-02 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 30th Anniversary of First Soviet Moon Flight (2.01.1959)''; designer A. Pletnyov. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 30-летие запуска первой советской ракеты в сторону Луны (2.01.1959) '', художник Плетнёв А. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6037.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0101 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Lifting off [[w:Vostok rocket|Vostok launcher rocket]] and [[w:Luna 1|Luna 1]] automatic station with Moon in the background. Line engraving, multicolored&lt;br /&gt; Стартующая с Земли ракета-носитель &quot;Восток&quot; и автоматическая станция &quot;Луна-1&quot;, приближающаяся к Луне. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6037 || 5744 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5918 || 5597A || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,400

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-01-08 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth centenary of Jalmari Virtanen (1889-1939)''; designer L. Kuzmov. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 100-летие со дня рождения Я. Э. Виртанена (1889-1939) '', художник Кузьмов Л. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6038.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0201 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of Soviet Karelia poet Jalmari Virtanen. Line engraving, olive brown &lt;br /&gt; Портрет карельского советского поэта и общественного деятеля Я. Э. Виртанена. Печать глубокая, оливково-коричневая &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6038 || 5745 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5919 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-01-08 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 40th Anniversary of [[w:Comecon|Council for Mutual Economic Assistance]]''; designer Yury Artsimenev. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 40-летие Совета Экономической Взаимопомощи'', художник Арцименев Ю. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6039.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0301 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| COMECON Building. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Здание СЭВ в Москве. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6039 || 5746 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5920 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-01-18 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Nature Conservation''; designer Yury Artsimenev. Offset, multicolored. C &lt;br /&gt;'' Сохраним природу и мир! '', художник Арцименев Ю. Perf. 12 1/4 : 12 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6040.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0401 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Forest protection &lt;br /&gt; Охрана зелёных насаждений &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6040 || 5747 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5921Zf || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6041.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0402 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Arctic preservation &lt;br /&gt; Сохранение арктического региона &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6041 || 5748 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5922Zf || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6042.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0403 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Anti desertification campaign &lt;br /&gt; Борьба с опустыниванием суши &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6042 || 5749 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5923Zf || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-02-08 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Russian [[w:Samovar|Samovars]]''; designer G. Timofeev. Line engraving, multicoloured. H &lt;br /&gt;''Русские самовары'', художник Тимофеев Г. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная. Печать глубокая, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6043.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0501 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Samovar-pear, 18th century &lt;br /&gt; Самовар грушевидной формы, XVIII век &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6043 || 5750 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5924 || 5603 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6044.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0502 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Samovar-barrel by Ivan Lisitsin of Tula, 19th century &lt;br /&gt; Самовар-бочонок Ивана Лисицына, Тула, XIX век &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6044 || 5751 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5925 || 5604 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6045.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0503 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Samovar-kabachok. Tula, Sokolov's brothers factory, 1830-1840 &lt;br /&gt; Самовар-кабачок, Тула, фабрика братьев Соколовых. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6045 || 5752 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5926 || 5605 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6046.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0504 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Samovar-vase. Tula, Malikov's factory, 1840-1850. &lt;br /&gt; Самовар в форме классической вазы, Тула, фабрика Маликова, 1840-1850. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,30 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6046 || 5753 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5927 || 5606 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-02-15 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 150th birth anniversary of [[w:Modest Mussorgsky|Modest P. Mussorgsky]]''; designer R. Strelnikov &lt;br /&gt;'' 150-летие со дня рождения М. П. Мусоргского'', художник Стрельников Р. Perf. 11 1/2 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6047 natural color.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0601 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of composer M. P. Mussorgsky on the background of scene from Boris Godunov. Offset, lily-brown, grey-violet &lt;br /&gt; Портрет М. П. Мусоргского, композитора. Офсет, лилово-коричневая, серо-фиолетовая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6047 || 5754 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5928 || 5607 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-02-28 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth centenary of [[w:Pavel Dybenko|Pavel Dybenko]]''; designer V. Borodin &lt;br /&gt;'' 100-летие со дня рождения П. Е. Дыбенко'', художник Бородин В. Гр. Сильянова М. Perf. 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6048.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0701 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of military leader Pavel Dybenko &lt;br /&gt;Портрет П. Е. Дыбенко, военного деятеля. Металлография, тёмно-серая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6048 || 5755 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5929 || 5608 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-03-06 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 175th birth anniversary of [[w:Taras Shevchenko|Taras Shevchenko]]''; designer A. Karasev &lt;br /&gt;'' 175-летие со дня рождения Т. Г. Шевченко'', художник Карасев А. Perf. 11 1/2 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6049.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0801 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of Ukrainian poet and painter T. G. Shevchenko &lt;br /&gt;Портрет Т. Г. Шевченко, украинского поэта и художника. Офсет, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6049 || 5756 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5930 || 5609 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-03-15 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Lilies''; designer T. Panchenko &lt;br /&gt;'' Садовые лилии '', художник Панченко Т. Perf. 12,5:12 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6050.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0901 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Lilium speciosum &lt;br /&gt; Специозум (&quot;Прекрасная&quot;) &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6050 || 5757 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5931 || 5610 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 6,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6051.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0902 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;African Queen&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Эфрикен Куин (&quot;Африканская королева&quot;) &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6051 || 5758 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5932 || 5611 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6052.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0903 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Eclat du Soir&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Экли дю Суар (&quot;Вечерний блеск&quot;) &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6052 || 5759 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5933 || 5612 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6053.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-0904 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;White tiger&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Уайт Тайгер (&quot;Белый тигр&quot;) &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,30 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6053 || 5760 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5934 || 5613 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-03-20 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Zoo Relief Fund. Exist imperforated stamps 5935-5939ZfU''; designer A. Isakov &lt;br /&gt;'' Животные зоопарков'', художник Исаков А. Perf. 12 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6054 stamp (Beech marten).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1001 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Beech marten &lt;br /&gt; Каменная куница &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,1 +0.05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6054 || B152 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5935 || 5614 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6055 stamp (Red squirrel).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1002 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Squirrel &lt;br /&gt; Белка &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,1 +0.05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6055 || B153 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5936 || 5615 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6056 stamp (European hare).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1003 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Hare &lt;br /&gt; Заяц &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,2 +0,1 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6056 || B154 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5937 || 5616 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6057 stamp (European hedgehog).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1004 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Hadgehog &lt;br /&gt; Ёж &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,2 +0,1 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6057 || B155 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5938 || 5617 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6058 stamp (European badger).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1005 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Badger &lt;br /&gt; Барсук &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,2 +0,1 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6058 || B156 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5939 || 5618 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6054-6058-label block of 6 (Beech marten, stamp label, red squirrel, european hare, european hedgehog, european badger).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1006 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &lt;br /&gt; Сцепка из пяти марок с купоном|| bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6054—&lt;br /&gt;6058 || B156a || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5939ZfU || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-03-25 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Centenary of Declaration of 1st May as Labour Day. Miniature sheet''; designer A. Shmidshtein &lt;br /&gt;'' 100-летие Первомая. Почтовый блок '', художник Шмидштейн А. Perf. 11 1/2 : 11 3/4 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6059.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1101 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Red flag, rainbow and globe. Workers with red flags on the margins. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Праздничная демонстрация. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,30 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6059 || 5761 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | Block206&lt;br /&gt;(5940) || Bl.205 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-04-05 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Victory Day. Soviet flag over Berlin''; designer A. Tolmachev. C &lt;br /&gt;'' С праздником Победы! '', художник Толмачев А. Perf. 12 : 12 1/4 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6060 mint.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1201 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Victory Banner&quot; by P. Loginov and V. Pamfilov, 1954 &lt;br /&gt; П. Логинов, В. Памфилов &quot;Знамя Победы&quot;. Офсет, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6060 || 5762 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5941 || 5619 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-04-12 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Cosmonautics Day. &quot;Mir&quot; space station''; designer Yury Levinovsky. H &lt;br /&gt;'' День космонавтики'', художник Левиновский Ю. Perf. 11,25 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| |[[File:1989 CPA 6061 mint.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1301 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Orbital station linked with space ship. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Условное изображение орбитального комплекса. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6061 || 5763 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5942 || 5620 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,400

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6061-1.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1302 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Orbital station linked with space ship &lt;br /&gt; Условное изображение орбитального комплекса &lt;br /&gt; (сцепка) Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6061-1 || 5763 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5942Zd || 5620 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,700

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-04-14 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' USSR-USA Expedition Bering Bridge''; designer V. Voronin. H &lt;br /&gt;'' Совместная советско-американская экспедиция &quot;Берингов Мост&quot;'', художник Воронин В. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6062 mint.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1401 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Emblem of expedition and flags, Arctic map. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Эмблема экспедиции и флаги, карта Арктики. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6062 || 5764 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5943 || 5621 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,400

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-04-22 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 119th birth anniversary of Lenin''; designer I. Martynov &lt;br /&gt;'' 119-годовщина со дня рождения В. И. Ленина (1870-1924) '', художник Мартынов И. Perf. 11 3/4 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6063 stamp (Vladimir Lenin. The Lenin Museum (Kazan)).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1501 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Lenin's museum in Kazan &lt;br /&gt; Казань. Филиал ЦМЛ &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6063 || 5765 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5944 || 5622 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6064 stamp (Vladimir Lenin. The Lenin Museum (Samara)).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1502 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Lenin's museum in Kuibyshev &lt;br /&gt; Куйбышев. Филиал ЦМЛ &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6064 || 5766 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5945 || 5623 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,300

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6065 stamp (Vladimir Lenin. The Lenin Museum (Bishkek)).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1503 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Lenin's museum in Frunze &lt;br /&gt; Фрунзе. Филиал ЦМЛ &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6065 || 5767 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5946 || 5624 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-04-24 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' International Space Project. Space probe &quot;Phobos&quot;''; designer R. Strelnikov. H &lt;br /&gt;'' Международный космический проект &quot;Фобос&quot;. Почтовый блок''. Художник Стрельников Р. Perf. 11 1/2 : 11 3/4 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6066.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1601 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Space vehicle &quot;Phobos&quot; probing Phobos, satellite of Mars, on the background of Mars. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Космический аппарат &quot;Фобос&quot;, зондирующий спутник Марса Фобос, на фоне планеты Марс. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,5 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6066 || 5768 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | Block207 &lt;br /&gt; (5947) || Bl.206 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-05-05 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 70th Anniversary of Declaration of Hungarian Soviet Republic''; designer R. Strelnikov. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 70-летие провозглашения Венгерской советской республики'', художник Стрельников Р. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6067 mint.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1701 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Monument in honour of Hungarian Soviet Republic in Budapest. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Памятник в честь Венгерской советской республики в Будапеште. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6067 || 5769 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5948 || 5625 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-05-05 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 400th Anniversary of Volgograd. (Stalingrad) ''; designer V. Koval. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 400-летие Волгограда'', художник Коваль В. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6068.jpg|150x130px]]|  || SUN-1989-1801 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Monument &quot;Motherland&quot; in Volgograd on the background of ancient town-fortress Tsaritsin. Line engraving &amp; intaglio, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Монумент &quot;Родина-мать&quot; на Мамаевом кургане в Волгограде (на фоне старого Царицына). Печать глубокая и металлография, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6068 || 5770 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5949 || 5626 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,400

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-05-18 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Beekeeping''; designer I. Kozlov &lt;br /&gt;'' Пчеловодство'', художник Козлов И. Perf. 12,5:12 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6069.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1901 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Drone &lt;br /&gt; Трутень &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6069 || 5771 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5950 || 5627 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,500

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6070.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1902 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Workers pollinating flowers &lt;br /&gt; Рабочие пчёлы, опыляющие цветы &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6070 || 5772 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5951 || 5628 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6071.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1903 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Worker bee collecting pollen &lt;br /&gt; Рабочая пчела, собирающая нектар &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6071 || 5773 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5952 || 5629 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,400

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6072 mint.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-1904 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Queen and workers on honeycomb &lt;br /&gt; Матка и рабочие пчёлы на сотах улья &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,35 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6072 || 5774 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5953 || 5630 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-05-24 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 150th anniversary of photography''; designer Yury Levinovsky. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 150-летие фотографии'', художник Левиновский Ю. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6073.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2001 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Negative and positive images. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt;Фотограф. Негатив и позитив. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6073 || 5775 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5954 || 5631 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-06-12 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Europe is Our Common Home''; designer L. Zaitsev. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt;'' Европа - наш общий дом'', художник Зайцев Л. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная. Печать глубокая, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6074.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2101 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Map of Europe and dove as galley &lt;br /&gt; Европе - статус зоны мира! Голубь мира&lt;br /&gt;М. № 6074 в листе из 8 м. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6074 || 5778 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5955&lt;br /&gt; Klb.5955 || 5637 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6075.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2102 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Map of Europe and laying foundations of peace &lt;br /&gt; Наведение мостов дружбы и сотрудничества между европейскими народами. Кран опускает плиту с надписью &quot;Мир&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6075 || 5779 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5956 || 5638 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300
 
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6076.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2103 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Map of Europe and white stork's nest &lt;br /&gt; Мир каждой семье! Аист на крыше — символ мира и семейного счастья&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6076 || 5780 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5957 || 5639 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-06-15 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth Centenary of [[w:en:Vera Mukhina|Vera I. Mukhina]]''; designer A. Zharov. C &lt;br /&gt;'' 100-летие со дня рождения В. И. Мухиной'', художник Жаров А. Perf. 12 : 12 1/4 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6077.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2201 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of sculptor Vera Mukhina, 1889-1953. Offset, dark blue &lt;br /&gt;Портрет скульптора В. И. Мухиной (1889-1953). Офсет, синяя&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6077 || 5781 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5962 || 5640 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,400

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-06-16 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 350th birth anniversary of [[w:en:Jean Racine|Jean Racine]]''; designer L. Zaitsev, engraver A. Tkachenko. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 350-летие со дня рождения Жана Расина (1639-1699) '', художник Зайцев Л., гр. Ткаченко А. Perf. 11 3/4 : 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6078.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2301 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of French dramatist Jean Racine (1639-1699) in classic oval frame. Line engraving &amp; intaglio, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Портрет французского драматурга Жана Расина в классической овальной рамке на фоне принадлежностей писателя - пергаментного листа, чернильницы и гусиного пера. Печать глубокая и металлография, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6078 || 5777 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5961 || 5636 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,700

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-06-23 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Pictures of Soviet сhildren. Label. 707-the Fund bank account number and chicks in nest''; designer A. Zharov &lt;br /&gt;'' Рисунки советских детей '', художник Жаров А. Perf. 12 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6079 stamp (Lenin Soviet Children's Fund. Children's Drawings. Little Hare (Olya Kirina) and fund emblem) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2401 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Hare (Olya Kirina 6 years old) &lt;br /&gt; О. Кирина &quot;Зайчик&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 + 0,02 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6079 || B157 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5958Zf || 5632 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6080 stamp and label (Lenin Soviet Children's Fund. Children's Drawings. Red Cat (Maya Medkova) and fund emblem) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2402 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Red cat (Maiya Medkova 7 years old) &lt;br /&gt; М. Медкова &quot;Красный кот&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 + 0,02 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6080 || B158 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5959Zf || 5633 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6081 stamp and label (Lenin Soviet Children's Fund. Children's Drawings. Medical doctor (Masha Ivanova) and fund emblem) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2403 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Doctor (Masha Ivanova 6 years old) &lt;br /&gt; М. Иванова &quot;Врач&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 + 0,02 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6081 || B159 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5960Zf || 5634 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-06-26 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 150th birth anniversary of I.A. Kuratov''; designer B. Ilyukhin &lt;br /&gt;'' 150-летие со дня рождения И. А. Куратова'', художник Илюхин Б. Perf. 12 1/4 : 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6082.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2501 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of poet I.A. Kuratov, 1839-1875 &lt;br /&gt;Портрет И. А. Куратова, основоположника коми литературы. Офсет, коричневая, оливково-коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6082 || 5776 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5963 || 5635 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-07-01 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 13th World Youth and Students' Festival''; designer V. Hramov &lt;br /&gt;'' XIII Всемирный фестиваль молодёжи и студентов. Пхеньян'', художник Храмов В. Perf. 12 : 12 1/4 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6083.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2601 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Emblem of festival &lt;br /&gt; Эмблема фестиваля. Офсет, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6083 || 5782 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5964 || 5645 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-07-01 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Ducks''; designer I. Kozlov &lt;br /&gt;'' Утки'', художник Козлов И. Perf. 12 : 12 1/4 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6084.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2701 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) &lt;br /&gt; Пеганка &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6084 || 5783 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5965, Klb. || 5641 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6085.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2702 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Green-winged teal (Anas crecca) &lt;br /&gt; Чирок-свистунок &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6085 || 5784 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5966, Klb. || 5642 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6086.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2703 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferrudinea) &lt;br /&gt; Огарь &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6086 || 5785 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5967, Klb. || 5643 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6084-6086.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-????-???? || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;|  &lt;br /&gt; Малый лист &lt;br /&gt;  || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6084-&lt;br /&gt;6086 || 5783&lt;br /&gt;-5785 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5965-&lt;br /&gt;5967 || 5641-&lt;br /&gt;5643 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-07-07 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Bicentenary of French Revolution'', designer M. Slonov; engraver M. Burenkin. H. Line engraving &amp; intaglio, multicolored &lt;br /&gt;'' 200-летие Великой Французской революции (1789-1794)'', художник Слонов М., гр. Буренкин М. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная. Печать глубокая и металлография, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6087.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2801 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Storming of Bastille&quot; (by picture of Sh. Monnet) and emblem of PhilExFrance-89 stamp exhibition  &lt;br /&gt; Взятие Бастилии 14 июля 1789 г. (гравюра И. Хельмана по рисунку Ш. Монне). Эмблема всемирной выставки почтовых марок &quot;Филэксфранс-89&quot;, посвященной 200-летию Великой Французской революции - Эйфелева башня на условном изображении почтовой марки в обрамлении фригийского колпака. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6087 || 5786 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5968 || 5646 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,400

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6088.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2802 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portraits of Jean-Paul Marat, Georges Danton and Maximilien Robispierre &lt;br /&gt; Портреты вождей революции Ж.П. Марата, Ж.Ж. Дантона и М. Робеспьера. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6088 || 5787 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5969 || 5647 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,100

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6089.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2803 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Marseillaise&quot; (relief by F. Rude from Triumphal arch) &lt;br /&gt; Крылатая женщина-воин, олицетворяющая Францию, - фрагмент рельефа &quot;Марсельеза&quot; (камень, 1833-1836, скульптор Ф. Рюд) Триумфальной арки (1806-1837, архитектор Ж.Ф. Шальгрен) на площади де Голля (бывшая площадь Звезды) в Париже. М. № 6089 в листе из 8 м. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6089 || 5788 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5970&lt;br /&gt;Klb.5970 || 5648 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-07-12 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Epic poems of USSR nations''; designer: I. Martynov &lt;br /&gt;'' Эпос народов СССР'', художник Мартынов И. Perf. 12 : 12 1/2 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6090 stamp (Amiraniani, Georgian epic poem. V. Oniani).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2901 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Georgian epic poem &quot;Amirani&quot;; designer: V. Oniani &lt;br /&gt; Грузинский эпос &quot;Амираниани&quot; рис. В. Ониани &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6090 || 5789 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5971Zf || 5651 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6091 stamp (Koroghlu, Azerbaijan epic poem. A. Gadzhiev).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2902 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Azerbaijan epic poem &quot;Koroglu&quot;; designer: A. Gadjiev &lt;br /&gt; Азербайджанский эпос &quot;Короглу&quot; рис. Гаджиева А. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6091 || 5790 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5972Zf || 5652 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6092 stamp (Eglė the Queen of Serpents, Lithuanian epic poem. A. Makunaite).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2903 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Lithuanian epic poem &quot;Fir - Queen of grass snakes&quot;; designer: A. Manukaite &lt;br /&gt; Литовский эпос &quot;Ель - королева ужей&quot; рис. Манукайте А. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6092 || 5791 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5973Zf || 5653 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6093 stamp (Miorița, Moldovan epic poem. I. Bogdesko).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2904 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Moldavian epic poem &quot;Mioritsa&quot;; designer: I. Bogdesko &lt;br /&gt; Молдавская лирико-эпическая баллада &quot;Миорица&quot; рис. Богдеско И. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6093 || 5792 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5974Zf || 5654 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6094 stamp (Lāčplēsis, Latvian epic poem. G. Wilks).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-2905 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Latvian epic poem ''Lachplesis''. Designer: G. Vilks &lt;br /&gt; Латышский эпос &quot;Лачплесис&quot; рис. Вилкса Г. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6094 || 5793 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5975Zf || 5655 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-07-20 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 150th anniversary of Pulkovo Observatory''; designer Yuri Kosorukov. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 150-летие Пулковской астрономической обсерватории'', художник Косоруков Ю. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная. 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6095.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3001 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Pulkovskaya Observatory (1839, architect A. Brullov). Sketched image of the first telescope and modern large radiotelescope of the observatory. Line engraving &amp; entaglio, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Комплекс зданий обсерватории (1839, архитектор А. Брюллов). Схематическое изображение первого телескопа и современного большого радиотелескопа обсерватории. Печать глубокая и металлография, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6095 || 5796 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5976 || 5649 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-07-20 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 50th anniversary of Tallinn Zoo''; designer S.-M. Stern. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 50-летие Таллинского зоопарка'', художник Стерн С.-М. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6096.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3101 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Lynx, Tallinn Zoo emblem. Line engraving, multicolored&lt;br /&gt;Эмблема зоопарка. Голова рыси. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6096 || 5794 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5977 || 5644 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-07-20 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' International Letter Week'', designer V. Konovalov &lt;br /&gt;'' Международная неделя письма'', художник Коновалов В. Perf. 12,5:12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6097.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3201 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Posthorn, roses in envelope and hemispheres. Offset, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Почтовый рожок и раскрытый конверт с букетом роз на фоне земных полушарий. Офсет, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6097 || 5795 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5978 || 5650 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-07-24 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 275th Anniversary of Battle of Hango Head''; designer V. Koval. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 275-летие Гангутского сражения (27.07(7.08) 1714). Почтовый блок'', художник Коваль В. Perf. 11,5:12 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6098.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3301 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Sea Battle of Hango and Peter the Great portrait. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; На марке в блоке портрет Петра I, фрагмент баталии при Гангуте. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,5 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6098 || 5797 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | bl208 || Bl.207 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,150

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-08-03 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Bicentenary of Nikolaev''; designer A. Pletnyov . H &lt;br /&gt;'' 200-летие присвоения Николаеву статуса города'', художник Плетнёв А. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6099.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3401 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Anniversary emblem, container ship, buildings. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Юбилейный геральдический знак, контейнеровоз, здания. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6099 || 5798 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5980 || 5656 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-08-09 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 6th All-Union Philatelic Society Congress''; designer Yury Levinovsky &lt;br /&gt;'' VI съезд Всесоюзного общества филателистов (13-14.10) '', художник Левиновский Ю. Perf. 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6100.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3501 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Image of RSFSR stamp No. 155 and memorable text. Label. Emblem of Society and philatelic composition Michel: Klb.5981, 5981Zf. Offset, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Изображение почтовой марки №7 Первого стандартного выпуска РСФСР с известным рисунком-аллегорией &quot;Освобождённый пролетарий&quot;. Офсет, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt;М. № 6100 в листе из 6 м. и 6 купонов &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6100 || 5800 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5981 || 5657 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,400

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-08-09 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 80th birth anniversary of Kwame Nkrumah''; designer B. Ilyukhin. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 80-летие со дня рождения Кваме Нкрумы'', художник Илюхин Б. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:Kwame Nkrumah on a Soviet stamp (80th anniversary of his birth) 1989 CPA 6101.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3601 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of first President of Ghana [[w:en:Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]], 1909-1972. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt;Портрет Кваме Нкрума, деятеля африканского национально-освободительного движения. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6101 || 5799 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5982 || 5658 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-08-19 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth bicentenary of James F. Cooper, novelist''; designer L. Zaitsev. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 200-летие со дня рождения Д. Ф. Купера'', художник Зайцев Л. Perf. 12:11,5 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6102.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3701 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of James F. Cooper, US novelist. Line engraving &amp; entaglio, multicolored &lt;br /&gt;Портрет Д. Ф. Купера, американского писателя. Печать глубокая и металлография, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6102 || 5801 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5983 || 5659 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-08-22 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 70th Anniversary of Soviet Circus''; designer M. Lukyanov &lt;br /&gt;'' 70-летие советского цирка'', художник Лукьянов М. Perf. 11 3/4 : 12 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6103.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3801 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| V.L. Durov (trainer) and sealions &lt;br /&gt;Дрессировщик В. Л. Дуров и сивучи &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,01 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6103 || 5802 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5984 || 5660 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 6,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6104.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3802 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Clown Karandash (M.N. Rumyantsev, 1901-1983) with donkey &lt;br /&gt;Клоун Карандаш (М. Н. Румянцев) &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,03 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6104 || 5803 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5985 || 5661 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,500

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6105.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3803 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| V.I. Filatov (founder of bear circus) and bears &lt;br /&gt;Дрессировщик В. И. Филатов и медведи &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,04 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6105 || 5804 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5986 || 5662 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,200

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6106.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3804 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| E.T. Kio (illusionist) &lt;br /&gt; Иллюзионист Э. Т. Кио (Гиршфельд-Ренард)&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6106 || 5805 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5987 || 5663 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6107.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3805 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| V.E. Lazarenko (clown and acrobat) and jump &lt;br /&gt;Клоун и акробат В. Е. Лазаренко &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6107 || 5806 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5988 || 5664 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,100

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6108.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3806 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Building of Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoi boulevard, Moscow. H &lt;br /&gt; Почтовый блок. Московский цирк на Цветном бульваре. Perf. 12 : 12 ½ рамочная.&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,30 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6108 || 5807 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | Block209&lt;br /&gt;(5989) || Bl.208 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-08-25 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Fifth World Amateur Boxing Championship'', designer V. Konovalov. H &lt;br /&gt;'' V чемпионат мира по боксу. Москва'', художник Коновалов В. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная.

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6109.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-3901 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Emblem of championship on the background of a boxing glove. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Эмблема чемпионата и памятный текст на фоне боксерской перчатки. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6109 || 5808 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5990 || 5665 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-09-14 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 72th Anniversary of Great October Revolution''; designer V. Nikitin &lt;br /&gt;'' 72-годовщина Великой Октябрьской социалистической революции'', художник Никитин В. Perf. 12 1/4 : 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6110.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4001 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;October Guardsmen&quot; by M. Chepik, 1967 &lt;br /&gt; М. Чепик &quot;Гвардейцы Октября&quot; (1967). Офсет, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6110 || 5814 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5991 || 5666 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-09-14 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth Centenary of Li Dazhao''; designer I. Martynov &lt;br /&gt;'' 100-летие со дня рождения Ли Дачжао'', художник Мартынов И. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6111.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4101 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of communist founder in China Li Dazhao, 1889-1927. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt;Портрет Ли Дачжао, китайского политического деятеля. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6111 || 5816 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5992 || 5667 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-09-14 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 130th Birth Anniversary of Kosta Khetagurov''; designer M. Dzhikaev &lt;br /&gt;'' 130-летие со дня рождения Коста Хетагурова'', художник Джикаев М. Perf. 12 1/4 : 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6112.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4201 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of K. L. Khetagurov, Ossetian writer and painter (1859-1906). Offset, brown (imperforated stamp exists) &lt;br /&gt;Портрет К. Л. Хетагурова, основоположника осетинской литературы. Офсет, коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6112 || 5815 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5993 || 5668 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-09-20 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| ''USSR National Musical Instruments''; designer A. Nasibunin. Line engraving &amp; entaglio, multicolored. H &lt;br /&gt;'' Музыкальные инструменты народов СССР'', художник Насибунин А. Perf. 12 : 11 1/2 рамочная. Печать глубокая и металлография, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6113.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4301 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Russian garmonika, balalaika, gusli, zhaleika and spoons &lt;br /&gt; Русские народные инструменты &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6113 || 5818 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5994 || 5669 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6114.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4302 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Ukrainian bandura, tsimbaly, trembita, svyril and drymba &lt;br /&gt; Украинские народные инструменты &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6114 || 5820 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5995 || 5670 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6115.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4303 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Byelorussian basetlya, lera, dudka, buben &lt;br /&gt; Белорусские народные инструменты &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6115 || 5819 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5996 || 5671 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6116.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4304 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Uzbek kkarnai, gidzhak, zang, nagora and rubab &lt;br /&gt; Узбекские народные инструменты &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6116 || 5821 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5997 || 5672 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-10-05 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 130th birth anniversary of A. S. Popov''; designer V. Nikitin. C &lt;br /&gt;'' 130-летие со дня рождения А. С. Попова'', художник Никитин В. Perf. 12 : 12 1/4 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6117.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4401 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Demonstration of first radio by Popov to Admiral Makarov and members of Russian Physics  and Chemistry Society&quot; (1895, painting by N. A. Sysoyev, 1986). Offset, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Демонстрация А. С. Поповым изобретенного им первого в мире радиоприемника адмиралу С. О. Макарову и членам русского физико-химического общества 25.04 (7.05) 1895 г. (по картине Н. Сысоева, 1986). Офсет, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6117 || 5809 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5998 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-10-07 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 45th anniversary of Liberation of Poland''; designer V. Beltyukov. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 45-летие со дня возрождения Польши'', художник Бельтюков В. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6118.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4501 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Memorable text. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Памятный текст. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6118 || 5811 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 5999 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-10-07 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 40th anniversary of German Democratic Republic''; designer A. Shmidshtein. H &lt;br /&gt;'' 40-летие ГДР'', художник Шмидштейн А. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6119.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4601 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| State flag and coat of arms of GDR framed by coats of arms of 15 GDR regions. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Государственные герб и флаг ГДР в окне, обрамленном гербами 15 округов страны. Печать глубокая, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6119 || 5810 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6000 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-10-10 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth Centenary of S.V.Kosior''; designer V. Borodin &lt;br /&gt;'' 100-летие со дня рождения С. В. Косиора'', художник Бородин В. Гр. Клочкова О. Perf. 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6120 stamp (Birth centenary of Stanisław Kosior, First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party, deputy prime minister of the USSR and member of the Politburo).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4701 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of vice-chairman of Council of People's Commissars S.V. Kosior, 1889-1939 &lt;br /&gt;Портрет С. В. Косиора, государственного и партийного деятеля. Металлография, чёрная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6120 || 5812 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6001 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-10-10 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth centenary of Jawaharlal Nehru''; designer A. Karasev &lt;br /&gt;'' 100-летие со дня рождения Д. Неру'', художник Карасев А. гр. Ермакова Ю. Perf. 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6121.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4801 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of Indian statesman Jawaharlal Nehru &lt;br /&gt;Портрет Д. Неру, первого премьер-министра независимой Индии. Металлография, коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6121 || 5813 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6002 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-10-17 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Soviet Culture Fund''; designer: A. Zharov &lt;br /&gt;'' Искусство'', художник Жаров А. Perf. 11 3/4 : 12 1/4 гребенчатая. Офсет с лакированием, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6122 stamp (Art. Soviet Cultural Foundation. 'Village Market' by Aleksandr Makovsky, 1919).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4901 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Village Market&quot; (A.V. Makovsky, 1919) &lt;br /&gt; А. В. Маковский &quot;Деревенский рынок&quot; (1919)&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,04 + 0,02 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6122 || B160 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6003 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,400

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6123 stamp (Art. Soviet Cultural Foundation. 'Lady in Hat' by Edouard Zelenine, 1988).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4902 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Lady in hat&quot; (E.L. Zelenin, 1988) &lt;br /&gt; Э. Л. Зеленин &quot;Дама в шляпе&quot; (1988)&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 + 0,02 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6123 || B161 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6004 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6124.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4903 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Portrait of actress Bazhenova&quot; (A.F. Sofronov, 1940) &lt;br /&gt; А. Ф. Софронова &quot;Портрет актрисы Баженовой&quot; (1940)&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,1 + 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6124 || B162 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6005 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,600

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6125 stamp (Art. Soviet Cultural Foundation. 'Two Women' by Hugo Scheiber, 1925).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4904 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Two Women&quot; (Hugo Shaiber, 1925) &lt;br /&gt; Х. Шайбер &quot;Две женщины&quot; (1925)&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,2 +0,1 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6125 || B163 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6006 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6126 stamp (Art. Soviet Cultural Foundation. Teapot and two plates from Popov porcelain works, 19th-century).jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-4905 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Plates and teapot from Popov porcelain works &lt;br /&gt; Две тарелки и чайник (XIX век)&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,3 +0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6126 || B164 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6007 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | align=&quot;center&quot;
|''' 1989-10-20 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth centenary of Yan Karlovich Berzin''; designer V. Borodin &lt;br /&gt;'' 100-летие со дня рождения Я. К. Берзина'', художник Бородин В. Гр. Стариковского В. Perf. 12 1/2 : 12 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6127.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5001 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of head of Red Army intelligence Yan Berzin (Kyuzis Peteris), 1889-1938 &lt;br /&gt;Портрет Я. К. Берзина, военного деятеля. Металлография, тёмно-серая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6127 || 5817 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6008 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,100

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | align=&quot;center&quot;
|''' 1989-11-17 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Birth bicentenary of James Fenimore Cooper''; designer A. Yatskevich. Offset, multicolored. C &lt;br /&gt; ''Творчество Д. Ф. Купера'', художник Яцкевич А. Perf. 11 3/4 : 12 1/4 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6128.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5101 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;The Hunter&quot;, 1841 &lt;br /&gt; &quot;Зверобой, или Первая тропа войны&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6128 || 5822 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6009Zd || 5684 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6129.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5102 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;Last of the Mohicans&quot;, 1826 &lt;br /&gt; &quot;Последний из могикан&quot; (1826) &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6129 || 5823 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6010Zd || 5685 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6130.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5103 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;The Pathfinder&quot;, 1840 &lt;br /&gt; &quot;Следопыт, или Озеро - море&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6130 || 5824 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6011Zd || 5686 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6131.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5104 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;The Pioneers&quot;, 1823 &lt;br /&gt; &quot;Пионеры&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6131 || 5825 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6012Zd || 5687 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6132.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5105 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;The Prairie&quot;, 1827 &lt;br /&gt; &quot;Прерия&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6132 || 5826 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6013Zd || 5688 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6128-6132 Strip.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5106 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Se-tenant &lt;br /&gt; Сцепка || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6128&lt;br /&gt;-6132 || 5822&lt;br /&gt;-5826 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6009&lt;br /&gt;-6013Zd || 5684&lt;br /&gt;-5688 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,300

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-11-20 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Historical Monuments'', designer L. Zaitsev. Line engraving, multicolored. H &lt;br /&gt;'' Памятники отечественной истории'', художник Зайцев А. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная. Печать глубокая, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6133.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5201 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| St. Basil's cathedral and Minin and Pozharsky statue, Moscow &lt;br /&gt; Москва. Покровский собор. Памятник Минину и Пожарскому &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6133 || 5827 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6014 || 5689 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,900

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6134.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5202 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Statue of Peter I and Sts. Peter and Paul cathedral, St Petersburg &lt;br /&gt; Ленинград. Петропавловский собор. Памятник Петру I &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6134 || 5828 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6015 || 5690 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6135.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5203 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| St. Sophia's cathedral and statue of Bogdan Chmielnitsky, Kiev &lt;br /&gt; Киев. Софийский собор. Памятник Б. Хмельницкому &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6135 || 5829 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6016 || 5691 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6136.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5204 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Khodzha Ahmed Yasavi mausoleum, Turkestan &lt;br /&gt; Туркестан. Мавзолей Ходжа Ахмеда Ясави &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6136 || 5830 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6017 || 5692 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6137.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5205 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Khazret-Khyzr mosque, Samarkand &lt;br /&gt; Самарканд. Мечеть Хазре-Хызр &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6137 || 5831 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6018 || 5693 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,900

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-10-22 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|''Happy New Year'', designer V. Hramov &lt;br /&gt;'' С Новым, 1990 годом!'', художник Храмов В. Perf. 11 3/4 гребенчатая

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[File:1989 CPA 6138.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5301 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;|Father Frost on the horse (Dymkovo toy) &lt;br /&gt; Дымковская игрушка - Дед Мороз с ёлкой на лошадке. Офсет, многоцветная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6138 || 5832 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6019 || 5694 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 4,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-11-24 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' International Stamp Exhibition Expo 89''; designer V. Larichkin (6020B-6021B), A. Leonov (6022B), V. Dzhanibekov (6023B) &lt;br /&gt;'' Всемирная филателистическая выставка &quot;Экспо-89&quot;. Вашингтон (17.11-3.12) '', художник Ларичкин В. Perf. 11 3/4 гребенчатая. Офсет, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6139.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5401 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Soviet lunar vehicle; designer V. Larichkin &lt;br /&gt; Полёты советских космических аппаратов на Луну, художник Ларичкин В. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,25 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6139 || 5833 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6020A || 5695 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6140.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5402 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| US astronaut and landing module on Moon; designer V. Larichkin &lt;br /&gt; Полёты на Луну астронавтов США. Худ. Ларичкин В. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,25 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6140 || 5834 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6021A || 5696 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6141.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5403 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Fantastic US-USSR Mars flight: cosmonauts on Mars; designer A. Leonov &lt;br /&gt; Фантастический советско-американский полёт на Марс. Худ. Леонов А. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,25 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6141 || 5835 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6022A || 5697 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6142.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5404 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Flag and shield on Mars; V. Dzhanibekov &lt;br /&gt; Укрощённый Марс - символ мира. Худ. Джанибеков В. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,25 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6142 || 5836 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6023AZd || 5698 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 2,700

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6143.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5405 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Souvenir sheet including stamps 5401-5404 &lt;br /&gt; Почтовый блок. В блоке марки 5401-5404. Без зубцов&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 1,00 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6143 || 5837 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | Bl.210 (6020B-&lt;br /&gt;6023B) || Bl.209 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,200

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-12-14 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Nature Preservation - popular philatelic topic''; designer T. Panchenko. H &lt;br /&gt;'' Охрана природы - актуальная тема филателии. Почтовый блок''. Художник Панченко Т. Perf. 11 1/2 рамочная

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6144.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5501 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Postal charity issue in aid of USSR Union of Philatelists (UUP). Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). UUP logo and text: ''All-Union Society of Philatelists''. Line engraving, multicolored &lt;br /&gt; Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в фонд помощи Союзу филателистов СССР. Ласточка-касатка у гнезда. Эмблема ВОФ и текст: &quot;Всесоюзное общество филателистов&quot;. Печать глубокая, многоцветный&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,2 +0,1 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6144 || B165 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | Block211&lt;br /&gt;(6024) || Bl.210 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 0,500

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-12-25 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' 14th Definitive Issue'', designer V. Koval &lt;br /&gt;'' Четырнадцатый стандартный выпуск почтовых марок СССР'', художник Коваль В. Perf. 12 : 11 1/4 и 12 : 12 1/4 рамочная. Офсет на простой бумаге

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6145 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. Post rider) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5601 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Post messenger &lt;br /&gt; Конный гонец. Коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,01 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6145 || 5838 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6025 || 5578a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6146 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. Russian cruiser 'Aurora') 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5602 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Cruiser &quot;Aurora&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Крейсер &quot;Аврора&quot;. Зелёно-синяя&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,03 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6146 || 5839 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6026 || 5579a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 6,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6147 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. Spasskaya Tower and Lenin's Mausoleum, Red Square, Moscow) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5603 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Spassky tower and Lenin's tomb, Red square, Moscow &lt;br /&gt; Спасская башня Кремля. Серая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,04 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6147 || 5840 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6027 || 5580a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6148 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. State Emblem and State Flag of the Soviet Union) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5604 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| State flag and emblem &lt;br /&gt; Государственный герб и флаг СССР. Красная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6148 || 5841 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6028 || 5581a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6149 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. 'Worker and Kolkhoz Woman', sculpture by Vera Mukhina (1889-1953)) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5605 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Statue &quot;The worker and the collective farmer&quot; by Vera Mukhina &lt;br /&gt; Рабочий и колхозница. Лилово-коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6149 || 5842 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6029 || 5582a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6150 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. Setting up long-range space communications. Radio telescope) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5606 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Dish aerial &quot;Orbit&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Установка дальней космической радиосвязи. Серовато-синяя&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6150 || 5843 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6030 || 5583a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6151 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. Lyre, art tools, quill pen, parchment (arts and literature)) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5607 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Symbols of art and literature &lt;br /&gt; Атрибуты литературы и искусства. Серо-коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6151 || 5844 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6031 || 5584a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 5,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6152 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. The 'Discobolus' (5th-centure Greek statue by Myron)) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5608 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| &quot;The discus-thrower&quot; (5th century Greek statue by Miron) &lt;br /&gt; Скульптура &quot;Дискобол&quot;. Зелёная&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,25 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6152 || 5845 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6032 || 5585a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 7,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6153 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. Map of Antarctica and emperor penguins) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5609 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Map of Antarctica and emperor penguins &lt;br /&gt; Дизель-электроход, самолёт и императорские пингвины. Фиолетово-синяя&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,30 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6153 || 5846 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6033 || 5586a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6154 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. 'Mercury', sculpture by Giambologna (1529-1608)) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5610 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Statue of Mercury by Giovanni da Bologna &lt;br /&gt; Скульптура античного бога торговли Меркурия Джованни из Болоньи. Красно-коричневая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,35 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6154 || 5847 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6034 || 5587a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6155 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. Siberian white cranes (nature conservation)) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5611 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Great white cranes &lt;br /&gt; Стерхи. Светло-синяя&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,5 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6155 || 5848 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6035 || 5588a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

 |- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:The Soviet Union 1989 CPA 6156 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 2nd issue. Universal Postal Union emblem) 1200dpi.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5612 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Emblem of UPU &lt;br /&gt; Памятник Всемирному почтовому союзу. Сине-серая&lt;br /&gt; Face value: 1,00 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6156 || 5849 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6036 || 5589a || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 3,000

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|''' 1989-12-28 ''' || colspan=&quot;7&quot;|'' Russian Admirals''; designer V. Koval &lt;br /&gt;'' Адмиралы России'', художник Коваль В. Perf. 12 1/2 : 12 гребенчатая. Металлография, многоцветные

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6157.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5701 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of V.A. Kornilov, 1806-1854, with a sea battle in the background; engraving by M. Silyanova &lt;br /&gt; В. А. Корнилов, Гравюра Сильяновой М. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,05 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6157 || 5850a || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6037 || 5699 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6158.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5702 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of V.I. Istomin, 1809-1855, with the Paris sailing ship in the background; engraving by V. Starikovsky &lt;br /&gt; В. И. Истомин, Гравюра Стариковского В. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,10 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6158 || 5850b || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6038 || 5700 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6159.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5703 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of G.I. Nevelsky, 1813-1876, with the Baikal sailing ship in the background; engraving by A. Tkachenko &lt;br /&gt; Г. И. Невельской, Гравюра Ткаченко А. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,15 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6159 || 5850c || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6039 || 5701 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6160.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5704 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of G.I. Butakov, 1820-1882, with armoured ships of the Baltic fleet in the background; engraving by Yu. Yermakov &lt;br /&gt; Г. И. Бутаков, гравюра Ермакова Ю. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,20 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6160 || 5850d || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6040 || 5702 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6161.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5705 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of A.A. Popov, 1821-1898, with the Pyotr Veliky battleship and the Vice-admiral Popov armoured ship in the background; engraving by O. Klochkova &lt;br /&gt; А. А. Попов, Гравюра Клочковой О. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,30 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6161 || 5850e || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6041 || 5703 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6162.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5706 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Portrait of S.O. Makarov, 1849-1904. A sea battle in the background; engraving by A. Seifulina &lt;br /&gt; С. О. Макаров, Гравюра Сейфулиной А. &lt;br /&gt; Face value: 0,35 || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6162 || 5850f || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6042 || 5704 || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; | [[File:1989 CPA 6157-6162.jpg|150x130px]] || SUN-1989-5707 || align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;| Little sheet &lt;br /&gt; Малый лист &lt;br /&gt;  || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6157-&lt;br /&gt;6162  ||  || bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; | 6037-&lt;br /&gt;6042 || &lt;!--ив--&gt; || &lt;!--тир--&gt; 1,800
|- 
|} 
 
Sources: / Источники: 
* USSR stamp catalogue, 1989. Marka Publishing Center, 1990 / Каталог почтовых марок СССР 1989 г. ИТЦ &quot;Марка&quot;, 1990 
* Michel catalogue, USSR stamps / Каталог почтовых марок СССР &quot;Михель&quot; 
&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]] '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Почта СССР&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''' [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]]
&lt;/div&gt;
{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; align=center 
|align=center|[[w:Soviet Union stamp catalogue|CPA catalogue]]&lt;br&gt; [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1979|←]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1980|1980]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1981|1981]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1982|1982]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1983|1983]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1984|1984]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1985|1985]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1986|1986]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1987|1987]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1988|1988]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989|'''&lt;big&gt;1989&lt;/big&gt;''']] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990|1990]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991|1991]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1992|1992]] [[:Category:Stamps of Russia, 1992|→]]
|}

{{BookCat|filing=deep}}</text>
      <sha1>h3h9rgfm80g61txh12f6ezhh91o6x7j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>142006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638741</id>
      <parentid>4638369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:24:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="132931" sha1="gymd2p7htkfru7e8obs7hova2ix15n1" xml:space="preserve">==World Manufacturer Identifier==
The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. 

===WMI Regions===
The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/
| title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780
| publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI
! Region
! Notes
|-
| A-C
| Africa
| AA-AH = South Africa&lt;br /&gt;BF-BG = Kenya&lt;br /&gt;BU = Uganda&lt;br /&gt;CA-CB = Egypt&lt;br /&gt;DF-DK = Morocco
|-
| E, H-R
| Asia
| E=Russia&lt;br /&gt;H = China&lt;br /&gt;J = Japan&lt;br /&gt;KF-KH = Israel&lt;br /&gt;KL-KR = South Korea&lt;br /&gt;L = China&lt;br /&gt;MA-ME = India&lt;br /&gt;MF-MK = Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;ML-MR = Thailand&lt;br /&gt;MS = Myanmar&lt;br /&gt;MX = Kazakhstan&lt;br /&gt;MY-M0 = India&lt;br /&gt;NF-NG = Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;NL-NR = Turkey&lt;br /&gt;NS-NT = Uzbekistan&lt;br /&gt;PA-PC = Philippines&lt;br /&gt;PF-PG = Singapore&lt;br /&gt;PL-PR = Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;PS-PT = Bangladesh&lt;br /&gt;PV=Cambodia&lt;br /&gt;RA-RB = United Arab Emirates&lt;br /&gt;RF-RK = Taiwan&lt;br /&gt;RL-RN = Vietnam&lt;br /&gt;RS-RT = Saudi Arabia&lt;br /&gt;RU-RW = Russia&lt;br /&gt;R1-R7 = Hong Kong

|-
| S-Z
| Europe
| SA-SM = United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)&lt;br /&gt;SU-SZ = Poland&lt;br /&gt;TA-TH = Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;TJ-TP = Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;TR-TV = Hungary&lt;br /&gt;TW-T2 = Portugal&lt;br /&gt;UH-UM = Denmark&lt;br /&gt;UN-UR = Ireland&lt;br /&gt;UU-UX = Romania&lt;br /&gt;U1-U2 = North Macedonia&lt;br /&gt;U5-U7 = Slovakia&lt;br /&gt;VA-VE = Austria&lt;br /&gt;VF-VR = France&lt;br /&gt;VS-VW = Spain&lt;br /&gt;VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)&lt;br /&gt;V3-V5 = Croatia&lt;br /&gt;V6-V8 = Estonia&lt;br /&gt; W = Germany (formerly West Germany)&lt;br /&gt;XA-XC = Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;XF-XH = Greece&lt;br /&gt;XL-XR = The Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)&lt;br /&gt;XX-XY = Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;XZ-X0 = Russia&lt;br /&gt;YA-YE = Belgium&lt;br /&gt;YF-YK = Finland&lt;br /&gt;YS-YW = Sweden&lt;br /&gt;YX-Y2 = Norway&lt;br /&gt;Y3-Y5 = Belarus&lt;br /&gt;Y6-Y8 = Ukraine&lt;br /&gt;ZA-ZU = Italy&lt;br /&gt;ZX-ZZ = Slovenia&lt;br /&gt;Z3-Z5 = Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Z6-Z0 = Russia
|-
| 1-5
| North America
| 1, 4, 5 = United States&lt;br /&gt;2 = Canada&lt;br /&gt;3 = Mexico&lt;br /&gt;7F-70 = United States
|-
| 6-7
| Oceania
| 6A-6W = Australia&lt;br /&gt;7A-7E = New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;Revised: 6A-6X = Australia&lt;br /&gt;6Y-61 = New Zealand
|-
| 8-9
| South America
| 8A-8E = Argentina&lt;br /&gt;8F-8G = Chile&lt;br /&gt;8L-8N = Ecuador&lt;br /&gt;8S-8T = Peru&lt;br /&gt;8X-8Z = Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;82 = Bolivia&lt;br /&gt;84 = Costa Rica&lt;br /&gt;9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil&lt;br /&gt;9F-9G = Colombia&lt;br /&gt;9S-9V = Uruguay
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3

! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''A''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | South Africa || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ivory Coast || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lesotho || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Botswana || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Namibia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Madagascar || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cyprus || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mozambique || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''B''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Angola || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ethiopia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kenya || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rwanda || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nigeria || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Algeria || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Swaziland || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Uganda || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Africa''|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Libya || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''C''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Egypt || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Morocco || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zambia || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''D''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|-
| '''E''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''F''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| '''G'''
|-
| '''H''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''J''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Japan
|-
| '''K''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Israel || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jordan || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyrgyzstan || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' 
|-
| '''L''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''M''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | India || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Indonesia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Thailand || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Myanmar || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mongolia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kazakhstan || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | India
|-
| '''N''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pakistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iraq || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uzbekistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Azerbaijan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Tajikistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Armenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
| '''P''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Philippines || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singapore || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Malaysia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangladesh || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | India 
|-
| '''R''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | UAE || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Taiwan || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Vietnam || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Laos || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saudi Arabia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Hong Kong || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''S''' || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | United Kingdom || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Germany &lt;small&gt;(former East Germany)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Poland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Latvia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Georgia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iceland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''T''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Switzerland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Czech Republic || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hungary || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Portugal || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Serbia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Andorra || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''U''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Denmark || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ireland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | North Macedonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovakia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bosnia &amp; Herzogovina
|-
| '''V''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Austria || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | France || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | France &lt;small&gt;(formerly Yugoslavia &amp; Serbia)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Croatia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Estonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''W''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Germany
|-
| '''X''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bulgaria || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Greece || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia &lt;small&gt;(former USSR)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Luxembourg || colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''Y''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Belgium || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Finland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Malta || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sweden || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Norway || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Belarus || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ukraine || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''Z''' || colspan=&quot;18&quot; | Italy || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | San Marino|| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Europe''|| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lithuania || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''1''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | United States
|-
| '''2''' || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | Canada || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''3''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Mexico || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nicaragua || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Dom. Rep. || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Honduras || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Panama || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Puerto Rico || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''4''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | United States
|-
| '''5''' 
|-
| '''6''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Australia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Oceania''
|-
| '''7''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | United States
|-
| '''8''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ecuador || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Peru || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Venezuela || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bolivia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Costa Rica || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''South America'' 
|-
| '''9''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Brazil || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Colombia || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''South America''  || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Uruguay || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Brazil 
|-
| '''0''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|}

===List of Many WMIs===
The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html
| title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
| date=October 2009
| publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned.

{| class=&quot;wikitable x&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI !! Manufacturer
|-
| AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa
|-
| AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd.
|-
| AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck &amp; Bus)
|-
|AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number)
|-
| AAV || Volkswagen South Africa
|-
| AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt &amp; Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks &amp; Buses Southern Africa
|-
| ABM || BMW Southern Africa
|-
| ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018-
|-
| AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa 
|-
| AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa)
|-
| ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car
|-
| ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018)
|-
| ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd.
|-
| AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa)
|-
| AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa &amp; Samcor
|-
| AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa
|-
| AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa
|-
| AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa
|-
| AHH || Hino South Africa
|-
| AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000
|-
| AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd.
|-
| BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya
|-
| BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda
|-
| BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB)
|-
| BRY || FIAT Algeria
|-
| CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt)
|-
| DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt)
|-
| DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco)
|-
| EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia)
|-
| EAN || Evolute (Russia)
|-
| EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia)
|-
| EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia)
|-
| EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia)
|-
| ECE || XCITE (Russia)
|-
| ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia)
|-
| HAC || GAC Motor (Aion)
|-
| HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray)
|-
| HA6 || Niu Technologies
|-
| HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd.
|-
| HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) 
|-
| HGL ||  Farizon Auto van (Geely)
|-
| HGX ||  Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely)
|-
| HHZ || Huazi Automobile
|-
| HJN || Nio, Firefly 
|-
| HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van
|-
| HJ4 || BAW car
|-
| HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. &lt;br /&gt;(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| HLX || Li Auto
|-
| HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| HVW || Volkswagen Anhui
|-
| HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| HXM || Xiaomi
|-
| HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAB || Isuzu car
|-
| JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey &amp; Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu
|-
| JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty)
|-
| JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America)
|-
| JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) &amp; Nissan Rogue PHEV '26
|-
| JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America)
|-
| JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda
|-
| JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda
|-
| JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda
|-
| JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu
|-
| JD1 || Daihatsu car
|-
| JD2 || Daihatsu SUV
|-
| JD4 || Daihatsu truck
|-
| JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car
|-
| JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV
|-
| JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck
|-
| JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru
|-
| JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada
|-
| JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck)
|-
| JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck)
|-
| JHA || Hino truck
|-
| JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHD || Hino
|-
| JHF || Hino
|-
| JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,&lt;br/&gt;JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]]
|-
| JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV
|-
| JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car
|-
| JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck
|-
| JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV
|-
| JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV
|-
| JH4 || Acura car
|-
| JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKM || Mitsuoka
|-
| JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki
|-
| JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki
|-
| JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault)
|-
| JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive)
|-
| JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive)
|-
| JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America &amp; Middle East
|-
| JMZ || Mazda for Europe export &amp; Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain &amp; Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France
|-
| JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export
|-
| JM1 || Mazda car
|-
| JM2 || Mazda truck
|-
| JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV
|-
| JM4 || Mazda
|-
| JM6 || Mazda
|-
| JM7 || Mazda
|-
| JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck)
|-
| JNK || Infiniti car
|-
| JNR || Infiniti SUV
|-
| JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN1 || Nissan car &amp; Infiniti car
|-
| JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN6 || Nissan truck/van &amp; Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van
|-
| JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck)
|-
| JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck)
|-
| JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda
|-
| JSA || Suzuki ATV &amp; '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki
|-
| JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki
|-
| JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota
|-
| JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle &amp; Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JS2 || Suzuki car
|-
| JS3 || Suzuki SUV
|-
| JS4 || Suzuki truck
|-
| JTB || Toyota bus
|-
| JTD || Toyota car
|-
| JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JTF || Toyota van/truck
|-
| JTG || Toyota MPV/bus
|-
| JTH || Lexus car
|-
| JTJ || Lexus SUV
|-
| JTK || Toyota car
|-
| JTL || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota
|-
| JTN || Toyota car
|-
| JTP || Toyota SUV
|-
| JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van
|-
| JT2 || Toyota car
|-
| JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JT4 || Toyota truck/van
|-
| JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle
|-
| JT6 || Lexus SUV
|-
| JT7 || Toyota bus/van
|-
| JT8 || Lexus car
|-
| JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003)
|-
| JYA || Yamaha motorcycles
|-
| JYE || Yamaha snowmobile
|-
| JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV
|-
| JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV
|-
| J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu
|-
| J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada
|-
| J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu
|-
| KF3 || Merkavim (Israel)
|-
| KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel)
|-
| KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel)
|-
| KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea
|-
| KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)&lt;br /&gt; from Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants
|-
| KLP || CT&amp;T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles)
|-
| KLT || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLU || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo)
|-
| KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car)
|-
| KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac)
|-
| KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden)
|-
| KL4 || GM Korea (Buick)
|-
| KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki)
|-
| KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC)
|-
| KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000))
|-
| KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000))
|-
| KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark))
|-
| KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]]
|-
| KMC || Hyundai commercial truck
|-
| KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor)
|-
| KMF || Hyundai van &amp; commercial truck &amp; Bering Truck
|-
| KMH || Hyundai car &amp; Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai
|-
| KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus
|-
| KMT || Genesis Motor car
|-
| KMU || Genesis Motor SUV
|-
| KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV
|-
| KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&amp;T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM8 || Hyundai SUV
|-
| KNA || Kia car
|-
| KNC || Kia truck
|-
| KND || Kia MPV/SUV &amp; Hyundai Entourage
|-
| KNE || Kia for Europe export
|-
| KNF || Kia, special vehicles
|-
| KNG || Kia minibus/bus
|-
| KNJ || Ford Festiva &amp; Aspire made by Kia
|-
| KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech
|-
| KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung
|-
| KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd.
|-
| KN1 || Asia Motors
|-
| KN2 || Asia Motors
|-
| KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup
|-
| KPB || SsangYong car
|-
| KPD || SsangYong TransStar (bus)
|-
| KPH || Mitsubishi Precis
|-
| KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV
|-
| LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle
|-
| LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle
|-
| LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang)
|-
| LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely)
|-
| LA8 || Anhui Ankai
|-
| LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus &amp; Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus)
|-
| LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/LC0 || BYD
|-
| LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile
|-
| LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray
|-
| LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli)
|-
| LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang)
|-
| LBM || Zongshen Piaggio
|-
| LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro)
|-
| LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LB1 || Fujian Benz
|-
| LB2 || Geely Motorcycles
|-
| LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi)
|-
| LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO)
|-
| LCR || Gonow
|-
| LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza)
|-
| LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco)
|-
| LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LDB || Dadi Auto
|-
| LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60
|-
| LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile
|-
| LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway)
|-
| LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast
|-
| LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive
|-
| LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd.
|-
| LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle)
|-
| LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW)
|-
| LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC)
|-
| LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China
|- 
| LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle
|- 
| LE4 || Beijing Benz &amp; Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) &amp; Beijing Jeep Corp.
|-
| LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7)
|-
| LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd.
|-
| LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing
|-
| LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton)
|-
| LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz)
|-
| LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus)
|-
| LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4)
|-
| LFT || FAW (trailers)
|-
| LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili)
|-
| LFW || FAW JieFang (truck)
|-
| LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck)
|-
| LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory
|-
| LFZ || Leapmotor
|-
| LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle 
|-
| LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia)
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing)
|-
| LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus)
|-
| LGL || Guilin Daewoo
|-
| LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey)
|-
| LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao)
|-
| LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus
|-
| LG6 || Dayun Group
|-
| LHA || Shuanghuan Auto
|-
| LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding
|-
| LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura)
|-
| LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co.
|-
| LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LH1 || FAW-Haima, China
|-
| LJC || Jincheng Corporation
|-
| LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) &amp; Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia)
|-
| LJM || Sunlong (bus)
|-
| LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan
|-
| LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer)
|-
| LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus
|-
| LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile &amp; Kandi &amp; Zhidou
|-
| LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJW || JMC Landwind
|-
| LJX || JMC Ford
|-
| LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol)
|-
| LJ1 || Nio, Inc.
|-
| LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun)
|-
| LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile
|-
| LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe
|-
| LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LKH || Hafei Motor
|-
| LKL || Higer Bus
|-
| LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles
|-
| LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus
|-
| LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles
|-
| LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLN || Qoros 
|-
| LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
|-
| LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive
|-
| LLX || Yudo Auto
|-
| LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd.
|-
| LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng)
|-
| LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles)
|-
| LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo
|-
| LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]]
|-
| LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader)
|-
| LMP || Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima
|-
| LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]]
|-
| LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing)
|-
| LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LM6 || SWM (automobiles)
|-
| LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO
|-
| LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan
|-
| LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) &amp; Arcfox &amp; Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC
|-
| LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo
|-
| LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LNP || NAC MG UK Limited &amp; Nanjing Fiat Automobile
|-
| LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.)
|-
| LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks)
|-
| LNY || Yuejin
|-
| LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles)
|-
| LPE || BYD Auto
|-
| LPS || Polestar
|-
| LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export)
|-
| LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks
|-
| LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export)
|-
| LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus)
|-
| LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai)
|-
| LR4 || Yadi Technology Group
|-
| LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck)
|-
| LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV &amp; Chevrolet S10 Max &amp; Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
|-
| LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet)
|-
| LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van &amp; Chevrolet Express Max
|-
| LSJ || SAIC MG &amp; SAIC Roewe &amp; IM Motors &amp; Rising Auto
|-
| LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van
|-
| LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus)
|-
| LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) &amp; Jinbei GM
|-
| LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd
|-
| LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV)
|-
| LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) &amp; Changan Suzuki
|-
| LS6 || Changan Automobile &amp; Deepal Automobile &amp; Avatr
|-
| LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd.
|-
| LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LTA || ZX Auto
|-
| LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler &amp; Dodge vehicles
|-
| LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin)
|-
| LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) 
|-
| LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China)
|-
| LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd.
|-
| LUG || Qiantu Motor
|-
| LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar
|-
| LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd.
|-
| LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta)
|-
| LVA || Foton Motor
|-
| LVB || Foton Motor truck
|-
| LVC || Foton Motor bus
|-
| LVF || Changhe Suzuki
|-
| LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead)
|-
| LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo)
|-
| LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LVR || Changan Mazda
|-
| LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) &amp; Changan Ford Mazda &amp; Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda
|-
| LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast
|-
| LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour
|-
| LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021)
|-
| LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd
|-
| LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory
|-
| LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group)
|-
| LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus)
|-
| LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWL || Qingling Isuzu
|-
| LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LW4 || Li Auto
|-
| LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG)
|-
| LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM)
|-
| LXN || Link Tour
|-
| LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXW || JMC - Ford
|-
| LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor &amp; Yinxiang Group)
|-
| LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory &amp; Taizhou, Luqiao District factory
|-
| LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science &amp; Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China
|-
| LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-)
|-
| LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman)
|-
| LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus
|-
| LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd.
|-
| LZM || MAN China
|-
| LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian)
|-
| LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen
|-
| LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus
|-
| LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export])
|-
| LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak)
|-
| LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd.
|-
| LZ9/LZX || Raysince
|-
| L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers)
|-
| L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| L1N || XPeng Motors
|-
| L10 || Geely Emgrand
|-
| L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles)
|-
| L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs)
|-
| L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle
|-
| L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV &amp; motorcycles)
|-
| L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen)
|-
| L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6T || Geely, Lynk &amp; Co, Zeekr
|-
| L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. 
|-
| L82 || Baotian
|-
| L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance
|-
| L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle
|-
| L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd.
|-
| MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MAB || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAC || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India
|-
| MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India
|-
| MAL || Hyundai Motor India
|- 
| MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix
|- 
| MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover
|-
| MA1 || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic &amp; export)
|-
| MA6 || GM India
|-
| MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. &amp; Mitsubishi Motors &amp; Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors
|-
| MA8 || Daewoo Motor India
|-
| MBF || Royal Enfield
|- 
| MBH || Suzuki (for export) &amp; Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited
|-
| MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBL || Hero MotoCorp
|-
| MBR || Mercedes-Benz India
|-
| MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|-
| MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd.
|-
| MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape)
|-
| MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd.
|-
| MB1 || Ashok Leyland
|-
| MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV)
|-
| MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited
|-
| MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| MCB || GM India
|-
| MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers
|-
| MCG || Atul Auto Ltd.
|-
| MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC1 || Force Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd.
|-
| MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz)
|-
| MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited
|-
| MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun)
|-
| MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited
|-
| MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. &amp; KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj &amp; Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj
|-
| MD6 || TVS Motor Company
|-
| MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella
|-
| MD9 || Shuttle Cars India
|-
| MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz)
|-
| MEE || Renault India Private Limited
|-
| MEG || Harley-Davidson India
|-
| MER || Benelli India
|-
| MES || Mahindra Navistar
|-
| MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia)
|-
| MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on
|-
| ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| ME3 || Royal Enfield
|-
| ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
|-
| MYH || Ather Energy
|-
| MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa
|-
| MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited)
|-
| MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| M3G || Isuzu Motors India
|-
| M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited
|-
| ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike)
|-
| MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia
|-
| MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International
|-
| MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu)
|-
| MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia
|-
| MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car)
|-
| MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van)
|-
| MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg.
|-
| MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
|-
| MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MJB || GM Indonesia
|-
| MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)
|-
| MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
|-
| MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling)
|-
| MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd.
|-
| MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand
|-
| ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand)
|-
| MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP)
|-
| MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup
|-
| MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
|-
| MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car)
|-
| MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, &amp; Trailblazer)
|-
| MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant)
|-
| MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export
|-
| MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets
|-
| MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets
|-
| MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd.
|-
| MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. &amp; Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand
|-
| MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant)
|-
| MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand
|-
| MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car)
|-
| MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. 
|-
| MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups &amp; Fortuner SUV)
|-
| MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand
|-
| MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars &amp; CUVs)
|-
| MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab)
|-
| MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar
|-
| MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar
|-
| MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan)
|-
| NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran)
|-
| NAC || Mammut (truck trailers)
|-
| NAD || Škoda
|-
| NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers)
|-
| NAP || Pars Khodro
|-
| NAS || SAIPA
|-
| NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NC9/ || VIRA Diesel
|-
| ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd.
|-
| NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation
|-
| NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars
|-
| NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S.
|-
| NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck
|-
| NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV
|-
| NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van
|-
| NLN || Karsan
|-
| NLR || Otokar
|-
| NLT || Temsa
|-
| NLZ || Tezeller
|-
| NL1 || TOGG
|-
| NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus)
|-
| NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş.
|-
| NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses
|-
| NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
|-
| NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle
|-
| NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş.
|-
| NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey
|-
| NM0 || Ford Otosan
|-
| NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.
|-
| NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS)
|-
| NNA || Anadolu Isuzu
|-
| NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio)
|-
| NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer)
|-
| NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPS || Nursan (truck trailer)
|-
| NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus)
|-
| NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus)
|-
| NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus)
|-
| NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/300 || TCV (bus) 
|-
| NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NRE || Bozankaya
|-
| NRX || Musoshi
|-
| NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv
|-
| NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/034 || Akia (bus)
|-
| NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan)
|-
| NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan
|-
| NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan)
|- 
| PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation
|-
| PAD || Honda Cars Philippines
|-
| PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS)
|-
| PL1 || Proton, Malaysia
|-
| PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai
|-
| PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia
|-
| PMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus Malaysia
|-
| PMH || Honda Malaysia (car)
|-
| PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle)
|-
| PML || Hicom 
|-
| PMN || Modenas
|-
| PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle)
|-
| PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PM1 || BMW &amp; Mini/Inokom
|-
| PM2 || Perodua
|-
| PM9/ || Bufori
|-
| PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot
|-
| PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot)
|-
| PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia
|-
| PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PPP || Suzuki
|-
| PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)
|-
| PP1 || Mazda/Inokom
|-
| PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom
|-
| PRA || Sinotruk
|-
| PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant)
|-
| PRX || Kia/Inokom
|-
| PR8 || Ford
|-
| PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia
|-
| PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia
|-
| RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE
|-
| RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE
|-
| LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan
|-
| RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee
|-
| RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan
|-
| RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan
|-
| RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan
|-
| RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan)
|-
| RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan
|-
| RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen)
|-
| RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan)
|-
| RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan
|-
| RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan)
|-
| RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || Honda Taiwan
|-
| RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam)
|-
| RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co.
|-
| RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLL || VinFast SUV
|-
| RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam
|-
| RLN || VinFast
|-
| RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 &amp; DS 90)
|-
| RL0 || Ford Vietnam
|-
| RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam
|-
| RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia)
|-
| R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd.
|-
| R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd.
|-
| R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| SAA || Austin
|-
| SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-)
|-
| SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987)
|-
| SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace)
|-
| SAF || ERF trucks
|-
| SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group
|-
| SAJ || Jaguar passenger car &amp; Daimler passenger car (after April 1987)
|-
| SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]]
|-
| SAM || Morris
|-
| SAR || Rover &amp; MG Rover Group
|-
| SAT || Triumph car
|-
| SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars
|-
| SAY || Norton Motorcycles
|-
| SAZ || Freight Rover
|-
| SA3 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/ || OX Global
|-
| SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA)
|-
| SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA)
|-
| SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars)
|-
| SA9/005 || Panther
|-
| SA9/010 || Invicta S1
|-
| SA9/011 || Midas Cars
|-
| SA9/019 || TVR
|-
| SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars
|-
| SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys
|-
| SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/038 || DAX Cars
|-
| SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars
|-
| SA9/048 || McLaren F1
|-
| SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering
|-
| SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace)
|-
| SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers
|-
| SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ)
|-
| SA9/074 || Ascari 
|-
| SA9/088 || Spectre Angel 
|-
| SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd.
|-
| SA9/113 || Noble
|-
| SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing
|-
| SA9/141 || Wrightbus
|-
| SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3
|-
| SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars
|-
| SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.)
|-
| SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer)
|-
| SA9/231 || Peel Engineering
|-
| SA9/337 || Ariel
|-
| SA9/341 || Zenos
|-
| SA9/438 || Charge Cars
|-
| SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive
|-
| SA9/474 || Mellor (bus)
|-
| SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car)
|-
| SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace)
|-
| SBB || Leyland Vehicles
|-
| SBC || Iveco Ford Truck
|-
| SBF || Nugent (trailer)
|-
| SBJ || Leyland Bus
|-
| SBL || Leyland Motors &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| SBM || McLaren
|-
| SBS || Scammell
|-
| SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| SBV || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks
|-
| SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer)
|-
| SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK
|-
| SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car
|-
| SCB || Bentley passenger car
|-
| SCC || Lotus Cars &amp; Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton
|-
| SCD || Reliant Motors
|-
| SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK)
|-
| SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car &amp; '21 DBX SUV
|-
| SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers
|-
| SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove
|-
| SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company &amp; London Taxi Company &amp; London Taxis International
|-
| SCV || Volvo Truck &amp; Bus Scotland
|-
| SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020)
|-
| SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV
|-
| SDB || Talbot
|-
| SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984
|-
| SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992
|-
| SDK || Caterham Cars
|-
| SDL || TVR
|-
| SDP || NAC MG UK &amp; MG Motor UK Ltd.
|-
| SDU || Utility (truck trailer)
|-
| SD7 || Aston Martin SUV
|-
| SD8 || Moke International Ltd.
|-
| SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi)
|-
| SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access
|-
| SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer)
|-
| SEY || LDV Group Ltd.
|-
| SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK
|-
| SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis
|-
| SFE || Alexander Dennis UK
|-
| SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer)
|-
| SFN || Foden Trucks &amp; Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks
|-
| SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus
|-
| SGA || Avondale (caravans)
|-
| SGB || Bailey (caravans)
|-
| SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans)
|-
| SGE || Elddis (caravans)
|-
| SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SG4 || Coachman (caravans)
|-
| SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car
|-
| SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV
|-
| SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck
|-
| SJA || Bentley SUV
|-
| SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd
|-
| SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti
|-
| SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan
|-
| SJ1 || Ree Automotive
|-
| SKA || Vauxhall
|-
| SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers &amp; Trucks
|-
| SKF || Bedford Vehicles
|-
| SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd
|-
| SLA || Rolls Royce SUV
|-
| SLC || Thwaites Dumpers
|-
| SLG || McMurtry Automotive
|-
| SLN || Niftylift
|-
| SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd.
|-
| SLV || Volvo bus
|-
| SMR || Montracon (truck trailer)
|-
| SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer)
|-
| SMX || Gray &amp; Adams (truck trailer)
|-
| SNE || Barkas (East Germany)
|-
| SNE || Wartburg (East Germany)
|-
| SNT || Trabant (East Germany)
|-
| SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany)
|-
| SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany)
|-
| ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer)
|-
| SUA || Autosan (bus)
|-
| SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer)
|-
| SUC || Wiola (trailer)
|-
| SUD || Wielton (truck trailers)
|-
| SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat)
|-
| SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland)
|-
| SUJ || Jelcz (Poland)
|-
| SUL || FSC (Poland)
|-
| SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers)
|-
| SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland)
|-
| SUU || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland)
|-
| SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland) - until 2004
|-
| SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer)
|-
| SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland)
|-
| SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer)
|-
| SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer)
|-
| SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer)
|-
| SVS || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer)
|-
| SWH || Temared (trailers)
|-
| SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers)
|-
| SWV || TA-NO (Poland)
|-
| SWZ || Zremb (trailers)
|-
| SW9/BA1 || Solbus
|-
| SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer)
|-
| SXE || Neptun Trailers
|-
| SXK || Konar (truck trailer)
|-
| SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o.
|-
| SXY || Wecon (truck trailer)
|-
| SXX || Martz (trailer)
|-
| SX7 || Arthur Bus
|-
| SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus)
|-
| SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer)
|-
| SYB || Rydwan (trailer)
|-
| SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer)
|-
| SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy)
|-
| SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer)
|-
| SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer)
|-
| SZA || Scania Poland
|-
| SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle)
|-
| SZL || Boro Trailers
|-
| SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) 
|-
| SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer)
|-
| SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer)
|-
| S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia)
|-
| TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon &amp; Wetzikon AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland)
|-
| TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland)
|-
| TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland)
|-
| TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland)
|-
| TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland)
|-
| TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland)
|-
| TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKP || Panav a.s.  (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV)
|-
| TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic)
|-
| TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia
|-
| TNE || TAZ
|-
| TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody)
|-
| TNT || Tatra trucks
|-
| TNU || Tatra trucks
|-
| TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer)
|-
| TRA || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TRC || Csepel bus
|-
| TRE || Rákos bus
|-
| TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary)
|-
| TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS)
|-
| TSB || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary
|-
| TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary)
|-
| TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary)
|-
| TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),&lt;br&gt; Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK)
|-
| TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary)
|-
| TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series)
|-
| TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal)
|-
| TW4 || UMM (Portugal)
|-
| TW6 || Citroën (Portugal)
|-
| TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland &amp; Austin Rover Portugal
|-
| TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili)
|-
| TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal)
|-
| TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive)
|-
| TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive)
|-
| T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands)
|-
| UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain)
|-
| UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain)
|-
| UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain)
|-
| UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium)
|-
| UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark)
|-
| UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark)
|-
| UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland
|-
| UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland)
|-
| UU1 || Dacia (Romania)
|-
| UU2 || Oltcit
|-
| UU3 || ARO
|-
| UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz
|-
| UU5 || Rocar
|-
| UU6 || Daewoo Romania
|-
| UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond
|-
| UU9 || Astra Bus
|-
| UVW || UMM (truck trailer)
|-
| UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus
|-
| UWR || Robus Reșița
|-
| UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov)
|-
| U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia)
|-
| U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia)
|-
| U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer)
|-
| U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus)
|-
| U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia)
|-
| VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G &amp; Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer
|-
| VAH || Hangler (truck trailer)
|-
| VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik
|-
| VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks
|-
| VAV || Schwarzmüller
|-
| VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer)
|-
| VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf &amp; Stift
|-
| VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle)
|-
| VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer)
|-
| VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer)
|-
| VBK || KTM 
|-
| VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles &amp; Gas Gas under KTM ownership
|-
| VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr
|-
| VFA || Alpine, Renault Alpine GTA
|-
| VFG || Caravelair (caravans)
|-
| VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers)
|-
| VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| VF1 || Renault, Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault, Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault,&lt;br&gt; Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, &amp; Grandis made by Renault
|-
| VF2 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VF3 || Peugeot
|-
| VF4 || Talbot
|-
| VF5 || Iveco Unic
|-
| VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. &amp; Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A.
|-
| VF7 || Citroën
|-
| VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra)
|-
| VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/300 || EvoBus France
|-
| VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/519 || Hommell 
|-
| VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper)
|-
| VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
|-
| VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus
|-
| VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus)
|-
| VGA || Peugeot Motocycles
|-
| VGT || ASCA (truck trailers)
|-
| VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers)
|-
| VGW || BSLT (truck trailers)
|-
| VGX || Coder (truck trailers)
|-
| VGY || Lohr (truck trailers)
|-
| VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) &amp; Yamaha Motor
|-
| VG6 || Renault Trucks &amp; Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks
|-
| VG7 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG8 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle)
|-
| VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus)
|-
| VHR || Robuste (truck trailer)
|-
| VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain
|-
| VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VH8 || Microcar
|-
| VJR || Ligier
|-
| VJY || Gruau
|-
| VJ1 || Heuliez Bus
|-
| VJ2 || Mia Electric
|-
| VJ4 || Gruau
|-
| VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer)
|-
| VK1 || SEG (truck trailer)
|-
| VK2 || Grandin Automobiles
|-
| VK8 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VLG || Aixam-Mega
|-
| VLU || Scania France
|-
| VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari
|-
| VMK || Renault Sport Spider
|-
| VMS || Automobiles Chatenet
|-
| VMT || SECMA
|-
| VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55
|-
| VM3 || Lamberet (trailer)
|-
| VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer)
|-
| VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB
|-
| VN4 || Voxan
|-
| VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL
|-
| VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France)
|-
| VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France &amp; '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF
|-
| VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault
|-
| VRW || Goupil
|-
| VR1 || DS Automobiles
|-
| VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis)
|-
| VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis)
|-
| VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S
|-
| VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers)
|-
| VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van
|-
| VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
|-
| VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV
|-
| VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.)
|-
| VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-)
|-
| VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- &amp; Fiat Topolino '23- &amp; Fiat Grande Panda '25-
|-
| VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico)
|-
| VYS || Renault &amp; Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290)
|-
| VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| UA2 || Iveco Massif &amp; Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain
|-
| VSC || Talbot
|-
| VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) &amp; Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, &amp; Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350)
|-
| VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup &amp; Ford Maverick 1993–1999
|-
| VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers)
|-
| VSS || SEAT/Cupra
|-
| VSX || Opel Spain
|-
| VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus)
|-
| VS1 || Pegaso
|-
| VS5 || Renault Spain
|-
| VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain
|-
| VS7 || Citroën Spain
|-
| VS8 || Peugeot Spain
|-
| VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain)
|-
| VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana
|-
| VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain)
|-
| VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica 
|-
| VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain)
|-
| VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models)
|-
| VTH || Derbi (motorcycles)
|-
| VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models)
|-
| VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles)
|-
| VTR || Gas Gas
|-
| VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers)
|-
| VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers)
|-
| VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain
|-
| VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza
|-
| VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles
|-
| VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VWL || Indox (truck trailers)
|-
| VWV || Volkswagen Spain
|-
| VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia)
|-
| V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia)
|-
| V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia)
|-
| V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia)
|-
| V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia)
|-
| V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia)
|-
| V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia)
|-
| V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia)
|-
| V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia)
|-
| WAC || Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant
|-
| WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer)
|-
| WAG || Neoplan
|-
| WAP || Alpina
|-
| WAU || Audi car
|-
| WA1 || Audi SUV
|-
| WBA || BMW car
|-
| WBC || Boom Trikes
|-
| WBJ || Bitter Cars
|-
| WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH 
|-
| WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers)
|-
| WBS || BMW M car
|-
| WBU || Bürstner (caravans)
|-
| WBX || BMW SUV
|-
| WBY || BMW i car
|-
| WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WB1 || BMW Motorrad 
|-
| WB2 || Blyss (trailer)
|-
| WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS
|-
| WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin
|-
| WB5 || BMW i SUV
|-
| WCD || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019
|-
| WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer)
|-
| WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] &amp; Maybach
|-
| WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car
|-
| WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French &amp; Spanish built models – Citan &amp; Vito &amp; X-Class)
|-
| WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019
|-
| WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDT || Dethleffs (caravans)
|-
| WDW || Dodge Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009
|-
| WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009
|-
| WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDZ || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck
|-
| WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses)
|-
| WEG || Ablinger  (trailer)
|-
| WEL || e.GO Mobile AG
|-
| WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH
|-
| WFC || Fendt (caravans)
|-
| WFD || Fliegl Trailer
|-
| WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH
|-
| WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany
|-
| WF1 || Merkur
|-
| WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH
|-
| WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer)
|-
| WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| WHL || Hulco (trailer)
|-
| WHW || Hako GmbH
|-
| WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer)
|-
| WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus
|-
| WJR || Irmscher
|-
| WKE || Krone (truck trailers)
|-
| WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer)
|-
| WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans)
|-
| WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers)
|-
| WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers)
|-
| WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers
|-
| WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane)
|-
| WMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus 
|-
| WME || smart (from 5/99)
|-
| WMG || Demag Cranes
|-
| WMM || Karl Müller GmbH &amp; Co. KG (truck trailers)
|-
| WMP || M &amp; V GmbH (truck trailers)
|-
| WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar)
|-
| WMW || MINI car
|-
| WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG &amp; Mercedes-AMG GT &amp; Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America)
|-
| WMZ || MINI SUV
|-
| WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE
|-
| WP0 || Porsche car
|-
| WP1 || Porsche SUV
|-
| WRA || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| WRJ || Riese &amp; Müller (bicycle)
|-
| WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers)
|-
| WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers)
|-
| WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers)
|-
| WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group
|-
| WS5 || StreetScooter
|-
| WS7 || Sono Motors
|-
| WTA || Tabbert (caravans)
|-
| WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car
|-
| WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV
|-
| WVG || Volkswagen SUV &amp; Touran
|-
| WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN
|-
| WVP || Viseon Bus
|-
| WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan
|-
| WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok)
|-
| WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus)
|-
| WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (chassis cab)
|-
| WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok &amp; T7 Transporter made by Ford)
|-
| WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford)
|-
| WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer)
|-
| WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer)
|-
| WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America)
|-
| W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer)
|-
| W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall &amp; Holden
|-
| W0L || Holden Zafira &amp; Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand
|-
| W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall &amp; Holden (since 2017)
|-
| W04 || Buick Regal &amp; Buick Cascada
|-
| W06 || Cadillac Catera
|-
| W08 || Saturn Astra
|-
| W09/A55 || Artega Automobile
|-
| W09/A71 || Apollo
|-
| W09/B09 || Bitter Cars
|-
| W09/B16 || Brabus
|-
| W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer)
|-
| W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus)
|-
| W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E04 || Eder (trailer)
|-
| W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F57 || Twike
|-
| W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/G64 || Gumpert
|-
| W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau
|-
| W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H49 || H&amp;W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/J02 || Isdera
|-
| W09/K27 || Krupp
|-
| W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/L05 || Liebherr
|-
| W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles)
|-
| W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer)
|-
| W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn)
|-
| W09/R06 || RUF
|-
| W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R38 || Rewaco
|-
| W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus)
|-
| W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH &amp; Co. KG  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer)
|-
| W09/W59 || Wiesmann
|-
| W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W1A || smart
|-
| W1H || Freightliner Econic
|-
| W1K || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck
|-
| W1V || Mercedes-Benz van
|-
| W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1Z || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle
|-
| W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia)
|-
| XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece)
|-
| XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece)
|-
| XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece
|-
| XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. &amp; Co. (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece
|-
| XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia)
|-
| XKM || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| XLA || DAF Bus International
|-
| XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars)
|-
| XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands
|-
| XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V.
|-
| XLE || Scania Netherlands
|-
| XLH || Hapert (trailer)
|-
| XLJ || Anssems (trailer)
|-
| XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XLR || DAF Trucks &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| XLU || Henra (trailer)
|-
| XLV || DAF Bus
|-
| XLW || Terberg Benschop BV
|-
| XL3 || Ebusco
|-
| XL4 ||Lightyear
|-
| XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV
|-
| XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks
|-
| XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars
|-
| XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer)
|-
| XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen
|-
| XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer)
|-
| XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers)
|-
| XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter)
|-
| XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes
|-
| XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus
|-
| XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer)
|-
| XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/363 || Spyker
|-
| XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer)
|-
| XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer)
|-
| XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/527 || GINAF
|-
| XL9/530 || Ebusco
|-
| XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer)
|-
| XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD)
|-
| XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD)
|-
| XMG || VDL Bus International
|-
| XMR || Nooteboom Trailers 
|-
| XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper)
|-
| XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD)
|-
| XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD)
|-
| XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer)
|-
| XNL || VDL Bus &amp; Coach
|-
| XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XPN || Knapen Trailers
|-
| XPP || Atec Trailers
|-
| XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg)
|-
| XRP || Proline (trailer)
|-
| XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer)
|-
| XR7 || Qarry
|-
| XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia)
|-
| XTC || KAMAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTF || GolAZ (Russia) 
|-
| XTH || GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTK || IzhAvto (Russia)
|-
| XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997
|-
| XTP || Ural (Russia)
|-
| XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer)
|-
| XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia)
|-
| XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia)
|-
| XTW || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTY || LiAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTZ || ZiL (Russia)
|-
| XUF || General Motors Russia
|-
| XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD, Kaiyi Auto)
|-
| XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM)
|-
| XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer)
|-
| XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XVU || Start (truck trailer)
|-
| XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia
|-
| XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia
|-
| XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan)
|-
| XWB || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD)
|-
| XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD)
|-
| XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD)
|-
| XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg)
|-
| XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer)
|-
| XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus)
|-
| XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia)
|-
| X1E || KAvZ (Russia)
|-
| X1F || NefAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1M || PAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1P || Ural (Russia)
|-
| X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia)
|-
| X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD)
|-
| X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia)
|-
| X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia)
|-
| X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] &amp; Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia)
|-
| X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus
|-
| X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus
|-
| X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus)
|-
| X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus)
|-
| X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus)
|-
| X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus)
|-
| X89/FY1 || Sherp 
|-
| X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles
|-
| X8U || Scania Russia
|-
| X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO
|-
| X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ
|-
| X9N || Samoltor (minibus)
|-
| X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks)
|-
| X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways
|-
| X9X || Great Wall Motors 
|-
| X96 || GAZ
|-
| X99/000 || Marussia
|-
| X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer)
|-
| X0T || Tonar (truck trailer)
|-
| YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers)
|-
| YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers)
|-
| YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers)
|-
| YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis
|-
| YA2 || Atlas Copco Group
|-
| YA5 || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/128 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet
|-
| YA9/180 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/195 || Denolf &amp; Depla (minibus)
|-
| YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe)
|-
| YBD || Addax Motors
|-
| YBW || Volkswagen Belgium
|-
| YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck)
|-
| YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis)
|-
| YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium)
|-
| YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK
|-
| YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle)
|-
| YC3 || Eduard Trailers
|-
| YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium)
|-
| YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium)
|-
| YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium)
|-
| YE6 || STAS (truck trailer)
|-
| YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer)
|-
| YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YH1 || Solifer (caravans)
|-
| YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles)
|-
| YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive
|-
| YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland
|-
| YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto
|-
| YK9/003 || Kabus (bus)
|-
| YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus)
|-
| YK9/016 || Linkker (bus)
|-
| YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab)
|-
| YSM || Polestar cars 
|-
| YSP || Volta Trucks AB
|-
| YSR || Polestar SUV
|-
| YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) 
|-
| YS3 || Saab cars
|-
| YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory)
|-
| YS5 || OmniNova (minibus)
|-
| YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus)
|-
| YTN || Saab made by NEVS
|-
| YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YT9/007 || Koenigsegg
|-
| YT9/034 || Carvia
|-
| YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer)
|-
| YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles)
|-
| YVV || WiMa 442 EV
|-
| YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars
|-
| YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks
|-
| YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis
|-
| YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV
|-
| YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway)
|-
| YYC || Think Nordic (Norway)
|-
| YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway)
|-
| Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway)
|-
| Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus)
|-
| Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus)
|-
| Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus)
|-
| Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus)
|-
| Y3M || MAZ (Belarus)
|-
| Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus
|-
| Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus)
|-
| Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) 
|-
| Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine
|-
| Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| ZAA || Autobianchi
|-
| ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024-
|-
| ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet
|-
| ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter)
|-
| ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles
|-
| ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]]
|-
| ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera
|-
| ZAR || Alfa Romeo car
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud &amp; Sprint through 1989
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018-
|-
| ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002)
|-
| ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System
|-
| ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus)
|-
| ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL
|-
| ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]]
|-
| ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro
|-
| ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus)
|-
| ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
|-
| ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus)
|-
| ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus)
|-
| ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali
|-
| ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale
|-
| ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina
|-
| ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBB || Bertone
|-
| ZBD || InBus
|-
| ZBN || Benelli
|-
| ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum
|-
| ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy)
|-
| ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta
|-
| ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership
|-
| ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus)
|-
| ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A.
|-
| ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCZ || BredaBus
|-
| ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A.
|-
| ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati
|-
| ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA
|-
| ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino
|-
| ZDJ || ACM Biagini
|-
| ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA
|-
| ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA
|-
| ZDY || Cacciamali
|-
| ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA &amp; Belgarda SpA
|-
| ZD3 || Beta Motor
|-
| ZD4 || Aprilia
|-
| ZD5 || Casalini
|-
| ZEB || Ellebi (trailer)
|-
| ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis &amp; Mobilvetta recreational vehicles
|-
| ZES || Bimota
|-
| ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle)
|-
| ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFA || Fiat
|-
| ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV &amp; Ram Promaster City
|-
| ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200)
|-
| ZFE || KL Motorcycle
|-
| ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]]
|-
| ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFM || Fantic Motor
|-
| ZFR || Pininfarina
|-
| ZF4 || Qvale
|-
| ZGA || Iveco Bus
|-
| ZGP || Merker (truck trailer)
|-
| ZGU || Moto Guzzi
|-
| ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle)
|-
| ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership
|-
| ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – )
|-
| ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle)
|-
| ZJM || Malaguti
|-
| ZJN || Innocenti
|-
| ZJT || Italjet
|-
| ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle)
|-
| ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership
|-
| ZLA || Lancia
|-
| ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA
|-
| ZLM || Moto Morini srl
|-
| ZLV || Laverda
|-
| ZNN || Energica
|-
| ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l.
|-
| ZN3 || Iveco Defence
|-
| ZN6 || Maserati SUV
|-
| ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV
|-
| ZPY || DR Automobiles
|-
| ZP6 || XEV
|-
| ZP8 || Regis Motors
|-
| ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA
|-
| ZR1 || Microlino
|-
| ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV
|-
| ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia)
|-
| Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan)
|-
| Z8M || Marussia (Russia)
|-
| Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia)
|-
| Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia)
|-
| Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia)
|-
| Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia)
|-
| Z07 || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only
|-
| 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc.
|-
| 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera)
|-
| 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 &amp; Bugatti EB110)
|-
| 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC)
|-
| 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 1AF || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 1AM || American Motors Corporation car &amp; Renault Alliance 1983 only
|-
| 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002
|-
| 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995
|-
| 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers
|-
| 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles
|-
| 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles
|-
| 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles
|-
| 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus
|-
| 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV
|-
| 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1BL || Balko, Inc.
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012–
|-
| 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/291 || CX Automotive
|-
| 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus)
|-
| 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International
|-
| 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation
|-
| 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation)
|-
| 1CY || Crane Carrier Company
|-
| 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009
|-
| 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only
|-
| 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc.
|-
| 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre &amp; Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus)
|-
| 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries)
|-
| 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle)
|-
| 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ
|-
| 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor
|-
| 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus)
|-
| 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford
|-
| 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|- 
| 1FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009)
|-
| 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC
|-
| 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. 
|-
| 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes
|- 
| 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp.
|-
| 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA
|-
| 1G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984
|-
| 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017
|-
| 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010
|-
| 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 1G9/495 || Google &amp; Waymo
|-
| 1GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck 
|-
| 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GF || Flxible bus
|-
| 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM
|-
| 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986
|-
| 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004
|-
| 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020
|-
| 1GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987–
|-
| 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987–
|-
| 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV
|-
| 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987-
|-
| 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck 
|-
| 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV
|-
| 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 1HD || Harley-Davidson &amp; LiveWire
|-
| 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV
|-
| 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 1HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks &amp; Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group
|-
| 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer)
|-
| 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JU || Marmon Motor Company
|-
| 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine)
|-
| 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer)
|-
| 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car
|-
| 1LV || Lectra Motors
|-
| 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers
|-
| 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine
|-
| 1L9/155 || LA Exotics
|-
| 1L9/234 || Laforza
|-
| 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co.
|-
| 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 1MR || Continental Mark VI &amp; VII 1981–1985 &amp; Continental sedan 1982–1985
|-
| 1M0 || John Deere Gator
|-
| 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck)
|-
| 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider)
|-
| 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus)
|-
| 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus)
|-
| 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive
|-
| 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019
|-
| 1N4 || Nissan car
|-
| 1N6 || Nissan truck
|-
| 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA
|-
| 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California)
|-
| 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus)
|-
| 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck)
|-
| 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV
|-
| 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp
|-
| 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles)
|-
| 1P9/213 || Panoz
|-
| 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PY || John Deere USA
|-
| 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation
|-
| 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles)
|-
| 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT)
|-
| 1S9/842 || Saleen S7
|-
| 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC
|-
| 1S9/944 || SSC North America
|-
| 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles
|-
| 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck)
|-
| 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA
|-
| 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper
|-
| 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC
|-
| 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
|-
| 1UJ || Jayco, Inc.
|-
| 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General
|-
| 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1VH || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 1VW || Volkswagen car
|-
| 1V1 || Volkswagen truck
|-
| 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV
|-
| 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive
|-
| 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works
|-
| 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck)
|-
| 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider)
|-
| 1WT || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck)
|-
| 1WV 1WW || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider)
|-
| 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars
|-
| 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 &amp; later)
|-
| 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation
|-
| 1XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987
|-
| 1XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc.
|-
| 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider
|-
| 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]]
|-
| 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer)
|-
| 10R || E-Z-GO
|-
| 10T || Oshkosh Corporation 
|-
| 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 12A || Avanti
|-
| 137 || AM General Hummer &amp; Hummer H1
|-
| 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer)
|-
| 15G || Gillig bus
|-
| 16C || Clenet Coachworks
|-
| 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010)
|-
| 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome
|-
| 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 2A3 || Imperial
|-
| 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only
|-
| 2AY 2AZ || Hino
|-
| 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2BP || Ski-Doo
|-
| 2BV || Can-Am &amp; Bombardier ATV
|-
| 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV
|-
| 2BX || Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002
|-
| 2B5 || Dodge &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002
|-
| 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager &amp; Volkswagen Routan) 2012-
|-
| 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005
|-
| 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors
|-
| 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles
|-
| 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only
|-
| 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only
|-
| 2CM || American Motors Corporation car
|-
| 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only
|-
| 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only
|-
| 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003
|-
| 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003
|-
| 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2DG || Ontario Drive &amp; Gear
|-
| 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation
|-
| 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager)
|-
| 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 2FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle)
|-
| 2FY || New Flyer
|-
| 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|- 
| 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada
|-
| 2G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 2G5 ||  GMC MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2G5 ||  Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023-
|-
| 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 2G7 ||  Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2G8 ||  Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 
|-
| 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 2GC || Chevrolet truck 
|-
| 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles 
|-
| 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus &amp; GM Classic series bus 
|-
| 2GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– 
|-
| 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– 
|-
| 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- 
|-
| 2GT || GMC truck 
|-
| 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HM || Hyundai Canada
|-
| 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo
|-
| 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse
|-
| 2LM || Lincoln SUV
|-
| 2LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck)
|-
| 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider)
|-
| 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on)
|-
| 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV
|-
| 2M9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries
|-
| 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NV || Nova Bus 
|-
| 2P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000
|-
| 2P5 || Plymouth &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983
|-
| 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995
|-
| 2PC || Prevost 1996-
|-
| 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited
|-
| 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC
|-
| 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2W9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2WK || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2WM || Western Star (glider)
|-
| 2XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only
|-
| 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck)
|-
| 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AX || Scania Mexico
|-
| 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses)
|-
| 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BH || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BP || Peterbilt  (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993
|-
| 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012–
|-
| 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662)
|-
| 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico
|-
| 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V.
|-
| 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009
|-
| 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009
|-
| 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011
|-
| 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011
|-
| 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont)
|-
| 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford &amp; IMMSA
|-
| 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico
|-
| 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck)
|-
| 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 &amp; Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 3F6 || Sterling Bullet
|-
| 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico
|-
| 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
| 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020
|-
| 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV
|-
| 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV
|-
| 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico
|-
| 3GC || Chevrolet truck
|-
| 3GK || GMC SUV
|-
| 3GM || Holden Suburban
|-
| 3GN || Chevrolet SUV
|-
| 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM
|-
| 3GS || Saturn SUV
|-
| 3GT || GMC truck
|-
| 3GY || Cadillac SUV
|-
| 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV
|-
| 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers)
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 3HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 3HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus)  
|-
| 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV &amp; Can-Am Ryker)
|-
| 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX
|-
| 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX
|-
| 3LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995)
|-
| 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2)
|-
| 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011)
|-
| 3MF || BMW M car
|-
| 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico
|-
| 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico)
|-
| 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30)
|-
| 3MW || BMW car
|-
| 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation
|-
| 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3)
|-
| 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car
|-
| 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck &amp; Chevrolet City Express
|-
| 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV
|-
| 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV
|-
| 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV
|-
| 3P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS
|-
| 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC
|-
| 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT
|-
| 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV
|-
| 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car
|-
| 3WK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 3WP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck)
|-
| 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car
|-
| 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV
|-
| 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4B9/038 || BYD Coach &amp; Bus LLC
|-
| 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle)
|-
| 4C9/561 || Czinger
|-
| 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc.
|-
| 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus)
|-
| 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer)
|-
| 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford
|-
| 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford
|-
| 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM
|-
| 4G5 || General Motors EV1
|-
| 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM
|-
| 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra
|-
| 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM
|-
| 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV
|-
| 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer)
|-
| 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KL || Isuzu N-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) built by GM
|-
| 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors]
|-
| 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division
|-
| 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company
|-
| 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford
|-
| 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM
|-
| 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA
|-
| 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994
|-
| 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only
|-
| 4RK || Nova Bus &amp; Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc.
|-
| 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive &amp; 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA
|-
| 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car
|-
| 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV
|-
| 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles
|-
| 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer)
|-
| 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck
|-
| 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars)
|-
| 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.)
|-
| 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi)
|-
| 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive
|-
| 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc.
|-
| 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors
|-
| 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc.
|-
| 4US || BMW car
|-
| 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation &amp; &lt;br /&gt; gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Thomas Built Buses FS-65 &amp; Saf-T-Liner C2
|-
| 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+
|-
| 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle)  1996+
|-
| 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider)
|-
| 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only)
|-
| 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales
|-
| 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC
|-
| 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM
|-
| 4XA || Polaris Inc.
|-
| 4X4 || Forest River
|-
| 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle)
|-
| 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc.
|-
| 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer)
|-
| 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 43C || Consulier
|-
| 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment)
|-
| 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle
|-
| 46J || Federal Motors Inc
|-
| 478 || Honda ATV
|-
| 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck)
|-
| 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011
|-
| 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer)
|-
| 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc.
|-
| 5BP || Solectria
|-
| 5BZ || Nissan &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA)
|-
| 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5CX || Shelby Series 1
|-
| 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC
|-
| 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer
|-
| 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle
|-
| 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer)
|-
| 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles)
|-
| 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama 
|-
| 5FT || Feeling Trailers
|-
| 5FY || New Flyer
|-
| 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV
|-
| 5GD || Daewoo G2X
|-
| 5GN || Hummer H3T
|-
| 5GR || Hummer H2
|-
| 5GT || Hummer H3
|-
| 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV
|-
| 5G8 || Holden Volt
|-
| 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets
|-
| 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 5J5 || Club Car
|-
| 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5KM || Vento Motorcycles
|-
| 5KT || Karavan Trailers
|-
| 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009)
|-
| 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle
|-
| 5LD || Ford &amp; Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014)
|-
| 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV
|-
| 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck
|-
| 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets
|-
| 5N1 || Nissan &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5N3 || Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5NH || Forest River
|-
| 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA
|-
| 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA
|-
| 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA
|-
| 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA
|-
| 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC
|-
| 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 5S3 || Saab 9-7X
|-
| 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV)
|-
| 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor)
|-
| 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI
|-
| 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV &amp; Lexus TX made by TMMI
|-
| 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX
|-
| 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer)
|-
| 5UM || BMW M car
|-
| 5UX || BMW SUV
|-
| 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 5VP || Victory Motorcycles
|-
| 5V4 || Autocar truck
|-
| 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer)
|-
| 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck)
|-
| 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG
|-
| 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG
|-
| 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC)
|-
| 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS
|-
| 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021)
|-
| 5YM || BMW M SUV
|-
| 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc.
|-
| 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI
|-
| 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV)
|-
| 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck)
|-
| 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan
|-
| 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car
|-
| 50G || Karma Automotive
|-
| 516 || Autocar truck
|-
| 51R || Brammo Motorcycles
|-
| 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group)
|-
| 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc.
|-
| 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric
|-
| 538 || Zero Motorcycles
|-
| 53G || Coda Automotive
|-
| 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN
|-
| 546 || EBR Motorcycles
|-
| 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer
|-
| 54D || Isuzu &amp; Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group
|-
| 54F || Rosenbauer
|-
| 55S || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary)
|-
| 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer)
|-
| 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 57R || Oreion Motors
|-
| 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles)
|-
| 57W || Mobility Ventures
|-
| 57X || Polaris Slingshot
|-
| 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES)
|-
| 6AB || MAN Australia
|-
| 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs)
|-
| 6F1 || Ford
|-
| 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd.
|-
| 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia
|-
| 6F5 || Kenworth Australia
|-
| 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia
|-
| 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia
|-
| 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) &amp; Chevrolet &amp; Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8
|-
| 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO &amp; G8)
|-
| 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan 2014-2017
|-
| 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002)
|-
| 6KT || BCI Bus
|-
| 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia 
|-
| 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994
|-
| 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia
|-
| 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia
|-
| 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand
|-
| 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 7AB || MAN New Zealand
|-
| 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009
|-
| 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand
|-
| 7A3 || Honda New Zealand
|-
| 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand
|-
| 7A5 || Ford New Zealand
|-
| 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand
|-
| 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009
|-
| 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand
|-
| 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 7FC || Rivian truck
|-
| 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. 
|-
| 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 7G0 || Faraday Future
|- 
| 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks &amp; Texas-built Cybertruck)
|- 
| 7H4 || Hino truck
|-
| 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle
|- 
| 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV
|- 
| 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car
|- 
| 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on
|- 
| 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works
|- 
| 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer)
|-
| 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|- 
| 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|-
| 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck
|-
| 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles
|-
| 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense
|- 
| 7NY || Lordstown Motors
|- 
| 7PD || Rivian SUV
|- 
| 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions
|- 
| 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y))
|-
| 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group
|-
| 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX
|-
| 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022-
|- 
| 7SY || Polestar SUV
|-
| 7TN || Canoo
|-
| 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV
|-
| 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer)
|-
| 7VV || Ree Automotive
|-
| 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV)
|-
| 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle
|-
| 7YA || Hyundai MPV/SUV made by HMGMA
|-
| 7Z0 || Zoox
|-
| 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck &amp; bus (Argentina)
|-
| 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America)
|-
| 8AD || Peugeot Argentina
|-
| 8AE || Peugeot van
|-
| 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina
|-
| 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina
|-
| 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina
|-
| 8AK || Suzuki Argentina
|-
| 8AN || Nissan Argentina
|-
| 8AP || Fiat Argentina
|-
| 8AT || Iveco Argentina
|-
| 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina
|-
| 8A1 || Renault Argentina
|-
| 8A3 || Scania Argentina
|-
| 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A.
|-
| 8BC || Citroën Argentina
|-
| 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| 8BR || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8CH || Honda motorcycle
|-
| 8C3 || Honda car/SUV
|-
| 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault
|-
| 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot
|-
| 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile
|-
| 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador
|-
| 8LF || Maresa (Mazda)
|-
| 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor &amp; Kia)
|-
| 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto)
|-
| 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela
|-
| 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A.
|-
| 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia)
|-
| 9BD || Fiat Brazil &amp; Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil
|-
| 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil
|-
| 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil
|-
| 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil
|-
| 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck &amp; bus
|-
| 9BN || Mafersa
|-
| 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 9BS || Scania Brazil
|-
| 9BU ||Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct Brazilian automaker)
|-
| 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil
|-
| 9BY || Agrale S.A.
|-
| 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil
|-
| 9DF || Puma
|-
| 9DW || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil
|-
| 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles
|-
| 92H || Origem Brazil
|-
| 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 935 || Citroën Brazil
|-
| 936 || Peugeot Brazil
|-
| 937 || Dodge Dakota
|-
| 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil)
|-
| 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV
|-
| 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 93P || Volare
|-
| 93S || Navistar International
|-
| 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006
|-
| 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016
|-
| 93V || Navistar International
|-
| 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny
|-
| 93Y || Renault Brazil
|-
| 93Z || Iveco
|-
| 94D || Nissan Brazil
|-
| 94N || RWM Brazil
|-
| 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais
|-
| 95P || CAOA Hyundai &amp; CAOA Chery
|-
| 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) &amp; Ducati, KTM, &amp; MV Agusta assembled by Dafra
|-
| 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016
|-
| 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 953 || VW Truck &amp; Bus / MAN Truck &amp; Bus
|-
| 96P || Kawasaki
|-
| 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd.
|-
| 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant)
|-
| 98M || BMW car/SUV
|-
| 98P || DAF Trucks
|-
| 98R || Chery
|-
| 99A || Audi 2016-
|-
| 99H || Shineray
|-
| 99J || Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| 99K || Haojue &amp; Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos
|-
| 99L || BYD
|-
| 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-)
|-
| 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa)
|-
| 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda)
|-
| 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.)
|-
| 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano)
|-
| 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy)
|-
| 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>gymd2p7htkfru7e8obs7hova2ix15n1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638757</id>
      <parentid>4638741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T16:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List of Many WMIs */</comment>
      <origin>4638757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="133000" sha1="neh9179jmnl63lbnxo8rb4bxbsnv9m0" xml:space="preserve">==World Manufacturer Identifier==
The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. 

===WMI Regions===
The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/
| title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780
| publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI
! Region
! Notes
|-
| A-C
| Africa
| AA-AH = South Africa&lt;br /&gt;BF-BG = Kenya&lt;br /&gt;BU = Uganda&lt;br /&gt;CA-CB = Egypt&lt;br /&gt;DF-DK = Morocco
|-
| E, H-R
| Asia
| E=Russia&lt;br /&gt;H = China&lt;br /&gt;J = Japan&lt;br /&gt;KF-KH = Israel&lt;br /&gt;KL-KR = South Korea&lt;br /&gt;L = China&lt;br /&gt;MA-ME = India&lt;br /&gt;MF-MK = Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;ML-MR = Thailand&lt;br /&gt;MS = Myanmar&lt;br /&gt;MX = Kazakhstan&lt;br /&gt;MY-M0 = India&lt;br /&gt;NF-NG = Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;NL-NR = Turkey&lt;br /&gt;NS-NT = Uzbekistan&lt;br /&gt;PA-PC = Philippines&lt;br /&gt;PF-PG = Singapore&lt;br /&gt;PL-PR = Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;PS-PT = Bangladesh&lt;br /&gt;PV=Cambodia&lt;br /&gt;RA-RB = United Arab Emirates&lt;br /&gt;RF-RK = Taiwan&lt;br /&gt;RL-RN = Vietnam&lt;br /&gt;RS-RT = Saudi Arabia&lt;br /&gt;RU-RW = Russia&lt;br /&gt;R1-R7 = Hong Kong

|-
| S-Z
| Europe
| SA-SM = United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)&lt;br /&gt;SU-SZ = Poland&lt;br /&gt;TA-TH = Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;TJ-TP = Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;TR-TV = Hungary&lt;br /&gt;TW-T2 = Portugal&lt;br /&gt;UH-UM = Denmark&lt;br /&gt;UN-UR = Ireland&lt;br /&gt;UU-UX = Romania&lt;br /&gt;U1-U2 = North Macedonia&lt;br /&gt;U5-U7 = Slovakia&lt;br /&gt;VA-VE = Austria&lt;br /&gt;VF-VR = France&lt;br /&gt;VS-VW = Spain&lt;br /&gt;VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)&lt;br /&gt;V3-V5 = Croatia&lt;br /&gt;V6-V8 = Estonia&lt;br /&gt; W = Germany (formerly West Germany)&lt;br /&gt;XA-XC = Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;XF-XH = Greece&lt;br /&gt;XL-XR = The Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)&lt;br /&gt;XX-XY = Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;XZ-X0 = Russia&lt;br /&gt;YA-YE = Belgium&lt;br /&gt;YF-YK = Finland&lt;br /&gt;YS-YW = Sweden&lt;br /&gt;YX-Y2 = Norway&lt;br /&gt;Y3-Y5 = Belarus&lt;br /&gt;Y6-Y8 = Ukraine&lt;br /&gt;ZA-ZU = Italy&lt;br /&gt;ZX-ZZ = Slovenia&lt;br /&gt;Z3-Z5 = Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Z6-Z0 = Russia
|-
| 1-5
| North America
| 1, 4, 5 = United States&lt;br /&gt;2 = Canada&lt;br /&gt;3 = Mexico&lt;br /&gt;7F-70 = United States
|-
| 6-7
| Oceania
| 6A-6W = Australia&lt;br /&gt;7A-7E = New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;Revised: 6A-6X = Australia&lt;br /&gt;6Y-61 = New Zealand
|-
| 8-9
| South America
| 8A-8E = Argentina&lt;br /&gt;8F-8G = Chile&lt;br /&gt;8L-8N = Ecuador&lt;br /&gt;8S-8T = Peru&lt;br /&gt;8X-8Z = Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;82 = Bolivia&lt;br /&gt;84 = Costa Rica&lt;br /&gt;9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil&lt;br /&gt;9F-9G = Colombia&lt;br /&gt;9S-9V = Uruguay
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3

! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''A''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | South Africa || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ivory Coast || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lesotho || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Botswana || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Namibia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Madagascar || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cyprus || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mozambique || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''B''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Angola || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ethiopia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kenya || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rwanda || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nigeria || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Algeria || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Swaziland || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Uganda || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Africa''|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Libya || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''C''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Egypt || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Morocco || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zambia || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''D''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|-
| '''E''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''F''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| '''G'''
|-
| '''H''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''J''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Japan
|-
| '''K''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Israel || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jordan || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyrgyzstan || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' 
|-
| '''L''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''M''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | India || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Indonesia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Thailand || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Myanmar || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mongolia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kazakhstan || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | India
|-
| '''N''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pakistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iraq || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uzbekistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Azerbaijan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Tajikistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Armenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
| '''P''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Philippines || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singapore || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Malaysia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangladesh || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | India 
|-
| '''R''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | UAE || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Taiwan || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Vietnam || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Laos || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saudi Arabia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Hong Kong || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''S''' || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | United Kingdom || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Germany &lt;small&gt;(former East Germany)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Poland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Latvia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Georgia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iceland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''T''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Switzerland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Czech Republic || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hungary || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Portugal || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Serbia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Andorra || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''U''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Denmark || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ireland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | North Macedonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovakia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bosnia &amp; Herzogovina
|-
| '''V''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Austria || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | France || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | France &lt;small&gt;(formerly Yugoslavia &amp; Serbia)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Croatia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Estonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''W''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Germany
|-
| '''X''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bulgaria || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Greece || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia &lt;small&gt;(former USSR)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Luxembourg || colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''Y''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Belgium || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Finland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Malta || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sweden || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Norway || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Belarus || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ukraine || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''Z''' || colspan=&quot;18&quot; | Italy || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | San Marino|| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Europe''|| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lithuania || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''1''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | United States
|-
| '''2''' || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | Canada || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''3''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Mexico || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nicaragua || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Dom. Rep. || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Honduras || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Panama || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Puerto Rico || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''4''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | United States
|-
| '''5''' 
|-
| '''6''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Australia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Oceania''
|-
| '''7''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | United States
|-
| '''8''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ecuador || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Peru || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Venezuela || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bolivia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Costa Rica || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''South America'' 
|-
| '''9''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Brazil || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Colombia || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''South America''  || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Uruguay || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Brazil 
|-
| '''0''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|}

===List of Many WMIs===
The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html
| title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
| date=October 2009
| publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned.

{| class=&quot;wikitable x&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI !! Manufacturer
|-
| AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa
|-
| AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd.
|-
| AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck &amp; Bus)
|-
|AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number)
|-
| AAV || Volkswagen South Africa
|-
| AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt &amp; Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks &amp; Buses Southern Africa
|-
| ABM || BMW Southern Africa
|-
| ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018-
|-
| AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa 
|-
| AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa)
|-
| ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car
|-
| ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018)
|-
| ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd.
|-
| AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa)
|-
| AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa &amp; Samcor
|-
| AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa
|-
| AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa
|-
| AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa
|-
| AHH || Hino South Africa
|-
| AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000
|-
| AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd.
|-
| BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya
|-
| BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda
|-
| BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB)
|-
| BRY || FIAT Algeria
|-
| CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt)
|-
| DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt)
|-
| DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco)
|-
| EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia)
|-
| EAN || Evolute (Russia)
|-
| EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia)
|-
| EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia)
|-
| EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia)
|-
| ECE || XCITE (Russia)
|-
| ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia)
|-
| HAC || GAC Motor (Aion)
|-
| HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray)
|-
| HA6 || Niu Technologies
|-
| HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd.
|-
| HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) 
|-
| HGL ||  Farizon Auto van (Geely)
|-
| HGX ||  Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely)
|-
| HHZ || Huazi Automobile
|-
| HJN || Nio, Firefly 
|-
| HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van
|-
| HJ4 || BAW car
|-
| HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. &lt;br /&gt;(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| HLX || Li Auto
|-
| HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| HVW || Volkswagen Anhui
|-
| HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| HXM || Xiaomi
|-
| HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAB || Isuzu car
|-
| JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey &amp; Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu
|-
| JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty)
|-
| JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America)
|-
| JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) &amp; Nissan Rogue PHEV '26
|-
| JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America)
|-
| JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda
|-
| JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda
|-
| JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda
|-
| JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu
|-
| JD1 || Daihatsu car
|-
| JD2 || Daihatsu SUV
|-
| JD4 || Daihatsu truck
|-
| JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car
|-
| JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV
|-
| JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck
|-
| JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru
|-
| JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada
|-
| JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck)
|-
| JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck)
|-
| JHA || Hino truck
|-
| JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHD || Hino
|-
| JHF || Hino
|-
| JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,&lt;br/&gt;JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]]
|-
| JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV
|-
| JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car
|-
| JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck
|-
| JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV
|-
| JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV
|-
| JH4 || Acura car
|-
| JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKM || Mitsuoka
|-
| JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki
|-
| JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki
|-
| JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault)
|-
| JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive)
|-
| JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive)
|-
| JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America &amp; Middle East
|-
| JMZ || Mazda for Europe export &amp; Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain &amp; Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France
|-
| JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export
|-
| JM1 || Mazda car
|-
| JM2 || Mazda truck
|-
| JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV
|-
| JM4 || Mazda
|-
| JM6 || Mazda
|-
| JM7 || Mazda
|-
| JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck)
|-
| JNK || Infiniti car
|-
| JNR || Infiniti SUV
|-
| JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN1 || Nissan car &amp; Infiniti car
|-
| JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN6 || Nissan truck/van &amp; Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van
|-
| JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck)
|-
| JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck)
|-
| JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda
|-
| JSA || Suzuki ATV &amp; '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki
|-
| JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki
|-
| JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota
|-
| JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle &amp; Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JS2 || Suzuki car
|-
| JS3 || Suzuki SUV
|-
| JS4 || Suzuki truck
|-
| JTB || Toyota bus
|-
| JTD || Toyota car
|-
| JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JTF || Toyota van/truck
|-
| JTG || Toyota MPV/bus
|-
| JTH || Lexus car
|-
| JTJ || Lexus SUV
|-
| JTK || Toyota car
|-
| JTL || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota
|-
| JTN || Toyota car
|-
| JTP || Toyota SUV
|-
| JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van
|-
| JT2 || Toyota car
|-
| JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JT4 || Toyota truck/van
|-
| JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle
|-
| JT6 || Lexus SUV
|-
| JT7 || Toyota bus/van
|-
| JT8 || Lexus car
|-
| JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003)
|-
| JYA || Yamaha motorcycles
|-
| JYE || Yamaha snowmobile
|-
| JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV
|-
| JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV
|-
| J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu
|-
| J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada
|-
| J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu
|-
| KF3 || Merkavim (Israel)
|-
| KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel)
|-
| KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel)
|-
| KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea
|-
| KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)&lt;br /&gt; from Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants
|-
| KLP || CT&amp;T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles)
|-
| KLT || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLU || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo)
|-
| KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car)
|-
| KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac)
|-
| KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden)
|-
| KL4 || GM Korea (Buick)
|-
| KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki)
|-
| KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC)
|-
| KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000))
|-
| KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000))
|-
| KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark))
|-
| KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]]
|-
| KMC || Hyundai commercial truck
|-
| KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor)
|-
| KMF || Hyundai van &amp; commercial truck &amp; Bering Truck
|-
| KMH || Hyundai car &amp; Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai
|-
| KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus
|-
| KMT || Genesis Motor car
|-
| KMU || Genesis Motor SUV
|-
| KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV
|-
| KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&amp;T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM8 || Hyundai SUV
|-
| KNA || Kia car
|-
| KNC || Kia truck
|-
| KND || Kia MPV/SUV &amp; Hyundai Entourage
|-
| KNE || Kia for Europe export
|-
| KNF || Kia, special vehicles
|-
| KNG || Kia minibus/bus
|-
| KNJ || Ford Festiva &amp; Aspire made by Kia
|-
| KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech
|-
| KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung
|-
| KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd.
|-
| KN1 || Asia Motors
|-
| KN2 || Asia Motors
|-
| KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup
|-
| KPB || SsangYong car
|-
| KPD || SsangYong TransStar (bus)
|-
| KPH || Mitsubishi Precis
|-
| KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV
|-
| LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle
|-
| LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle
|-
| LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang)
|-
| LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely)
|-
| LA8 || Anhui Ankai
|-
| LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus &amp; Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus)
|-
| LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/LC0 || BYD
|-
| LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile
|-
| LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray
|-
| LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli)
|-
| LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang)
|-
| LBM || Zongshen Piaggio
|-
| LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro)
|-
| LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LB1 || Fujian Benz
|-
| LB2 || Geely Motorcycles
|-
| LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi)
|-
| LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO)
|-
| LCR || Gonow
|-
| LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza)
|-
| LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco)
|-
| LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LDB || Dadi Auto
|-
| LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60
|-
| LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile
|-
| LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway)
|-
| LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast
|-
| LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive
|-
| LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd.
|-
| LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle)
|-
| LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW)
|-
| LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC)
|-
| LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China
|- 
| LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle
|- 
| LE4 || Beijing Benz &amp; Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) &amp; Beijing Jeep Corp.
|-
| LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7)
|-
| LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd.
|-
| LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing
|-
| LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton)
|-
| LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz)
|-
| LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus)
|-
| LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4)
|-
| LFT || FAW (trailers)
|-
| LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili)
|-
| LFW || FAW JieFang (truck)
|-
| LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck)
|-
| LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory
|-
| LFZ || Leapmotor
|-
| LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle 
|-
| LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia)
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing)
|-
| LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus)
|-
| LGL || Guilin Daewoo
|-
| LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey)
|-
| LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao)
|-
| LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus
|-
| LG6 || Dayun Group
|-
| LHA || Shuanghuan Auto
|-
| LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding
|-
| LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura)
|-
| LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co.
|-
| LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LH1 || FAW-Haima, China
|-
| LJC || Jincheng Corporation
|-
| LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) &amp; Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia)
|-
| LJM || Sunlong (bus)
|-
| LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan
|-
| LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer)
|-
| LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus
|-
| LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile &amp; Kandi &amp; Zhidou
|-
| LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJW || JMC Landwind
|-
| LJX || JMC Ford
|-
| LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol)
|-
| LJ1 || Nio, Inc.
|-
| LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun)
|-
| LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile
|-
| LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe
|-
| LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LKH || Hafei Motor
|-
| LKL || Higer Bus
|-
| LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles
|-
| LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus
|-
| LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles
|-
| LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLN || Qoros 
|-
| LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
|-
| LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive
|-
| LLX || Yudo Auto
|-
| LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd.
|-
| LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng)
|-
| LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles)
|-
| LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo
|-
| LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]]
|-
| LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader)
|-
| LMP || Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima
|-
| LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]]
|-
| LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing)
|-
| LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LM6 || SWM (automobiles)
|-
| LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO
|-
| LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan
|-
| LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) &amp; Arcfox &amp; Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC
|-
| LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo
|-
| LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LNP || NAC MG UK Limited &amp; Nanjing Fiat Automobile
|-
| LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.)
|-
| LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks)
|-
| LNY || Yuejin
|-
| LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles)
|-
| LPE || BYD Auto
|-
| LPS || Polestar
|-
| LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export)
|-
| LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks
|-
| LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export)
|-
| LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus)
|-
| LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai)
|-
| LR4 || Yadi Technology Group
|-
| LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck)
|-
| LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV &amp; Chevrolet S10 Max &amp; Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
|-
| LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet)
|-
| LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van &amp; Chevrolet Express Max
|-
| LSJ || SAIC MG &amp; SAIC Roewe &amp; IM Motors &amp; Rising Auto
|-
| LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van
|-
| LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus)
|-
| LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) &amp; Jinbei GM
|-
| LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd
|-
| LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV)
|-
| LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) &amp; Changan Suzuki
|-
| LS6 || Changan Automobile &amp; Deepal Automobile &amp; Avatr
|-
| LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd.
|-
| LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LTA || ZX Auto
|-
| LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler &amp; Dodge vehicles
|-
| LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin)
|-
| LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) 
|-
| LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China)
|-
| LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd.
|-
| LUG || Qiantu Motor
|-
| LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar
|-
| LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd.
|-
| LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta)
|-
| LVA || Foton Motor
|-
| LVB || Foton Motor truck
|-
| LVC || Foton Motor bus
|-
| LVF || Changhe Suzuki
|-
| LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead)
|-
| LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo)
|-
| LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LVR || Changan Mazda
|-
| LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) &amp; Changan Ford Mazda &amp; Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda
|-
| LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast
|-
| LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour
|-
| LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021)
|-
| LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd
|-
| LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory
|-
| LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group)
|-
| LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus)
|-
| LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWL || Qingling Isuzu
|-
| LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LW4 || Li Auto
|-
| LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG)
|-
| LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM)
|-
| LXN || Link Tour
|-
| LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXW || JMC - Ford
|-
| LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor &amp; Yinxiang Group)
|-
| LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory &amp; Taizhou, Luqiao District factory
|-
| LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science &amp; Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China
|-
| LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-)
|-
| LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman)
|-
| LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus
|-
| LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd.
|-
| LZM || MAN China
|-
| LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian)
|-
| LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen
|-
| LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus
|-
| LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export])
|-
| LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak)
|-
| LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd.
|-
| LZ9/LZX || Raysince
|-
| L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers)
|-
| L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| L1N || XPeng Motors
|-
| L10 || Geely Emgrand
|-
| L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles)
|-
| L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs)
|-
| L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle
|-
| L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV &amp; motorcycles)
|-
| L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen)
|-
| L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6T || Geely, Lynk &amp; Co, Zeekr
|-
| L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. 
|-
| L82 || Baotian
|-
| L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance
|-
| L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle
|-
| L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd.
|-
| MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MAB || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAC || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India
|-
| MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India
|-
| MAL || Hyundai Motor India
|- 
| MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix
|- 
| MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover
|-
| MA1 || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic &amp; export)
|-
| MA6 || GM India
|-
| MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. &amp; Mitsubishi Motors &amp; Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors
|-
| MA8 || Daewoo Motor India
|-
| MBF || Royal Enfield
|- 
| MBH || Suzuki (for export) &amp; Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited
|-
| MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBL || Hero MotoCorp
|-
| MBR || Mercedes-Benz India
|-
| MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|-
| MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd.
|-
| MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape)
|-
| MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd.
|-
| MB1 || Ashok Leyland
|-
| MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV)
|-
| MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited
|-
| MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| MCB || GM India
|-
| MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers
|-
| MCG || Atul Auto Ltd.
|-
| MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC1 || Force Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd.
|-
| MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz)
|-
| MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited
|-
| MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun)
|-
| MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited
|-
| MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. &amp; KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj &amp; Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj
|-
| MD6 || TVS Motor Company
|-
| MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella
|-
| MD9 || Shuttle Cars India
|-
| MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz)
|-
| MEE || Renault India Private Limited
|-
| MEG || Harley-Davidson India
|-
| MER || Benelli India
|-
| MES || Mahindra Navistar
|-
| MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia)
|-
| MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on
|-
| ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| ME3 || Royal Enfield
|-
| ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
|-
| MYH || Ather Energy
|-
| MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa
|-
| MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited)
|-
| MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| M3G || Isuzu Motors India
|-
| M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited
|-
| ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike)
|-
| MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia
|-
| MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International
|-
| MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu)
|-
| MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia
|-
| MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car)
|-
| MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van)
|-
| MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg.
|-
| MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
|-
| MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MJB || GM Indonesia
|-
| MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)
|-
| MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
|-
| MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling)
|-
| MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd.
|-
| MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand
|-
| ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand)
|-
| MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP)
|-
| MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup
|-
| MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
|-
| MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car)
|-
| MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, &amp; Trailblazer)
|-
| MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant)
|-
| MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export
|-
| MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets
|-
| MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets
|-
| MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd.
|-
| MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. &amp; Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand
|-
| MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant)
|-
| MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand
|-
| MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car)
|-
| MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. 
|-
| MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups &amp; Fortuner SUV)
|-
| MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand
|-
| MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars &amp; CUVs)
|-
| MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab)
|-
| MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar
|-
| MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar
|-
| MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan)
|-
| NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran)
|-
| NAC || Mammut (truck trailers)
|-
| NAD || Škoda
|-
| NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers)
|-
| NAP || Pars Khodro
|-
| NAS || SAIPA
|-
| NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NC9/ || VIRA Diesel
|-
| ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd.
|-
| NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation
|-
| NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars
|-
| NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S.
|-
| NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck
|-
| NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV
|-
| NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van
|-
| NLN || Karsan
|-
| NLR || Otokar
|-
| NLT || Temsa
|-
| NLZ || Tezeller
|-
| NL1 || TOGG
|-
| NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus)
|-
| NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş.
|-
| NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses
|-
| NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
|-
| NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle
|-
| NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş.
|-
| NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey
|-
| NM0 || Ford Otosan
|-
| NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.
|-
| NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS)
|-
| NNA || Anadolu Isuzu
|-
| NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio)
|-
| NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer)
|-
| NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPS || Nursan (truck trailer)
|-
| NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus)
|-
| NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus)
|-
| NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus)
|-
| NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/300 || TCV (bus) 
|-
| NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NRE || Bozankaya
|-
| NRX || Musoshi
|-
| NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv
|-
| NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/034 || Akia (bus)
|-
| NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan)
|-
| NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan
|-
| NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan)
|- 
| PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation
|-
| PAD || Honda Cars Philippines
|-
| PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS)
|-
| PL1 || Proton, Malaysia
|-
| PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai
|-
| PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia
|-
| PMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus Malaysia
|-
| PMH || Honda Malaysia (car)
|-
| PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle)
|-
| PML || Hicom 
|-
| PMN || Modenas
|-
| PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle)
|-
| PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PM1 || BMW &amp; Mini/Inokom
|-
| PM2 || Perodua
|-
| PM9/ || Bufori
|-
| PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot
|-
| PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot)
|-
| PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia
|-
| PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PPP || Suzuki
|-
| PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)
|-
| PP1 || Mazda/Inokom
|-
| PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom
|-
| PRA || Sinotruk
|-
| PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant)
|-
| PRX || Kia/Inokom
|-
| PR8 || Ford
|-
| PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia
|-
| PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia
|-
| RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE
|-
| RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE
|-
| LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan
|-
| RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee
|-
| RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan
|-
| RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan
|-
| RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan
|-
| RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan)
|-
| RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan
|-
| RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen)
|-
| RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan)
|-
| RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan
|-
| RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan)
|-
| RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || Honda Taiwan
|-
| RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam)
|-
| RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co.
|-
| RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLL || VinFast SUV
|-
| RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam
|-
| RLN || VinFast
|-
| RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 &amp; DS 90)
|-
| RL0 || Ford Vietnam
|-
| RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam
|-
| RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia)
|-
| R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd.
|-
| R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd.
|-
| R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| SAA || Austin
|-
| SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-)
|-
| SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987)
|-
| SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace)
|-
| SAF || ERF trucks
|-
| SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group
|-
| SAJ || Jaguar passenger car &amp; Daimler passenger car (after April 1987)
|-
| SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]]
|-
| SAM || Morris
|-
| SAR || Rover &amp; MG Rover Group
|-
| SAT || Triumph car
|-
| SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars
|-
| SAY || Norton Motorcycles
|-
| SAZ || Freight Rover
|-
| SA3 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/ || OX Global
|-
| SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA)
|-
| SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA)
|-
| SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars)
|-
| SA9/005 || Panther
|-
| SA9/010 || Invicta S1
|-
| SA9/011 || Midas Cars
|-
| SA9/019 || TVR
|-
| SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars
|-
| SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys
|-
| SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/038 || DAX Cars
|-
| SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars
|-
| SA9/048 || McLaren F1
|-
| SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering
|-
| SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace)
|-
| SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers
|-
| SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ)
|-
| SA9/074 || Ascari 
|-
| SA9/088 || Spectre Angel 
|-
| SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd.
|-
| SA9/113 || Noble
|-
| SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing
|-
| SA9/141 || Wrightbus
|-
| SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3
|-
| SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars
|-
| SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.)
|-
| SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer)
|-
| SA9/231 || Peel Engineering
|-
| SA9/337 || Ariel
|-
| SA9/341 || Zenos
|-
| SA9/438 || Charge Cars
|-
| SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive
|-
| SA9/474 || Mellor (bus)
|-
| SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car)
|-
| SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace)
|-
| SBB || Leyland Vehicles
|-
| SBC || Iveco Ford Truck
|-
| SBF || Nugent (trailer)
|-
| SBJ || Leyland Bus
|-
| SBL || Leyland Motors &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| SBM || McLaren
|-
| SBS || Scammell
|-
| SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| SBV || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks
|-
| SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer)
|-
| SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK
|-
| SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car
|-
| SCB || Bentley passenger car
|-
| SCC || Lotus Cars &amp; Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton
|-
| SCD || Reliant Motors
|-
| SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK)
|-
| SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car &amp; '21 DBX SUV
|-
| SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers
|-
| SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove
|-
| SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company &amp; London Taxi Company &amp; London Taxis International
|-
| SCV || Volvo Truck &amp; Bus Scotland
|-
| SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020)
|-
| SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV
|-
| SDB || Talbot
|-
| SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984
|-
| SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992
|-
| SDK || Caterham Cars
|-
| SDL || TVR
|-
| SDP || NAC MG UK &amp; MG Motor UK Ltd.
|-
| SDU || Utility (truck trailer)
|-
| SD7 || Aston Martin SUV
|-
| SD8 || Moke International Ltd.
|-
| SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi)
|-
| SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access
|-
| SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer)
|-
| SEY || LDV Group Ltd.
|-
| SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK
|-
| SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis
|-
| SFE || Alexander Dennis UK
|-
| SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer)
|-
| SFN || Foden Trucks &amp; Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks
|-
| SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus
|-
| SGA || Avondale (caravans)
|-
| SGB || Bailey (caravans)
|-
| SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans)
|-
| SGE || Elddis (caravans)
|-
| SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SG4 || Coachman (caravans)
|-
| SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car
|-
| SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV
|-
| SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck
|-
| SJA || Bentley SUV
|-
| SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd
|-
| SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti
|-
| SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan
|-
| SJ1 || Ree Automotive
|-
| SKA || Vauxhall
|-
| SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers &amp; Trucks
|-
| SKF || Bedford Vehicles
|-
| SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd
|-
| SLA || Rolls Royce SUV
|-
| SLC || Thwaites Dumpers
|-
| SLG || McMurtry Automotive
|-
| SLN || Niftylift
|-
| SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd.
|-
| SLV || Volvo bus
|-
| SMR || Montracon (truck trailer)
|-
| SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer)
|-
| SMX || Gray &amp; Adams (truck trailer)
|-
| SNE || Barkas (East Germany)
|-
| SNE || Wartburg (East Germany)
|-
| SNT || Trabant (East Germany)
|-
| SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany)
|-
| SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany)
|-
| ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer)
|-
| SUA || Autosan (bus)
|-
| SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer)
|-
| SUC || Wiola (trailer)
|-
| SUD || Wielton (truck trailers)
|-
| SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat)
|-
| SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland)
|-
| SUJ || Jelcz (Poland)
|-
| SUL || FSC (Poland)
|-
| SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers)
|-
| SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland)
|-
| SUU || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland)
|-
| SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland) - until 2004
|-
| SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer)
|-
| SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland)
|-
| SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer)
|-
| SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer)
|-
| SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer)
|-
| SVS || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer)
|-
| SWH || Temared (trailers)
|-
| SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers)
|-
| SWV || TA-NO (Poland)
|-
| SWZ || Zremb (trailers)
|-
| SW9/BA1 || Solbus
|-
| SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer)
|-
| SXE || Neptun Trailers
|-
| SXK || Konar (truck trailer)
|-
| SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o.
|-
| SXY || Wecon (truck trailer)
|-
| SXX || Martz (trailer)
|-
| SX7 || Arthur Bus
|-
| SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus)
|-
| SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer)
|-
| SYB || Rydwan (trailer)
|-
| SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer)
|-
| SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy)
|-
| SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer)
|-
| SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer)
|-
| SZA || Scania Poland
|-
| SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle)
|-
| SZL || Boro Trailers
|-
| SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) 
|-
| SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer)
|-
| SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer)
|-
| S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia)
|-
| TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon &amp; Wetzikon AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland)
|-
| TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland)
|-
| TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland)
|-
| TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland)
|-
| TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland)
|-
| TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland)
|-
| TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKP || Panav a.s.  (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV)
|-
| TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic)
|-
| TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia
|-
| TNE || TAZ
|-
| TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody)
|-
| TNT || Tatra trucks
|-
| TNU || Tatra trucks
|-
| TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer)
|-
| TRA || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TRC || Csepel bus
|-
| TRE || Rákos bus
|-
| TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary)
|-
| TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS)
|-
| TSB || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary
|-
| TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary)
|-
| TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary)
|-
| TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),&lt;br&gt; Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK)
|-
| TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary)
|-
| TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series)
|-
| TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal)
|-
| TW4 || UMM (Portugal)
|-
| TW6 || Citroën (Portugal)
|-
| TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland &amp; Austin Rover Portugal
|-
| TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili)
|-
| TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal)
|-
| TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive)
|-
| TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive)
|-
| T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands)
|-
| UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain)
|-
| UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain)
|-
| UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain)
|-
| UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium)
|-
| UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark)
|-
| UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark)
|-
| UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland
|-
| UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland)
|-
| UU1 || Dacia (Romania)
|-
| UU2 || Oltcit
|-
| UU3 || ARO
|-
| UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz
|-
| UU5 || Rocar
|-
| UU6 || Daewoo Romania
|-
| UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond
|-
| UU9 || Astra Bus
|-
| UVW || UMM (truck trailer)
|-
| UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus
|-
| UWR || Robus Reșița
|-
| UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov)
|-
| U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia)
|-
| U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia)
|-
| U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer)
|-
| U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus)
|-
| U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia)
|-
| VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G &amp; Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer
|-
| VAH || Hangler (truck trailer)
|-
| VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik
|-
| VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks
|-
| VAV || Schwarzmüller
|-
| VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer)
|-
| VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf &amp; Stift
|-
| VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle)
|-
| VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer)
|-
| VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer)
|-
| VBK || KTM 
|-
| VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles &amp; Gas Gas under KTM ownership
|-
| VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr
|-
| VFA || Alpine (A310, A610, A110, A390), Renault Alpine GTA
|-
| VFG || Caravelair (caravans)
|-
| VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers)
|-
| VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| VF1 || Renault, Renault GTA '87-'90 (UK market Alpine GTA), Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault,&lt;br&gt; Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, &amp; Grandis made by Renault
|-
| VF2 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VF3 || Peugeot
|-
| VF4 || Talbot
|-
| VF5 || Iveco Unic
|-
| VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. &amp; Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A.
|-
| VF7 || Citroën
|-
| VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra)
|-
| VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/300 || EvoBus France
|-
| VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/519 || Hommell 
|-
| VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper)
|-
| VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
|-
| VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus
|-
| VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus)
|-
| VGA || Peugeot Motocycles
|-
| VGT || ASCA (truck trailers)
|-
| VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers)
|-
| VGW || BSLT (truck trailers)
|-
| VGX || Coder (truck trailers)
|-
| VGY || Lohr (truck trailers)
|-
| VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) &amp; Yamaha Motor
|-
| VG6 || Renault Trucks &amp; Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks
|-
| VG7 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG8 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle)
|-
| VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus)
|-
| VHR || Robuste (truck trailer)
|-
| VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain
|-
| VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VH8 || Microcar
|-
| VJR || Ligier
|-
| VJY || Gruau
|-
| VJ1 || Heuliez Bus
|-
| VJ2 || Mia Electric
|-
| VJ4 || Gruau
|-
| VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer)
|-
| VK1 || SEG (truck trailer)
|-
| VK2 || Grandin Automobiles
|-
| VK8 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VLG || Aixam-Mega
|-
| VLU || Scania France
|-
| VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari
|-
| VMK || Renault Sport Spider
|-
| VMS || Automobiles Chatenet
|-
| VMT || SECMA
|-
| VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55
|-
| VM3 || Lamberet (trailer)
|-
| VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer)
|-
| VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB
|-
| VN4 || Voxan
|-
| VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL
|-
| VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France)
|-
| VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France &amp; '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF
|-
| VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault
|-
| VRW || Goupil
|-
| VR1 || DS Automobiles
|-
| VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis)
|-
| VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis)
|-
| VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S
|-
| VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers)
|-
| VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van
|-
| VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
|-
| VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV
|-
| VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.)
|-
| VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-)
|-
| VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- &amp; Fiat Topolino '23- &amp; Fiat Grande Panda '25-
|-
| VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico)
|-
| VYS || Renault &amp; Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290)
|-
| VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| UA2 || Iveco Massif &amp; Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain
|-
| VSC || Talbot
|-
| VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) &amp; Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, &amp; Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350)
|-
| VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup &amp; Ford Maverick 1993–1999
|-
| VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers)
|-
| VSS || SEAT/Cupra
|-
| VSX || Opel Spain
|-
| VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus)
|-
| VS1 || Pegaso
|-
| VS5 || Renault Spain
|-
| VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain
|-
| VS7 || Citroën Spain
|-
| VS8 || Peugeot Spain
|-
| VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain)
|-
| VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana
|-
| VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain)
|-
| VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica 
|-
| VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain)
|-
| VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models)
|-
| VTH || Derbi (motorcycles)
|-
| VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models)
|-
| VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles)
|-
| VTR || Gas Gas
|-
| VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers)
|-
| VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers)
|-
| VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain
|-
| VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza
|-
| VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles
|-
| VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VWL || Indox (truck trailers)
|-
| VWV || Volkswagen Spain
|-
| VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia)
|-
| V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia)
|-
| V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia)
|-
| V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia)
|-
| V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia)
|-
| V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia)
|-
| V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia)
|-
| V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia)
|-
| V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia)
|-
| WAC || Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant
|-
| WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer)
|-
| WAG || Neoplan
|-
| WAP || Alpina
|-
| WAU || Audi car
|-
| WA1 || Audi SUV
|-
| WBA || BMW car
|-
| WBC || Boom Trikes
|-
| WBJ || Bitter Cars
|-
| WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH 
|-
| WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers)
|-
| WBS || BMW M car
|-
| WBU || Bürstner (caravans)
|-
| WBX || BMW SUV
|-
| WBY || BMW i car
|-
| WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WB1 || BMW Motorrad 
|-
| WB2 || Blyss (trailer)
|-
| WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS
|-
| WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin
|-
| WB5 || BMW i SUV
|-
| WCD || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019
|-
| WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer)
|-
| WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] &amp; Maybach
|-
| WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car
|-
| WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French &amp; Spanish built models – Citan &amp; Vito &amp; X-Class)
|-
| WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019
|-
| WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDT || Dethleffs (caravans)
|-
| WDW || Dodge Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009
|-
| WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009
|-
| WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDZ || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck
|-
| WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses)
|-
| WEG || Ablinger  (trailer)
|-
| WEL || e.GO Mobile AG
|-
| WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH
|-
| WFC || Fendt (caravans)
|-
| WFD || Fliegl Trailer
|-
| WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH
|-
| WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany
|-
| WF1 || Merkur
|-
| WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH
|-
| WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer)
|-
| WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| WHL || Hulco (trailer)
|-
| WHW || Hako GmbH
|-
| WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer)
|-
| WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus
|-
| WJR || Irmscher
|-
| WKE || Krone (truck trailers)
|-
| WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer)
|-
| WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans)
|-
| WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers)
|-
| WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers)
|-
| WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers
|-
| WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane)
|-
| WMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus 
|-
| WME || smart (from 5/99)
|-
| WMG || Demag Cranes
|-
| WMM || Karl Müller GmbH &amp; Co. KG (truck trailers)
|-
| WMP || M &amp; V GmbH (truck trailers)
|-
| WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar)
|-
| WMW || MINI car
|-
| WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG &amp; Mercedes-AMG GT &amp; Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America)
|-
| WMZ || MINI SUV
|-
| WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE
|-
| WP0 || Porsche car
|-
| WP1 || Porsche SUV
|-
| WRA || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| WRJ || Riese &amp; Müller (bicycle)
|-
| WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers)
|-
| WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers)
|-
| WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers)
|-
| WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group
|-
| WS5 || StreetScooter
|-
| WS7 || Sono Motors
|-
| WTA || Tabbert (caravans)
|-
| WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car
|-
| WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV
|-
| WVG || Volkswagen SUV &amp; Touran
|-
| WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN
|-
| WVP || Viseon Bus
|-
| WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan
|-
| WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok)
|-
| WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus)
|-
| WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (chassis cab)
|-
| WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok &amp; T7 Transporter made by Ford)
|-
| WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford)
|-
| WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer)
|-
| WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer)
|-
| WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America)
|-
| W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer)
|-
| W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall &amp; Holden
|-
| W0L || Holden Zafira &amp; Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand
|-
| W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall &amp; Holden (since 2017)
|-
| W04 || Buick Regal &amp; Buick Cascada
|-
| W06 || Cadillac Catera
|-
| W08 || Saturn Astra
|-
| W09/A55 || Artega Automobile
|-
| W09/A71 || Apollo
|-
| W09/B09 || Bitter Cars
|-
| W09/B16 || Brabus
|-
| W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer)
|-
| W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus)
|-
| W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E04 || Eder (trailer)
|-
| W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F57 || Twike
|-
| W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/G64 || Gumpert
|-
| W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau
|-
| W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H49 || H&amp;W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/J02 || Isdera
|-
| W09/K27 || Krupp
|-
| W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/L05 || Liebherr
|-
| W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles)
|-
| W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer)
|-
| W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn)
|-
| W09/R06 || RUF
|-
| W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R38 || Rewaco
|-
| W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus)
|-
| W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH &amp; Co. KG  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer)
|-
| W09/W59 || Wiesmann
|-
| W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W1A || smart
|-
| W1H || Freightliner Econic
|-
| W1K || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck
|-
| W1V || Mercedes-Benz van
|-
| W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1Z || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle
|-
| W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia)
|-
| XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece)
|-
| XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece)
|-
| XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece
|-
| XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. &amp; Co. (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece
|-
| XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia)
|-
| XKM || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| XLA || DAF Bus International
|-
| XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars)
|-
| XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands
|-
| XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V.
|-
| XLE || Scania Netherlands
|-
| XLH || Hapert (trailer)
|-
| XLJ || Anssems (trailer)
|-
| XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XLR || DAF Trucks &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| XLU || Henra (trailer)
|-
| XLV || DAF Bus
|-
| XLW || Terberg Benschop BV
|-
| XL3 || Ebusco
|-
| XL4 ||Lightyear
|-
| XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV
|-
| XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks
|-
| XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars
|-
| XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer)
|-
| XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen
|-
| XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer)
|-
| XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers)
|-
| XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter)
|-
| XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes
|-
| XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus
|-
| XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer)
|-
| XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/363 || Spyker
|-
| XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer)
|-
| XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer)
|-
| XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/527 || GINAF
|-
| XL9/530 || Ebusco
|-
| XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer)
|-
| XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD)
|-
| XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD)
|-
| XMG || VDL Bus International
|-
| XMR || Nooteboom Trailers 
|-
| XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper)
|-
| XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD)
|-
| XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD)
|-
| XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer)
|-
| XNL || VDL Bus &amp; Coach
|-
| XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XPN || Knapen Trailers
|-
| XPP || Atec Trailers
|-
| XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg)
|-
| XRP || Proline (trailer)
|-
| XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer)
|-
| XR7 || Qarry
|-
| XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia)
|-
| XTC || KAMAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTF || GolAZ (Russia) 
|-
| XTH || GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTK || IzhAvto (Russia)
|-
| XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997
|-
| XTP || Ural (Russia)
|-
| XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer)
|-
| XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia)
|-
| XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia)
|-
| XTW || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTY || LiAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTZ || ZiL (Russia)
|-
| XUF || General Motors Russia
|-
| XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD, Kaiyi Auto)
|-
| XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM)
|-
| XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer)
|-
| XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XVU || Start (truck trailer)
|-
| XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia
|-
| XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia
|-
| XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan)
|-
| XWB || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD)
|-
| XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD)
|-
| XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD)
|-
| XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg)
|-
| XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer)
|-
| XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus)
|-
| XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia)
|-
| X1E || KAvZ (Russia)
|-
| X1F || NefAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1M || PAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1P || Ural (Russia)
|-
| X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia)
|-
| X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD)
|-
| X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia)
|-
| X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia)
|-
| X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] &amp; Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia)
|-
| X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus
|-
| X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus
|-
| X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus)
|-
| X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus)
|-
| X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus)
|-
| X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus)
|-
| X89/FY1 || Sherp 
|-
| X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles
|-
| X8U || Scania Russia
|-
| X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO
|-
| X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ
|-
| X9N || Samoltor (minibus)
|-
| X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks)
|-
| X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways
|-
| X9X || Great Wall Motors 
|-
| X96 || GAZ
|-
| X99/000 || Marussia
|-
| X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer)
|-
| X0T || Tonar (truck trailer)
|-
| YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers)
|-
| YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers)
|-
| YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers)
|-
| YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis
|-
| YA2 || Atlas Copco Group
|-
| YA5 || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/128 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet
|-
| YA9/180 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/195 || Denolf &amp; Depla (minibus)
|-
| YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe)
|-
| YBD || Addax Motors
|-
| YBW || Volkswagen Belgium
|-
| YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck)
|-
| YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis)
|-
| YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium)
|-
| YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK
|-
| YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle)
|-
| YC3 || Eduard Trailers
|-
| YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium)
|-
| YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium)
|-
| YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium)
|-
| YE6 || STAS (truck trailer)
|-
| YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer)
|-
| YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YH1 || Solifer (caravans)
|-
| YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles)
|-
| YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive
|-
| YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland
|-
| YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto
|-
| YK9/003 || Kabus (bus)
|-
| YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus)
|-
| YK9/016 || Linkker (bus)
|-
| YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab)
|-
| YSM || Polestar cars 
|-
| YSP || Volta Trucks AB
|-
| YSR || Polestar SUV
|-
| YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) 
|-
| YS3 || Saab cars
|-
| YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory)
|-
| YS5 || OmniNova (minibus)
|-
| YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus)
|-
| YTN || Saab made by NEVS
|-
| YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YT9/007 || Koenigsegg
|-
| YT9/034 || Carvia
|-
| YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer)
|-
| YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles)
|-
| YVV || WiMa 442 EV
|-
| YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars
|-
| YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks
|-
| YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis
|-
| YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV
|-
| YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway)
|-
| YYC || Think Nordic (Norway)
|-
| YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway)
|-
| Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway)
|-
| Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus)
|-
| Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus)
|-
| Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus)
|-
| Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus)
|-
| Y3M || MAZ (Belarus)
|-
| Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus
|-
| Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus)
|-
| Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) 
|-
| Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine
|-
| Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| ZAA || Autobianchi
|-
| ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024-
|-
| ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet
|-
| ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter)
|-
| ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles
|-
| ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]]
|-
| ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera
|-
| ZAR || Alfa Romeo car
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud &amp; Sprint through 1989
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018-
|-
| ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002)
|-
| ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System
|-
| ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus)
|-
| ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL
|-
| ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]]
|-
| ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro
|-
| ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus)
|-
| ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
|-
| ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus)
|-
| ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus)
|-
| ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali
|-
| ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale
|-
| ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina
|-
| ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBB || Bertone
|-
| ZBD || InBus
|-
| ZBN || Benelli
|-
| ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum
|-
| ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy)
|-
| ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta
|-
| ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership
|-
| ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus)
|-
| ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A.
|-
| ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCZ || BredaBus
|-
| ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A.
|-
| ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati
|-
| ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA
|-
| ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino
|-
| ZDJ || ACM Biagini
|-
| ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA
|-
| ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA
|-
| ZDY || Cacciamali
|-
| ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA &amp; Belgarda SpA
|-
| ZD3 || Beta Motor
|-
| ZD4 || Aprilia
|-
| ZD5 || Casalini
|-
| ZEB || Ellebi (trailer)
|-
| ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis &amp; Mobilvetta recreational vehicles
|-
| ZES || Bimota
|-
| ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle)
|-
| ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFA || Fiat
|-
| ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV &amp; Ram Promaster City
|-
| ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200)
|-
| ZFE || KL Motorcycle
|-
| ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]]
|-
| ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFM || Fantic Motor
|-
| ZFR || Pininfarina
|-
| ZF4 || Qvale
|-
| ZGA || Iveco Bus
|-
| ZGP || Merker (truck trailer)
|-
| ZGU || Moto Guzzi
|-
| ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle)
|-
| ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership
|-
| ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – )
|-
| ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle)
|-
| ZJM || Malaguti
|-
| ZJN || Innocenti
|-
| ZJT || Italjet
|-
| ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle)
|-
| ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership
|-
| ZLA || Lancia
|-
| ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA
|-
| ZLM || Moto Morini srl
|-
| ZLV || Laverda
|-
| ZNN || Energica
|-
| ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l.
|-
| ZN3 || Iveco Defence
|-
| ZN6 || Maserati SUV
|-
| ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV
|-
| ZPY || DR Automobiles
|-
| ZP6 || XEV
|-
| ZP8 || Regis Motors
|-
| ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA
|-
| ZR1 || Microlino
|-
| ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV
|-
| ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia)
|-
| Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan)
|-
| Z8M || Marussia (Russia)
|-
| Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia)
|-
| Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia)
|-
| Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia)
|-
| Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia)
|-
| Z07 || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only
|-
| 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc.
|-
| 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera)
|-
| 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 &amp; Bugatti EB110)
|-
| 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC)
|-
| 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 1AF || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 1AM || American Motors Corporation car &amp; Renault Alliance 1983 only
|-
| 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002
|-
| 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995
|-
| 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers
|-
| 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles
|-
| 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles
|-
| 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles
|-
| 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus
|-
| 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV
|-
| 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1BL || Balko, Inc.
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012–
|-
| 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/291 || CX Automotive
|-
| 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus)
|-
| 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International
|-
| 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation
|-
| 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation)
|-
| 1CY || Crane Carrier Company
|-
| 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009
|-
| 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only
|-
| 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc.
|-
| 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre &amp; Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus)
|-
| 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries)
|-
| 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle)
|-
| 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ
|-
| 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor
|-
| 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus)
|-
| 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford
|-
| 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|- 
| 1FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009)
|-
| 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC
|-
| 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. 
|-
| 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes
|- 
| 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp.
|-
| 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA
|-
| 1G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984
|-
| 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017
|-
| 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010
|-
| 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 1G9/495 || Google &amp; Waymo
|-
| 1GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck 
|-
| 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GF || Flxible bus
|-
| 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM
|-
| 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986
|-
| 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004
|-
| 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020
|-
| 1GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987–
|-
| 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987–
|-
| 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV
|-
| 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987-
|-
| 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck 
|-
| 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV
|-
| 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 1HD || Harley-Davidson &amp; LiveWire
|-
| 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV
|-
| 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 1HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks &amp; Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group
|-
| 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer)
|-
| 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JU || Marmon Motor Company
|-
| 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine)
|-
| 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer)
|-
| 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car
|-
| 1LV || Lectra Motors
|-
| 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers
|-
| 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine
|-
| 1L9/155 || LA Exotics
|-
| 1L9/234 || Laforza
|-
| 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co.
|-
| 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 1MR || Continental Mark VI &amp; VII 1981–1985 &amp; Continental sedan 1982–1985
|-
| 1M0 || John Deere Gator
|-
| 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck)
|-
| 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider)
|-
| 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus)
|-
| 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus)
|-
| 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive
|-
| 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019
|-
| 1N4 || Nissan car
|-
| 1N6 || Nissan truck
|-
| 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA
|-
| 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California)
|-
| 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus)
|-
| 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck)
|-
| 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV
|-
| 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp
|-
| 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles)
|-
| 1P9/213 || Panoz
|-
| 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PY || John Deere USA
|-
| 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation
|-
| 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles)
|-
| 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT)
|-
| 1S9/842 || Saleen S7
|-
| 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC
|-
| 1S9/944 || SSC North America
|-
| 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles
|-
| 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck)
|-
| 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA
|-
| 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper
|-
| 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC
|-
| 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
|-
| 1UJ || Jayco, Inc.
|-
| 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General
|-
| 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1VH || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 1VW || Volkswagen car
|-
| 1V1 || Volkswagen truck
|-
| 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV
|-
| 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive
|-
| 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works
|-
| 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck)
|-
| 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider)
|-
| 1WT || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck)
|-
| 1WV 1WW || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider)
|-
| 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars
|-
| 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 &amp; later)
|-
| 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation
|-
| 1XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987
|-
| 1XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc.
|-
| 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider
|-
| 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]]
|-
| 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer)
|-
| 10R || E-Z-GO
|-
| 10T || Oshkosh Corporation 
|-
| 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 12A || Avanti
|-
| 137 || AM General Hummer &amp; Hummer H1
|-
| 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer)
|-
| 15G || Gillig bus
|-
| 16C || Clenet Coachworks
|-
| 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010)
|-
| 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome
|-
| 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 2A3 || Imperial
|-
| 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only
|-
| 2AY 2AZ || Hino
|-
| 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2BP || Ski-Doo
|-
| 2BV || Can-Am &amp; Bombardier ATV
|-
| 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV
|-
| 2BX || Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002
|-
| 2B5 || Dodge &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002
|-
| 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager &amp; Volkswagen Routan) 2012-
|-
| 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005
|-
| 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors
|-
| 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles
|-
| 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only
|-
| 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only
|-
| 2CM || American Motors Corporation car
|-
| 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only
|-
| 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only
|-
| 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003
|-
| 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003
|-
| 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2DG || Ontario Drive &amp; Gear
|-
| 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation
|-
| 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager)
|-
| 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 2FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle)
|-
| 2FY || New Flyer
|-
| 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|- 
| 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada
|-
| 2G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 2G5 ||  GMC MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2G5 ||  Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023-
|-
| 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 2G7 ||  Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2G8 ||  Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 
|-
| 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 2GC || Chevrolet truck 
|-
| 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles 
|-
| 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus &amp; GM Classic series bus 
|-
| 2GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– 
|-
| 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– 
|-
| 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- 
|-
| 2GT || GMC truck 
|-
| 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HM || Hyundai Canada
|-
| 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo
|-
| 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse
|-
| 2LM || Lincoln SUV
|-
| 2LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck)
|-
| 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider)
|-
| 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on)
|-
| 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV
|-
| 2M9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries
|-
| 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NV || Nova Bus 
|-
| 2P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000
|-
| 2P5 || Plymouth &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983
|-
| 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995
|-
| 2PC || Prevost 1996-
|-
| 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited
|-
| 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC
|-
| 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2W9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2WK || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2WM || Western Star (glider)
|-
| 2XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only
|-
| 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck)
|-
| 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AX || Scania Mexico
|-
| 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses)
|-
| 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BH || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BP || Peterbilt  (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993
|-
| 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012–
|-
| 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662)
|-
| 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico
|-
| 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V.
|-
| 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009
|-
| 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009
|-
| 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011
|-
| 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011
|-
| 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont)
|-
| 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford &amp; IMMSA
|-
| 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico
|-
| 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck)
|-
| 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 &amp; Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 3F6 || Sterling Bullet
|-
| 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico
|-
| 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
| 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020
|-
| 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV
|-
| 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV
|-
| 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico
|-
| 3GC || Chevrolet truck
|-
| 3GK || GMC SUV
|-
| 3GM || Holden Suburban
|-
| 3GN || Chevrolet SUV
|-
| 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM
|-
| 3GS || Saturn SUV
|-
| 3GT || GMC truck
|-
| 3GY || Cadillac SUV
|-
| 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV
|-
| 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers)
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 3HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 3HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus)  
|-
| 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV &amp; Can-Am Ryker)
|-
| 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX
|-
| 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX
|-
| 3LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995)
|-
| 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2)
|-
| 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011)
|-
| 3MF || BMW M car
|-
| 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico
|-
| 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico)
|-
| 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30)
|-
| 3MW || BMW car
|-
| 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation
|-
| 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3)
|-
| 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car
|-
| 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck &amp; Chevrolet City Express
|-
| 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV
|-
| 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV
|-
| 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV
|-
| 3P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS
|-
| 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC
|-
| 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT
|-
| 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV
|-
| 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car
|-
| 3WK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 3WP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck)
|-
| 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car
|-
| 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV
|-
| 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4B9/038 || BYD Coach &amp; Bus LLC
|-
| 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle)
|-
| 4C9/561 || Czinger
|-
| 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc.
|-
| 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus)
|-
| 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer)
|-
| 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford
|-
| 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford
|-
| 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM
|-
| 4G5 || General Motors EV1
|-
| 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM
|-
| 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra
|-
| 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM
|-
| 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV
|-
| 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer)
|-
| 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KL || Isuzu N-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) built by GM
|-
| 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors]
|-
| 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division
|-
| 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company
|-
| 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford
|-
| 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM
|-
| 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA
|-
| 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994
|-
| 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only
|-
| 4RK || Nova Bus &amp; Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc.
|-
| 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive &amp; 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA
|-
| 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car
|-
| 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV
|-
| 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles
|-
| 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer)
|-
| 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck
|-
| 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars)
|-
| 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.)
|-
| 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi)
|-
| 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive
|-
| 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc.
|-
| 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors
|-
| 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc.
|-
| 4US || BMW car
|-
| 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation &amp; &lt;br /&gt; gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Thomas Built Buses FS-65 &amp; Saf-T-Liner C2
|-
| 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+
|-
| 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle)  1996+
|-
| 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider)
|-
| 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only)
|-
| 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales
|-
| 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC
|-
| 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM
|-
| 4XA || Polaris Inc.
|-
| 4X4 || Forest River
|-
| 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle)
|-
| 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc.
|-
| 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer)
|-
| 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 43C || Consulier
|-
| 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment)
|-
| 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle
|-
| 46J || Federal Motors Inc
|-
| 478 || Honda ATV
|-
| 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck)
|-
| 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011
|-
| 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer)
|-
| 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc.
|-
| 5BP || Solectria
|-
| 5BZ || Nissan &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA)
|-
| 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5CX || Shelby Series 1
|-
| 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC
|-
| 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer
|-
| 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle
|-
| 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer)
|-
| 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles)
|-
| 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama 
|-
| 5FT || Feeling Trailers
|-
| 5FY || New Flyer
|-
| 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV
|-
| 5GD || Daewoo G2X
|-
| 5GN || Hummer H3T
|-
| 5GR || Hummer H2
|-
| 5GT || Hummer H3
|-
| 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV
|-
| 5G8 || Holden Volt
|-
| 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets
|-
| 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 5J5 || Club Car
|-
| 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5KM || Vento Motorcycles
|-
| 5KT || Karavan Trailers
|-
| 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009)
|-
| 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle
|-
| 5LD || Ford &amp; Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014)
|-
| 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV
|-
| 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck
|-
| 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets
|-
| 5N1 || Nissan &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5N3 || Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5NH || Forest River
|-
| 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA
|-
| 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA
|-
| 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA
|-
| 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA
|-
| 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC
|-
| 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 5S3 || Saab 9-7X
|-
| 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV)
|-
| 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor)
|-
| 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI
|-
| 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV &amp; Lexus TX made by TMMI
|-
| 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX
|-
| 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer)
|-
| 5UM || BMW M car
|-
| 5UX || BMW SUV
|-
| 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 5VP || Victory Motorcycles
|-
| 5V4 || Autocar truck
|-
| 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer)
|-
| 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck)
|-
| 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG
|-
| 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG
|-
| 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC)
|-
| 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS
|-
| 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021)
|-
| 5YM || BMW M SUV
|-
| 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc.
|-
| 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI
|-
| 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV)
|-
| 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck)
|-
| 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan
|-
| 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car
|-
| 50G || Karma Automotive
|-
| 516 || Autocar truck
|-
| 51R || Brammo Motorcycles
|-
| 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group)
|-
| 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc.
|-
| 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric
|-
| 538 || Zero Motorcycles
|-
| 53G || Coda Automotive
|-
| 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN
|-
| 546 || EBR Motorcycles
|-
| 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer
|-
| 54D || Isuzu &amp; Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group
|-
| 54F || Rosenbauer
|-
| 55S || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary)
|-
| 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer)
|-
| 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 57R || Oreion Motors
|-
| 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles)
|-
| 57W || Mobility Ventures
|-
| 57X || Polaris Slingshot
|-
| 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES)
|-
| 6AB || MAN Australia
|-
| 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs)
|-
| 6F1 || Ford
|-
| 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd.
|-
| 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia
|-
| 6F5 || Kenworth Australia
|-
| 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia
|-
| 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia
|-
| 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) &amp; Chevrolet &amp; Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8
|-
| 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO &amp; G8)
|-
| 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan 2014-2017
|-
| 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002)
|-
| 6KT || BCI Bus
|-
| 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia 
|-
| 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994
|-
| 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia
|-
| 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia
|-
| 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand
|-
| 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 7AB || MAN New Zealand
|-
| 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009
|-
| 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand
|-
| 7A3 || Honda New Zealand
|-
| 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand
|-
| 7A5 || Ford New Zealand
|-
| 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand
|-
| 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009
|-
| 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand
|-
| 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 7FC || Rivian truck
|-
| 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. 
|-
| 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 7G0 || Faraday Future
|- 
| 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks &amp; Texas-built Cybertruck)
|- 
| 7H4 || Hino truck
|-
| 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle
|- 
| 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV
|- 
| 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car
|- 
| 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on
|- 
| 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works
|- 
| 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer)
|-
| 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|- 
| 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|-
| 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck
|-
| 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles
|-
| 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense
|- 
| 7NY || Lordstown Motors
|- 
| 7PD || Rivian SUV
|- 
| 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions
|- 
| 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y))
|-
| 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group
|-
| 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX
|-
| 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022-
|- 
| 7SY || Polestar SUV
|-
| 7TN || Canoo
|-
| 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV
|-
| 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer)
|-
| 7VV || Ree Automotive
|-
| 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV)
|-
| 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle
|-
| 7YA || Hyundai MPV/SUV made by HMGMA
|-
| 7Z0 || Zoox
|-
| 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck &amp; bus (Argentina)
|-
| 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America)
|-
| 8AD || Peugeot Argentina
|-
| 8AE || Peugeot van
|-
| 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina
|-
| 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina
|-
| 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina
|-
| 8AK || Suzuki Argentina
|-
| 8AN || Nissan Argentina
|-
| 8AP || Fiat Argentina
|-
| 8AT || Iveco Argentina
|-
| 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina
|-
| 8A1 || Renault Argentina
|-
| 8A3 || Scania Argentina
|-
| 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A.
|-
| 8BC || Citroën Argentina
|-
| 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| 8BR || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8CH || Honda motorcycle
|-
| 8C3 || Honda car/SUV
|-
| 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault
|-
| 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot
|-
| 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile
|-
| 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador
|-
| 8LF || Maresa (Mazda)
|-
| 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor &amp; Kia)
|-
| 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto)
|-
| 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela
|-
| 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A.
|-
| 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia)
|-
| 9BD || Fiat Brazil &amp; Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil
|-
| 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil
|-
| 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil
|-
| 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil
|-
| 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck &amp; bus
|-
| 9BN || Mafersa
|-
| 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 9BS || Scania Brazil
|-
| 9BU ||Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct Brazilian automaker)
|-
| 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil
|-
| 9BY || Agrale S.A.
|-
| 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil
|-
| 9DF || Puma
|-
| 9DW || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil
|-
| 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles
|-
| 92H || Origem Brazil
|-
| 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 935 || Citroën Brazil
|-
| 936 || Peugeot Brazil
|-
| 937 || Dodge Dakota
|-
| 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil)
|-
| 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV
|-
| 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 93P || Volare
|-
| 93S || Navistar International
|-
| 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006
|-
| 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016
|-
| 93V || Navistar International
|-
| 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny
|-
| 93Y || Renault Brazil
|-
| 93Z || Iveco
|-
| 94D || Nissan Brazil
|-
| 94N || RWM Brazil
|-
| 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais
|-
| 95P || CAOA Hyundai &amp; CAOA Chery
|-
| 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) &amp; Ducati, KTM, &amp; MV Agusta assembled by Dafra
|-
| 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016
|-
| 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 953 || VW Truck &amp; Bus / MAN Truck &amp; Bus
|-
| 96P || Kawasaki
|-
| 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd.
|-
| 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant)
|-
| 98M || BMW car/SUV
|-
| 98P || DAF Trucks
|-
| 98R || Chery
|-
| 99A || Audi 2016-
|-
| 99H || Shineray
|-
| 99J || Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| 99K || Haojue &amp; Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos
|-
| 99L || BYD
|-
| 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-)
|-
| 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa)
|-
| 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda)
|-
| 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.)
|-
| 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano)
|-
| 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy)
|-
| 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Costume History/Medieval</title>
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==Medieval Costumes==
==Costume==
Gothic style peaked in the period between the 10th - 11th centuries and the 14th century. At the beginning dress was heavily influenced by the Byzantine culture in the east. However, due to the slow communication channels, styles in the west could lag behind by 25 to 30 year. towards the end of the Middle Ages western Europe began to develop their own style. one of the biggest developments of the time as a result of the crusades people began to use buttons to fasten clothing. Another addition to the clothing world that is credited to the Middle Ages is the development of the tailor. Clothing construction, which had previously been a woman's job was becoming more and more dominant by men. The Middle Ages also saw the birth of individual clothing style, the more wealthy began to wear clothing with individualized patterns and crests that represented their family. (WHY) Soldiers in battle would often have their family crest on their helmets or shields so they could be identified in battle ( possibly because the armor shielding them made them anonymous, they wanted their deeds and their bodies to be identifiable, this was also the time of knights who would want to gain respect from valiant battles.) 
Most people however, it seems did not wear elaborate costumes on a day to day basis. People wore cloths that were functional and protected them from the sometimes harsh climate. in fact, until the 14th century people of all classes tended to wear very similar clothing. Royalty or nobles would have ceremonial garb for special occasions but would not wear this day to day. both men and women of all classes wore pretty much the same thing in summer and in winter. They typically wore long flowing cloths. They were completely covered ( Christian influence no doubt). And as in Bysintine it was the choice of fabric used to make the cloths that distinguished social class. Both sexes wore a long cloak as an outer garment. Both sexes wore an under tunic and a short over tunic that was belted at the waist (believed to be the origin for the modern skirt or blouse)The rich wore cloaks lined with fur, silk, or gold cloth. Peasants and lower class often wore shorter garments or breeches to ease movement while they worked and people who belonged to guilds would sometimes wear garments or emblems that advertised their trade.

===Vocabulary===

'''Blaiud''' - long sleeve tunic - at the beginning went to the knees for men and feet for women. Slowly the Blaiud lengthened to the ankles for men and then shortened again by the end of the Middle Ages. 

'''Pallium''' - A cloak fastened at the front by a large broach(Frodo Baggins style!)

'''Chainse''' - under tunic - made of wool, linen, hemp, or silk and fastened at the neck and wrists by buttons ( a result of the crusades) or tied with tassels. Later it became a piece of lingerie - was made sheer and decorated with lace on the colar and neck. Hot right?

'''Ermine'''- Type of fur that lined garments. - made from a weasle- type creature. 

'''Miniver or Menu vair''' - another fur - gray and white - small skins made from a Russian or Siberian squirrel. 

'''Mantle'''- type of cape or cloak - loose - draped over the head 9 Madonna and child paintings).

'''Chaperon'''- hood - always had a point.

'''Liripipe''' - the point on the Chaperon. Varied in length.  

===Men===
Men's cloths of the time were defined by class and trade. Typical pieces in the 13th and 14th centuries included a long sleeve tunic that hung to the knees, worn under a loose gown with wide sleeves that could be belted. they also wore over this and ankle length and sleeveless garment that hung loose around the body called a '''surcote'''.  
other garments included the '''ganache''' - loosely fitting with a slit in the sides from shoulder to hip. and the '''berigault''' which was a cloak-gown. 

===Women===
Women began by wearing the same style clothing as the men gradually manipulating them to suit the female form. Wealthier women wore more elaborate clothing. dresses that were long and dragged on the ground. skirts drug on the floor and were made of heavy fabrics ( ''probably to show off their wealth like weight and skin color in other periods''). Waits became higher and higher and settles right underneath the chest where there would be an elaborate belt that accentuated that area of the body. sleeves were either fitted or would be very large and some would reach all the way to the ground. 
In the years where the black death threatened western Europe clothing became more flamboyant. one source claims this to be a typical result when faced by a political or social disaster and compares it to the oil crisis and the immersion of disco in the 1970's. Hemlines rose, necklines dropped, and cloths became more fitted and elaborate and would have a jagged edge, a technique called '''slittering.''' 
By the end of the Middle Ages however, women's cloths returned to being more modest and became absolutely about function. Skirts no longer drug on the ground and sleeves only went to the elbow.

'''Fabric:'''The most popular fabric for clothing at this time was wool. By the 15th century there were looms created for the sole purpose of weaving wool. Other fabrics that were used depending on class were linen, various types of fur, and sometimes silks. 
'''Fun fact:''' garments and various household items and tools were stored in oak chests - these were very functional and could double as luggage for wealthy people. 

'''Jewelry:'''My research on this subject was limited - one source devoted a paragraph to it that merely said it was made of gold and could not compare in the slightest to Byzantine jewelry and so was not really worth talking about.

'''Footwear:''' The pointed toe was introduced in the medieval period. these shoes were called '''poulaine'''. The point of a show was originally seen as a status symbol - The points grew longer and longer until they reached about 18inch in length. Eventually, they assigned lengths based on classes - commoners with the shortest and so on.

''Using clothing to distinguish status in this way I think probably had a lot to so with how people of the time viewed the world - the feudal system is part of this. It is easier to label people in a category by looking at them and what they are wearing so having these indicators would help. I feel as though status had a more strict structure in this time and a set code of behavior so in order to achieve this more efficiently - displaying your status in your cloths would be a must (like getting pinned in the 50's)''

'''Head dresses:''' as the Middle Ages drug on head dresses became more popular and people began experimenting with the shapes and styles. many head dresses would be combined with a hood, veil, mantle or some other adornment that protected the head from the elements or draped in a way that framed the face. 
in the 13th century women began to wear '''crespine''' or hair nets. 
Shapes of women's hats of the time included heart-shaped, horn shaped, and conical head dressed. These con-like hats grew in length based on the status of the woman who wore it. One source claimed that there is evidence of it having reached four ft. in length. 

'''Good to know:''' France became the center of fashion in the middle of the Middle Ages - France has a more stable economy and monarchical system in place and were able to devote their time to fashion. As a result, French people of the time wore more elaborate costumes often lined and adorned with expensive furs, silks, and embroidery. 

== Gallery ==
=== French ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 400-600, Franks - 025 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 400-600
File:A.D. 700-800, Franks - 026 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 700-800
File:A.D. 800, Franks - 027 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 800
File:A.D. 900, French - 029 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 900
File:1100, French - 034 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1100
File:1100, French. - 031 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).jpg|French - 1100
File:1200, French. - 039 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1200
File:1300, French. - 046 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1300
File:1300, French. - 048 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1300
File:1400, French. - 055 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1400
File:1400, French. - 056 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1400
File:1000-1100, Norman. - 033 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Norman - 1000-1100
File:Frères Limbourg - Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry - mois de mai - Google Art Project cropped.jpg|Artwork from ''Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry'', depicting wealthy people in May.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Italian ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1200, Italian. - 037 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1200
File:1300, Italian. - 043 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1300
File:1300, Italian. - 042 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1300
File:1400, Italian. - 058 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1400
File:1400, Italian. - 057 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1400
File:1500, Italian. - 077 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1500
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== German ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 1000-1100, German - 030 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1000-1100
File:1100, German. - 032 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1100
File:1200, German. - 036 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1200
File:1300-1350, German. - 044 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1300-1350
File:1350- 1400, German. - 045 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1350-1400
File:1400-1450, German. - 049 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1400-1450
File:1450-1500, German - 052 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:1450-1500, German. - 050 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:1450-1500, German. - 051 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:A German student in the 14th century.jpg|14th century Germanic student.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== English ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 500-1000, Anglo-Saxons - 022 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Anglo-Saxons - 500-1000
File:1200, English - 038 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1200
File:1300-1400, English. - 047 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1300-1400
File:1400-1450, English - 053 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1400-1450
File:1450-1500, English - 054 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1450-1500
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Spanish ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1300, Spanish, Moorish. - 041 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Spanish &amp; Moorish - 1300
File:1400, Spanish. - 059 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Spanish - 1400
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Slavonic ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1400, Slavonic. - 060 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Slavonic - 1400
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Other ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:Lothar I.jpg|King Lothar I of the Carolingian Empire.
File:Middle Ages, Misc. - 028 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|thumb|center|Miscellaneous items.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Resources==
* Cosgrave, Bronwyn.'' The complete history of costume and fashion'' New York; Octopus publishing group, 2000.

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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-32776-37|~2026-32776-37]] ([[User talk:~2026-32776-37|talk]]) to last version by SHB2000</comment>
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      <text bytes="13461" sha1="9jhrgrzutaoyjsuoynh5odf3zgszsgb" xml:space="preserve">{{TOCright}}
==Medieval Costumes==
===Background===
The exact dates of the fall of Rome are heavily debated by historians. Many place it at about 476 A.D. The Empire of Rome had been invaded by many Germanic or northern cultures including, Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Huns, Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Franks. During these invasions many shipping and highway networks that had allowed for communication and trade between the eastern and western parts of the Empire where destroyed, dividing and segregating it. As a result of this division the artistic and cultural life of Rome was wiped out and replaced by the cultures of these waring tribes. The only unity between these provinces existed solely in the Christian church. 

This period is known as the Middle Ages or the Dark Ages. Life in the Middle Ages, even for the nobles, was tough. Food was not good, disease spread, there were no efficient and clean ways of heating homes. Towards the beginning of the Middle Ages the feudal system was developed which was a hierarchy of classes that formed a social structure. In the 11th century a cultural revolution began as a result of the Carolingian Dynasty (771-987) beginning with Charlemagne. Communication avenues opened and became more efficient, an emphasis was again placed on art and culture, and national monarchies were forming in France, England, and Spain; a more modern Europe was developing. There was a general increase in prosperity during this time. However it was still not a great time - The black death reigned for two years in this period wiping out a third of the population in western Europe. Also the crusades were underway in this time period and as a result there was a lot of eastern influence that was brought back and integrated into western culture. The church and state were working together. The 13th century witnessed an emergence of a middle class - trades and guilds developed (like modern day unions in some ways).  

===Costume===
Gothic style peaked in the period between the 10th - 11th centuries and the 14th century. At the beginning dress was heavily influenced by the Byzantine culture in the east. However, due to the slow communication channels, styles in the west could lag behind by 25 to 30 year. towards the end of the Middle Ages western Europe began to develop their own style. one of the biggest developments of the time as a result of the crusades people began to use buttons to fasten clothing. Another addition to the clothing world that is credited to the Middle Ages is the development of the tailor. Clothing construction, which had previously been a woman's job was becoming more and more dominant by men. The Middle Ages also saw the birth of individual clothing style, the more wealthy began to wear clothing with individualized patterns and crests that represented their family. (WHY) Soldiers in battle would often have their family crest on their helmets or shields so they could be identified in battle ( possibly because the armor shielding them made them anonymous, they wanted their deeds and their bodies to be identifiable, this was also the time of knights who would want to gain respect from valiant battles.) 
Most people however, it seems did not wear elaborate costumes on a day to day basis. People wore cloths that were functional and protected them from the sometimes harsh climate. in fact, until the 14th century people of all classes tended to wear very similar clothing. Royalty or nobles would have ceremonial garb for special occasions but would not wear this day to day. both men and women of all classes wore pretty much the same thing in summer and in winter. They typically wore long flowing cloths. They were completely covered ( Christian influence no doubt). And as in Bysintine it was the choice of fabric used to make the cloths that distinguished social class. Both sexes wore a long cloak as an outer garment. Both sexes wore an under tunic and a short over tunic that was belted at the waist (believed to be the origin for the modern skirt or blouse)The rich wore cloaks lined with fur, silk, or gold cloth. Peasants and lower class often wore shorter garments or breeches to ease movement while they worked and people who belonged to guilds would sometimes wear garments or emblems that advertised their trade.

===Vocabulary===

'''Blaiud''' - long sleeve tunic - at the beginning went to the knees for men and feet for women. Slowly the Blaiud lengthened to the ankles for men and then shortened again by the end of the Middle Ages. 

'''Pallium''' - A cloak fastened at the front by a large broach(Frodo Baggins style!)

'''Chainse''' - under tunic - made of wool, linen, hemp, or silk and fastened at the neck and wrists by buttons ( a result of the crusades) or tied with tassels. Later it became a piece of lingerie - was made sheer and decorated with lace on the colar and neck. Hot right?

'''Ermine'''- Type of fur that lined garments. - made from a weasle- type creature. 

'''Miniver or Menu vair''' - another fur - gray and white - small skins made from a Russian or Siberian squirrel. 

'''Mantle'''- type of cape or cloak - loose - draped over the head 9 Madonna and child paintings).

'''Chaperon'''- hood - always had a point.

'''Liripipe''' - the point on the Chaperon. Varied in length.  

===Men===
Men's cloths of the time were defined by class and trade. Typical pieces in the 13th and 14th centuries included a long sleeve tunic that hung to the knees, worn under a loose gown with wide sleeves that could be belted. they also wore over this and ankle length and sleeveless garment that hung loose around the body called a '''surcote'''.  
other garments included the '''ganache''' - loosely fitting with a slit in the sides from shoulder to hip. and the '''berigault''' which was a cloak-gown. 

===Women===
Women began by wearing the same style clothing as the men gradually manipulating them to suit the female form. Wealthier women wore more elaborate clothing. dresses that were long and dragged on the ground. skirts drug on the floor and were made of heavy fabrics ( ''probably to show off their wealth like weight and skin color in other periods''). Waits became higher and higher and settles right underneath the chest where there would be an elaborate belt that accentuated that area of the body. sleeves were either fitted or would be very large and some would reach all the way to the ground. 
In the years where the black death threatened western Europe clothing became more flamboyant. one source claims this to be a typical result when faced by a political or social disaster and compares it to the oil crisis and the immersion of disco in the 1970's. Hemlines rose, necklines dropped, and cloths became more fitted and elaborate and would have a jagged edge, a technique called '''slittering.''' 
By the end of the Middle Ages however, women's cloths returned to being more modest and became absolutely about function. Skirts no longer drug on the ground and sleeves only went to the elbow.

'''Fabric:'''The most popular fabric for clothing at this time was wool. By the 15th century there were looms created for the sole purpose of weaving wool. Other fabrics that were used depending on class were linen, various types of fur, and sometimes silks. 
'''Fun fact:''' garments and various household items and tools were stored in oak chests - these were very functional and could double as luggage for wealthy people. 

'''Jewelry:'''My research on this subject was limited - one source devoted a paragraph to it that merely said it was made of gold and could not compare in the slightest to Byzantine jewelry and so was not really worth talking about.

'''Footwear:''' The pointed toe was introduced in the medieval period. these shoes were called '''poulaine'''. The point of a show was originally seen as a status symbol - The points grew longer and longer until they reached about 18inch in length. Eventually, they assigned lengths based on classes - commoners with the shortest and so on.

''Using clothing to distinguish status in this way I think probably had a lot to so with how people of the time viewed the world - the feudal system is part of this. It is easier to label people in a category by looking at them and what they are wearing so having these indicators would help. I feel as though status had a more strict structure in this time and a set code of behavior so in order to achieve this more efficiently - displaying your status in your cloths would be a must (like getting pinned in the 50's)''

'''Head dresses:''' as the Middle Ages drug on head dresses became more popular and people began experimenting with the shapes and styles. many head dresses would be combined with a hood, veil, mantle or some other adornment that protected the head from the elements or draped in a way that framed the face. 
in the 13th century women began to wear '''crespine''' or hair nets. 
Shapes of women's hats of the time included heart-shaped, horn shaped, and conical head dressed. These con-like hats grew in length based on the status of the woman who wore it. One source claimed that there is evidence of it having reached four ft. in length. 

'''Good to know:''' France became the center of fashion in the middle of the Middle Ages - France has a more stable economy and monarchical system in place and were able to devote their time to fashion. As a result, French people of the time wore more elaborate costumes often lined and adorned with expensive furs, silks, and embroidery. 

== Gallery ==
=== French ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 400-600, Franks - 025 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 400-600
File:A.D. 700-800, Franks - 026 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 700-800
File:A.D. 800, Franks - 027 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 800
File:A.D. 900, French - 029 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 900
File:1100, French - 034 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1100
File:1100, French. - 031 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).jpg|French - 1100
File:1200, French. - 039 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1200
File:1300, French. - 046 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1300
File:1300, French. - 048 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1300
File:1400, French. - 055 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1400
File:1400, French. - 056 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1400
File:1000-1100, Norman. - 033 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Norman - 1000-1100
File:Frères Limbourg - Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry - mois de mai - Google Art Project cropped.jpg|Artwork from ''Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry'', depicting wealthy people in May.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Italian ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1200, Italian. - 037 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1200
File:1300, Italian. - 043 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1300
File:1300, Italian. - 042 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1300
File:1400, Italian. - 058 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1400
File:1400, Italian. - 057 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1400
File:1500, Italian. - 077 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1500
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== German ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 1000-1100, German - 030 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1000-1100
File:1100, German. - 032 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1100
File:1200, German. - 036 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1200
File:1300-1350, German. - 044 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1300-1350
File:1350- 1400, German. - 045 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1350-1400
File:1400-1450, German. - 049 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1400-1450
File:1450-1500, German - 052 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:1450-1500, German. - 050 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:1450-1500, German. - 051 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:A German student in the 14th century.jpg|14th century Germanic student.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== English ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 500-1000, Anglo-Saxons - 022 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Anglo-Saxons - 500-1000
File:1200, English - 038 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1200
File:1300-1400, English. - 047 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1300-1400
File:1400-1450, English - 053 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1400-1450
File:1450-1500, English - 054 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1450-1500
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Spanish ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1300, Spanish, Moorish. - 041 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Spanish &amp; Moorish - 1300
File:1400, Spanish. - 059 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Spanish - 1400
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Slavonic ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1400, Slavonic. - 060 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Slavonic - 1400
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Other ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:Lothar I.jpg|King Lothar I of the Carolingian Empire.
File:Middle Ages, Misc. - 028 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|thumb|center|Miscellaneous items.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Resources==
* Cosgrave, Bronwyn.'' The complete history of costume and fashion'' New York; Octopus publishing group, 2000.

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==Medieval Costumes==
===Background===
o 

This period is known as the Middle Ages or the Dark Ages. Life in the Middle Ages, even for the nobles, was tough. Food was not good, disease spread, there were no efficient and clean ways of heating homes. Towards the beginning of the Middle Ages the feudal system was developed which was a hierarchy of classes that formed a social structure. In the 11th century a cultural revolution began as a result of the Carolingian Dynasty (771-987) beginning with Charlemagne. Communication avenues opened and became more efficient, an emphasis was again placed on art and culture, and national monarchies were forming in France, England, and Spain; a more modern Europe was developing. There was a general increase in prosperity during this time. However it was still not a great time - The black death reigned for two years in this period wiping out a third of the population in western Europe. Also the crusades were underway in this time period and as a result there was a lot of eastern influence that was brought back and integrated into western culture. The church and state were working together. The 13th century witnessed an emergence of a middle class - trades and guilds developed (like modern day unions in some ways).  

===Costume===
Gothic style peaked in the period between the 10th - 11th centuries and the 14th century. At the beginning dress was heavily influenced by the Byzantine culture in the east. However, due to the slow communication channels, styles in the west could lag behind by 25 to 30 year. towards the end of the Middle Ages western Europe began to develop their own style. one of the biggest developments of the time as a result of the crusades people began to use buttons to fasten clothing. Another addition to the clothing world that is credited to the Middle Ages is the development of the tailor. Clothing construction, which had previously been a woman's job was becoming more and more dominant by men. The Middle Ages also saw the birth of individual clothing style, the more wealthy began to wear clothing with individualized patterns and crests that represented their family. (WHY) Soldiers in battle would often have their family crest on their helmets or shields so they could be identified in battle ( possibly because the armor shielding them made them anonymous, they wanted their deeds and their bodies to be identifiable, this was also the time of knights who would want to gain respect from valiant battles.) 
Most people however, it seems did not wear elaborate costumes on a day to day basis. People wore cloths that were functional and protected them from the sometimes harsh climate. in fact, until the 14th century people of all classes tended to wear very similar clothing. Royalty or nobles would have ceremonial garb for special occasions but would not wear this day to day. both men and women of all classes wore pretty much the same thing in summer and in winter. They typically wore long flowing cloths. They were completely covered ( Christian influence no doubt). And as in Bysintine it was the choice of fabric used to make the cloths that distinguished social class. Both sexes wore a long cloak as an outer garment. Both sexes wore an under tunic and a short over tunic that was belted at the waist (believed to be the origin for the modern skirt or blouse)The rich wore cloaks lined with fur, silk, or gold cloth. Peasants and lower class often wore shorter garments or breeches to ease movement while they worked and people who belonged to guilds would sometimes wear garments or emblems that advertised their trade.

===Vocabulary===

'''Blaiud''' - long sleeve tunic - at the beginning went to the knees for men and feet for women. Slowly the Blaiud lengthened to the ankles for men and then shortened again by the end of the Middle Ages. 

'''Pallium''' - A cloak fastened at the front by a large broach(Frodo Baggins style!)

'''Chainse''' - under tunic - made of wool, linen, hemp, or silk and fastened at the neck and wrists by buttons ( a result of the crusades) or tied with tassels. Later it became a piece of lingerie - was made sheer and decorated with lace on the colar and neck. Hot right?

'''Ermine'''- Type of fur that lined garments. - made from a weasle- type creature. 

'''Miniver or Menu vair''' - another fur - gray and white - small skins made from a Russian or Siberian squirrel. 

'''Mantle'''- type of cape or cloak - loose - draped over the head 9 Madonna and child paintings).

'''Chaperon'''- hood - always had a point.

'''Liripipe''' - the point on the Chaperon. Varied in length.  

===Men===
Men's cloths of the time were defined by class and trade. Typical pieces in the 13th and 14th centuries included a long sleeve tunic that hung to the knees, worn under a loose gown with wide sleeves that could be belted. they also wore over this and ankle length and sleeveless garment that hung loose around the body called a '''surcote'''.  
other garments included the '''ganache''' - loosely fitting with a slit in the sides from shoulder to hip. and the '''berigault''' which was a cloak-gown. 

===Women===
Women began by wearing the same style clothing as the men gradually manipulating them to suit the female form. Wealthier women wore more elaborate clothing. dresses that were long and dragged on the ground. skirts drug on the floor and were made of heavy fabrics ( ''probably to show off their wealth like weight and skin color in other periods''). Waits became higher and higher and settles right underneath the chest where there would be an elaborate belt that accentuated that area of the body. sleeves were either fitted or would be very large and some would reach all the way to the ground. 
In the years where the black death threatened western Europe clothing became more flamboyant. one source claims this to be a typical result when faced by a political or social disaster and compares it to the oil crisis and the immersion of disco in the 1970's. Hemlines rose, necklines dropped, and cloths became more fitted and elaborate and would have a jagged edge, a technique called '''slittering.''' 
By the end of the Middle Ages however, women's cloths returned to being more modest and became absolutely about function. Skirts no longer drug on the ground and sleeves only went to the elbow.

'''Fabric:'''The most popular fabric for clothing at this time was wool. By the 15th century there were looms created for the sole purpose of weaving wool. Other fabrics that were used depending on class were linen, various types of fur, and sometimes silks. 
'''Fun fact:''' garments and various household items and tools were stored in oak chests - these were very functional and could double as luggage for wealthy people. 

'''Jewelry:'''My research on this subject was limited - one source devoted a paragraph to it that merely said it was made of gold and could not compare in the slightest to Byzantine jewelry and so was not really worth talking about.

'''Footwear:''' The pointed toe was introduced in the medieval period. these shoes were called '''poulaine'''. The point of a show was originally seen as a status symbol - The points grew longer and longer until they reached about 18inch in length. Eventually, they assigned lengths based on classes - commoners with the shortest and so on.

''Using clothing to distinguish status in this way I think probably had a lot to so with how people of the time viewed the world - the feudal system is part of this. It is easier to label people in a category by looking at them and what they are wearing so having these indicators would help. I feel as though status had a more strict structure in this time and a set code of behavior so in order to achieve this more efficiently - displaying your status in your cloths would be a must (like getting pinned in the 50's)''

'''Head dresses:''' as the Middle Ages drug on head dresses became more popular and people began experimenting with the shapes and styles. many head dresses would be combined with a hood, veil, mantle or some other adornment that protected the head from the elements or draped in a way that framed the face. 
in the 13th century women began to wear '''crespine''' or hair nets. 
Shapes of women's hats of the time included heart-shaped, horn shaped, and conical head dressed. These con-like hats grew in length based on the status of the woman who wore it. One source claimed that there is evidence of it having reached four ft. in length. 

'''Good to know:''' France became the center of fashion in the middle of the Middle Ages - France has a more stable economy and monarchical system in place and were able to devote their time to fashion. As a result, French people of the time wore more elaborate costumes often lined and adorned with expensive furs, silks, and embroidery. 

== Gallery ==
=== French ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 400-600, Franks - 025 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 400-600
File:A.D. 700-800, Franks - 026 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 700-800
File:A.D. 800, Franks - 027 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 800
File:A.D. 900, French - 029 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 900
File:1100, French - 034 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1100
File:1100, French. - 031 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).jpg|French - 1100
File:1200, French. - 039 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1200
File:1300, French. - 046 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1300
File:1300, French. - 048 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1300
File:1400, French. - 055 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1400
File:1400, French. - 056 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1400
File:1000-1100, Norman. - 033 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Norman - 1000-1100
File:Frères Limbourg - Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry - mois de mai - Google Art Project cropped.jpg|Artwork from ''Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry'', depicting wealthy people in May.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Italian ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1200, Italian. - 037 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1200
File:1300, Italian. - 043 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1300
File:1300, Italian. - 042 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1300
File:1400, Italian. - 058 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1400
File:1400, Italian. - 057 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1400
File:1500, Italian. - 077 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1500
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== German ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 1000-1100, German - 030 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1000-1100
File:1100, German. - 032 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1100
File:1200, German. - 036 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1200
File:1300-1350, German. - 044 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1300-1350
File:1350- 1400, German. - 045 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1350-1400
File:1400-1450, German. - 049 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1400-1450
File:1450-1500, German - 052 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:1450-1500, German. - 050 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:1450-1500, German. - 051 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:A German student in the 14th century.jpg|14th century Germanic student.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== English ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 500-1000, Anglo-Saxons - 022 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Anglo-Saxons - 500-1000
File:1200, English - 038 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1200
File:1300-1400, English. - 047 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1300-1400
File:1400-1450, English - 053 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1400-1450
File:1450-1500, English - 054 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1450-1500
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Spanish ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1300, Spanish, Moorish. - 041 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Spanish &amp; Moorish - 1300
File:1400, Spanish. - 059 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Spanish - 1400
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Slavonic ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1400, Slavonic. - 060 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Slavonic - 1400
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Other ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:Lothar I.jpg|King Lothar I of the Carolingian Empire.
File:Middle Ages, Misc. - 028 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|thumb|center|Miscellaneous items.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Resources==
* Cosgrave, Bronwyn.'' The complete history of costume and fashion'' New York; Octopus publishing group, 2000.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>loavkspl0pdmb7s9i3dmwvyuw8n54fb</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638761</id>
      <parentid>4638760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T16:55:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenshi Hinanawi</username>
        <id>3513579</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-32776-37|~2026-32776-37]] ([[User talk:~2026-32776-37|talk]]) to last version by Codename Noreste: test edits, please use the sandbox</comment>
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      <text bytes="13461" sha1="9jhrgrzutaoyjsuoynh5odf3zgszsgb" xml:space="preserve">{{TOCright}}
==Medieval Costumes==
===Background===
The exact dates of the fall of Rome are heavily debated by historians. Many place it at about 476 A.D. The Empire of Rome had been invaded by many Germanic or northern cultures including, Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Huns, Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Franks. During these invasions many shipping and highway networks that had allowed for communication and trade between the eastern and western parts of the Empire where destroyed, dividing and segregating it. As a result of this division the artistic and cultural life of Rome was wiped out and replaced by the cultures of these waring tribes. The only unity between these provinces existed solely in the Christian church. 

This period is known as the Middle Ages or the Dark Ages. Life in the Middle Ages, even for the nobles, was tough. Food was not good, disease spread, there were no efficient and clean ways of heating homes. Towards the beginning of the Middle Ages the feudal system was developed which was a hierarchy of classes that formed a social structure. In the 11th century a cultural revolution began as a result of the Carolingian Dynasty (771-987) beginning with Charlemagne. Communication avenues opened and became more efficient, an emphasis was again placed on art and culture, and national monarchies were forming in France, England, and Spain; a more modern Europe was developing. There was a general increase in prosperity during this time. However it was still not a great time - The black death reigned for two years in this period wiping out a third of the population in western Europe. Also the crusades were underway in this time period and as a result there was a lot of eastern influence that was brought back and integrated into western culture. The church and state were working together. The 13th century witnessed an emergence of a middle class - trades and guilds developed (like modern day unions in some ways).  

===Costume===
Gothic style peaked in the period between the 10th - 11th centuries and the 14th century. At the beginning dress was heavily influenced by the Byzantine culture in the east. However, due to the slow communication channels, styles in the west could lag behind by 25 to 30 year. towards the end of the Middle Ages western Europe began to develop their own style. one of the biggest developments of the time as a result of the crusades people began to use buttons to fasten clothing. Another addition to the clothing world that is credited to the Middle Ages is the development of the tailor. Clothing construction, which had previously been a woman's job was becoming more and more dominant by men. The Middle Ages also saw the birth of individual clothing style, the more wealthy began to wear clothing with individualized patterns and crests that represented their family. (WHY) Soldiers in battle would often have their family crest on their helmets or shields so they could be identified in battle ( possibly because the armor shielding them made them anonymous, they wanted their deeds and their bodies to be identifiable, this was also the time of knights who would want to gain respect from valiant battles.) 
Most people however, it seems did not wear elaborate costumes on a day to day basis. People wore cloths that were functional and protected them from the sometimes harsh climate. in fact, until the 14th century people of all classes tended to wear very similar clothing. Royalty or nobles would have ceremonial garb for special occasions but would not wear this day to day. both men and women of all classes wore pretty much the same thing in summer and in winter. They typically wore long flowing cloths. They were completely covered ( Christian influence no doubt). And as in Bysintine it was the choice of fabric used to make the cloths that distinguished social class. Both sexes wore a long cloak as an outer garment. Both sexes wore an under tunic and a short over tunic that was belted at the waist (believed to be the origin for the modern skirt or blouse)The rich wore cloaks lined with fur, silk, or gold cloth. Peasants and lower class often wore shorter garments or breeches to ease movement while they worked and people who belonged to guilds would sometimes wear garments or emblems that advertised their trade.

===Vocabulary===

'''Blaiud''' - long sleeve tunic - at the beginning went to the knees for men and feet for women. Slowly the Blaiud lengthened to the ankles for men and then shortened again by the end of the Middle Ages. 

'''Pallium''' - A cloak fastened at the front by a large broach(Frodo Baggins style!)

'''Chainse''' - under tunic - made of wool, linen, hemp, or silk and fastened at the neck and wrists by buttons ( a result of the crusades) or tied with tassels. Later it became a piece of lingerie - was made sheer and decorated with lace on the colar and neck. Hot right?

'''Ermine'''- Type of fur that lined garments. - made from a weasle- type creature. 

'''Miniver or Menu vair''' - another fur - gray and white - small skins made from a Russian or Siberian squirrel. 

'''Mantle'''- type of cape or cloak - loose - draped over the head 9 Madonna and child paintings).

'''Chaperon'''- hood - always had a point.

'''Liripipe''' - the point on the Chaperon. Varied in length.  

===Men===
Men's cloths of the time were defined by class and trade. Typical pieces in the 13th and 14th centuries included a long sleeve tunic that hung to the knees, worn under a loose gown with wide sleeves that could be belted. they also wore over this and ankle length and sleeveless garment that hung loose around the body called a '''surcote'''.  
other garments included the '''ganache''' - loosely fitting with a slit in the sides from shoulder to hip. and the '''berigault''' which was a cloak-gown. 

===Women===
Women began by wearing the same style clothing as the men gradually manipulating them to suit the female form. Wealthier women wore more elaborate clothing. dresses that were long and dragged on the ground. skirts drug on the floor and were made of heavy fabrics ( ''probably to show off their wealth like weight and skin color in other periods''). Waits became higher and higher and settles right underneath the chest where there would be an elaborate belt that accentuated that area of the body. sleeves were either fitted or would be very large and some would reach all the way to the ground. 
In the years where the black death threatened western Europe clothing became more flamboyant. one source claims this to be a typical result when faced by a political or social disaster and compares it to the oil crisis and the immersion of disco in the 1970's. Hemlines rose, necklines dropped, and cloths became more fitted and elaborate and would have a jagged edge, a technique called '''slittering.''' 
By the end of the Middle Ages however, women's cloths returned to being more modest and became absolutely about function. Skirts no longer drug on the ground and sleeves only went to the elbow.

'''Fabric:'''The most popular fabric for clothing at this time was wool. By the 15th century there were looms created for the sole purpose of weaving wool. Other fabrics that were used depending on class were linen, various types of fur, and sometimes silks. 
'''Fun fact:''' garments and various household items and tools were stored in oak chests - these were very functional and could double as luggage for wealthy people. 

'''Jewelry:'''My research on this subject was limited - one source devoted a paragraph to it that merely said it was made of gold and could not compare in the slightest to Byzantine jewelry and so was not really worth talking about.

'''Footwear:''' The pointed toe was introduced in the medieval period. these shoes were called '''poulaine'''. The point of a show was originally seen as a status symbol - The points grew longer and longer until they reached about 18inch in length. Eventually, they assigned lengths based on classes - commoners with the shortest and so on.

''Using clothing to distinguish status in this way I think probably had a lot to so with how people of the time viewed the world - the feudal system is part of this. It is easier to label people in a category by looking at them and what they are wearing so having these indicators would help. I feel as though status had a more strict structure in this time and a set code of behavior so in order to achieve this more efficiently - displaying your status in your cloths would be a must (like getting pinned in the 50's)''

'''Head dresses:''' as the Middle Ages drug on head dresses became more popular and people began experimenting with the shapes and styles. many head dresses would be combined with a hood, veil, mantle or some other adornment that protected the head from the elements or draped in a way that framed the face. 
in the 13th century women began to wear '''crespine''' or hair nets. 
Shapes of women's hats of the time included heart-shaped, horn shaped, and conical head dressed. These con-like hats grew in length based on the status of the woman who wore it. One source claimed that there is evidence of it having reached four ft. in length. 

'''Good to know:''' France became the center of fashion in the middle of the Middle Ages - France has a more stable economy and monarchical system in place and were able to devote their time to fashion. As a result, French people of the time wore more elaborate costumes often lined and adorned with expensive furs, silks, and embroidery. 

== Gallery ==
=== French ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 400-600, Franks - 025 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 400-600
File:A.D. 700-800, Franks - 026 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 700-800
File:A.D. 800, Franks - 027 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Franks - 800
File:A.D. 900, French - 029 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 900
File:1100, French - 034 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1100
File:1100, French. - 031 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).jpg|French - 1100
File:1200, French. - 039 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1200
File:1300, French. - 046 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1300
File:1300, French. - 048 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1300
File:1400, French. - 055 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1400
File:1400, French. - 056 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|French - 1400
File:1000-1100, Norman. - 033 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Norman - 1000-1100
File:Frères Limbourg - Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry - mois de mai - Google Art Project cropped.jpg|Artwork from ''Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry'', depicting wealthy people in May.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Italian ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1200, Italian. - 037 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1200
File:1300, Italian. - 043 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1300
File:1300, Italian. - 042 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1300
File:1400, Italian. - 058 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1400
File:1400, Italian. - 057 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1400
File:1500, Italian. - 077 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Italian - 1500
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== German ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 1000-1100, German - 030 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1000-1100
File:1100, German. - 032 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1100
File:1200, German. - 036 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1200
File:1300-1350, German. - 044 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1300-1350
File:1350- 1400, German. - 045 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1350-1400
File:1400-1450, German. - 049 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1400-1450
File:1450-1500, German - 052 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:1450-1500, German. - 050 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:1450-1500, German. - 051 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|German - 1450-1500
File:A German student in the 14th century.jpg|14th century Germanic student.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== English ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:A.D. 500-1000, Anglo-Saxons - 022 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Anglo-Saxons - 500-1000
File:1200, English - 038 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1200
File:1300-1400, English. - 047 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1300-1400
File:1400-1450, English - 053 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1400-1450
File:1450-1500, English - 054 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|English - 1450-1500
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Spanish ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1300, Spanish, Moorish. - 041 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Spanish &amp; Moorish - 1300
File:1400, Spanish. - 059 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Spanish - 1400
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Slavonic ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:1400, Slavonic. - 060 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|Slavonic - 1400
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Other ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
File:Lothar I.jpg|King Lothar I of the Carolingian Empire.
File:Middle Ages, Misc. - 028 - Costumes of All Nations (1882).JPG|thumb|center|Miscellaneous items.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Resources==
* Cosgrave, Bronwyn.'' The complete history of costume and fashion'' New York; Octopus publishing group, 2000.

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==Introduction==

AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces:

* [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus 
* [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases)
* [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA)
* USB 
* [[#SCSI]]  


==PCI-e==

===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)===

*Controller and firmware 
*DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming 
*Cache like SLC HMB techniques 
*NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy)


SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. 

In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. 

Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND.

General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. 

A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage 

See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed OEMs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 to date -  Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Acer Predator GM7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A	no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;IM2P33F8-512GD 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASX8200PNP1TTC 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 consumer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG ATOM 50
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Adata Legend 710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Legend 900
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin  PCIe Gen3
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  SM2263XT 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin NV7400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force LE
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Elite 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Core XT 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P1 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P2SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P3SSD8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 some have DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T705 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 dramless Phison SSD controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN660 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 gets hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN870 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN855 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S660 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S880/R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S770  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;FIKWOT FN950 FN955 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;FW-FX991-2TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN960 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S3-240GB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba  96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP EX950 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP FX900 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dram less
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD500GM280NM2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Professional TLC E12S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E18 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland TD510 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 660p m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ssdpeknw010tb
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKNU010TZ
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache  QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPELKX020T8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021   very long 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA1000M8/480G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA2000M8/250G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston KC3000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02
*KBG40ZNT256G, 
*KBG40ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG70ZNV1T0G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and &quot;MG2h&quot; version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD	with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KGB50ZNV256G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 HMB buffer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes  KIOXIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;NM610Pro 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM620
*IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L 
*MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Maxio MAP1602	no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;EQ790 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDKBA512TFH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2450 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 E19T 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2600 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium S270 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV2000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV5000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico D10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico e3500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico O7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-RKT4P-1TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 Phison E25 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZVLV1T
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*MZ-VKW5120 
*MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V6P1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, 
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, 
*Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 EVO Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V8P1T0BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022   might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , 
*2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*ZP1000GM30001,  
*ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda Q5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 515 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 no dram and qlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GM3A013, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5018-E18	on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP1000CV3A002, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 540 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530R 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A60 A80 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, 
*Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A  HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 okay but no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N  
*HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix SK500  Gen 4 (x4)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4  2230
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7512G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup MP34 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L	and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team MP33Q
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force G70 Pro  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Verbatim V15000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN500
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDAQNTW-512G-1001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 industrial  sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN750 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T1X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - various controllers and NANDs  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN850X
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  dramless cache with TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3G0C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_BLACK SN750 SE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN580
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN5000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Zhitai (Yangtze Memory)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== Mini SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin  PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid -  3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
|}


==SATA==

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) 

AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. 

The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers.

=== SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU630SS-240GQ-R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU650SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU800
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU680SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS340 Panther 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS350
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair F120 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 sata2 3gbp/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial RealSSD C300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CTFDDAC256MAG, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 sata3 6gbps - Marvell 88SS9174-BJP2 controller with a 128MB Micron 0AD12-D9LGQ RAM buffer with Micron 9wb11 MLC NAND - fast on 6Gbps SATA3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M550 120G to 1T 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 dram cache Micron controller  and nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial MX200 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016   MLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertech
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel X25--M 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5&quot; SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro Series 1500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel S3610 Series 2.5&quot; 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BX400G4R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 data center 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF512H6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BB800G7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BA800G4P, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  server 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KB240G7P 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston SSDNow 300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU
*7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LNS100-1TRB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NQ100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LCS-128L9S-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  no dram - sata2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;UP TO 550MB/S
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;UP TO 500MB/S
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Mushkin Reactor 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac SA500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;OCZSSD2-1VTX60G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZTechnology Agility 3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 C 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2CSTK251M21-0240, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2RSTK251E19-0100, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 3 128GB 2.5&quot; SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;VTX3-25SAT3-240G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 4 128GB 2.5&quot; SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;VTX4-25SAT3-128G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico S500-Pro s500pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3D tlc flash nand -
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OWC Mercury Extreme Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  qlc flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P220 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;P220S2TB25
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Plextor M6V
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSD7CS900-480-PB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung SM PM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE120
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 PRO
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7KE1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM883 1.92TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LH1T90
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 -  - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76E1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 QVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76Q1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871b
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra Plus
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDHP-256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 -  Marvell 88SS9188  Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDA-240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z400s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x400
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZA240CV10001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk hynix 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012  sandforce controller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SH910A 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SC300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD 
*3110A SL301STD
*3210A
*3300A
*3310A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD 
*N1A0A  , , 
*N1A1A
*N1A2A SC308STD, 
*N2A0A  , , SC311STD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  3D NAND TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Topesel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5&quot; SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 220S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS120GSSD220S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 3D TLC without dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD230S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Viathan 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S001T3V
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red SA500 NAS
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5&quot;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G1G0A 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - cheap and slow ssd - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SA530 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Xum 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;hx256gssdsata3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y3000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCie 3.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y7000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCIe 4.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}


=== SATA M.2 (M and B key) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 2280 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AXNS381E-128GM-B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S201 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan &quot;Ordinary&quot; Road Technology Co., Ltd) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 2242 120G 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD120GM242
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M.2 2280
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GM.26M2280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD1TM280
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache -  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSCKKF256G8H 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  no dram, TLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Top 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 m.2
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400M8/240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston V300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S3505AG
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-18
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON SATA 128GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV3-8D128-11 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV1-8B256-HP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LSI 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 SF37000 controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M550 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256MBF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y20M-2242 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y20M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  TLC  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung CM871 Rev 0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM871b 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM881 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020   
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD7SN6S-256G-1006 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD6SP1M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC308M280S HFS128G39TND 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC311 HFS256G39TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC401 HFS256G39TNH
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;A55
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7001T0C101 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KBG30ZMV256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba HG6 m.2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG50ZMV256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG60ZMG256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S  TS128GMTS400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M.2 SSD 600 (2260),  M.2 SSD 800S (2280) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;420S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  can run hot slc cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;430S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache - 3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;820S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   3D nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;830S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020    made in malaysia  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G3G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022    made in 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA500 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM610 m.2 sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSS0R27339, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== mSATA SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fangxiang S301
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingchuxing 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GMSA MO-300 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc 3d nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron enterprise 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M600 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico ZH-10 ZH10
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 1.8&quot; msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA370S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MSA370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA230S  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;230S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks ===

====7mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP628230-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP552605-01 250Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP693440-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series 
* 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS 
* 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; avoid if it does not have the DCM code 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST 1T 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010B7E610 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 128m cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus Thin 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LT012  ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD
* 2014 
* 2015 
* 2016 
* 2017 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500VT000 500GB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  up to 128MB cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LX025  ST1000LX015  ST2000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA MQ01ACF  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm 
* 2014 Rev T0
* 2015 Rev T1
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;wd5000lpvx 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2.5&quot; WD Blue Slim 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;AROS One 1.8 USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 2017 Malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====9.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHW2040BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   40gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHY2080BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  80gig
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| MHW2120B
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM024 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm
* 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I
* 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4
* 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM012 (500M) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus 5400.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST9160821AS
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  160gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1t
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  8g nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1T
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   32G nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK2555GSX HDD2H24 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  250g 5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2013 to 2016)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2015 to 2020) 
*2013 
*2014 
*2015 AA50/AX0D5A
*2016 AA60/AX0E1A
*
*2017 AGM AA01/AX002V
*2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A
*2020 AA71/AX0G1A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD050 500meg 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD7500BPVX 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5&quot; SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , uses Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5&quot; Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPCX 1Tb
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
* 2019
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Scorpio Black 
* 2010
* 2014 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  16m cache, 7200rpm  thailand then malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Black 
* 2016 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III  malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks ===

====11mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TP00640GB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====12.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====15mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5&quot; SATA
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST91000640NS 81Y9731 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA Laptop Optical Drives ===

Tested in usb port not hub with 
*
*13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA
*

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL-DT-ST DVDRAM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GSA T50L
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 5v 12.7mm fails early 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi LG  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT20L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009/2010 5v 1.3A  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Hitachi / LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT30N  GT32N   GT30L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT40N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT50N GT51N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GU70N (HP/Dell), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
*Rev 101 
*rev 102 2015 factory GH 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTC0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8A0
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B1
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 2013 5v 1.6a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 ok lifeline, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8E2Q
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8FB
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ260 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DC-8A2SH, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A3S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A4SH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A5LH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8DBSH1148 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A6SH (HP)
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips and LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8ABSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A5LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8ACSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD Philips 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2019 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Pioneer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DVR-TD09TBG
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008-2010 5V 1.5A 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc SATA DVD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7561S, AD-7560S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7 MM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7585H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner.  Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD7590s, AD-7591s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7760H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7711H AD-7740H 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS-L633 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-208FB/BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp.
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU40N 
*LG WP50NB40 
*LG BP50NB40 
*ASUS BW-16D1HT
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU50N 
*LG WH16NS40 
*LG WH14NS40 
*ASUS BW-16D1X-U 
*ASUS SBW-06D5H-U 
*Verbatim 43889 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


=== [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] ===

Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts 
&lt;pre&gt;
WD:      https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf
Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf
Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Seagate Barracuda 7200.9
| ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS 
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DL002 1TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST4000VX013
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Baracuda Compute 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5&quot; - 32MB Cache
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 2TB SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000DM008 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD220
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 7200rpm  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD320
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba P300 CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2010 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD4002FFWD 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
|}


==PATA==

=== IDE Desktop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| M1624TAU
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| IBM
| DHEA-38451
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SP40A2H
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST3160215ACE
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST32122A
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD102AA
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD200
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Laptop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu 
| MHV2040AH
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Toshiba
| MK2011GAP
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Compaq
| CR-594-BCQ
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8322B(CP1)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8484B(AM2A)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| LTN-485
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Creative
| CD220E
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GDA-4120B
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| LG
| CRD-8400B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Lite-On
| LTN486S
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Mitsumi
| CRMC-FX4830T
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| CDR-1700B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| DV-5800A
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| ND-2100A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| NR-7900A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Philips
| DVD8631
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Samsung
| SC-148
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SCR-2030
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SM-348B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU601
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU611-25
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Toshiba
| SD-M1202
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}

=== IDE Laptop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;H-L Hitachi LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GCC-4244N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2006 
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GCCT10N
| {{yes}}
| {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}}
| AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Philips
| SDR089
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L462C TS-L462D 
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L632H
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Sony
| DW-Q58A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Sony Optiarc
| AD-7540A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7590A
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


== SCSI ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each.</text>
      <sha1>c3r2psmjb7jm78op2l8ogjj3gq4dy5b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638786</id>
      <parentid>4638728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T19:57:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638786</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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==Introduction==

AROS supports hard disks and optical drives attached to several interfaces:

* [[#NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)]] on the pci-e bus 
* [[#SATA]] aka Serial ATA or AHCI (IDE compatibility mode used in most cases)
* [[#PATA]] IDE (also known as ATA or Parallel ATA)
* USB 
* [[#SCSI]]  


==PCI-e==

===NVMe M.2 SSD (M key)===

*Controller and firmware 
*DRAM better having if heavy workloads but not necessary for gaming 
*Cache like SLC HMB techniques 
*NAND (Main storage area with MLC, TLC or QLC versions of varying life expectancy)


SSDs, USB flash drive, SD and Micro SD Cards have a limited amount of write cycles, therefore guaranteed to fail randomly and suddenly at any time. All SSDs are prone to corrupt firmware due to poor quality NAND where both the data and the firmware resides. The drive tends to go read only when too many errors occur before complete failure. That is up to 10 years for things like memory cards and USB sticks. 

In general, unless there is a firmware design issue, cheap materials used, stress like bending or overheating causing cold solder joints, an SSD can last a long time if minimal writing activity takes place but eventually if flash isn't written to, it degrades. Catch 22. 

Dram and cache are not the same thing. Dram stores the ssds indexes and metadata for faster data retrieval and wear leveling. The cache keeps part of the nand memory as SLC storage which can be written to faster. Basically all ssds will have a dynamic SLC cache where it will decrease as the drive fills up. Cache controller designs that are DRAM less use the internal SRAM cache in the controller to cache the NAND mapping table. It just requires a different mapping table design since SRAM caches are much smaller than DRAM. Ultimately the mapping table is still stored in NAND.

General rule of thumb: the cheaper an SSD, the higher the likelihood it uses lower quality flash chips so sudden failing NAND, problematic controller chips (e.g. SandForce), outsourced firmware. Generic brand like old SP, Corsair or Crucial may be recoverable whilst major brands Samsung, Intel and Western Digital are impossible due to firmware encryption and customizations. Recommend sticking with older Silicon Motion or Phison controllers if possible. 

A ssd isn't good because it has dram or bad because it doesn't. Other things should be taken into account like sustained writes so check the TPU write intensive usage 

See [https://www.techpowerup.com/ssd-specs/ here] for more information 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 to - SM2259XT2 SM2263XT MAS0902 MAP1202 YS9082HP RM1135 RTS5765 PS3111 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Unnamed OEMs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 to date -  Realtek RTS5765/66 controller + Micron 96L (B27A) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Acer Predator GM7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Acer drives built by Biwin, that also supplies HP, Maxio MAP1602A	no DRAM so HMB, YMTC 128L TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 NVME IM2P33F8, IM2S3168 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;IM2P33F8-512GD 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - industrial 12L 3D TLC NAND flash Supports LDPC ECC, RAID Engine, and SLC Cache End-to-End (E2E) Data Path Protection with Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. DRAMless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro M.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASX8200PNP1TTC 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 NVM Express 1.3 SN2262G later SN2262EN chipset - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 256GB GEN4 x4 NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SM2P41C3-256GC2 DP/N 0KM1Y6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 consumer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG GAMMIX S50 Lite
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Silicon Motion SM2267XT dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA XPG ATOM 50
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Innogrit RainierQX IG5220 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Adata Legend 710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Legend 900
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin  PCIe Gen3
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Innogrit IG5216 controller, no DRAM so HMB which appears to be the standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;BiWin NV7200 PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  SM2263XT 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin NV7400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force LE
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force Series MP500 MP510 M.2 NVMe PCIe Gen 3 x4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 PS5012-E12-27 from Phison, 64-layer TLC Toshiba BiCS flash, may have dram cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 96L QLC - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair Force MP
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Elite 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E16 and Bics DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Pro XT, PRO LPX, PRO NH PCIe4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP600ECS Elite, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 DRAMless SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, BiCS6 162L QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP600 Core XT 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison and Bics QLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair MP700 Pro PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CSSD-F1000GBMP700PNH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P1 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 QLC NAND but a controller with a DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P2 M.2 2280 Gen3 x4 NVM-express 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P2SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 dram-less Phison PS5013-E13-31 on 96-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 Plus M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000P3PSSD8 CT2000P3PSSD801 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with Host Memory Buffer HMB tech to use a small bit of system RAM as DRAM cache and Micron 176-layer QLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P3 M.2 nvme SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P3SSD8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron QLC (N48R) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 m.2 nvme PCIe 4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 runs hot - Crucial NVMe with DRAM LPDDR4 and Micron 96L TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P5 Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 some have DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T500 Gen4.0 nvme 2.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T500SSD8, CT2000T500SSD8 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison PS5025-E25 with micron B58R 232-layer 3D TLC NAND and Micron LPDDR4 DRAM cache - beware win update kb5063878 kb5062660 preview - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T700 Gen5 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT1000T700SSD3, CT2000T700SSD3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 SSD controller Phison PS5026-E26, Micron 232-layer NAND with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial P310 M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT2000P310SSD801 (2Tb), 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 DRAM-less Phison E27T Micron 232-layer NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T705 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 dramless Phison SSD controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial T710 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 SMI SM2508 SSD controller dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN605 PCIe Gen3 x4 interface, NVMe 1.3 support 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN660 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN760 PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2 NVMe 1.4 interface
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 gets hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN870 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 no dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca EN855 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Ediloca 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S500 pro PCIe Gen3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 MaxioTech MAP1202A-F1C with YMTC 128L and pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S660 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S880/R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S770  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX550 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN501 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;FIKWOT FN950 FN955 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 MAP1602 (at 1600 MT/s) flash YMTC TLC no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX991 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;FW-FX991-2TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN960 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN970 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Maxio MAP1602 + YMTC 232L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Geil ZEN ITH m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S3-240GB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus Gen4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Phison E16 and Toshiba  96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash - DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Gigabyte Aorus 10000 PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP EX950 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP FX900 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dram less
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HP 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M2 Series NVME M.2 2280 PCIe Gen 3x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD500GM280NM2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Professional TLC E12S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E18 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland Gaming performance Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Inland TD510 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM DDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;intel SSD Pro 7600p Series M.2 80mm 2280 PCIe 3.0 x4, 3D TLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKKF512GB, SSDPEKKF256G8L,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 660p m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ssdpeknw010tb
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 SMI SM2263 controller with 1GB DRAM cache and 1TB of Intel QLC NAND similar to crucial P1 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] 670p 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPEKNU010TZ
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 256 MB DDR3L cache and 12-140 GB SLC-Cache  QLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel P4511 m.2 nvme PCIe3.1 x4 22110 110mm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDPELKX020T8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021   very long 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A1000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA1000M8/480G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A2000 NVME PCIE M2 2280 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA2000M8/250G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston KC3000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] PS5018-E18 PCIe 4.0 x4 NVMe controller and Micron’s 176L TLC NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV1 m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 entry-level consumer DRAMless Phison E13T or Silicon Motion 4-channel SM2263XT - one brand TLC up to 1Tb and QLC after - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV2
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 entry-level, first SMI SM2267XT or Phison E19T and later SMI SM2269XT or Phison E21T with various flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston FURY Renegade m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 [https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ksm-firmware-update Firmware Rev. EIFK31.7 (07-08-2024) update for] Phison E18 controller, Micron 176L nand and ddr4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston NV3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SNV3S/500G, SNV3S/1000G, SNV3S/2000G, SNV3S/4000G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 entry-level, SMI SM2268XT2 or Phison E27T controller with BiCS6 TLC or QLC flash - dramless so hmb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG4? M2 2280 NVMe PCIe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSF5512GPUK, THNSN51T02DUK, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 Phison has done custom controller work for Kioxia, and Kioxia has also worked with SMI and InnoGrit (the latter more recently). Kioxia label their controllers as their own but these are largely rebadged. 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) XG5 for Data Centres 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG5 KXG50ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 nanya ddr3 dram? with 64-layer BiCS 3D flash memory 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG6 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG60ZNV512G, KXG60ZNV1T02, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 TC58NCP090GSD with DRAM NANYA LPDDR3 and Toshiba BiCS FLASH 96-layer 3D TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*KBG40ZNS128G, KBG40ZNS256G, KBG40ZNS512G, KBG40ZNS1T02
*KBG40ZNT256G, 
*KBG40ZNV1T02
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - no dram but NVMe's Host Memory Buffer (HMB) i.e. portion of the system's RAM for caching - Toshiba's 96-Layer BiCS FLASH - seems Windows UASP driver and the JMS583 chipset interacts badly with the Kioxia BG4 - early firmware upgrade to prevent overheating hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG7 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KXG70ZNV1T0G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 - might need firmware update on early 2tb 4tb versions - controller with sk hynix dram and tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G2 SSD series PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5012-E12S-32 aka TC58NC1201GST 4-channel controller along with KIOXIA proprietary 96-layer 3D TLC and &quot;MG2h&quot; version has BiCS4.5 which is faster than launch BiCS4 - - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia XG8 OEM m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 TC58NC0L1XGSD	with DRAM LPDDR4 and 112-Layer Kioxia BiCS5 TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KGB50ZNV256G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 HMB buffer 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;KIOXIA EXCERIA PLUS G3 SSD series PCIe 4.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  has hmb, like most dram-less nvmes  KIOXIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 1TB SSD M.2 NVME 1.4 Gen3x4 M.2 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;NM610Pro 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM620
*IG5216 (worse?) not great original 96L 
*MAP1202 YMTC up to 232L, or 176L Micron, TLC for the 1TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 a few versions all DRAM-less, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NM790 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Maxio MAP1602	no DRAM so HMB with 232-Layer YMTC TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;EQ790 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Maxio MAP1602, no DRAM so HMB, Flash Memory 232-Layer YMTC TLC, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Liteon M.2 NVME 512GB SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CAZ-51282512-Q11 DP/N 0K64PG 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2200S m.2 nvme 2200 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TCK, MTFDHBA512TCK
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 for a time, Micron controller with 64L TLC 3D Nand [https://www.dell.com/support/home/en-uk/drivers/driversdetails?driverid=3jg3g BSOD occurred as CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED] before self applied firmware [https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds119265-nvme-solid-state-drive-firmware-update-utility-for-windows-10-64-bit-thinkpad apparently it is related to the power management that disconnects the Micron SSD] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2300 m.2 nvme Gen 3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDHBA256TDV P/N M02626-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 3400 M.2 NVME SSD Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDKBA512TFH 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2450 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 E19T 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 2600 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison's PS5029-E29T SSD controller with Micron 276-layer G9 QLC NAND in a DRAMless - Adaptive Write Technology (AWT) using various NAND modes (SLC, TLC, and QLC) as a dynamic cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium S270 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MSI Spatium M450 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV2000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV5000
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac NV7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico J10 J-10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico D10 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico e3500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico O7000 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P300 m.2 nvme pcie 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot Viper VP4300 Lite M.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2230 Gen3 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2140 CS2342 Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 1T 2280 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 no dram, Memory QLC Intel 144 layer. Chip Realtek 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Raydisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket Nano 2242 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-2130-512, SB-2280-1TB, SB-Rocket-NVME4-HTSK-2TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E16 controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 4.0 PLUS m.2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SB-RKT4P-1TB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E1? controller and TLC flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sabrent Rocket 5 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 Phison E25 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM951 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZVLV1T
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 950 PRO PM961 M.2 2280 NVMe 1.3 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*MZ-VKW5120 
*MZ-VLW2560 MZVLW256HEHP-000L7, MZ-VLW5120, MZ-SLW1T00 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - possibly 512M LPDDR3 Samsung K4E4E324EE-ECCF cache - Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) unit with Samsung 48-layer TLC V-NAND V3 flash Samsung K90MGY8S7M-CCK0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 960 Pro SM961 M.2 PCi-e NVMe SSD 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V6P1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 Polaris (S4LP077X01-8030) controller Samsung 48-layer multi-level cell (MLC) V-NAND, pseudo-SLC cache or LPDDR3-1866 Samsung K4E8E304EE-EGCF
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB256A, MZ-VLB512A, MZ-VLB1T0A, 
*Rev 0 MZ-VLB2560, MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HAJQ, MZ-VLB1T00, 
*Rev ? MZ-VLB256B, MZ-VLB512B, MZ-VLB1T0B, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache hybrid SLC Samsung’s TurboWrite - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM981a 2280 PCI-Express 3.0 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLB5120 P/N MZVLB512HBJQ-000L7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 - tlc flash with SSD controller Samsung Phoenix (S4LR020) - pseudo-SLC cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991 NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ2560 MZVLQ256HBJD-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM991a NVMe M.2 SSD 2242  2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VLQ256B MZVLQ256HBJD-00BH1, MZ-9LQ256C, MZ-VLQ512B MZVLQ512HBLU,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 970 EVO Plus m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 Samsung Phoenix on Samsung LPDDR4 dram and 2 Samsung 9x-layer V-NAND TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 EVO Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 980 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V8P1T0BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 originally made in Korea ([https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/ 2tb firmware issues] with versions starting with 3) and year later Vietnam - DRAM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO m.2 nvme
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9E2T0BW, MZ-V9E1T0BW 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024   Samsung Piccolo no DRAM so HMB Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) and Samsung 133-Layer TLC (V6P) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM9A1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-VL25120 MZVL2512HCJQ, MZVL21T00 MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022   might be OEM variant of the 980 Pro 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM9B1 SSD M.2 2280 PCIe NVME Gen4x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*2023 MZ9L4256HCJQ-00BD1 MZ-9L4256A, , 
*2025 MZ-VL42560, MZ-VL45120, MZ-VL421T, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 SSD controller is Marvell 88SS1322 Whistler Plus, no DRAM cache and Samsung 128-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 EVO Plus m.2 nvme2.0
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9S2T0BW, MZ-V9S1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Samsung Piccolo with no DRAM so HMB and Samsung 236-Layer (V8) TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 990 Pro m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-V9P2T0BW, MZ-V9P1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 2tb early firmware issue - Samsung Pascal with DRAM LPDDR4 and 176-Layer V-NAND TLC - has had firmware design issues, causing premature failure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 9100 PRO PCIe Gen5 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 510 G3 x4 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*ZP1000GM30001,  
*ZP500GM30021 P/N 2NT308-300, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad early batch - Phison E12 STXYP0160031 on SK Hynix DRAM DDR4 with Kioxia BiCS3 64L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda Q5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500CV30001,ZP250CV30001,ZP1000CV30001 P/N 2ZK307-881,ZP2000CV30001
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 PS5013-E13-31 from Phison, no DRAM cache and QLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 515 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GV30001,ZP250GV30001,ZP1000GV30001,ZP2000GV30001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 no dram and qlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate FireCuda 520 SSD M.2 PCIe Gen4 ×4 NVMe 1.4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GM30002, ZP1000GM30002, ZP500GM30002
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  Phison E16 and Toshiba 96-layer TLC (triple-level cell) BiCS4 NAND flash DDR4 DRAM buffer and TLC-based with SLC-mode cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 520N m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP2000GV3A012, ZP1000GV3A012 and ZP500GV3A012
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP500GM3A013, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison PS5018-E18	on DRAM DDR4 with Micron 176L TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZP1000CV3A002, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 540 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 Phison E26 on DRAM LPDDR4 with 232-Layer Micron TLC
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Firecuda 530R 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD85 m.2 nvme PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 [http://vlo.name:3000/ssdtool/ firmware tools] 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power UD90 PCIe 4.0 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SP250GBP44UD9005, SP500GBP44UD9005, SP01KGBP44UD9005, SP02KGBP44UD9005, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Phison E21T with no DRAM so HMB and 176-Layer Micron TLC (B47R) but later no name QLC nand instead - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A60 A80 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 various originally an E12 drive with 64L Toshiba NAND, then had variations with E12S and SM2262EN as well as random 64L/96L, now it comes with a MAP1001A controller by Maxio and some YMTC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power US75 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  multiple variants with different NAND flash and/or controller like MAP1602A (F1C F2C uses NVMe 1.4, F3C U uses NVMe 2.0) and 232-layer TLC NAND flash, no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC501 M.2 m.2 NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*Rev0 HFM256GDHTNG-8510B SSS0L24764, HFM256GDJTNG-8310A, 
*Rev1 HFM256GDHTNG-8310A SSS0Q68673, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC511 512GB NVMe PCIe M2 2230 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM256GDJTNI-82A0A  HFM512GDGTNI-82A0A D P/N 0TG8T0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix BC711 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFM001TD3JX013N, HFM512GD3JX013N, HFM256GD3JX013N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 okay but no dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix PC711 m.2 2280 PCIe Gen3 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*HFS001TDE9X073N, HFS512GDE9X073N, HFS256GDE9X073N  
*HFS001TDE9X080N, HFS512GDE9X080N, HFS256GDE9X081N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC210 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC601 PCIe 3.0 x4
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 - Cepheus Plus YCN34PTA0FR Controller and 48L TLC Flash, pseudo-SLC cache and LPDDR4-3733 SK Hynix H9HCNNN8KUMLHR-NME dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix PC401 3rd gen PCIe 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 bad batch early - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Gold P31 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 SK hynix’s proprietary Cepheus controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix SK500  Gen 4 (x4)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK hynix Platinum P41 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 Aries SSD controller with 176-Layer TLC flash - SK hynix LPDDR4 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix PC801 PCIe Gen4 x4 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS001TEJ9X101N, HFS512GEJ9X101N, HFS256GEJ9X101N, HFS002TEJ9X101N
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix BC901 m.2 nvme PCIe Gen4  2230
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  Silicon Motion SM2269XT with no DRAM so HMB buffer cache - SK Hynix 176-layer TLC NAND flash 1TB only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7512G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup MP34 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MP34 256GB, MP34 512GB, MP34 1TB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 good Phison E12 with DRAM NANYA DDR3L	and Toshiba BiCS 3 64L TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea A440 PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison PS5018-E18 NVMe 1.4 controller and Micron’s 96L TLC with SK hynix 8Gb DDR4 chips but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group TForce Cardea A440 Lite PCIe Gen4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 dram-less E27T controller and 162L TLC but not OPAL-compliant AES 256-bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team Z44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison’s E19T controller  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;teamgroup Team MP44L m.2 nvme pcie 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Phison E21T no DRAM so HMB with 176-Layer Micron TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team MP33Q
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  - dramless maxio MAP1202 with TLC (MP33) or QLC (MP33Q) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group QX GE Pro m.2 nvme PCIe5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 innogit IG5666 with QLC 3D 232L nand with DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force G70 Pro  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 InnoGrit IG5236 (Rainier) with DRAM and NAND YMTC TLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team Group T-Force Cardea Z540 m.2 nvme PCIe 5.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 Phison E26 controller and 232L TLC and DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE110S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS128GMTE110S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE220S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 TS2TMTE220S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE300S PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 2230 TS256GMTE300S TS512GMTE300S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020  3D TLC NAND, 1G and 2G get hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend MTE400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TWSC 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Union Memory (Shenzhen) AM6672 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM6A0 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Verbatim V15000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN500
| &lt;!--Model--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN720 M.2 2280 NVME PCIE for Data Centers 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDAQNTW-512G-1001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2021 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC SN520 2230 Gen3 x2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 to 2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital ix sn530 M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 industrial  sandisk controller and firmware, as well as 96-layer 3D TLC NAND memory that can work in TLC or SLC mode - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN730 Gen3 x4 M.2 2280 M.2 NVME 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDBPNTY-1T00, SDBPNTY-512G-1012, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 to 2021 DRAM Cache DDR4-2666 CL18 Micron MT40A512M16LY-075:E (D9WFH) with Controller WD 20-82-00705-A2 Triton MP28 and NAND Flash Toshiba BiCS4 60082 512G (Rebranded by SanDisk) TLC 96-layer
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN750 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 64-layer 3D stacked NAND with 3 bits per cell TLC (Triple Level Cell) with 256MB of skhynix DRAM cache for every 250GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN850 m.2 nvme Gen4 PHY
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T1X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 Sandisk G2 controller with Micron DDR4 cache - new nCache 4.0 slc cache total dynamic capacity spans one-third (300GB on 1TB) with a small static SLC cache (12GB on 1TB) from the Kioxia BiCS4 96L TLC 96-layer NAND flash - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western digital SN550 Blue M.2 NVME PCIE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - various controllers and NANDs  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SN810 NVMe SSD 2280 Gen4 x4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 slc cache - laptop oem only no retail version - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN850X
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T2X0E, WDS200T2X0E, WDS400T2X0E, WDS800T2X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 issues with early ssd firmware and AMD Zen 3 X570 and X670E chipsets - Sandisk A101000291-82 controller with 112-layer TLC and DDR4 DRAM cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN570 single-sided M.2 2280 (80mm) PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless - WD/SanDisk SSD controller with BiCS 5 3D NAND TLC 112-layer NAND flash memory - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Black SN770 m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3X0E, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022  dramless cache with TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green SN350 m.2 NVMe SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS100T3G0C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 DRAM-less cache with SanDisk controller and QLC (quad-level cell) NAND
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_BLACK SN750 SE 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 controller Phison E19T, dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SN740 M.2 (2230) PCIe 4.0 x4 2280  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDDQTQD-1T00, SDDPNQD-, SDDPNQD-256G-2006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 dramless with SSD controller WD Sandisk 20-82-10081-A1 Polaris MP16+ with Toshiba BiCS5 112-layer TLC NAND flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD_Blue SN580
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 dramless SanDisk controller with (HMB) and 112-Layer Kioxia TLC (BiCS5) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SN5000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Black SN8100 / Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 8100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX 5100 7100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Optimus GX Pro 850X 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2026 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Zhitai (Yangtze Memory)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== Mini SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Biwin  PCIe 4×2 NVMe 1.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 GPDwin5 and Oneplayer Superx hybrid -  3D TLC - LGA packaging - V1 slide tray mechanism - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2025 
|-
|}


==SATA==

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), a programming interface for SATA host controllers. Platforms supporting AHCI may take advantage of performance features such as no master/slave designation for SATA devices — each device is treated as a master — and hardware-assisted native command queuing. AHCI may but not often also provides usability enhancements such as Hot-Plug (Desktop and Mobile Only). AHCI requires appropriate software support (e.g., an AHCI driver) 

AHCI, the underlying protocol for SATA, only supports one queue with 32 commands. 

The issue with AHCI is that it's going to take a pile of test hardware just to figure out all the different bugs in all the motherboard chipsets and add-on PCI cards that 'kinda' implement AHCI. Not to mention Silicon Image, which took a very different approach from Intel's AHCI in their SATA controllers.

=== SATA 7mm 2.5inch SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA 240GB Ultimate SU630 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU630SS-240GQ-R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su650 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU650SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su800 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU800
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SMI SM2258 controller with Micron 3D TLC NAND but low performance when data fills the SLC cache - slow write speed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA Ultimate Su680 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ASU680SS240GTR 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS340 Panther 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Apacer AS350
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Corsair F120 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M225 SSD 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 sata2 3gbp/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial RealSSD [https://www.storagereview.com/review/crucial-realssd-c300-review-256gb C300] 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CTFDDAC256MAG, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 sata3 6gbps - Marvell 88SS9174-BJP2 controller with a 128MB Micron 0AD12-D9LGQ RAM buffer with Micron 9wb11 MLC NAND - fast on 6Gbps SATA3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M4 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2011 Marvell 88SS9174-BKK2 processor, 25nm MLC NAND flash and 128MB dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M500 120Gb to 960Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M500SSD1, CT500M500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial M550 120G to 1T 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250M550SSD1, CT500M550SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT500BX100SSD1, CT1000BX100SSD1
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - no dram - Silicon Motion SM2246EN and ATA version ACS-2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 dram cache Micron controller  and nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial MX200 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016   MLC NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) BX300 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  dramless cache - Micron ex Tidal controller and TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) bx500 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT240BX500SSD1, CT480BX500SSD1, CT960BX500SSD1, CT1000BX500SSD1, CT2000BX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 SM2258XT 4channel later SM2259XT paired with Micron’s latest 64-Layer 3D TLC flash but dramless SLC cache (part of the tlc flash) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Crucial (Micron) MX500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT250MX500SSD1, CT500MX500SSD1, CT1000MX500SSD1, CT2000MX500SSD1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - dram cache from 256M to 2G - discontinued end of 2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 - no dram cache, Hynix memory 3dv7-176l 176 layer QLC (one chip), either raymx rm1135, SM2259XT controller or Realtek rts5735dlq 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang ranxiana S102 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S101Q 2.5inch  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Fikwot founded in 2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FX815 Standard 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FS810 Ultra 2.5inch sata  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertec FirestormLite 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S240GHS3-M or SDSSD240GB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hypertech
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral V2 Plus 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel X25--M 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 520 Series 2.5 inch SATA 6Gb/s 2.5&quot; SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2CW240A3, SSDSC2CW480A3, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 LSI SandForce SF2281, Flash Memory Intel Synchronous 25nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro Series 1500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BF180A4L SSD0E38417, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel S3610 Series 2.5&quot; 400GB 6GBPS SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BX400G4R
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 data center 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD Pro 5400s 512 GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF512H6 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3510 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDS2BB400G6, SSDSC2BB480G6R, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3520 Series MLC 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BB800G7, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD DC S3710 Series 800GB 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2BA800G4P, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  server 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel SSD 545S Series 256GB 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KW256G8X1, SSDSC2KW512G8
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.solidigm.com/support-page/warranty-rma/ka-00032.html Solidigm formerly Intel] SSD DC S4500 240GB 2.5inch - HP Enterprise  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KB240G7P 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingspec P3-512 P3-1T0 P3-2TO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston HyperX SH103S3/120G 3K 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston SSDNow 300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S37A/240G, SV300S37A/120G, SV300S37A/60G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 dramless - lsi sandforce SF2281 or JMicron JMF662 controller with Toshiba MLC or Intel MLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 120G to 960Gb 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400S37/240G SBFK61K1, SA400S37/480G, SA400S37/960G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 half case sized ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - t6 security torx into metal case - dram less - poor write speeds - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia formerly Toshiba HG6 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
*9.5mm THNSNJ512GBSU, THNSNJ256GBSU, THNSNJ128GBSU
*7mm THNSNJ512GCSU THNSNJ512GCSY, THNSNJ256GCSU THNSNJ256GCSY, THNSNJ128GCSU THNSNJ128GCSY
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - no dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NS100 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LNS100-1TRB 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - Marvell 88NV1120 Artemis, a DRAM cache is not available and pseudo-SLC. Micron 64-layer TLC NAND flash 4 chips @ 512 Gbit TS7512G181 (Rebranded by Lexar) (256G) - 4 nand flash chips Lexar/TST22T181/ B1924 and one controller: Lexar DM918/NOD43 1907 (512G) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lexar NQ100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - DM928 controller which operates without a DRAM buffer. Two 128GB Micron NAND flash chips 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;LCS-128L9S-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  no dram - sata2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Matrix 256Gb 512GB SATA 2.5in SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MIS512GSDS, MIS256GSDS
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;UP TO 550MB/S
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;UP TO 500MB/S
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1100 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TBN-1AR1ZA
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 1300 2TB 1300 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK2T0TDL-1AW1ZABHA 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 - old sdd - TLC nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron RealSSD C400 2.5inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAK256MAM-1K12 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Mushkin Reactor 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Netac SA500 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;OCZSSD2-1VTX60G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZTechnology Agility 3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AGT3-25SAT3-240G, AGT3-25SAT3-120G, AGT3-25SAT3-60G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 C 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2CSTK251M21-0240, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Deneva 2 R
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;D2RSTK251E19-0100, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 3 128GB 2.5&quot; SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;VTX3-25SAT3-240G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OCZ Vertex 4 128GB 2.5&quot; SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;VTX4-25SAT3-128G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y-20 Y20 2.5 inch sata SHENZHEN ORICO TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023  flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico S500-Pro s500pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Origin Storage Inception TLC830 Pro Series 2.5in SATA III SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3D tlc flash nand -
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;OWC Mercury Extreme Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P210 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  qlc flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Patriot P220 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;P220S2TB25
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   flash nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Plextor M6V
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS900 2.5 in sata SSD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSD7CS900-480-PB
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY CS2311, CS3030 and Pro Elite SSDs 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung SM PM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;PM871a or PM871b? SM/PM = 2-bit or 3-bit MLC. PM = 3-bit MLC = TLC. 8 = generation = 8xx, 7 = model = 850 EVO (in this case), 1 = usage (e.g. 3 = datacenter). a/b = revision or type of flash, the 850 EVO had multiple revisions including at least three types of flash (32L, 48L, 64L) so a = 32/48L, b = 64L. At lower capacities it might use different flash, for example the 256GB SM951 utilizies 2D/planar while the higher capacities use 3D. OEM drives tend to have different, optimized firmware, so performance will not be the same 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE120
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7TE5120 P/N MZ7TE512HMHP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-75E120, MZ-75E500 (P/N MZ7LN500) to MZ-75E4T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 Samsung MGX controller (S4LN062X01) up to 500GB capacities whilst Samsung MEX controller (3-core) beyond - Samsung TLC 3D V‐NAND 48 and later 64 layers and possibility of 256MB, 512MB or 1GB LPDDR2-1066 DRAM chip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 PRO
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7KE1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a 2.5 inch sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN512A P/N MZ7LN512HMJP, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM883 1.92TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LH1T90
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 -  - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) - 1gb LPDDR4-1866 dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76E1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND - Samsung MJX Maru (S4LR030) contoller with no dram as standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO PRO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 QVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-76Q1T0
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 used 64-layer QLC V-NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 QVO 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 870 EVO 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-7LN56F, MZ-77E1T0 P/N MZ7L31TOHBLB,  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021 beware of bad batch early death - uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871b
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ7LN256HCHP-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2021  uses 9x layer 3D QLC V-NAND (or V-NAND 4-bit MLC Samsung), may have no DRAM cache - Samsung MKX 8-channel controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra 3D/Extreme Pro
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 SandForce SF-2281 dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Ultra Plus
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDHP-256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell SS889175 processor with SanDisk's 19nm NAND and 128MB Samsung DDR2 DRAM chip 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 -  Marvell 88SS9188  Marvell 88SS9187 with SanDisk 64Gbit 19nm MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x300s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Plus 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDSSDA-240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 pseudo SLC cache dramless 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk Z400s
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - Silicon Motion SM2246XT DRAM-less - budget end of market - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk x400
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 4 NAND packages and marvell controller 88ss1074 on blue pcb - 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate BarraCuda Q1 SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ZA240CV10001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 dramless A55 started with the Phison S10 but later the S11 i.e. Phison PS3111-S11-13 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND flash memory with a pseudo-SLC cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power Ace A55 2.5in  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk hynix 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012  sandforce controller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SH910A 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 - Link_A_Media (LAMD) controller with eight 256Gbit H27QEGDVEBLR NAND 20nm hynix MLC - SK hynix H5PS1G83JFA DRAM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;sk Hynix SC300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS256G32MND-3210A, HFS256G32MND-3312A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 - red strip around edges - 8-channel controller SK hynix LM87810AA-A0 with DDR2 buffer chip and four pieces of 16nm hynix MLC NAND - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SL300 series 2.5in SSD 
*3110A SL301STD
*3210A
*3300A
*3310A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS500G32TND, HFS256G32TNE, HFS128G32TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC - consumer line red in corners - SK hynix LM878100AA (HFS256G32MND-3312A) later SH87820BB and NAND 16nm hynix TLC - 256mb dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sk Hynix Canvas SC3 series 2.5in SSD 
*N1A0A  , , 
*N1A1A
*N1A2A SC308STD, 
*N2A0A  , , SC311STD
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HFS512G32TNF-N2A0A, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - red in corners - no dram and no SLC cache - Hynix ex Link_A_Media Devices (LAMD) SH87820BB 2c but poor mixed workload ability MLC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Team EX2 GX2 Elite QX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP AX2 2.5 Inch SATA III Solid State Drive SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;T253A3512G0C101, T253A3001T0C101, T253A3002T0C101, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024  3D NAND TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup TF Vulcan Z 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dramless smi2259xt 128L tlc nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TeamGroup T-Force Vulcan ZQLC
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 dram-less smi2259xt qlc 144L nand - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Topesel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD370S 250GB 2.5&quot; SATA SSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 220S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS120GSSD220S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 3D TLC without dram 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend SSD230S 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS256GSSD230S TS512GSSD230S TS1TSSD230S TS2TSSD230S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017  3D TLC NAND with DRAM Cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Viathan 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S001T3V
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red SA500 NAS
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 250Gb to 4Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS400T3B0A WDS200T3B0A WDS100T3B0A WDS500G3B0A WDS250G3B0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SSD 2.5&quot;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G1G0A 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Green 200Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T2G0A WDS100T3G0A WDS480G2G0A WDS240G2G0A WDS120G2G0A
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 - cheap and slow ssd - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD SA530 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SDASB8Y-256G SD9SB8W, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;[https://www.xray-disk.com xraydisk] 2.5 inch 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; from the manufacturer only - Phsion/SMI(2258XT)/Realtek/Yeestor 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Xum 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;hx256gssdsata3 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y3000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCie 3.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Yottamaster 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y7000
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; PCIe 4.0 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}


=== SATA M.2 (M and B key) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;ADATA M.2 2280 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AXNS381E-128GM-B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fanxiang S201 m.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;S201 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fikwot FN203 m.2 sata (oldtan, twipps, teexin aka Shenzhen Pingfan &quot;Ordinary&quot; Road Technology Co., Ltd) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 lifespan not long Maxio MAP + YMTC 128L 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Foresee (Shenzhen Longsys) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;YSM80CD-128G YSDE128G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 - 88nv1120-bt22 T3WU030
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 2242 120G 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD120GM242
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral M.2 2280
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GM.26M2280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 256GB/512GB/1TB/2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD1TM280
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022 netac rebrand - no dram cache -  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel Pro ‎545S 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSCKKF256G8H 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  no dram, TLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSDSC2KF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Intenso M.2 internalSSD SATA III 1 TB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Top 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston A400 m.2
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA400M8/240G 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 entry level ssd 4 x FH64B08UCT1-60 64G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;RBU-SNS8350DES3128GP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingston V300
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SV300S3505AG
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-18
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON SATA 128GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV3-8D128-11 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LITEON 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CV1-8B256-HP
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;L8H-256V2G-HP L8H-128V2G-HP 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 2016 nanya nt5c864m16fp-dh 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;LSI 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 SF37000 controller 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M550 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron M600 enterprise m.2 sata up to 512GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256MBF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014 Marvell 88SS9189 SATA controller, DRAM chip 256MB 533MHz LPDDR2, NAND for the 256GB drive MT29F1T08CQCCBG2-10:C 16nm MLC NAND each 128GB package
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;MICRON 1100 M.2 SATA 6Gb/s 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MTFDDAV256TBN HP P/N 903109-001, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico Y20M-2242 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Y20M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;202
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PNY 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM841 M.2 sata3 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NTD2560/0L9 MZNTD256HAGL-000L9
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015  TLC  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung CM871 Rev 0 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLF128HCHP-000H1 MZ-NLF1280 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM871a m.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN256HMHQ, NLN512A P/N MZNLN512HMJP-000H1, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 TLC 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SAMSUNG PM871b 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZNLN128HAHQ-000H1, MZNLN256HAJQ MZ-NLN256F MZ-NLN256C, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM881 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-NLH1280 MZNLH128HBHQ-000H1 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020   
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X300 M.2 sata 2280 80mm SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD7SN6S-256G-1006 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sandisk X400 SSD M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD8SN8U-128G-1006, SD8SN8U-256G-1006, SD8SN8U-512-1006, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 SSD controller Marvell 88SS1074 four channel supports variety of NAND and up to 512MB DDR3L-1600 Micron DRAM cache - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SanDisk X600 M.2 SSD Solid State Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD9SN8W-128G-1006 SD9TN8W-256G-1006  
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SANDISK X110 DELL 6T4HK M.2 2260
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SD6SP1M 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK Hynix SC300 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC308M280S HFS128G39TND 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 SH87820BB controller - No dram buffer - multi-level cell (MLC) NAND 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC311 HFS256G39TNF
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SK HYNIX 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SC401 HFS256G39TNH
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Silicon Power A55 M.2 sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;A55
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 - no dram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TEAMGROUP Team MS30 SSD M.2 Sata 2280 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TM8PS7001T0C101 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba RC100 (retail version of BG3)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KBG30ZMV256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba HG6 m.2 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;THNSNJ512GDNU THNSNJ512G8NY, THNSNJ256GDNU THNSNJ256G8NY, THNSNJ128GDNU THNSNJ128G8NY, THNSNJ256GVNU THNSNJ128GVNU, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2018
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA SSD M.2 2280 256GB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG50ZMV256G
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2019
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kioxia (Toshiba) BG6 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;KSG60ZMG256G, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS32GMTS400S TS64GMTS400S  TS128GMTS400S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;400S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; DDR3 dram cache and mlc nand
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M.2 SSD 600 (2260),  M.2 SSD 800S (2280) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  mlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS120GMTS420S TS240GMTS420S TS480GMTS420S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;420S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  can run hot slc cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2242 TS256GMTS430S TS512GMTS430S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;430S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  dram cache - 3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS120GMTS820S TS240GMTS820S TS960GMTS820S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;820S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   3D nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend M.2 SSD 2280 TS256GMTS830S TS512GMTS830S TS1TMTS830S TS4TMTS830S 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;830S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; dram cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 120GB to 480Gb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS480G2G0B WDS240G2G0B WDS120G2G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2020    made in malaysia  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD Green SATA SSD m.2 2280 240Gb to 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS240G3G0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2022    made in 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Blue SA510 M.2 SATA 250Gb to 2Tb 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WDS200T3B0B WDS100T3B0B WDS500G3B0B WDS250G3B0B
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Red 500GB 1TB 2TB 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SA500 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;union memory AM610 m.2 sata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SSS0R27339, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== mSATA SSD ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fangxiang S301
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Kingchuxing 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Integral 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;INSSD256GMSA MO-300 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; tlc 3d nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Micron enterprise 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;M600 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Orico ZH-10 ZH10
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 840 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2015 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 850 EVO 1.8in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-M5E120BW, MZ-M5E250BW, MZ-M5E500BW, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung PM851 1.8&quot; msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MTE256D P/N MZ-MTMTE256HMHP, MZ-MTE1T00, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2016 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 860 EVO 1.8inch msata 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MZ-MM6E250BW, MZ-M6E500BW, MZ-M6E1T0BW
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA370S
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MSA370S
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  MLC nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Transcend TS64GMSA230S  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;230S 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  3d tlc nand 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA 2.5inch Laptop Hard Disks ===

====7mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP628230-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP552605-01 250Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CP693440-01 500Gb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z5K320 Z5K500-500 Z5K100 series 
* 2013 HTS545050A7E380 HTS 
* 2015 HTS545050A7E680 HTS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS 320GB 500Gb 1Tb 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Z7K320 Z7K500 series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS725050A7E630 320Gb HTS725050A7E635 500Gb 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; avoid if it does not have the DCM code 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST 1T 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010B7E610 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2017 128m cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus Thin 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LT012  ST320LT012. ST250LT012 500Gb 320gb 250gb 2014 5.4K rpm 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Thin SSHD 5400RPM Sata 2.5&quot; 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM000 500GB, ST500LM001, ST500LM020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2013 up to 64M cache and with 8GB NAND Flash
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate MomentusThin-B Video 2.5 HDD
* 2014 
* 2015 
* 2016 
* 2017 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500VT000 500GB, 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2014  
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE Baracuda 2.5 5400 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000LM015 (2Gb), ST1000LM049 (1Tb), ST500LM030 (500Gb) 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda Pro 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM048 ST1000LM035 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  up to 128MB cache 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;SEAGATE FireCuda Compute 2.5
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LX025  ST1000LX015  ST2000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 8GB NAND Commercial Multilevel Cell (cMLC), 128MB buffer and 5400-RPM spindle speed up to 140 MB/s
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2018 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA MQ01ACF  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ACF050 500GB 7200rpm 2020 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Brand
| Model
| Work MSDos
| Work GPT
| Tested Under
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;western digital wd blue 500G 8meg cache 5400rpm 
* 2014 Rev T0
* 2015 Rev T1
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;wd5000lpvx 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;2012-2015 sequential 2MB block transfers 110 MB/s reading and writing - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2.5&quot; WD Blue Slim 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10SPCX 1TB Nov 2016 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;{{Yes|hdd under partition table msdos/pc, boots on bios machines, will not on uefi machine}}
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;{{Unk|untested hdd under gpt partition protocol scheme, not booting on uefi}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;AROS One 1.8 USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000LUCX 500Gb 5400rpm 16mb cache Rev Y0 
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; 2017 Malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====9.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHW2040BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   40gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHY2080BH
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  80gig
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| MHW2120B
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST bought by WD mid-2012 5K1000-1000 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS541010A9E662 type TS5SAF100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Travelstar 5K500.B-320 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS545025B9SA02 HTS545032B9A300 HTS545040B9A300 HTS545050B9A300 250Gb 320Gb 400Gb 500Gb 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi Global Storage Technologies HGST 1TB 7200rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HTS721010A9E630 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung bought by Seagate late 2011 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate HD REV A (Jan 2014) 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM024 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung Spinpoint with Seagate 9.5mm
* 2013 Rev A HN-M500MBB/I
* 2014 Rev B HN-M500MBB/SP4
* 2015 Rev B HN-M500MBB/P4C
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500LM012 (500M) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Momentus 5400.3 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST9160821AS
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  160gig 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1t
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LM014, ST1000LM028, ST1000LM015
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  8g nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SSHD 1T
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000LX001 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   32G nand flash 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK2555GSX HDD2H24 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  250g 5400rpm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MK5065GSX - 500GB 5400RPM SATA 3Gb/s 8MB Cache 2.5-Inch 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MKxx59GSXP, eg Toshiba MK6459GSXP 640GB 2011 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;Icaros 2.2 with uses Advanced Format (AF) in 4,096 bytes per sector. Compatibility with legacy, 512 bytes through AF emulation techniques, called 512e
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2013 to 2016)
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD100 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba (2015 to 2020) 
*2013 
*2014 
*2015 AA50/AX0D5A
*2016 AA60/AX0E1A
*
*2017 AGM AA01/AX002V
*2018 AGS AA70/AX0G1A
*2020 AA71/AX0G1A
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ01ABD050 500meg 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABF100 1TB 5400 RPM 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TOSHIBA 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MQ04ABD200 2TB 5400 RPM 128MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD7500BPVX 2013 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WESTERN DIGITAL 1TB 2.5&quot; SATA DRIVE 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-80JC3T0 (OCT 2014) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt; , uses Advanced Format (AF) 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WDC Western Digital Blue 1TB SATA 2.5&quot; Hard Drive 5400 rpm, 8MB cache 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPVX-08JC3T6 (Jun 2017) 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JPCX 1Tb
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
* 2019
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD10JUCT 1TB (1000GB) 2019 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Scorpio Black 
* 2010
* 2014 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD5000BEKT, WD5000BPKX-22HPJT0, WD5000BPKT, 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  16m cache, 7200rpm  thailand then malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;WD Western Digital Black 
* 2016 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD2500LPLX, WD3200LPLX, WD5000LPLX SMR: WD5000LPSX, WD10SPSX 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;  32m cache , 7200rpm SATA-III  malaysia 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA 2.5in NON-Laptop Hard Disks ===

====11mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Fujitsu 160GB 250GB 300GB
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;MHX2160BT, MHX2250BT, MHX2300BT
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TP00640GB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====12.5mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


====15mm====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 1TB IBM System X 15mm 2.5&quot; SATA
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST91000640NS 81Y9731 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

=== SATA Laptop Optical Drives ===

Tested in usb port not hub with 
*
*13fd:0840 Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA
*

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL-DT-ST DVDRAM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GSA T50L
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage BD-Rom DVD Rewriter 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;CT10N AFCK101 LGE-DMCT10A(B) 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 5v 12.7mm fails early 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Hitachi LG  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT20L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009/2010 5v 1.3A  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Hitachi / LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT30N  GT32N   GT30L 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT40N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT50N GT51N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data Storage
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GT90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 5v 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GU70N (HP/Dell), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.8A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
*Rev 101 
*rev 102 2015 factory GH 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUC0N (ALOK113) MSIP-REM-HLD-GUA0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 9.5mm - flaky and dies quickly - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HL Data 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GTC0N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 12.7mm 5V 1.8a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;BU20N (S05JH) KCC-REM-HLD-BU10N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HLDS Super Multi DVD Writer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GUD1N (S05JH) (S05NT) KCC-REM-HLD-GU90N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2017-2018 9.5mm 5v 1.8a - slow access - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Uj870a Uj880 UJ890 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8A0
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic MATSHITA 12.7mm SATA DVD  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B0 (Asus K53S), 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 12.7mm 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8B1
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2011 5v 1.5a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8C0, UJ8C1, UJ8C2 9.5mm, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 2013 5v 1.6a 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Precision Devices Co Ltd 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8D0, UJ8D1 KCC-REM-PPD-UJ8D1 HP 657534-TC2, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013 ok lifeline, 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8E2Q
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ8FB
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5a 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Panasonic Blu-Ray DVD Writer Slimline
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;UJ260 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DC-8A2SH, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A3S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A4SH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A5LH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On DVD-ROM 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8DBSH1148 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips Lite-On 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A6SH (HP)
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2015 5v 1.5A 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Philips and LiteOn 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A8SH118C KCC-REM-PLD-DS-8A8LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5a 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8A9SH DS8A9SH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DS-8ABSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD DVD/CD Rewritable Drive 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8A5LH 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2016 9.5mm 5v 1.5a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DU-8ACSH
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;PLSD Philips 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;da-8aesh11b, DA-8AESH-24B
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2019 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Pioneer 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;DVR-TD09TBG
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7580s, AD-7581s SOK-AD-7580S(B), AD-7583s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008-2010 5V 1.5A 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc SATA DVD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7561S, AD-7560S 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7 MM 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7585H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009 12.7mm cleaning the laser lens inside the drive with a liquid lens cleaner.  Also check the lens carrier slides freely from one extreme to the other inside the drive without sticking 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD7590s, AD-7591s, 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7700s, AD-7710h, AD-7701H, AD-7703S
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony Optiarc 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7760H
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2012 5v 1.5A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7711H AD-7740H 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;   12.5mm 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S208B Ver BB Rev 00
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2009  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba TSSTCorp Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-S083C Ver C Rev 03 /BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.5a 12.7 mm
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corp 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;TS-L633 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2010 5v 1.3A 12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SN-208FB/BEBE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2014 12.7mm 5v 1.3a - tracking issues, feels cheap and flaky in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;TSST Toshiba Samsung Corp.
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;SU-208FB/TFJF KCC-REM-TSS-SU208 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2013-2014 9.5mm 5v 1.3a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt; 9.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU40N 
*LG WP50NB40 
*LG BP50NB40 
*ASUS BW-16D1HT
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
*LG BU50N 
*LG WH16NS40 
*LG WH14NS40 
*ASUS BW-16D1X-U 
*ASUS SBW-06D5H-U 
*Verbatim 43889 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


=== [https://www.backblaze.com/cloud-storage/resources/hard-drive-test-data SATA Desktop 3.5inch Hard Disks] ===

Datasheets with the SMR (overlapped packing Shingled Magnetic Recording) and CMR (faster Conventional Magnetic Recording) parts 
&lt;pre&gt;
WD:      https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf
Seagate: https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-14-2007US-en_US.pdf
Toshiba: https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/support-docs/P300-SalesSheet_English_Web_r2.pdf
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Seagate Barracuda 7200.9
| ST3160812AS, ST3160212AS 
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2 - Capacity: 160 GB - Speed: 7200RPM - Cache: 8 MB - Interface: SATA2 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Barracuda LP Green 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DL002 1TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SkyHawk Surveillance HDD ST4000VX000 Series 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST4000VX013
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate Baracuda Compute 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST500DM009 2F110A-500 / 02PKVY / 2PKVY (500m), 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;   - SATA III (6Gb/s) - Format 3.5&quot; - 32MB Cache
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST1000DM010 ST500DM009 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 2TB SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST2000DM008 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;ST8000DM004 ST6000DM003 ST4000DM004 ST3000DM007 ST2000DM005
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD220
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba 7200rpm  
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD320
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Toshiba P300 CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;HDWD130XZSTA HDWD130UZSVA, HDWD120XZSTA HDWD120UZSVA, HDWD110XZSTA HDWD110UZSVA
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 2010 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARS Green 2TB 5400rpm 64mb cache 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital WD 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EFRX WD40EFRX 5400rpm 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD4002FFWD 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD80EAAZ WD80EAZZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital CMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAZ, WD60EZAZ
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD20EARZ, WD20EZAZ - 2TB 
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Western Digital SMR
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;WD40EZAX - 4TB, WD60EZAX - 6TB, WD80EZAX - 8TB
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== SATA Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
|}


==PATA==

=== IDE Desktop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu
| M1624TAU
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| IBM
| DHEA-38451
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SP40A2H
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST3160215ACE
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Seagate
| ST32122A
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD102AA
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Western Digital
| WD200
| {{maybe}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Laptop Hard Disks ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Fujitsu 
| MHV2040AH
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;HGST Hitachi Travelstar 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Samsung 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Seagate 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Toshiba
| MK2011GAP
| {{yes}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


=== IDE Desktop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| Compaq
| CR-594-BCQ
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8322B(CP1)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| CRD-8484B(AM2A)
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Compaq
| LTN-485
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Creative
| CD220E
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GDA-4120B
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| LG
| CRD-8400B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Lite-On
| LTN486S
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Mitsumi
| CRMC-FX4830T
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| CDR-1700B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| DV-5800A
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| ND-2100A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| NEC
| NR-7900A
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Philips
| DVD8631
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Samsung
| SC-148
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SCR-2030
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Samsung
| SM-348B
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU601
| {{yes}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Sony
| CDU611-25
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| Toshiba
| SD-M1202
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.5.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|}

=== IDE Laptop Optical Drives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Reads
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Writes
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;H-L Hitachi LG 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;GCC-4244N 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2006 
|-
| Hitachi-LG
| GCCT10N
| {{yes}}
| {{Maybe|FryingPan WRITE seems to have no problem with data sections (track 1) - combos with audio sections (track 2) white screens aros eventually}}
| AspireOS Xenon with 25th Jan 2014 self update kernel
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Philips
| SDR089
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L462C TS-L462D 
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| 2005 Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| TSSTcorp
| TS-L632H
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 1.4
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| Sony
| DW-Q58A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| Sony Optiarc
| AD-7540A
| {{yes}}
| {{unk}}
| Icaros Desktop 2.2
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;Optiarc DVD RW AD-7560A IDE 
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;Sony 
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;AD-7590A
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;2008  12.7mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Reads--&gt;
| &lt;!--Writes--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested Distribution--&gt;
|}


== SCSI ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Brand
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Model
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works MSDos/PC Bios
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Works GPT/UEFI
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Tested Distribution
|-
| &lt;!--Brand--&gt;
| &lt;!--Model--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work MSDos--&gt;
| &lt;!--Work GPT--&gt;
| &lt;!--Tested under--&gt;
|-
|}

NVMe accepts up to 64,000 queues with up to 64,000 commands each.</text>
      <sha1>n62ck9wogcosgaotf8px7yddflz6hzx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingwa de planeta/Lesson 0</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638873</id>
      <parentid>4193143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T09:35:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>David Valentini</username>
        <id>3593350</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alphabet and pronunciation */ Letter E was before omitted by mistake</comment>
      <origin>4638873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8212" sha1="1dfaqyqyhdiyapvil41xayl0uli70hd" xml:space="preserve">= Lingwa de planeta - neutral language for international communication =

What should an international communication language look like?

Perhaps it should be neutral. That is, it should not belong to any special nation (like English does, for example). Perhaps it should be easy from the point of view of grammar. That is, it shouldn't contain many different forms to be learned (like Russian does, for example). Perhaps it should be easy from the point of view of pronunciation. That is, its sound should be easy for native speakers of different languages to pronounce. It should be, perhaps, euphonious. That is, the speech in it should sound beautiful, and the language itself should be pleasant to speak because of that. Perhaps it should contain international and other widely spread words - as they are international indeed. Also it should perhaps be quite natural, without excessive schematization. And finally, it should perhaps resemble native languages for the speaker of any native language... just to be an ideal international language indeed.

Lingwa de planeta, or Lidepla for short, is such a language. It meets all the above-mentioned claims. It was created as a harmonious whole on the basis of the most widespread modern languages (English, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese, as well as Chinese, Russian, Hindi and Arabic).

Certainly, today it is rather difficult to find a Lidepla-speaking person in a foreign country. But the language, and the learning of it, can still be rather useful. Really, you are going to learn how to express yourself clearly in a non-native language, and this is one of the principal tasks that a person learning their first foreign language has to solve. (It is well known that every new language is easier to learn than the previous one.) Also, you are going to learn about 500 words that are very similar (both in phonetics and in meaning) to really frequent words of the most widely spoken modern languages.

So one can even claim that Lingwa de planeta is not a conlang, but rather a whole planet [[w:Creole language|Creole language]].

We wish you success and pleasure in acquiring the language Lingwa de planeta!

= Alphabet and pronunciation =

The alphabet of Lidepla is based on the Latin script. It contains 25 letters ('''q''' isn't used, '''c''' occurs only in '''ch'''): 

Aa (a), Bb (be), Ch ch (che), Dd (de), Ee (e), Ff (ef), Gg (ge), Hh (ha), Ii (i), Jj (ja), Kk (ka), Ll (el), Mm (em), Nn (en), Oo (o), Pp (pe), Rr (er), Ss (es), Tt (te), Uu (u), Vv (ve), Ww (wa), Xx (iks), Yy (ye), Zz (ze).

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfItYf-cAig Watch and to listen]

Lidepla letters are read the same way in all positions. 
In Lidepla there are 17 basic consonants and 5 vowels.

== Vowels ==

{|width=100%
|-
|width=10%|&lt;i&gt;letter&lt;/i&gt;
|width=30%|&lt;i&gt;pronunciation&lt;/i&gt;
|width=60%|&lt;i&gt;example&lt;/i&gt;
|-
|'''a'''
|like ''a'' in ''bar''
|'''ba''' ''([imperative marker])'', '''man''' ''(man)''
|-
|'''e'''
|like ''e'' in ''pet''
|'''de''' ''(of)'', '''pet''' ''(five)''
|-
|'''i'''
|like ''e'' in ''we''
|'''li''' ''(they)'', '''pi''' ''(to drink)''
|-
|'''o'''
|like ''o'' in ''more''
|'''to''' ''(that)'', '''non''' ''(no)''
|-
|'''u'''
|like ''ou'' in ''soup''
|'''bu''' ''(not)'', '''sun''' ''(soon)''
|
|}

The letters '''i''' and '''y''' mean the same sounds, but '''y''' is never stressed: '''pyu''' ''(more)''. Also '''y''' on the end of the word shows that the word is not a verb:  '''krai''' ''(to cry)'' vs '''skay''' ''(sky).''

== Consonants ==

All the consonants are pronounced in the same way in any position.


Basic consonants:
{|width=130%
|-
|width=10%|&lt;i&gt;letter&lt;/i&gt;
|width=60%|&lt;i&gt;pronunciation&lt;/i&gt;
|width=40%|&lt;i&gt;example&lt;/i&gt;
|-
|'''b d g'''
|like in ''bar, dog, good,'' respectively
|'''bu''' ''(not)'', '''de''' ''(of)'', '''ga''' ''(entirely)''
|-
|'''p t k'''
|like in ''pen, take, cake,'' respectively
|'''pa''' ''([preposition of general meaning])'', '''pet''' ''(five)''
|-
|'''w'''
|like ''w'' in ''well''
|'''wel''' ''(well (exclamation))''
|-
|'''f'''
|
|'''fai''' ''(to do)''
|-
|'''s'''
|like ''s'' in ''so'' and ''rose'' (between vowels)
|'''si''' ''(if)'', '''also''' ''(so)''
|-
|'''sh'''
|like ''sh'' in ''shoe''
| '''shu''' ''(shoe)'', '''shao''' ''(little, few)''
|-
|'''j'''
|like ''j'' in ''jack''
|'''jan''' ''(to know)''
|-
|'''z'''
|like soft [dz]
|'''zun''' ''(to go in for)''
|-
|'''m n'''
|
|'''man''' ''(man)''
|-
|'''l'''
|
|'''li''' ''(they)'', '''lao''' ''(old)''
|-
|'''r'''
|like ''r'' in ''rose''
|'''roli''' ''(to role)''
|-
|'''h'''
|
|'''hao''' ''(good)''
|
|}

Additional consonants:
{|width=130%
|-
|width=10%|&lt;i&gt;letter&lt;/i&gt;
|width=60%|&lt;i&gt;pronunciation&lt;/i&gt;
|width=40%|&lt;i&gt;example&lt;/i&gt;
|-
|'''ch'''
|like ''ch'' in ''chase'', but may be pronounced as ''j''
|'''chay''' ''(tea)''
|-
|'''v'''
|like ''v'' in ''vote'', but may be pronounced as '''w'''
|'''vino''' ''(wine)''
|-
|'''ng'''
|
* in the end of a word - like ''ng'' in ''swimming''
* in the middle of a word - like '''n + g''' 
|'''feng''' ''(wind)''
|
|}

Letter '''x''' means the '''k + s''' combination, but can be a little voiced when between vowels: '''examen''' ''(exam)'', before a consonant may be pronounced as '''s''': '''expliki''' ''(to explain)''.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUz_mjfqBIY Watch and to listen]

= Stress =
The general rule is as follows: the vowel before the last consonant or '''y''' is stressed. 

Examples: '''&lt;u&gt;ma&lt;/u&gt;ta''' ''mother,'' '''&lt;u&gt;du&lt;/u&gt;mi''' ''to think,'' '''ma&lt;u&gt;te&lt;/u&gt;ria''' ''material,'' '''a&lt;u&gt;van&lt;/u&gt;''' ''forward,'' '''kroko&lt;u&gt;dil&lt;/u&gt;''' ''crocodile,'' '''&lt;u&gt;ba&lt;/u&gt;ya''' ''berry,'' '''jao&lt;u&gt;pay&lt;/u&gt;''' ''signboard,'' '''su&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;la''' ''sole (of shoe)''.

In combinations '''ao; au, eu; ai, oi, ei''' the first vowel is stressed.

Examples: '''&lt;u&gt;ha&lt;/u&gt;o''' ''good;'' '''&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;udi''' ''to hear,'' '''&lt;u&gt;ma&lt;/u&gt;us''' ''mouse,'' '''&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;uro''' ''euro;'' '''&lt;u&gt;kla&lt;/u&gt;ida''' ''clothes,'' '''&lt;u&gt;fa&lt;/u&gt;il''' ''file,'' '''&lt;u&gt;bre&lt;/u&gt;in''' ''brain,'' '''&lt;u&gt;me&lt;/u&gt;il''' ''mail,'' '''aste&lt;u&gt;ro&lt;/u&gt;ida''' ''asteroid.''

There are some exceptions though, as Lidepla tries to keep the pronunciation close to widespread patterns. You don't need to memorize the rule, just read the examples attentively. You can also watch the short [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3dhsU5UrLw special video].&lt;br&gt;
# 4 endings are never stressed: '''-en''' ('''&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;nen''' ''inside,'' '''&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;ven''' ''even),'' '''-us''' ('''&lt;u&gt;vi&lt;/u&gt;rus''' ''virus),'' '''-um''' ('''&lt;u&gt;fo&lt;/u&gt;rum''' ''forum,'' '''&lt;u&gt;sir&lt;/u&gt;kum''' ''around),'' '''-er''' ('''&lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;ter''' ''between,'' '''kom&lt;u&gt;pyu&lt;/u&gt;ter''' ''computer)''
# Endings '''-ik-''' and '''-ul-''' in (simple) nouns and adjectives are never stressed: '''gra&lt;u&gt;ma&lt;/u&gt;tika, peda&lt;u&gt;go&lt;/u&gt;gika, &lt;u&gt;pu&lt;/u&gt;blika, &lt;u&gt;A&lt;/u&gt;frika, A&lt;u&gt;me&lt;/u&gt;rika, po&lt;u&gt;li&lt;/u&gt;tike, &lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;gike, &lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;nike, psiko&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;gike, &lt;u&gt;sti&lt;/u&gt;mula, &lt;u&gt;an&lt;/u&gt;gula.'''
# Ending '''-im''' is not stressed in '''&lt;u&gt;mi&lt;/u&gt;nim''' ''(least),'' '''&lt;u&gt;mi&lt;/u&gt;nimum''', '''&lt;u&gt;ma&lt;/u&gt;ximum'''.
# In some special cases the non-standard stress is indicated by doubled vowel: '''kwanti&lt;u&gt;taa&lt;/u&gt;''' ''quantity,'' '''kwali&lt;u&gt;taa&lt;/u&gt;''' ''quality'' (and all the abstract nouns with suffix '''-i&lt;u&gt;taa&lt;/u&gt;'''); '''namas&lt;u&gt;tee&lt;/u&gt;''' ''how do you do, hello,'' '''ad&lt;u&gt;yoo&lt;/u&gt;''' ''bye,'' '''bi&lt;u&gt;foo&lt;/u&gt;''' ''before,'' '''mal&lt;u&gt;gree&lt;/u&gt;''' ''in spite of.''
&lt;br&gt;

The stress doesn't change when forming the following: 
# the plural form of nouns ('''-(e)s'''): '''ki&lt;u&gt;ta&lt;/u&gt;ba|ki&lt;u&gt;ta&lt;/u&gt;bas''' ''book|books,'' '''&lt;u&gt;man&lt;/u&gt;|&lt;u&gt;ma&lt;/u&gt;nes''' ''man|men;''
# adverbs formed from adjectives: '''ja&lt;u&gt;mi&lt;/u&gt;le|ja&lt;u&gt;mi&lt;/u&gt;lem''' ''beautiful|beautifully;''
# nouns formed from verbs: '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;pi|&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;ping''' ''run|running.''

Compound words retain the stress of the components. Suffixes beginning with a consonant may have additional stress: '''&lt;u&gt;gi&lt;/u&gt;na&lt;u&gt;lik&lt;/u&gt;''' ''womanlike'' (from ''&lt;u&gt;gi&lt;/u&gt;na'' ''woman),'' '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;si&lt;u&gt;shil&lt;/u&gt;''' ''tending to bite'' (from '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;si''' ''to bite),'' '''&lt;u&gt;of&lt;/u&gt;ni&lt;u&gt;tul&lt;/u&gt;''' ''bottle-opener,'' '''&lt;u&gt;vi&lt;/u&gt;di&lt;u&gt;bi&lt;/u&gt;le''' ''visible.''

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3dhsU5UrLw Watch and listen]


[[../Simple sentence|Following lesson]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1dfaqyqyhdiyapvil41xayl0uli70hd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Interesting social sciences/The theory of war</title>
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        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>3267536</id>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 012.jpg]] → [[File:Eugène Delacroix - Prise de Constantinople par les croisés (12 avril 1204).jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · Name of the painting and not just a generic number</comment>
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      <text bytes="52733" sha1="nvs76qzpbuwfqmeml1rmwa6cb7rdgg8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Alfred Thayer Mahan.jpeg|thumb|Alfred Thayer Mahan]]
      
[[File:Макаров, Степан Осипович.jpg|thumb|Stepan Osipovich Makarov ]]
[[File:Downtown Burj Dubai and Business Bay, seen from Safa Park.jpg|thumb|left |Wealth of the Arab sheikhs]]
[[File:Eunectes murinus2.jpg|thumb| Anaconda]]
[[File:Панрегионална доктрина-Хаусхофер.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Division of the world according to Haushofer's Pan-Regions Doctrine]]      
[[File:Coat of arms of Moscow.svg|thumb|The coat of arms of Moscow depicts a horseman with a spear in his hand slaying a basilisk and is identified with Saint George and the Dragon (Anaconda). The dragon is a symbol of Kazan and the Golden Horde. ]]
[[Image:Apotheosis.jpg|thumb|left |300px|Vasily Vereshchagin ''The Apotheosis of War'' (1871)]] 
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R35179, Prof. Friedrich Ratzel.jpg|thumb|left |Friedrich Ratzel]]
[[File:Russian aircraft carrier  Kuznetsov.jpg|thumb| Russian aircraft carrier Abmiral Kuznetsov]]
[[File:The Triumph of Aemilius Paulus (detail).jpg|thumb|left |200px|''The Triumph of Aemilius Paulus'' (detail) by Carle Vernet, 1789.]]
[[File:BB61 USS Iowa BB61 broadside USN.jpg|thumb|The firepower of a battleship demonstrated by US Iowa (1984). The muzzle blast distorts the ocean surface.]]
[[File:KarlHaushofer RudolfHess.jpg|thumb|left |325px|General Karl Haushofer and [[Rudolf Hess]], c.1920]]
[[File:Typhoon3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A Russian Navy Typhoon-class  submarine underway. Also known as &quot;Project 941&quot;, they are the largest submarines ever built.]]
[[File:Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg|thumb|left |A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in Wadi Rum, Jordan. Poverty of bedouins]]   
[[File:AdmiralVinogradov2009.jpg|thumb|A Russian Navy Udaloy-class destroyer]]
[[File:Komsomolets torpedo boat.JPG|thumb|Torpedo boat &quot;Komsomol member&quot;]]
[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|The north face of Two World Trade Center (south tower) immediately after being struck by United Airlines Flight 175.]]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omEKhoHwWng&amp;ab_channel=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2

'''Geopolitics.'''
'''On the cover - St. George the Victorious kills a snake (anaconda).English subtitles exist in this video.'''

It is necessary to give answers on the following questions in this paragraph: 

* Whether the pacifistic ideas about an opportunity to eradicate war from practice of the international relations are true? 

* Whether war has benefit for development of humanity?

==German theory of geopolitics==
The German theory of geopolitics was created under the influence of social Darwinism. The main idea of the German theory of geopolitics consists that life of the states is similar to life of people and animals. The German theory of geopolitics developed a concept of living space which is necessary for development of the country as the favorable environment is necessary for animals.

===Friedrich Ratzel's theory about need of increase of the population of Germany with help of expansion of territory of Germany at the expense of colonies===

Years of his life: 1844 — 1904. This ethnographer and the geographer lived in Germany. He has based &quot;political geography&quot;. On his opinion, we see fight for space (territory) throughout all mankind history, fight for existence (as at animals: who has the highest level of development, that has more food). His pupil — Karl Hauskhofer — urged to conquer of vital space for fascist Germany. Adolf Hitler has tried to expand of territory of Germany at the expense of Russia, but as a result of two world wars Germany has lost of 1/3 part of own territory (including the Kaliningrad region)

===Biography and views of Karl Haushofer===

Years of his life: 1869 — 1946. He was a geographer and the sociologist, the founder of the German school of geopolitics. Karl Haushofer saw the reason of defeat of Germany in World War I in geopolitical ignorance of her leadership.  Karl Haushofer was appointed by professor after coming to power of his pupil Rudolf Hess and Adolf Hitler in 1933. Though Karl Haushofer participated in negotiations which have led to the conclusion of the union between the Third Reich and Japan, Karl Haushofer  preferred to separate from the Nazi leadership in general. Karl Haushofer considered  of Adolf Hitler as half - educated person, and Karl Haushofer accused of Joachim von Ribbentrop in distortion of own geopolitical constructions.  Albrecht Haushofer, the son of  Karl Haushofer, was executed after the plot on 20 July 1944, and aged professor Karl Haushofer was arrested and Karl Haushofer has spent eight months in the Dachau concentration camp. Karl Haushofer has returned to Munich after freeing in 1945, however the endured events cracked his moral forces. Karl Haushofer and his wife have committed of suicide on 13, March 1946.

Hauskhofer's views consisted as follows. The Malthusian concept of &quot;living space&quot; was the base for Karl Haushofer's creativity, and Karl Haushofer saw a purpose of each state in expansion of this space. Need of economic self - sufficiency (autarky), cultural expansion and absorption of the small states were logically deduced from that. Small states only destabilize of international relation. Some of these concepts was used by theorists of Nazism. Though Karl Haushofer supplied by literature of Rudolf Hess and Adolf Hitler during their imprisonment after a failure of Beer Hall Putsch, Karl Haushofer denied that his own views were reflected in book &quot;Mein Kampf&quot; written by Adolf Hitler in prison. Karl Haushofer has developed special option of eurasianism — the doctrine of the Continental union &quot;the Axis Berlin — Moscow — Tokyo&quot; as east counterbalance to the Western  Anglo-Saxon world (that is the British Empire and the USA), but  this doctrine of Karl Haushofer  has been perverted by Adolf Hitler in practice. &lt;ref&gt; Karl Haushofer. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer &lt;/ref&gt; 

Karl Haushofer had  written in the well-known article &quot;Continental Block&quot;: &quot;…It is impossible to strangle of  Eurasia  while two of her largest people — Germans and Russians — seek to avoid the internecine warfare in every possible way, similar to the Crimean war or World War I. It is an axiom of the European policy&quot;.

== Anglo-Saxon theory of geopolitics==

Sir Alfred Thayer Mahan (years of life: 1840-1914) – this is the American naval theorist and the historian, the rear admiral, the teacher of sea history. Alfred Thayer Mahan has created together with the English admiral Philip Howard Colomb of the theory of &quot;sea power&quot;, considering that naval forces possess a crucial role in armed struggle, and conquest of naval supremacy is the main condition of a victory in war. Philip Howard Colomb has written the book &quot;Naval warfare, its ruling principles and practice historically treated.&quot; in 1891 &lt;ref&gt;Naval warfare, its ruling principles and practice historically treated by rear-admiral P. H. Colomb.  https://archive.org/details/navalwarfareitsr00colo/page/n5&lt;/ref&gt;. Philip Howard Kolomb predicted  that  the battleships will  play the crucial role in future war during decisive battle, but these forecasts haven't quite come true. The Russian admiral Stepan Makarov was closer to the truth when Stepan Makarov warned against revaluation of a role of battleships and decisive battle. Really, emergence of new classes of the fighting ships (submarines, aircraft carriers, destroyers, torpedo boats) has turned battleships into big and often defenseless target.  Aircraft carriers played the crucial role in a victory at the sea in World War II. Thus, forecasts of Philip Howard Colomb haven't come true completely. 
         

Absolutely other destiny expected works and ideas of Alfred Thayer Mahan. He publishes In 1890 the first book &quot;The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783&quot;&lt;ref&gt;A. T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783&quot; https://archive.org/details/seanpowerinf00maha/page/n6 &lt;/ref&gt;, in which Alfred Thayer Mahan has drawn a conclusion that the wellbeing of Great Britain is based on her sea power and superiority of her military fleet. The book made enormous success. The English reviewers called Mahan's works as &quot;the gospel of the British greatness&quot;, and German Emperor Wilhelm II claimed that he tries to learn by heart Mahan's works and Wilhelm II has disposed to dispatch of Mahan's works in all ship libraries of Germany. President of USA Theodore Roosevelt even considered himself by Mahan's pupil, repeatedly addressing to Alfred Thayer Mahan for council, especially during creation of &quot;the big fleet&quot;.

Main thought of Alfred Thayer Mahan: &quot;The nation wishing to govern at the sea has to attack&quot;. The book of Alfred Thayer Mahan was intended first of all for Americans since Alfred Thayer Mahan considered that the USA has &quot;a sea destiny&quot; though the USA wasn't included into the category of the advanced world powers yet in his time.  Alfred Thayer Mahan  predicted for the USA planetary destiny, formation of the leading sea power which is directly influencing on the fate of the world. Alfred Thayer Mahan considered the main enemies of the USA as &quot;sea civilization&quot; the continental states of Eurasia, first of all, Russia and China, and in the second turn - Germany. Alfred Thayer Mahan suggested for fight against these countries to use the principle of &quot;anaconda&quot; which was applied successfully by the general of northerners George McClellan in American Civil War of 1861-1865. The principle consists in blocking of enemy territories from the sea and on coastlines that leads to exhaustion of the opponent gradually because of the stopping of sea trade and the stopping of supply of weapon from abroad by sea. Having transferred this principle to planetary level, Alfred Thayer Mahan suggested to suffocate continental mass in rings of &quot;anaconda&quot;, squeezing of continental mass at the expense of brought out of her control of the coastal zones and blocking whenever possible of exits to sea spaces of continental mass.  This strategy was implemented in World War I when the Entente supported of the white movement in Russia (as the answer to the conclusion by Bolsheviks of the peace with Germany). This strategy was applied against Germany, Italy and Japan in World War II also. But this strategy is visible especially accurately during an era of Cold War when opposition of the USA and the USSR has reached global, planetary scales.
     

In my opinion, the world history demonstrates that countermethod appears over time against each method including  countermethods will appear over time against tactics of sea power too. Germans applied naval tactic Wolfpack consisting of submarines during World War II long time successfully.  The German aircrafts and torpedo boats caused a big loss in convoys of USA and Britain, the German aircrafts and torpedo boats were based in Norway. USA and Britain have managed to win of the German submarines only with help of total control of the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. The Achilles' heel of diesel submarines is a need to emerge periodically on the surface of the sea to turn on the diesel and to recharge accumulators, the boat can be found and destroyed at this moment easily. Modern nuclear submarines have no this shortcoming and modern nuclear submarines can lie at the bottom of the sea on alert very long. Rockets played  the large role in modern war, this invention has turned the large ships and big cities of the opponent into a convenient target. The naval supremacy doesn't suffice already for achievement of world supremacy today, it is necessary to have also domination in the atmosphere and in space  for this purpose today. Technical progress  is infinite in military equipment. Sea countries are forced to perform overland operations for a final victory over continental countries and to occupy of the territory of continental countries after the victory at the sea of sea countries over continental countries. Big problems begin here at sea countries. Sea powers sustain big losses in manpower during guerrilla war. Americans have lost the war in Vietnam and in Afghanistan for this reason. Big losses in manpower cause protests in America. American aircraft carriers and other warships have become a large and defenseless target for Russian hypersonic missiles &quot;Zircon &quot; today. Americans are somewhat behind Russians in the development of hypersonic weapons today. And the backward should make concessions in negotiations on the division of spheres of influence.

Conclusion: despite all these remarks, Russia has to pay huge attention to development of navy. Almost nobody managed to win the war against Russia. Russia walked on corpses of great empires all own history. The West won't be able to win in the war against Russia in the future too. Dissolution of the Soviet Union is temporary success of the West in &quot;cold&quot; war. Dissolution of the Soviet Union happened because of backwardness of the Soviet Union in sphere of economy and policy. The president of Russia Boris Yeltsin drew conclusions from this defeat and Boris Yeltsin undertook necessary reforms –  Boris Yeltsin has introduced western inventions  (system of representative democracy, the market competition and a private property) into Russia.  The economic and political system of Russia isn't worse than the economic and political system of the western countries today. Russia did in this way always - Russia studied at the opponents in the course of war always, and then Russia won against the opponents as a result of war. Russia headed by the president Vladimir Putin will recover of own sphere of influence in the near future and the West won't be able to prevent it.

==My theory of war==

===Utopia of pacifism. The role of the war in history of mankind===

A war was the only effective method of the resolve of the international conflicts because of the territory and the national contradictions until creation of the UN. Experience of World War II has shown that war between the civilized advanced countries with use of thermonuclear weapon and long - range rockets threaten of mankind with death. Therefore prevention of World War III and punishment of aggressors became a main purpose of founders of the UN. However experience of a communistic experiment has shown that any great invention of mankind including war and border can never &quot;die off &quot;, contrary to Karl Marx's forecasts. Every type of the conflict including war, have own benefit and perform own function therefore this type of conflict  can't be cancelled arbitrarily without damage for society.

The main benefit and the main function of war between the countries consists in identification of the most advanced country which becomes by winner often. Lost countries and more backward countries are forced after war either to die, or to study at winner first of all in military area, and then in other areas. If war is impossible between the advanced countries having nuclear weapon, then war of the advanced countries against backward countries, not having of nuclear weapon, is quite acceptable and  even inevitable today. Pacifism as the theory about full eradication of all wars from practice of the international relations, is a utopia. War, international trade and cultural exchange are the only ways of educating of the backward people that to improve their cultural development before the level of the advanced nations. Indigenous people of Africa, America, Australia, Siberia would still live in a primitive society without war.

The first form of contact with an alien civilization will be manifested in the form of war always. Whether it makes sense to send in this case of radio signals to alien &quot;brothers on mind&quot;? War of the advanced countries against the backward countries and terrorists is inevitable at least for the reason that terrorists are capable to attack of the advanced countries sometimes.  Leaders of the advanced countries are disoriented by the pacifistic ideas and this leaders  doesn't want to see real threats. Today the backward regimes have applied against the advanced countries rather effective tactics - global terror and guerrilla war. For example, the  terrorist organization Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden has organized of the attack to the USA on September 11, 2001.
 
The USA has made a mistake when the USA have crushed Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq and Muammar Gaddafi's regime in Libya  because chaos, civil war and the power of terrorists in the form of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant have replaced  Gaddafi's and Hussein's regime. Totalitarian regime is lesser of two evils in comparison with the power of terrorists (ochlocracy).

Islamic terrorists have organized of civil war against Russia in Chechnya. Drug traffic and trade of oil became a source of financing of terrorists. Non-proliferation regime of nuclear weapon has to interfere with a possibility of creation of nuclear weapon in the backward countries. Unpredictability of actions of the totalitarian regimes (for example communist regime in Northern Korea) armed by nuclear weapon can put mankind before face of death.  The mankind invents counterweapon against any weapon sooner or later. Like it or don't like it, but borders have to remain, immigration has to have of certain restrictions, and wars for possession of the territory will take place in the global world in the future.

===International conflicts===
[[File:Rutas comerciales fenicias-es.svg|thumb|Map of Phoenicia and its Mediterranean trade routes]]
[[File:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg|thumb|Greek fire may have been an early version of the flamethrower.]]
[[File:Ancient Roman catapult - Discours de la religion des anciens Romains (1581) (14763485952) (enhanced).jpg|thumb|200px|Engraving illustrating a Roman catapult design, 1581]]
[[File:Eugène Delacroix - Prise de Constantinople par les croisés (12 avril 1204).jpg|thumb|250px|''The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople'' (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). The most infamous action of the Fourth Crusade was the sack of the Orthodox Christian city of Constantinople]]
[[File:Caravel Boa Esperanca Portugal.jpg|thumb|A lateen-rigged caravel, ''Caravela Latina'']]
[[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Silk Road]]
[[File:Kaulbach, Wilhelm von - Die Seeschlacht bei Salamis - 1868.JPG|thumb|Battle of Salamis ]]
[[File:Age of Discovery explorations in English.png|thumb|500px|Map with the main travels of the age of discoveries. See details in expandable table:
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
!Major discoveries
|-
! Major discovery/&lt;br/&gt;Destination || Main explorer !! Year !! Funding by
|-
|Congo River || Diogo Cão || 1482 || John II of Portugal
|-
|Cape of Good Hope &lt;br/&gt;Indian Ocean || Bartolomeu Dias|Dias || 1488 || John II of Portugal
|-
| West Indies||Cristopher Columbus|| 1492|| Ferdinand and Isabella
|-
| India||Vasco da Gama || 1498 || Manuel I of Portugal
|-
| Brazil||Pedro Álvares Cabral || 1500 || Manuel I of Portugal
|-
| Maluku Islands &lt;br/&gt;Australasia (Western Pacific Ocean)|| Afonso de Albuquerque, António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão || 1512 ||Manuel I of Portugal
|-
| Pacific Ocean || Vasco Balboa || 1513  || Ferdinand II of Aragon
|-
| Strait of Magellan  || Ferdinand Magellan ||  1520 || Charles I of Spain
|-
| Circumnavigation || Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano || 1522 || Charles I of Spain
|-
| Australia || Willem Janszoon || 1606 || United East India Company
|-
| New Zealand || Abel Tasman || 1642 || United East India Company
|-
| Antarctica || James Cook|| 1773|| George III
|-
| Hawaii || James Cook|| 1778 || George III
|}]]

International conflicts arise, mainly, in the form of armed conflicts. The purpose of armed conflict is fight for possession of the territory, economic resources (mineral deposits, energy resources, precious metals), for control over maritime trade routes, for possession of colonies. Besides, the conqueror can impose of a tribute or reparations on the defeated opponent. The purpose of war is defeat of army of the opponent and occupation of his territory. Means of war is weapon. That side wins in the war most often which possesses more modern weapon. It is possible to cause more notable loss to the opponent in manpower and the technician with help of this weapon. Progress of weapon consists that his destructive power grows. War arose from hunting on wild animals. People have replaced object of destruction from wild animals on people  in the course of transition from hunting to war. Soldiers have ceased to destroy of defeated opponents in the war during period of slaveholding, and soldiers began to turn of prisoners of war into slaves. Main types of weapon are bow and arrow, melee weapon, chariot, cavalry, catapult, battering ram, warships, arbalest, firearm, guns, tanks, military planes, rockets, nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapon.
         

Economic stimuluses are applied in foreign policy except military strikes, for example, providing climate of most favoured nation in trade,  soft loans, economic sanctions or embargo on trade are applied. Besides, ideological fight and ideological control are applied in foreign policy. The example of ideological control is imposing by the conqueror to the defeated people of own religion and culture. The Catholic countries organized crusades against Muslims and pagans with the purpose to impose  of own Catholic religion. Arabs forced of defeated people to accept Islam. Russia has received of Orthodoxy from Byzantium voluntarily. Greeks bore of the high culture (theater, philosophy and poetry) to the people of the Roman Empire.  the American culture, production of Hollywood, takes dominant positions in world of mass culture today though works of of Hollywood have very poor quality often.  
  

The new method of fight is as follows. Some backward Muslim nations are not able to be at war therefore backward Muslim nations try to get into the territory of other countries with help of peaceful migration, to create of national districts, to increase  of the number of Muslim population quickly at the expense of the strong family relations in Muslim family and high birth rate, and then to displace indigenous people and to fight for separation of these national districts from the territory of these countries. Albanians managed to finish this plan in Kosovo. Albanians have displaced of Serbians from Kosovo and Albanians have achieved of separation of this national districts from Serbia. The similar plan exists at the Crimean Tatars in the Crimea, Crimean Tatars have purpose to displace of Russians and Ukrainians from the Crimea and to attach this peninsula Crimea to Turkey. Here to what cancellation leads of such great social invention as national border between the countries under the slogan of broad development of globalization.  The same danger threatens of countries of Western Europe because of mass immigration of Muslims to Europe. It is the real &quot;The Decline of the West&quot; about which Oswald Spengler warned in book &quot;The decline of the West&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Oswald Spengler. The decline of the West. https://archive.org/details/Decline-Of-The-West-Oswald-Spengler/page/n1 &lt;/ref&gt;. National borders prevents from unlimited immigration.  The indigenous people has to assimilate of small number of migrants in normal conditions.  Migrants-barbarians can assimilate of indigenous people of the country in a condition of unlimited immigration. This fact can be as a catastrophe for this country.  This demographic problem is the most important problem for the Western countries and Russia.

Some countries seek to dominate in world international trade. They seek to capture of trade ways, to capture priority in construction of sea trade ships and warships, to orient the production of handicraft and industrial goods for export.

Examples of the countries which have gained of trade power thanks to wars:

* '''Ancient Phoenicia.''' She controlled trade on the Mediterranean Sea. List of the main Phoenician goods: glass, bronze weapon, tyrian purple. Phoenicia was crushed by Ancient Greece and Phoenicia is forced out from trade ways by Ancient Greece and then Ancient Carthage (main colony of Phoenicia) has been  destroyed completely by Ancient Rome. Phoenicians lost to Greeks in Battle of Salamis, because the Greeks used the fast warship ‐ trireme armed by bronze bow (rams or embolon) that to punch the side of the enemy ship below the waterline. Alexander the Great captured the capital of Phoenicia ‐ Tyre, and then Ancient Rome seized and destroy main Phoenicia’s colony  ‐ Carthage. Tyre was located on the island near the coast of the continent, therefore  Alexander the Great  has ordered to fill a dam between this city and the coast in the course of a siege of Tyre and Alexander the Great  has ordered to apply navy at storm of the city.

* '''Ancient Greece''', mainly, Athens. Greeks sold new goods – iron weapon, ceramics, silver jewelry, olive oil, grape wine and so on.

* '''Ancient Rome'''. Romans began to establish catapults  on warships. 
* '''Byzantium'''. Byzantines began to arm own warships with &quot;the Greek fire&quot; (flamethrower) by means of which Byzantines began to set fire the opponent's ships.   
* '''Venice'''. Venice has managed to seize trade ways on the Mediterranean Sea. Venetians have directed the blow of crusaders to Constantinople which then has been captured by Turks, and Byzantium has died finally. 
* '''Portugal and Spain'''. The first ocean ships  (a caravel and carrack) were invented in Portugal and Spain. Portuguese controlled a way around Africa to India and China, and Spaniards  controlled a way to America. Portuguese have brought to Europe the Indian and Chinese goods – spices, silk, cotton, porcelain.  Arabs and turks carried earlier these goods from China and India with help of the overland &quot;silk&quot; way,  arabs and turks sold to Europeans these goods at very high monopoly prices. And Spaniards carried the precious metals (gold and silver) from America. As a result of the price of the Chinese, Indian goods and precious metals have  fallen sharply in Europe. Naturally Spain didn't buy gold resources from indigenous peoples. The states of aboriginals of America were won, robbed and destroyed by means of firearms and iron cold weapon.

* '''Britain'''. Britain managed to crush Spanish Armada and Britain managed to force out Spain and Portugal from trade ways worldwide. Britain has occupied extensive colonies in North America and has made India by own colony, then  Britain has forced of China to open the borders for foreign trade by means of &quot;opium&quot; wars. China was divided by the European countries into spheres of influence as pumpkin. Britain managed to beat also other trade competitors – France and Holland. Machines were invented in Britain for expansion of production of export goods and the steam engine were invented in Britain instead of a sail for increase of speed of the ships. Britain was considered as &quot;the queen of the seas&quot; and  &quot;the international carrier&quot; in 19 century. Britain produced the most part of goods for international trade. Germany has tried to throw a challenge to Britain in 20 century and Germany has tried to force out  of Britain from the leading positions in world trade. But the USA have moved forward on the leading positions in world trade  as a result of defeat of Germany in two world wars, nobody expected it. 

* '''USA'''. This country takes the leading positions in world trade today, but the European Union, Japan, South Korea and China restrict of the USA in world trade already. Russia is going to restore of own sphere of influence on the international scene, leaning on own army and the fleet. Russia has the big territory and many resources therefore Russia has high potential for economic development. Peter the Great has won an exit for Russia to the Baltic Sea, Catherine the Great has won for Russia an exit to the Black Sea. Russia under Joseph Stalin has conquered half of the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands at Japan, that has opened an exit in the Pacific Ocean for Russia. These exits to seas are necessary to Russia for expansions own world trade and own sphere of influence. The history shows that any country, including the USA can't count on world supremacy for a long time. 


'''General theory of war '''
                   
[[File:Clausewitz.jpg|thumb|Carl von Clausewitz]]      
[[File:Ludwig von Mises.jpg|thumb|Ludwig von Mises]]

The authoritative general theory of war is still not created. This problem  is not solved in sociology  up to the end today yet. &quot;The general theory of war&quot; is the universal theory suitable for the description and synthesis of information on military collisions of different eras and different types of military forces. Сarl von Clausewitz as the founder of this theory, wrote in main work &quot;On war&quot;  &lt;ref&gt; Сarl von Clausewitz. On war. https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/OnWar1873/TOC.htm &lt;/ref&gt; that &quot;war is the policy pursued by other means&quot;, that &quot;every era has to have own theory of war&quot;. Сarl von Clausewitz considered war from the point of view of a ratio of &quot;expenses&quot; and &quot;incomes&quot;: each state has political purposes, and war can serve to their achievement in the best way. Political &quot;incomes&quot; has to be on one  thicket  of scales whereas acceptable &quot;expenses&quot;  has to be on other thicket of scales. When military expenses exceed of political incomes, that war has to stop.

==Ludwig von Misses about the economic theory of war==

Ludwig von Misses is considered on the West as unshakable supporter of liberalism and fighter against socialism and bureaucracy. His main work is &quot;Human action. A treatise on economics&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ludwig von Misses. &quot;Human action. A treatise on economics. Chapter 34. The economics of war.  https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Action_3.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

===A brief history of wars. Total war===
[[File:Codex Magliabechiano (141 cropped).jpg|300px|right|thumb|Human sacrifice as shown in Codex Magliabechiano, Folio 70. Heart-extraction was viewed as a means of liberating the ''istli'' and reuniting it with the Sun: the victim's transformed heart flies Sun-ward on a trail of blood.]]

The cooperation between the warring parties didn't exist at all in primitive society before the outbreak of hostilities. These wars were unlimited or total wars. These wars aimed at an absolute victory. The defeated people were either exterminated or expelled from their dwelling places or enslaved. The idea that a treaty could settle the conflict and make it possible for both parties to live in peaceful neighborly conditions was not present in the minds of the fighters. The principle of empire building is to expand the sphere of supremacy as far as possible. The great Asiatic conquerors and the Roman Imperators were stopped only when they could not march farther. Then they postponed aggression for later days. They did not abandon from their ambitious plans and they did not consider independent foreign states as anything else than targets for later onslaughts. 

This philosophy of boundless conquest also animated the rulers of medieval Europe. They too aimed first of all at the greatest possible expansion of the size of their kingdoms. However, the institutions of feudalism did not give them enough funds to wage wars. Vassals were not obliged to fight for their lord more than a limited time. The selfishness of the vassals who insisted on their rights checked the king's aggressiveness. Thus the peaceful coexistence of a number of sovereign states originated. In the sixteenth century a Frenchman, Bodin, developed the theory of national sovereignty. In the seventeenth century a Dutchman, Grotius, added to it a theory of international relations in war and peace. With the disintegration of feudalism, sovereigns could no longer rely upon summoned vassals. The organization, equipment, and support of such troops were rather costly and a heavy burden on the ruler's revenues. 

Ambitions of the princes were unbounded, but financial considerations forced them to moderate their designs. They no longer planned to conquer a whole country. All they aimed at was the conquest of a few cities or of a province. To attain more would also have been unwise politically. For the European powers were anxious not to let any one of them become too powerful and a menace to their own safety. A too impetuous conqueror must always fear a coalition of all those whom his bigness has frightened, for example, Russia has lost the Livonian war  and Crimean war to the coalitions of the European countries.  

The combined effect of military, financial, and political circumstances produced the limited warfare which prevailed in Europe in the three hundred years preceding the French Revolution. Wars were fought by comparatively small armies of professional soldiers. War was not in affair of the peoples; it concerned the rulers only. The citizens detested war which brought mischief to them and burdened them with taxes and contributions. But they considered themselves victims of events in which they did not participate actively. Even the belligerent armies respected the &quot;neutrality&quot; of the civilians. As they saw it, they were fighting the supreme warlord of the hostile forces, but not the non-combatant subjects of the enemy. In the wars fought on the European continent the property of civilians was considered inviolable. In 1856 the Congress of Paris made an attempt to extend this principle to naval warfare. More and more, eminent minds began to discuss the possibility of abolishing war altogether. 

Looking at conditions as they had developed under the system of limited warfare, philosophers found wars useless. Men are killed or maimed, wealth is destroyed, countries are devastated for the sole benefit of Kings and ruling oligarchies. The peoples themselves do not derive any gain from victory. The individual citizens are not enriched if their rulers expand the size of their realm by annexing a province. The only cause of armed conflict is the greed of autocrats. The substitution of representative government for royal despotism will abolish war altogether. Democracies are peaceful. It is no concern of theirs whether their nation's sovereignty stretches over a larger or smaller territory. They will treat territorial problems without passion. They wili settle them peacefully. What is needed to make peace durable is to dethrone the despots. This, of course, cannot be achieved peacefully. It is necessary to crush the mercenaries of the kings. But this revolutionary war of the peoples against the tyrants will be the last war, the war to abolish war forever. 

This idea was already dimly present in the minds of the French revolutionary leaders when, after having repelled the invading armies of Prussia and Austria, they embarked upon a campaign of aggression. Of course, under the leadership of Napoleon they themseIves very soon adopted the most ruthless methods of boundless expansion and annexation until a coalition of all European powers frustrated their ambitions. But the idea of durable peace was soon resurrected. It was one of the main points in the body of nineteenth century liberalism as consistently elaborated in the much abused principles of the Manchester school. 

The British liberals considered that free trade, both in domestic affairs and in international relations, was the necessary prerequisite of the preservation of peace. In such a world without trade and migration barriers no incentives for war and conquest are left. Fully convinced of the irrefutable persuasiveness of the liberal ideas, they dropped the notion of the last war to abolish all wars. All peoples will of their own accord recognize the blessings of free trade and peace and will curb their domestic despots without any aid from abroad. This liberal idea was a utopia too.    

Most of historians couldn't understand  the factors which replaced the &quot;limited&quot; war of the ancien regime bv the &quot;unlimited&quot; war of our age.  As they see it, the change came with the shift from the dinastic to the national form of state and was a consequence of the French Revolution. They look only upon attending phenomena and confuse causes and effects. They speak of the composition of the armies, of strategical and tactical principles, of weapons and transportation facilities, and of many other matters of military art and administrative technicalities.' Nowever, all these things do not explain why modern nations prefer agsression to peace. There is perfect agreement with regard to the fact that total war is an offshoot of aggressive nationalism. While under free trade and freedom of migration no individual is concerned about the territorial size of his country, under the protective measures of economic
nationaIism nearly every citizen has a substantial interest in these territorial issues. The enlargement of the territory subject to the sovereignty of his own government means material improvement for him or at least relief from restrictions which a foreign government has imposed upon his well-being.

If Napoleon I had reached his goal, the French Empire would have stretched far beyond the limits of 1815. All these things would not have made the citizens of France more prosperous.  But if Hitler had realized his plans, the Germans expected to enjoy a higher standard of living. They were confident that the annihilation of the French, the Poles, and the Czechs would make every member of their own race richer. The struggle for more Lebensraurn was their own war. Modern total war has nothing in common with the limited war of the old dynasties. It is a war against trade and migration barriers, a war of th; comparatively overpopulated countries against the comparatively underpopulated. It is a war to abolish those institutions which prevent the emergence of a tendency toward an equalization of wage rates all over the world. It is a war of the farmers tilling poor soil against those governments which bar them from access to much more fertile soil lying fallow. It is, in short, a war of wage earners and farmers who describe themselves as underprivileged &quot;have-nots&quot; against the wage earners and farmers of other nations whom they consider privileged &quot;haves.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ludwig von Misses. &quot;Human action. A treatise on economics. Chapter 34. The economics of war.  1. Total war. Pages 817-820.  https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Action_3.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

===The war and market economy===
The market economy, say the socialists, is the best a system that may be tolerated in peacetime. But when war comes, such indulgence is impermissible. It would jeopardize the vital interests of the nation for the sole benefit of the selfish concerns of capitalists and entrepreneurs. War, and in any case modern total war, peremptorily requires government control of business. 

An examination of the problems which the United States had to face in the second World War will clearly show how this dogma is fallacious. What America needed in order to win the war was a radical conversion of all its production activities. All not absolutely indispensable civilian consumption was to be eliminated. The plants and farms were henceforth to turn out only a minimum of goods for non-military use. For the rest, they were to devote themselves completely to the task of supplying the armed forces. However not government decrees and the paper work of hosts of people on the government's payroll, but the efforts of private enterprise produced those goods which enablcd the American armed forces to win the war and to provide all the material equipment its allies including Russia needed for their cooperation. 

It is impossible to make planes and battleships automatically with help of the decrees forbidding by use of steel for construction of houses. The sudden transition from peace to war revolutionizes the structure of the market, makes radical readjustments indispensable and thus becomes for many a source of high profits. The planners and interventionists regard such profits as a scandal. As they see it, the first duty of government in time of war is to prevent the emergence of new millionaires. It is, they say, unfair to let some people become richer while other people are killed or maimed. It may be admitted that it is not &quot;fair&quot; that war enhances the profits of those entrepreneurs who contribute best to the equipment of the fighting forces. But it would be foolish to deny that the profit system produces the best weapons. It was not socialist Russia that aided capitalist America with lend-lease; the Russians were lamentably defeated before American-made bombs fell on Germany and before they got the arms manufactured by American big business.

But on the other hand in my opinion the Russian army bled profusely and battled to death against invincible German army from 1941 to 1944 while for U.S. army and British army  waited and sat out beyond the seas.

Of course, in the long run war and the preservation of the market economy are incompatible. Capitalism is essentially a scheme for peaceful nations. But this does not mean that a nation which is forced to repel foreign aggressors must substitute government control for private enterprise. If it were to do this, it would deprive itself of the most efficient means of defense. There is no record of a socialist nation which defeated a capitalist nation. In spite of their much glorified war socialism, the Germans were defeated in both World Wars. 

In my opinion, the Soviet Russia has lost Cold War to the capitalist United States. The leadership of the Russian Federation has drawn conclusions from these mistakes, and  weapons are produced here by private business today in Russia . Ludwig von Misses have hurried with a conclusion that Russia has lost &quot;Cold&quot; war. Russia has risen from knees today and Russia was forced to continue &quot;Cold&quot; war with the USA. The new round of &quot;Cold&quot; war is caused by the fact that the USA has taken away  all Russian sphere of influence at Russia. Russia wants to restore the sphere of own influence. Russia wants to force to respect the civil rights of the Russian population in Ukraine and in the countries of the Baltics.

The market economy, subject to the sovereignty of the individual consumers, turns out products which make the individual's Iife more agreeable. It caters to the individual's demand for more comfort. It is this that made capitalism despicable in the eyes of the apostles of violence. They worshiped the &quot;hero,&quot; the destroyer and killer, and despised the bourgeois and his &quot;peddler mentality&quot; (Sombart). Now mankind is reaping the fruits which ripened from the seeds sown by these men. &lt;ref&gt;Ludwig von Misses. &quot;Human action. A treatise on economics. Chapter 34. The economics of war. 2. War and the Market Economy. Pages 821-823.  https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Action_3.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

===The international division of labour, which reduces the number of military conflicts===
     

The international division of labor was developed under the assumption that there would no longer be wars. The method of military science consists in examining the experience of wars fought in the past and in abstracting general ruIes from it. The European military experts slighted the study of the American Civil War. In their eyes this war was not instructive. It was fought by armies of irregulars led by nonprofessional commanders. Civilians like Abraham Lincoln interfered with the conduct of the operations. Little, they believed, could be learned from this experience. But it was in the Civil War that, for the first time, problems of the interregional division of labor played the decisive role. The South was predominantly agricultural; its processing industries were negligible. The Confederates depended on the supply of manufactures from Europe. As the naval forces of the Union were strong enough to blockade their coast, they soon began to lack needed equipment. The Germans in both World Wars had to face the same situation. They depended on the supply of foodstuffs and raw materials from overseas. But they could not run the British blockade. In both wars the outcome was decided by the battles of the Atlantic. The Germans lost because they failed ii their efforts to cut off the British Isles from access to the world market and could not themselves safe guard
their own maritime supply lines. The strategicaI problem was determined by the conditions of the international division of labor. The German warmongers were intent upon adopting policies which, as they hoped, could make it possible for Germany to wage a war in spite of the handicap of the foreign trade situation. Their panacea was Ersatz, the substitute. A substitute is a good which is either less suitabIe or more expensive or both less suitable and more expensive than the proper good which it is designed to replace. Whenever technology succeeds in manufacturing or discovering something which is either more suitable or cheaper than the thing previously used, this new thing represents a technologicai innovation; it is improvement and not Ersatz. I ne essentiaI feature of Ersatz, as this term is employed in the economic-military doctrine, is inferior quality or higher costs or both together. An example of an ersatz – German valenki  from   straw in 1941 in a battle at Moscow, saccharin instead of sugar, margarine instead of butter.

The Webrwirtscbaftslebre, the German doctrine of the economics  of war, contends that neither cost of production nor quality are important in matters of warfare. Profit-seeking business is c'oncerned with costs of production and with the quality of the products. But the heroic spirit of a superior race does not care about such specters of the acquisitive mind. What counts alone is war preparedness.  A warlike nation must aim at autarky in order to be independent of foreign trade. It must foster the production of substitutes irrespective of marmonist considerations. It cannot do without full government controI of production because the selfishness of the individual citizens
would thwart the plans of the leader. Even in peacetime the commander-in-chief must be entrusted with economic dictatorship. Both theorems of the Ersatz doctrine are falIacious.  If soldiers are sent into battle badly nourished and equipped with weapons made of inferior material, the chances for victory are impaired. Their action will be less successful, and they will suffer heavier casualties. The awareness of their technical inferiority will weigh on their minds. Ersatz jeopardizes both the material strength and the morale of an army. To less incorrect is the theorem that the higher costs of production of the substitutes do not count. Higher costs of production mean that more labor and more material factors of production must be expended in order to achieve the same effect which the adversary, producing the proper product, attains with a lower expenditure. It is tantamount to squandering scarce factors of production, material and manpower, Such waste under conditions of peace results in lowering the standard of living, and under conditions of war in cutting down the supply of goods needed for the conduct of operations.  &lt;ref&gt;Ludwig von Misses. &quot;Human action. A treatise on economics. Chapter 34. The economics of war. 3. War and Autarky. Pages 824-826.  https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Action_3.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

===The causes of war in the Arab world===

The Arab nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism are.the strongest political ideas in the Arab world  The Arab nationalism has aim at creation of the Arab state founded on the racial principle for  Arabs only, Islamic fundamentalism has aim the theocratic Islamic State. Both of these principles have much in common. Both of them are formulated in terms of family: Arab brotherhood and Islamic brotherhood. Both of these principles consider brotherhood as more lawful basis for the state, than available principles. It is necessary to consider one more important aspect inherent in the Arab world is the idea of the Arab greatness. Both named political movements are considered as ways to achievement of greatness through association. Modern state borders are perceived as contradicting the idea of the Arab greatness for two reasons: internal and external. The internal reason is a division between the rich and the poor in the Arab world. Poor Arabs look at the rich as on accidentally grown rich. If all Arabs are brothers, then the oil wealth has to belong to all Arabs.

It is necessary to force the rich Arab countries to make extensive investments into development of the poor Arab countries for an achievement of peace in the region.  The national borders designated by the colonial authorities remain illegal for many Arabs.  A positive side of invasion of Saddam Hussein into Kuwait was for millions of poor Arabs the fact that Saddam Hussein has thereby thrown down a challenge to state borders. Until  a huge chasm exists between the rich people and the poor people in the Arab world, this region will remain unstable. The external reason is  the fact that borders are reason of the conflicts between the rich people and the poor people in the Arab world. The borders weaken by Arabs  because of armed conflicts between Arabs, for example, war between Iran and Iraq by 1980-1988 because of east bank of river Shatt al-Arab. Most of Arabs supported by Saddam Hussein because he is represented as risen man against the USA even if he  was executed soon by a court decision, exactly it is considered his merit.  In my opinion, the high birth rate and unemployment are main reasons of wars in the Arab world.

===About harmful and benefit of war:  ===

'''Harm of war ''' 

Modern war is merciless, it does not spare pregnant women or infants; it is indiscriminate killing and destroying. It does not rcspect the rights of neutrals. Millions are killed, enslaved, or expelled from the dwelling places in which their ancestors lived for centuries. Nobody can foretell what will happen in the next chapter of this endless struggle. &lt;ref&gt;Ludwig von Misses. &quot;Human action. A treatise on economics. Chapter 34. The economics of war. 4. The Futility of War. Pages 828.  https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Action_3.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

'''The benefit of war.'''    

Despite all lamentations of pacifists about disasters and the numerous victims of war, war have some benefit. There is no other way to punish of aggressor, to overthrow of tyrant or totalitarian regime, except war. There is no other way except war to attach others territory, to achieve separation of colony from the metropole (mother country), to force the backward country to introduce great social inventions. 

Some researchers consider that the market economy and the international division of labor means  often peaceful cooperation. In my opinion, it is not absolutely so, for example, international trade causes wars for control over trade ways.  The main export goods of some countries are drugs  today (Afghanistan) that causes armed conflicts with other countries. The first contact between primitive tribes often led to a war. War is a great social invention, war is one of the main forms of the social conflict which can't be cancelled in principle. Though war can be limited a little by means of the global armed control when the UN Security Council resolves an issue who should be considered as aggressor, and about need to punish of aggressor by means of the international armed forces. Russia is included into this UN Security Council and Russia has to take part in the solution of similar questions. The USA and NATO can't make similar decisions without participation of Russia.

War between great nuclear powers can lead to huge disasters therefore  there can't be winners in this war in the conditions of a present ratio of forces and the level of development of military equipment. But there is no guarantee that this parity of forces will remain in the future. New invention in the field of military equipment, for example, the invention of a space weapon is able to allow one of the countries to break this parity and to achieve world supremacy though any conqueror didn't manage to achieve of world supremacy in the past.

=== Citations and references===
{{Reflist}}  

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7</title>
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      <text bytes="5149" sha1="t9lyepm388a587cu2mi6epf04rimaiv" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Hanham variation
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C41]]
|parent=[[../|Philidor defence]]
|responses=&lt;br&gt;
* [[/4. Bc4|4. Bc4 · &lt;small&gt;(leading to Krause variation)&lt;/small&gt;]]
* [[/4. Nc3|4. Nc3 · &lt;small&gt;(leading to Lion variation)&lt;/small&gt;]]
}}
== 3...Nd7 · Hanham variation ==
3...Nd7 develops a piece and defends e5. Though the knight controls less of the centre than it would on f6, on d7 the knight is safe from being kicked by d5 or pinned by Bb5. If [[/4. dxe5|'''4. dxe5!?''']], Black can recapture with either 4...Nxe5 or 4...dxe5 (the knight on d7 prevents 5. Qxd8+).

The move is one of Black's main alternatives to the main line, [[../3...exd4|3...exd4]]. As it can be argued that opening the position with such an exchange is likely to benefit White due to a lead in development, Black hopes to keep the position closed and catch up.

White's options are to choose which piece to develop, or take more of the centre.

The main move is [[/4. Bc4|'''4. Bc4''']]. White develops a piece and prepares to castle. From c4, the bishop pressures Black's weak f7 pawn. This reinvigorates the threat of dxe5 tactically. For instance, if 4...Be7? 5. dxe5 then 5...dxe5 loses to 6. Qd5!, forming a battery and threatening mate on f7. If 5...Nxe5 instead, then 6. Nxe5 dxe5 7. Qh5 threatens mate on f7 and wins the e5 pawn. 7...g6 8. Qxe5 (winning pawn and threatening the rook) Nf6 9. Bh7 and Black's position is abysmal. 

Black can try 4...exd4, allowing the position to open up after all, although they must still be careful of tactics involving the weak f7 square and White's powerful bishop. The mainline is 4...c6, in order to control the d5 square and so prevent White's queen from coming there. 

[[/4. Nc3|'''4. Nc3''']] is less sharp and affords Black more time to develop. After 4...Ngf6 this is known as the '''Lion variation''', as it is a position that Black usually needs the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6/2. d4/2...Nf6/3. Nc3/3...Nbd7|Lion defence]] move order to achieve, 1. e4 d6 2. d4 Nf6 3. Nc3 Nbd7 followed by 4. Nf3. 

Alternatively, White can take the opportunity afforded by Black's passive play to seize more space with [[/4. c4|'''4. c4''']], and develop their knight behind the pawn line. After 4...Ngf6 5. Nf3, this transposes into an Old Indian defence, a position more usually seen after 1. d4: 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 d6 3. Nc3 Nbd7 4. e4 e5 5. Nf3. 

=== History ===
It is named after American chess player [[Wikipedia:James Hanham|James Hanham]] (1840―1923), who played it eleven times in the 6th American Chess Congress, 1889.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=94026 6th American Chess Congress - Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt; 

An earlier outing for 3...Nd7 was in the 1868 British Chess Association Congress, where John Lord played it twice.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1279097 De Vere v Lord, 1868 - Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1578379 MacDonnell v Lord, 1868 - Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}

{{Chess/theory table
|line2=4. Bc4 Be7? 5. dxe5 dxe5 6. Qd5 Bb4+ 7. c3 Qe7 8. cxb4 
|eval2={{Chess/not|+++}}
|line3=4. ... ... 5. ... Nxe5 6. Nxe5 dxe5 7. Qh5 g6 8. Qxe5 Nf6 9. Bh6 
|eval3={{Chess/not|+++}}
|line4=4. ... Ngf6? 5. dxe5 dxe5?? 6. Ng5 Qe7 7. Bxf7+ Qxf7 8. Nxf7 Kxf7 
|eval4={{Chess/not|+++}}
|line5=4. ... ... 5. ... Nxe5 6. Nxe5 dxe5 7. Bxf7+ Ke7 8. Qxd8+ Kxd8 
|eval5={{Chess/not|++}}
|line6=4. ... c6 5. O-O Be7 6. dxe5 dxe5 7. Ng5 Bxg5 8. Qh5 Qe7 9. Qxg5 Qxg5 10. Bxg5 
|eval6={{Chess/not|+}}
|name6=Krause/Steiner variation
|line7=4. Nc3 Ngf6 5. Bc4 Be7 6. O-O O-O 7. Re1 c6 8. a4 
|name7=Lion variation
|eval7={{Chess/not|+}}
|line8=4. c4 Ngf6 5. Nc3 
|name8=Old Indian&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(transposition)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
{{ChessMid}}
== References==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{wikipedia|Philidor Defence}}
{{BCO2}}
* [[wikipedia:Eric_Schiller|Schiller, Eric]] (2002). ''Standard Chess Openings''. {{ISBN|1-58042-048-6}}.

== External links ==
* {{cite book |author=Chess Openings for Beginners |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y5sthOWJ4Q&amp;t=12s |title=Philidor Defense: General Information |date=2009}}
* {{cite book |author=ChessPathways |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d5EU7rNkqs&amp;t=6s |title=The Philidor Defense |date=2019}}
* {{cite book |author=HangingPawns |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4bp4qlRqGg |title=Introduction to the Philidor Defense |date=2019}}
* {{cite book |author=Hrishi Chavan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eh5VFjOthlw&amp;t=11s |title=Philidor Defence - Hanham Variation |date=2022}}
* {{cite book |author=Miodrag Perunovic |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnX3cs0SNfc | title=Chess For Beginners: Anand &amp; Topalov easily get an edge vs Philidor Hanham variation |date=2019}}
* {{cite book |author=Nicolas Skettos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyI8sXFlzF4 | title=How To Beat The Philidor Defense - Hanham Variation - Black Lion - Chess Opening Traps |date=2022}}
* {{cite book |author=Sean Lei |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5WeFECjRwU |title=My Precious &quot;Philidor&quot;. Philidor and Lion Defence Chess |date=2020}}
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    <title>Brief History of Europe/High Middle Ages</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 012.jpg]] → [[File:Eugène Delacroix - Prise de Constantinople par les croisés (12 avril 1204).jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · Name of the painting and not just a generic number</comment>
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      <text bytes="41370" sha1="2zvba7si64vkmn9ykeeu9ddvcxvc2ad" xml:space="preserve">The '''High Middle Ages''' was circa AD 1000–1300, or 1000–1250. 

==States and territories of the High Middle Ages ==

[[File:Europe mediterranean 1190.jpg|thumb|300px|Europe in 1190]]

States and territories of the High Middle Ages included:

;Northern Europe: Britain Isles included ''England'', ''Scotland'', ''Wales'', and ''Ireland''. Nordic countries included ''Norway'', ''Denmark'', and ''Sweden'', and lands of the Sami and Finns. Valdemar I of Denmark saw his country becoming a leading force in northern Europe. 

;Western and Central Europe: Consisted of the ''Kingdom of France'' and the ''Holy Roman Empire''.

;Eastern Europe: In the ''Kingdom of Poland'' (1025–1569), ''Casimir III'' of Poland doubled the size of kingdom by the end of his reign (1333–1370) and considerably strengthened the nation. Around the Baltic Sea there were Finnic Estonians and Livonians; and Baltic Tribes, composed of Balts, including Old Prussians, Lithuanians, and Latvians. Further east was ''Kievan Rus''' (882–1240; founded by the Rus' people), and the ''Novgorod Republic'' (1136–1478). The Balkans were dominated by five states: ''Hungary'' (which gained hegemony over Croatia, Bosnia, Slavonia, Dalmatia and Transylvania); ''Grand Principality of Serbia'' (1091–1217, which expanded over what is today Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and southern Dalmatia); the ''Second Bulgarian Empire''; and the ''Byzantine Empire'' (which included Greece and some of Anatolia); and the  ''Cuman-Kipchak confederation'' (a Turkic state also known as Cumania, of the 10th century to 1241).

;Iberian Peninsula: Included the Christian kingdoms of ''Castile, León, Navarre, Aragon, Portugal.'' The Muslim Caliphate of ''Córdoba'' was, after 1031, replaced by taifa (independent Muslim states). The Reconquista (722–1492) was the reconquest of Iberia by Christians.

;Italian Peninsula: Included the ''Kingdom of Sicily'', which was under Norman rule from 1091, which included southern Italy by 1130. The ''Republic of Venice'', ''Papal States'', and the ''Holy Roman Empire'' were in the north.

{{clear}}

==France and England==

[[File:French borders from 985 to 1947.gif|thumb|Territory of France from 985 to 1947]]
[[File:Map France 1180-fr.svg|thumb|300px|France in 1180, with the Angevin Empire empire in shades of red]]
[[File:Jindrich2 Beckett.jpg|thumb|300px|Henry II and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury]]
[[File:The coronation of Philippe II Auguste in the presence of Henry II of England.jpg|thumb|The coronation of Philippe II Auguste, in the presence of Henry II of England]]
[[File:Territorial Conquests of Philip II of France.png|thumb|300px|Territorial conquests of Philip II of France, with the Angevin Empire in red, and the ''domaine royal'' in blue]]
[[File:Magna Carta (British Library Cotton MS Augustus II.106).jpg|thumb|300px|Magna Carta of 1215, one of only four surviving exemplified (original) copies]]
[[File:Vitrail_représentant_Saint_Louis-Vig.JPG|thumb|200px|Louis IX of France, &quot;Saint Louis&quot;]]

===France===
France developed from West Francia, also known as the Kingdom of the West Franks (843–987), a division of the Carolingian Empire created by the Treaty of Verdun (843). Until 987, West Francia was ruled by the Carolingian, Robertian, and Bosonid dynasties; from 987, the Capetian dynasty took control, beginning with ''Hugh Capet'', King of the Franks (987–996), who was earlier a duke. West Francia began to be known as the Kingdom of France. The lands directly controlled and taxed by the French king were known as the ''domaine royal''; these would grow as the French kings became more powerful as the Middle Ages progressed.

Many French nobles were active during the Crusades, where they were known as Franks. The ''Capetian dynasty'' would rule France; until the French Revolution they were the following: 

* ''House of Capet'' (987–1328): Hugh Capet, Robert II, Henry I, Philip I, Louis VI, Louis VII, Philip II, Louis VIII, Louis IX, Philip III, Philip IV, Louis X, John I, Philip V, Charles IV.
* ''Valois kings of France'' (1328–1589): the houses of Valois, Valois-Orléans, and Valois-Angoulême: Philip VI, John II, Charles V, Charles VI, Charles VII, Louis XI, Charles VIII, Louis XII, Francis I, Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III. Disputed with the House of Lancaster Henry VI of England (1422–1453).
* ''House of Bourbon'' (1589–1792): Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI, Louis XVII (disputed).

===Normans===
''Normans'' were descended from Vikings and indigenous Gallo-Romans and Franks. They gained political legitimacy in 911 when the Viking leader Rollo agreed to swear allegiance to King Charles III of West Francia, in exchange for ceding them lands, which became ''Normandy'' in northern France.

Culturally, they were known for their Norman architecture (also known as Romanesque architecture); they adopted a Gallo-Romance language called Norman French.

From the 11th century onward they also conquered:

* ''Kingdom of England'' (see below).
* ''Kingdom of Sicily'' (1130–1816): conquered from 999 onward, it was a Norman kingdom that would include Sicily, southern Italy, some of northern Africa, and Malta. Ruled by the House of Hauteville, they would lose control of Sicily in 1194.
* Principality of Antioch, a crusader state first ruled by Bohemond I of Antioch, a Norman. 

=== Norman England ===
{{anchor|Angevin Empire}}
After the Norman conquest of England, which began with the Battle of Hastings (1066), England was ruled by the House of Normandy; the reign of ''William the Conqueror'' (William I, 1066–1087), was followed by that of his sons William II (1087–1100) and Henry I (1100–1135). The Rebellion of 1088 was between two of William I's sons: William II and Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy.

But after the death of Henry I, a succession crisis between the Empress Matilda (Henry I's daughter), and Stephen of Blois (Henry I's nephew), brought about the ''Anarchy'' (1135–1153), a period of civil war between the claimants. The Anarchy was ended by the Treaty of Wallingford (1153), where Stephen kept the throne, but recognized Matilda's son Henry II as heir to the crown. 

=== Henry II and the Angevin Empire  ===

''Henry II of England'' (who reigned 1154–1189) was the first of the ''Plantagenet dynasty'' of Anglo-French kings (1154–1485), named after his father Geoffrey Plantagenet, the Count of Anjou. Henry II would gain the following:

* Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine: inherited from his father Geoffrey Plantagenet in 1150.
* Duke of Aquitaine: from marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, Duchess of Aquitaine, in 1152.
* King of England (and large parts of Wales): inherited from Stephen in 1154, due to his mother's claim, the Empress Matilda.
* Lord of Ireland: after the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland (1169–1171) and creation of the Lordship of Ireland.
* Fealty of Scotland, after he forced William the Lion to swear that Scotland would thereafter be subordinate with the Treaty of Falaise (1174). 
* Count of Nantes: by treaty in 1185, from which he partly gained control of the Duchy of Brittany.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, as the heir to a vast Duchy of Aquitaine, was one of the richest and most powerful women in Europe. Before marrying Henry II, she had been married to Louis VII of France, but this marriage was annulled after marital problems, Louis VII would remarry, and his subsequent son Philip II would take back many of the French lands from the Plantagenets.

Henry II's empire became known as the ''Angevin Empire'' (1154–1214), named after the county of Anjou where court was often held; although the use of the term &quot;empire&quot; is disputed. As well as the Angevin Empire, France consisted of the ''domaine royal'' (directly controlled and taxed by the king), and various other fiefs, as well as some ecclesiastical lordships. The ''Angevin kings of England'' were the first three Plantagenets: 

* Henry II of England (1154–1189)
* Richard I of England &quot;the Lionheart&quot; (1189–1199), Henry's son 
* John of England (1199–1216), Henry's son

Henry II other legitimate sons were: William (who died in infancy); Henry the Young King (who became Junior king of England, 1170–1183); and Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany. The assassination of Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was by Henry II's followers, and took place in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. Henry II and Beckett had fallen out over the rights and privileges of the Church; &quot;Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?&quot; is a traditionally quoted utterance of Henry II before the assassination.

Henry II's sons rebelled against him three times:

* Revolt of 1173–74 was an unsuccessful rebellion against Henry II by his wife Eleanor and his sons Young Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey.
* In 1183, his sons Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again, resulting in Young Henry's death. 
* In 1189, a rebellion by his son Richard, with Philip II of France, was finally successful, and the defeated and ill Henry II died at Chinon in Anjou.

=== Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry ===

Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry (1159–1259) was a series of conflicts and disputes between the House of Capet (which ruled France) and the House of Plantagenet (which ruled England), mainly over the control of lands in France; it is sometimes considered to be the &quot;First Hundred Years War&quot;.

The reign of Richard I was followed by John. During John's reign the English lost most of their French possessions to Philip II of France (Philippe II Auguste, who reigned 1180–1223). Major conflicts included the French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204), and the Anglo-French War of 1213–1214.

By 1214 the Angevin Empire had ended, in that the only French land that remained under the House of Plantagenet were lands in Gascony in southern Aquitaine. Rivalry would also influence the First Barons' War (1215–1217). After defeating Henry III of England  during the Saintonge War (1242–1243), Louis IX of France ceded lands north and east of Gascony to Henry III with the Treaty of Paris (1259), in exchange for homage liege to the French monarch, and the renouncement of claims to many territories that had been lost by King John. 

With the Anglo-French War (1294–1303), Philip IV of France &quot;confiscated&quot; the lands in Gascony from Edward I of England in 1295. Edward sent three expeditionary forces to recover Gascony, which was eventually returned with the Treaty of Paris (1303). English defeat in the War of Saint-Sardos (1324) was a precursor to the Hundred Years' War.

===Magna Carta and the Barons' Wars===

In 1215, with the loss of most French possessions, the ''Magna Carta'' (&quot;Great Charter&quot;) of 1215 was forced upon King John by the English barons; it guaranteed certain rights from the king, and was agreed at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. 

This was followed by the First Barons' War (1215–1217), after John reneged on the Great Charter, which he had annulled by Pope Innocent III. The future Louis VIII of France (the son of Philip II) backed the rebellious barons, and claimed the English throne between 1216 and 1217. John was succeeded by his son Henry III (who reigned 1216–1272); he reissued a modified charter, the ''Great Charter of 1216'', to try to appease the barons. Louis was eventually defeated, as the barons defected to Henry III. 

Great Charters were also issued in 1217, 1225, and 1297. The Second Barons' War (1264–1267) was an unsuccessful uprising against Henry III, and his son Prince Edward (who was later Edward I), by Simon de Montfort and other barons, after Henry III had constitutional reforms abolished with the help of a papal bull. Simon de Montfort became the ''de facto'' ruler of England, but was killed at the Battle of Evesham (1265).

===England after the Barons' Wars===

Henry III of England was succeeded by his son Edward I (who reigned 1272–1307); also called Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, he was one of Scotland's greatest adversaries, although Scottish independence from England was maintained. 

Edward I was then succeeded by his son ''Edward II'' (who reigned 1307–1327), also called Edward of Carnarvon. The Despenser War (1321–1322) was an unsuccessful baronial revolt against Edward II by the Marcher Lords Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun; it was fueled by opposition to Edward's favorite Hugh Despenser the Younger. The Marcher Lords guarded the border, known as the Welsh Marches, between England and Wales.

Later on, power was wrestled from Edward II by his son Edward III (who reigned 1327–1377), backed by Edward III's mother Isabella of France, and Roger Mortimer; Edward II would die, and Hugh Despenser the Younger, and later on Roger Mortimer, were executed. During his reign, the loss of Gascony and Edward III's rival claim to the French crown, triggered the Hundred Years' War in 1337.

===France after Philip II===

After the reign of Philip II &quot;Augustus&quot; of France (1180–1223), and the short reign of Louis VIII (1223–1226), came the reign of Louis IX &quot;the Saint&quot; (1226–1270). Louis IX was one of the most notable European monarchs of the Middle Ages, with France reaching an economic and political peak during his reign. He had a reputation for fairness and moral integrity, went of the ill-fated Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade, and was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1297.

Philip III &quot;the Bold&quot; (who reigned 1270–1285) expanded French influence in Europe. The County of Toulouse, which was earlier independent, was returned to the ''domaine royal''; and he expanded French influence into the Kingdom of Navarre. The reign of Philip IV &quot;the Fair&quot; (1285–1314) was remembered for his struggle with the Roman papacy, and his consolidation of royal power. 

After a succession of short reigns between 1314 and 1328—Louis X, John I, Philip V, and Charles IV—the House of Capet would transition to the House of Valois, but this would contribute to the Hundred Years' War.

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== Holy Roman Empire ==

[[File:Holy Roman Empire 11th century map-en.svg|thumb|300px|Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century]]
[[File:Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg|thumb|200px|Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor]]

''Holy Roman Empire'' (962–1806), of Emperor Otto I the Great, was a union of ''East Francia'' and ''Italy''. Otto was a Saxon, and Duke of Saxony and King of East Francia from 936; King of Italy from 961; and Holy Roman Emperor between 962–973, after a large interregnum (gap) between 924–962 (38 years). The Nazis considered it to be the first German Reich (''Deutsches Reich''), where ''reich'' is roughly comparable to &quot;realm&quot;. Before their coronation as emperors, or as heir-apparents, their rulers were designated as kings, most commonly as &quot;King of the Romans&quot;.

By 947, the former Francia had divided into four kingdoms: West Francia; East Francia; Kingdom of Italy; Kingdom of Arles. East Francia and the Kingdom of Italy initially formed the Holy Roman Empire; later on Bohemia (which was never part of Francia) and the Kingdom of Arles joined. West Francia would go on to form the Kingdom of France.

:1.'' East Francia'' by 962 had six ''stem duchies'': (i) Franconia; (ii) Swabia (former Alamannia); (iii) Saxony; (iv) Bavaria; (v) Upper Lorraine (in south); (vi) Lower Lorraine (in north). It remained the centre of the Holy Roman Empire for its lifetime, and is sometimes considered as the Kingdom of Germany.

:2. The ''Kingdom of Italy'' was roughly the Italian Republic north. At about 1000 it included Lombardy, the March of Verona and Aquileia, the March of Tuscany, and the Duchy of Spoleto; but excluded Venice and the Papal States. Holy Roman Emperors were also kings of Italy between 962–1493 and 1519–1556 (Charles V). After that Italy was nominally within the Holy Roman Empire until 1801, but power was lost.

Later territories gained by Holy Roman Empire (East Francia and Italy) were Bohemia and the Kingdom of Arles:

:3. Duchy/Kingdom of ''Bohemia'', a Holy Roman Empire state between 1002–1806. Now roughly the Czech Republic (with Moravia and Silesia). Raised to a kingdom between 1198–1918; sometimes the Emperor was also king.

:4.'' Kingdom of Arles/Arelat ''of 933–1378; part of the Holy Roman Empire between 1032–1378. The Kingdom of Upper Burgundy established from 888, was composed of Transjurania and the County of Burgundy. The Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, which was composed of Cisjurania and Provence, joined in 933 to form Arles. Now partly Swiss, French and Italian. Distinct from the French ''Duchy of Burgundy'', which was a separate territory.

Also, the Kingdom of Sicily (of southern Italy and Sicily) was in personal union with the Holy Roman Empire between 1194–1254.

The Holy Roman Empire achieved its greatest extent during the ''Hohenstaufen dynasty'', of three emperors: 
* ''Frederick I Barbarossa'' (Emperor 1155–1190) held great power, despite defeats by the Lombard League. 
* Henry VI (Emperor 1191—1197) briefly succeeded him.
* Otto IV (Emperor 1198–1215) was not Hohenstaufen but rather House of Welf.
* ''Frederick II'' (Emperor 1220–1250): during his reign the rule of the emperor was weakened with the ''Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis'' (&quot;Treaty with the princes of the church&quot;) of 1220, and the ''Statutum in favorem principum'' (&quot;Statute in favour of the princes&quot;), confirmed in 1232. Frederick II was also king of Sicily (1198–1250).

Later, large interregnums (gaps) of Emperors occurred between the years of 1250–1312 (62 years) and 1378–1433 (55 years). The Golden Bull of 1356 named seven Prince-electors who chose the Emperor: Archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier; King of Bohemia; Count Palatine of the Rhine; Duke of Saxony-Wittenberg; Margrave of Brandenburg.

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==Christianity and the Great Schism==
''Christianity'': is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ as described in the New Testament. Christians, the members of the faith, believe that Jesus is the Messiah as prophesied in the Old Testament; and, apart from ''Nontrinitarians'', that God is a Holy Trinity of the Father, the Son of God (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. 

''Early Christianity'' was from its origins, circa 30–36, until 325. Saint Peter, also known as Simon Peter, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and traditionally the first pope (Bishop of Rome); he was martyred in Rome under Nero, circa 64–68. Paul the Apostle (not one of the Twelve Apostles) spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.

''Constantine the Great'' (who reigned East 306–324, and East and West 324–337) was the first Christian Roman Emperor, and held the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the first ''ecumenical council''; this created the ''Nicene Creed''. St. Leo I the Great (440-461) and St. Gregory I the Great (590-604) were outstanding popes in the establishment of Christendom.

By the time of the 6th century, Christianity was dominate throughout Europe, but not including northern and eastern Europe, and Scandinavia. By the time of the 11th century, the majority of Europe was Christianised, with the exception of some Baltic states and eastern Scandinavia, and Islamic Iberia.

=== Great Schism ===

''Great Schism'', or East–West Schism, of 1054: the ''Roman Catholic'' and  ''Eastern Orthodox'' churches separated, after the mutual excommunication of the Michael I Cerularius (the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople) and Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, papal legate of Pope Leo IX. There were many reasons for the schism, including doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical reasons. A particular issue was the question of the authority of Constantinople and Rome over the other three seats of the ''Pentarchy''; that is, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria.

Since that time the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches have remained separate. The Roman Catholic Church consists of the western ''Latin Church'', and 23 ''Eastern Catholic Churches''. The Holy See is the jurisdiction of the pope, and includes the Diocese of Rome (as the Bishop of Rome), the worldwide Roman Catholic Church (as leader in full communion with), and the Vatican City state (as sovereign). During the Proto-Protestant Bohemian Reformation (after the Hussite Wars, 1419–1434) and the Protestant Reformation (1517 onwards), some churches in the west seceded from the Catholics.

The present-day ''Eastern Orthodox'' church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, is a communion that includes many Orthodox churches. The Greek Orthodox Church includes the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, and the Churches of Greece, Albania, Crete and Sinai. Other major Orthodox Churches include those of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria. The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople has the status of ''primus inter pares'' (first among equals) among the other Eastern Orthodox prelates (bishops and patriarchs). 

''Oriental Orthodoxy'' has been separate to Eastern Orthodoxy since the Council of Chalcedon (451), and includes churches in Alexandria (the Coptic Orthodox Church), Antioch (Syriac Orthodox), Armenia (Apostolic), India (Malankara Orthodox Syrian), and the Orthodox Tewahedo Churches of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

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== Islam and the Crusades ==

===Islam before the Mongol invasions===

[[File:Seljuk Empire correct locator map.png|thumb|300px|Seljuk Empire at its height in 1092]]
[[File:Premongol.png|thumb|300px|Eurasia c. 1200, on the eve of the Mongol invasions. Note the presence of: Seljuk Rum, Zengibs, Ghurids, Abbasids, Khwarazmians, Almohads, and Ayyubids]]

The Islamic Golden Age continued into the High Middle Ages. Although the influence of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) would wane, they would continue to be recognized as caliphs by most Islamic dynasties, and would survive until the Mongol invasions. The Iranian Intermezzo ended with the rise of some Islamic dynasties in the Middle East of Turkic and mamluk origins. These included:

* ''Ghaznavid dynasty'' (977–1186) was a Sunni Islam dynasty of Turkic mamluk origins. that gained territories, including from both the Iranian Samanids and Saffarids. At its greatest extent about 1030, it fell across modern-day Iran and Afghanistan, and all the way to the Indian subcontinent. It would fall mainly to the Seljuk Empire and the Ghurid dynasty.
* ''Seljuk Empire'' (1037–1194) was a Turko-Persian Sunni Islam empire, founded by the Oghuz Turk warlord Seljuk Beig. They took lands from other dynasties, including from the Iranian Buyid dynasty and the Turkic Ghaznavid dynasty. With its greatest extent in about 1092, it covered a vast area, including Palestine, and much of Anatolia, the Levant, Persia and beyond. The Battle of Manzikert (1071) was decisive in their capture of much of Anatolia from the Byzantines. It would fall to Khwarezmia.
** ''Seljuk Sultanate of Rum'' (1077–1308) was a Seljuk Turk splinter state in Anatolia. Surviving long after the Seljuk Empire, it declined after defeat by Mongols.
** ''Zengid dynasty'' (1127–1250) was a Islamic dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin. Originally a Seljuk Turk vassal, it continued for a while after the Seljuk Empire, before falling to the Mongols and Ayyubids.
* ''Khwarazmian dynasty'' (1077–1231) was a Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin. They gained much of Persia and beyond, mainly from the Seljuks and Ghurid dynasty. It ended after the ''Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia'' (1219–1221), with a heavy toll on life.

At around 1200, when the Abbasid Caliphate, Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, Zengid dynasty, and Khwarazmian dynasty were still active, other prominent Islamic dynasties included:

* ''Ghurid dynasty'' (before 879–1215) was an Iranian dynasty from the Ghor region of present-day central Afghanistan, gaining its greatest extent around 1200, including territories from the Ghaznavids and Seljuks. The dynasty converted to Sunni Islam from Buddhism. It fell across modern-day Iran and Afghanistan, and the northern Indian subcontinent all the way to Bengal. It would fall mainly to the Delhi Sultanate and Khwarazmian dynasty.
* ''Ayyubid Sultanate'' (1171–1260). Ayyub's son ''Saladin'' was their first sultan (1174–1193), a Kurdish Sunni Muslim who overthrew the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, and switched allegiance to the Abbasid caliphs. It conquered Jerusalem from the crusaders (1187) and other lands in the Middle East. They eventually fell to the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo. 
* ''Almohad Caliphate'' (1147–1269) was a Moroccan Berber Sunni caliphate. It ruled much of western north Africa and southern Iberia. It was overthrown by the Marinid dynasty. 
 
===Crusades to the Holy Land===

[[File:Counquest of Jeusalem (1099).jpg|thumb|300px|''Taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 15th July 1099'' by Émile Signol ]]
[[File:Map Crusader states 1135-en.svg|thumb|200px|Eastern Mediterranean in 1135]]
[[File:Eugène Delacroix - Prise de Constantinople par les croisés (12 avril 1204).jpg|thumb|300px|''The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople'' (1204) by Eugène Delacroix]]
[[File:LatinEmpire.png|thumb|300px|Latin Empire of Constantinople and vassals (in shades of yellow)]]

The ''crusades'' were a series of holy wars, predominantly Christians against Muslim-held territories. They began with the ''Crusades to the Holy Land'' (1095–1291); the immediate cause was the ''Byzantine–Seljuk wars'' (1048–1308), an ongoing conflict over Anatolia, and in 1095 the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested military aid from Pope Urban II; Urban II responded by calling for war against the Seljuk Turks in the Holy Land.

The Seljuks held ''Jerusalem'', from 1073–1098; before that it had been held by the Byzantines (to 638) and the Caliphates. After that, Jerusalem was held by the Fatimid Caliphate (1098–1099); Crusaders (1099–1187); the Ayyubid Sultanate (of Saladin), Christians and Khwarezmian Tatars (at various times between 1187 and 1260); the Mamluk Sultanate (1260–1517); the Ottoman Empire (1517–1917).

There were nine numbered Crusades to the Holy Land, but there were many additional ones to the Holy Land. Important Crusades to the Holy Land included:

* ''First Crusade'' (1095–1099) resulted in the conquest of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. It was preceded by the People's Crusade (1096, a popular crusade), and followed by the Crusade of 1101 (Crusade of the Faint-Hearted), which were both Turkish victories. 

''Crusader states'' were then established, and included the ''Kingdom of Jerusalem'', the ''Principality of Antioch'', the ''County of Tripoli'' and the ''County of Edessa''. Nicaea and much of western Anatolia was also restored to the Byzantine Empire.

* Venetian Crusade (1122–24), in which the Republic of Venice succeeded in capturing Tyre.  
* Second Crusade (1147–1149) was a failed attempt to reclaim of Edessa after its fall in 1144.

In the first Fall of Jerusalem (1187), Jerusalem was retaken by Muslims led by Saladin of the Ayyubid Sultanate.

* ''Third Crusade'' (1189–1192) included as crusaders Philip II of France, Richard I of England, and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. It failed to retake Jerusalem, but a treaty provided that unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders could visit Jerusalem. Crusader territories were reclaimed, including the key towns of Acre and Jaffa; the crusader state of the ''Kingdom of Cyprus'' was established.
* Crusade of 1197, of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, resulted in the capture Beirut and Sidon from the Muslims in 1198.
* ''Fourth Crusade'' (1202–1204) primarily resulted in the ''Sack of Constantinople'' (1204) by crusaders and the Republic of Venice. The Catholic city of Zara was also sacked by crusaders. The Latin Empire of Constantinople was then established as a crusader state.
* Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt, to later regain Jerusalem.
* ''Sixth Crusade'' (1228–1229) resulted in a diplomatic crusader victory, who gained control of Jerusalem between 1229 and 1244.

Jerusalem reverted to Christian control in 1229.

* ''Barons' Crusade'' (1239–1241) enlarged the territory controlled by the crusaders, and was in territorial terms the most successful crusade since the First. 

In the ''second Fall of Jerusalem'' (1244), the Khwarazmians, whose empire had been destroyed by the Mongols, destroyed much of the city.
 
* Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) aimed to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt; Louis IX of France was defeated in Egypt by an Ayyubid and Bahriyya Mamluk army.
* Eighth Crusade  (1270) was another crusade of Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in Tunisia. Louis IX died, and the crusade was inconclusive.
* Ninth Crusade (1271–1272), or Lord Edward's crusade, was a crusade of King Edward I of England to the Holy Land, then held mostly by the Mamluk Sultanate. It was partly successful, but failed to conquer Jerusalem.

The fall of Acre in 1291 ended the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and by 1302 a permanent crusader presence in the Holy Land had ended.

=== Latin Empire ===

After the Fourth Crusade and Sack of Constantinople (1204) the Byzantine Empire was partitioned:
*  ''Latin Empire of Constantinople'' was a crusader state, which had crusader vassal fiefs such as Thessalonica, Achaea, Athens, and the Archipelago. 
* ''Venice'' took control of some areas, such as Crete. 
* Greek successor states were established in ''Nicaea'', ''Epirus'', and ''Trebizond''. 

The Nicaean–Latin wars of Nicaea and the Latin Empire commenced, and as well as the Bulgarian–Latin wars.

''Reconquest of Constantinople'': Nicea was later able to recapture much of the Latin Empire and Epirus, including Constantinople in 1261, and the Byzantine Empire continued as a weakened Greek state. Later on a Byzantine civil war (1341–1347) further weakened the empire. Eventually Constantinople would fall to the Ottomans in 1453.

===Other crusades and military orders===

As well as the Crusades to the Holy Land, many other events occurred that were described as being crusades, in a broader definition of holy wars against Muslims, pagans, and Christian heretics and schismatics; sometimes Jews faced pogroms (persecutions). Some examples include:

* ''Popular crusades'' (1096–1320) were minor crusades inspired by the Crusades to the Holy Land; unsanctioned by the Church, they achieved very little. They include the People's Crusade (1096), Children's Crusade (1212), Shepherds' Crusades (of 1251 and 1320), and Crusade of the Poor (1309). 
* ''Northern Crusades'' (1147–1410) were primarily against pagans, from the Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples; Baltic states that resulted included the State of the Teutonic Order (Prussia) and Terra Mariana (of present day Estonia and Latvia). 
* Crusades against Christians heretics and schismatics included the ''Albigensian Crusade'' (1209–1229) against Cathars in southern France. 
* There was also some crusades during the Reconquista (718–1492).

The crusaders opened trade routes which enabled the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The crusades led to the establishment of diverse religious ''military orders''; important examples include:

* ''Knights Templar'' (the Order of Solomon's Temple), who built a network of nearly 1,000 commanderies and fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land, before being disbanded by  Philip IV of France and Pope Clement V
* ''Knights Hospitaller'' (the Order of Saint John), who later became knights of Cyprus, Rhodes, and Malta, and are now the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
* ''Teutonic Order'' (the German Order): formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land, and took part in the Prussian Crusade (a Northern Crusade), and merged with the Livonian Brothers of the Sword
* Livonian Brothers of the Sword: they took part in the Livonian Crusade (a Northern Crusade), and later merged with the Teutonic Order as the Livonian Order.

== Mongol invasions ==

[[File:Mongol Empire map 2.gif|thumb|300px|Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–1294]]

In 1206 Genghis Khan (born as Temüjin) founded the ''Mongol Empire'', after gaining control of the Khamag Mongol (1120s–1206), consisting of nomadic tribes centered in modern-day Mongolia. By 1294, and the death of Kublai Khan, the Mongol Empire covered much of Asia, although in a fractured state. It was ruled by the Khagans (or Great Khans) of the Mongol Empire, equivalent to an emperor, although as the empire fractured this became only nominal, with the Khagans becoming the Yuan emperors. Note that &quot;khan&quot; was originally a Central Asian title for a ruler.

The Mongol conquests resulted in widespread destruction, and is estimated to have killed between 37.75 and 60 million people. ''Mongols'' originated from Mongolia, and spoke the Mongolian language; they were a group of steppe nomads. 

As the Mongol Empire expanded, it fractured into independent states:

*''Chagatai Khanate'' (1226–1705) in Central Asia, centered on present-day Kyrgyzstan. It would decline to other dynasties.
*''Golden Horde'' (1242–1502), a khanate in the north-west, north of the Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate. It disintegrated to many other khanates.
*''Ilkhanate'' (1256–1335) a khanate in the south-west, of Persia and surroundings. It would decline to multiple successor dynasties.
*''Yuan dynasty'' (1271–1368) in the east, including much of present-day China and Mongolia. 

The Yuan dynasty's first emperor was Kublai Khan, who was already Khagan. Its capitals were Shangdu (Xanadu) and Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). It succeeded the Song dynasty (960–1279), as well as the Liao, Jin, and Western Xia dynasties. After about a hundred years it was succeeded by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), a Han dynasty established in Nanjing in 1368; after the  Fall of Beijing (1644) the Ming dynasty would eventually be succeeded by the Qing dynasty (1636–1912), the Manchu-led last dynasty in the imperial history of China.

===End of the Islamic Golden Age===

[[File:Sultan Gazi ʻUthmān Han I - السُلطان الغازي عُثمان خان الأوَّل.png|thumb|200px|Osman I, who founded the Ottoman Empire circa 1299]]

The Mongol Empire was in part succeeded by the ''Ilkhanate'' (1256–1335), the south-west sector of the Mongol Empire. The ''Siege of Baghdad'' (1258) was by the Ilkhanate Mongols under the command of Hulagu Khan. They subsequently sacked the city and destroyed the copious libraries, including the House of Wisdom; hundreds of thousands of people were killed in the region. This ended the Abbasid Caliphate and Islamic Golden Age, and the region was made part of the Mongol Empire.

In Egypt and the Middle East, the Sunni Muslim ''Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo'' (1261–1517), also known as the Realm of the Turks, overthrew the Ayyubids. It was an Arabic, Turkic and Circassian sultanate. With the fall of the Abbasids in 1258, the Mamluks attempted to re-establish a Sunni Abbasid Caliphate with the ''Caliphs of Cairo'' (1261–1517); they were largely ceremonial caliphs under the patronage of the sultans. In the Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323), the Mamluk Sultanate defeated the lkhanate of the Mongol Empire. The Mamluk Sultanate survived until 1517, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

In the 1330s, outbreaks of the Black Death ravaged the Ilkhanate, causing it to disintegrate. The ''Timurid Empire'' (1370–1507) was a latter large Turco-Mongol empire of Sunni Islam; stretching across the Middle East and central Asia, it was seen as continuing the Mongol legacy. In part it was succeeded by ''Safavid Iran'' (1501–1736), an Iranian Shia Muslim dynasty.

Eventually the ''Ottoman Empire'' (c. 1299–1922) became the dominant dynasty in the Middle East. It was founded by Osman I of the House of Osman. Starting from a small Anatolian beylik (state), and with the decline of the Sultanate of Rum, they would go on to build a vast empire, including territories in Anatolia, eastern Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa.

===Kievan Rus' and the Golden Horde===

{{anchor|ievan Rus' and the Golden Horde}}

[[File:Golden Horde 1313.jpg|thumb|300px|The Golden Horde in 1313 under Öz Beg Khan, and its Rus' tributaries (orange circles)]]

''Kievan Rus''' (882–1240): was an early progenitor to Russia. A loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, it was founded by the Rus' people, who are thought to be Varangians (Vikings). It was composed of a number of principalities and other territories; the city of ''Kiev'' was the nucleus of the state, and it was ruled by the Grand Prince of Kiev. ''Note: Russian &quot;princes&quot; or &quot;dukes&quot; actually held the title knyaz (князь).''
 
* ''Vladimir the Great'' was a Prince of Novgorod who became Grand Prince of Kiev 980–1015; he consolidated the realm, and converted to ''Christianity'' in 988. 
* Roman the Great (Roman Mstislavich) was another Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Kiev 1170–1205, and had victories against ''Cumania'' (also known as the Cuman-Kipchak Confederation), a large Turkic state of the Cumans and Kipchaks south-east of the Rus'.

''Golden Horde ''(1242–1502), or ''Kipchak Khanate'', was originally a Mongol, and later Turkicized, khanate founded by Batu Khan, a Mongol warlord who followed the Tengrism religion. It originated as the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire. It had a geographic area roughly comparable to the earlier Cumania (the Cuman-Kipchak confederation); and that of Volga Bulgaria, a historic Bulgar state. It was majorly divided into Blue Horde (Kok Horde) and White Horde (Ak Horde). Öz Beg Khan assumed the throne in 1313, and adopted Islam as the state religion.

Kievan Rus' began to disintegrate in the 11th century; it ended after falling to the Mongols circa 1240s, and its principalities became vassals to the ''Golden Horde''  by 1294. There was widespread destruction, and the only major cities to escape this were Novgorod and Pskov. Their rulers were Mongols, and later on Tatars, and the &quot;Tatar Yoke&quot; is a phrase often used to express their rule. ''Tatars'' was a general term used by Russians and other Europeans for Turkic peoples of the Golden Horde, but can be used more specifically for the speakers of the Tatar language. According to the ''Turco-Mongol tradition'', they assimilated control of the Golden Horde, and took up the Kipchak language as a common tongue, which survives as the root of some Turkic languages such as Kazakh and Tatar. 

The East Slavic peoples would evolve into Belarusians, Russians, Rusyns, and Ukrainians. Russia would develop from the rise of the ''Grand Duchy of Moscow'', also called ''Muscovy''; see the [[Brief History of Europe/Late Middle Ages#Rise of Muscovy|Rise of Muscovy]].  The Golden Horde would eventually lose control of the Rus' principalities, and then disintegrate into a number of Turkic-speaking khanates, but these would fall to Russian expansion. 

{{clear}}

==Medieval renaissances and cultural changes==

[[File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|thumb|200px|Saint Thomas Aquinas]]

Medieval renaissances can refer to various movements in the latter half of the Early Middle Ages, and during the High Middle Ages.

* ''Carolingian renaissance'', of the 8th and 9th centuries, was a period of renewed cultural and intellectual movements associated with the rise of the Carolingian Empire, and the Carolingian court.
* ''Ottonian renaissance'', of the 10th and 11th centuries, was a similar phenomenon associated with the Ottonian period of the Holy Roman Empire. Otto I, Otto II and Otto III ruled the culturally Germanic empire between 936–1002, and created a revival particularly in arts and architecture.
* ''Renaissance of the 12th century:'' included social, political and economic transformations; intellectual revitalization (philosophical and scientific). It included Latin translations of Arabic sources. 

In the thirteenth century, ''Thomas Aquinas'' developed ''scholasticism'' (early critical thought in a religious context) with his ''Summa Theologica''; written between 1265 and 1274, it was a treatise on theology that drew from a wide range of philosophical sources. It attempted to reconcile the philosophy of Aristotle with the theology of Augustine of Hippo, using both reason and faith. In 1202, in his Book of Calculation, the Italian mathematician Fibonacci helped to populise Arabic numerals.

''Romanesque'' architecture (also known as Norman architecture) dominated 11th and 12th centuries; earlier architecture was known as ''Pre-Romanesque''. Later on ''Gothic'' architecture was used widely between the 12th and 16th centuries. 

The High Middle Ages was accompanied by a rapid increase in population; this would grind to a halt in the 14th century, as Europe would enter a period of crisis.

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE:Chapter 3 High Middle Ages}}{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Early Middle Ages|Late Middle Ages|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Stardew Valley/Characters</title>
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      <text bytes="5811" sha1="ofcvmpro550ywf2ymasym3nd1k324c5" xml:space="preserve">There are many characters is Stardew Valley. Some have special routines and they all have favorite gifts and disliked gifts. Some characters are single and you can eventually date and even marry them. (The game does restrict you to dating people of a specific gender based on the gender of your player character.) You're friendship level for single characters is 8 hearts; but can be increased if you begin dating.
{{TOCright}}
== Villagers ==
There are 28 villagers; all of them are listed in the Social tab, and you can become friendly with them. 

* [[/Abigail/]] - Single, female.
::Abigail is the daughter of Caroline and Pierre. She lives at Pierre's General Store and can sometime be seen working there.
* [[/Alex/]] - Single, male.
::Alex is the grandson of Evelyn and George. He lives at 1 River Road and his hobby is bodybuilding.
* [[/Caroline/]] - Married, female.
::Caroline is Abigail's mother and Pierre's wife. She lives at Pierre's General Store.
* [[/Clint/]] - Non-datable, male.
::Clint lives and works at the Blacksmith's.
* [[/Demetrius/]] - Married, male.
::Demetrius is Maru's father, Sebastian's step-father, Robin's husband. He lives at the Carpenter's Shop where he works as a scientist.
* [[/Elliott/]] - Single, male.
::Elliott is a writer. He lives in Elliott's Cabin but can be seen walking around town gathering inspiration.
* [[/Emily/]] - Single, female.
::Emily lives with her sister Haley at 2 Willow Lane. She works at the Saloon afternoons.
* [[/Evelyn/]] - Married, female.
::Evelyn is Alex's grandmother and George's wife. She lives at 1 River Road and her hobby is baking.
* [[/George/]] - Married, male.
::George is Alex's grandfather and Evelyn's husband. He lives at 1 River Road.
* [[/Gus/]] - Non-datable, male.
::Gus lives in the Saloon, which he owns and operates.
* [[/Haley/]] - Single, female.
:: Haley lives with her sister Emily at 2 Willow Lane. Her hobby is photography.
* [[/Harvey/]] - Single, male.
::Harvey is the local doctor and you can purchase medical supplies from his shop when it's open. He works and lives at Harvey's Clinic, but can often be seen walking outdoors.
* [[/Jas/]] - Child, female.
::Jas is Marnie's Niece. She is often seen with Vincent, and receives tutoring from Penny.
* [[/Jodi/]] - Married, female.
::Jodi is Sam and Victor's mother, and Kent's wife. She lives at 1 Willow Lane and spends most of the time caring for her children.
* [[/Kent/]] - Married, male.
::Jodi is Sam and Victor's father, and Jodi's husband. He lives at 1 Willow Lane but can often be seen walking around town. (Kent does not appear in the game until the second year.)
* [[/Leah/]] - Single, female.
::Leah is a sculptor and painter. She lives in Leah's Cottage, but often visits different locations in the valley to set up her easel.
* [[/Lewis/]] - Non-datable, male.
::Lewis lives in the Mayor's Manor. He can often be seen in the town square.
* [[/Linus/]] - Non-datable, male.
::Linus is practically homeless and lives in a Tent.
* [[/Marnie/]] - Non-datable, female.
::Marnie is Shane and Vincent's aunt. She lives on Marnie's Ranch and you can purchase animals and related supplies when she's there.
* [[/Maru/]] - Single, female.
::Maru is the daughter of Robin and Demetrius and the step-sister of Sebastian. She lives in the Carpenter's Shop, but works part time at Harvey's Clinic.
* [[/Pam/]] - Non-datable, female.
::Pam is Penny's mother. She lives in the Trailer, but she spends afternoons at JojaMart and evenings in the Saloon.
* [[/Penny/]] - Single, female.
::Penny is the daughter of Pam. She lives in the Trailer and tutors Jas and Vincent, the neighborhood children.
* [[/Pierre/]] - Married, male.
::Pierre is Abigail's father and Caroline's husband. He lives at Pierre's General Store, which he owns and operates.
* [[/Robin/]] - Married, female.
::Robin is Maru and Sebastian's mother, and Demetrius' wife. She lives at the Carpenter's Shop which she owns and operates.
* [[/Sam/]] - Single, male.
::Sam is the son of Jodi and Kent, and the brother of Vincent. He works part-time at Jojamart.
* [[/Sebastian/]] - Single, male.
::Sebastian is Robin's son and Demetrius' step-son. He works as a freelance computer programmer.
* [[/Shane/]] - Single, male.
::Shane is Marnie's Nephew. He lives at Marnie's Ranch and works at Jojamart; he spends evenings in the Saloon.
* [[/Vincent/]] - Child, male.
::Vincent is Jodi's and Kent's son, and Sam's brother. He is often seen with Jas, and receives tutoring from Penny.
* [[Stardew Valley/Characters/Willy|Willy]] - Non-datable, male.
::Willy lives in the Fish Shop, which he owns and operates. He can often be seen fishing around the valley.

== Friendable Non-Villagers ==
In addition to villager, there are other characters in the game you can become friends with.
* [[/Dwarf/]]
::The Dwarf lives in a secret location near town.
* [[/Krobus/]]
::The Krobus lives in a secret location near town.
* [[/Sandy/]]
::Sandy lives in the Calico Desert, which can't be reached without the bus.
* [[/Wizard/]]
::The Wizard lives in the Wizard's Tower where he practices his magical arts.

== Other characters in Stardew Valley ==
There are a few other characters in Stardew Valley which you can interact with, but are not listed in the Social tab.
* Gunther
::Gunther runs the Stardew Library Museum &amp; Library.
* Marlon
::Marlon runs the Adventurer's Guild.
* Gil
::Spends his time in the Adventurer's Guild.
* Morris
::Morris runs the JojaMart and is the local representative of Joja Corporation.

== Visitors ==
Finally, there are some characters which are only seen on special occasions.
* Grandpa
::This is your grandfather who left you his farm.
* Governor
::This is the governor of the region where Stardew Valley is location. He visits once a year, at the Luau festival.

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      <text bytes="5552" sha1="9i18270pswmas6cc2jz2rk1uzq4d27s" xml:space="preserve">Fishing is available in Stardew Valley starting which a cutscene with Wily, who runs the fish shop. Willy sends you a letter the day after you arrive inviting you to Pelican Beach, and the scene starts as you enter. Willy gives you a Bamboo Rod, which is the basic level rod, but if you're new to the game then it's a good idea to buy a Practice Rod from him as well. Use the practice rod until you been able to practice reeling in fish for a while.

== Before starting ==
Before starting you should probably have some idea when, where, and for how long you're going to be fishing. Store any unneeded items in chests before you leave the farm, especially if you haven't upgraded your backpack yet. Fishing tends to fill up your inventory quickly, so it's best to remove any clutter before you start. If you plan on fishing a long time, it may help to bring some food with you to replenish your energy.

== Fishing mechanics ==
To start fishing, first make sure you have a pole selected in your inventory. Stand facing a body of water, and click on the water and hold to start casting; you can also press C. While casting, you'll see a meter moving left and right, and changing from red to green and back. The further to the right the meter, in other words the more green it is, when you release the mouse, the stronger the cast will be, and the farther the line will travel. The idea is to cast so the line lands as far as possible from the nearest land, and the stronger your cast, the farther you can get the line.

Once the line is cast, just wait until you get a nibble on the line. You'll a kind of chirping sound and see an exclamation point when this happens, press the mouse button to set the hook. You must set the hook quickly, otherwise whatever was on the line will get away. There are three types of things you might get when you set the hook:
* Various types of trash - This gets pulled out of the water without any struggle. As implied by the name, it's nominally worthless. But don't throw it out because there is a way to turn it into useful items.
* Algae or seaweed (depending on location) - This also gets pulled out of the water without any struggle. This has several uses, for example you can eat it to restore a small amount of energy. 
* Fish - This does put up a struggle and you have to play the fish in order to reel it in successfully. 

== Reeling in a fish ==
A vertical bar appears representing the water appears, and a fish appear representing the location of the fish in the water. You control a green segment on the bar, pressing the mouse button (or C) raises the bar, and releasing the button lets the bar drop down. The idea is to keep the bar under the fish as much as possible. When the fish is over the bar the meter on the right will go up meaning you are reeling in the fish. When the fish is not over the bar then the meter goes down, meaning the fish is starting to free itself. If you manage to get the meter full, then you pull the fish out of the water, but if you let the meter get to the bottom then the fish escapes.

Fish vary widely in difficulty so don't be discouraged if you lose a fish every so often. First, it takes practice to judge when and how long to hold down the button/key in order to place the bar where you want. You also have to master the technique of lightly tapping on the button/key to hold the bar in place. Meanwhile, the fish moves around in the water so you have to keep moving the bar to keep it under the fish. The more difficult the fish, the more and faster it moves around. The easiest fish to catch is the Carp; is moves very slowly and often stays near the bottom. So it's an idea fish to target if you're a beginner at fishing. As your Fishing Level increases, the green bar becomes larger, and fishing more difficult fish becomes more manageable.

Game time stops while you're reeling a fish, and continues again when you either pull it out of the water or it escapes.

== Bubbles ==
Occasionally you may see bubbles on the water. This means there is a school underneath and if you can get you line to land on it, the fish take much less time to nibble at the line. The bubbles sparkle when you successfully land the line on them.

== Chests ==
Sometimes when you hook a fish, you'll see a treasure chest on the fishing bar as well as the fish. The chest does not move, but otherwise it's reeled in about the same way; when the green bat is under it the chest meter increases and when that meter fills up you've caught the chest. But you can't pull up the chest by itself, in other words you have to successfully real in the fish to actually bring up the chest. So before going after a chest, it's best to get the fish meter almost to the top so you have time to fill the chest meter while the fish meter is decreasing. This is much easier when the fish is easy, and for difficult fish you may want to just ignore a chest if it appears.

Most of the time chests contain token items such as coal. But many different items can be &quot;caught&quot; this way, including weapons and armor. 

== Fish size and quality ==
When you reel in a fish, the game records its size and lets you know if it's a size record for that type of fish. You can see the record size in the Fish Collection tab, but otherwise there isn't any difference. Fish also have levels of quality. The higher your Fishing level you greater your chances of catching high level fish. Getting you line to hit far way from the nearest land will improve the average size and quality of the fish you catch.

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      <text bytes="5640" sha1="tjrcq6x8d0w37revfy72tsi6r568h3b" xml:space="preserve">Fishing is available in Stardew Valley starting which a cutscene with Wily, who runs the fish shop. Willy sends you a letter the day after you arrive inviting you to Pelican Beach, and the scene starts as you enter. Willy gives you a Bamboo Rod, which is the basic level rod, but if you're new to the game then it's a good idea to buy a Practice Rod from him as well. Use the practice rod until you been able to practice reeling in fish for a while.

== Before starting ==
Before starting you should probably have some idea when, where, and for how long you're going to be fishing. Store any unneeded items in chests before you leave the farm, especially if you haven't upgraded your backpack yet. Fishing tends to fill up your inventory quickly, so it's best to remove any clutter before you start. If you plan on fishing a long time, it may help to bring some food with you to replenish your energy.

== Fishing mechanics ==
To start fishing, first make sure you have a pole selected in your inventory. Stand facing a body of water, and click on the water and hold to start casting; you can also press C. While casting, you'll see a meter moving left and right, and changing from red to green and back. The further to the right the meter, in other words the more green it is, when you release the mouse, the stronger the cast will be, and the farther the line will travel. The idea is to cast so the line lands as far as possible from the nearest land, and the stronger your cast, the farther you can get the line.

Once the line is cast, just wait until you get a nibble on the line. You'll a kind of chirping sound and see an exclamation point when this happens, press the mouse button to set the hook. You must set the hook quickly, otherwise whatever was on the line will get away. There are three types of things you might get when you set the hook:
* Various types of trash - This gets pulled out of the water without any struggle. As implied by the name, it's nominally worthless. But don't throw it out because there is a way to turn it into useful items.
* Algae or seaweed (depending on location) - This also gets pulled out of the water without any struggle. This has several uses, for example you can eat it to restore a small amount of energy. 
* Fish - This does put up a struggle and you have to play the fish in order to reel it in successfully. 

== Reeling in a fish ==
A vertical bar appears representing the water appears, and a fish appear representing the location of the fish in the water. You control a green segment on the bar, pressing the mouse button (or C) raises the bar, and releasing the button lets the bar drop down. The idea is to keep the bar under the fish as much as possible. When the fish is over the bar the meter on the right will go up meaning you are reeling in the fish. When the fish is not over the bar then the meter goes down, meaning the fish is starting to free itself. If you manage to get the meter full, then you pull the fish out of the water, but if you let the meter get to the bottom then the fish escapes.

Fish vary widely in difficulty so don't be discouraged if you lose a fish every so often. First, it takes practice to judge when and how long to hold down the button/key in order to place the bar where you want. You also have to master the technique of lightly tapping on the button/key to hold the bar in place. Meanwhile, the fish moves around in the water so you have to keep moving the bar to keep it under the fish. The more difficult the fish, the more and faster it moves around. The easiest fish to catch is the Carp; is moves very slowly and often stays near the bottom. So it's an idea fish to target if you're a beginner at fishing. As your Fishing Level increases, the green bar becomes larger, and fishing more difficult fish becomes more manageable.

Game time stops while you're reeling a fish, and continues again when you either pull it out of the water or it escapes.

== Bubbles ==
Occasionally you may see bubbles on the water. This means there is a school underneath and if you can get you line to land on it, the fish take much less time to nibble at the line. The bubbles sparkle when you successfully land the line on them.

You may also get an alert of a frenzy, which is like bubbles, but for a specific fish.

== Chests ==
Sometimes when you hook a fish, you'll see a treasure chest on the fishing bar as well as the fish. The chest does not move, but otherwise it's reeled in about the same way; when the green bat is under it the chest meter increases and when that meter fills up you've caught the chest. But you can't pull up the chest by itself, in other words you have to successfully real in the fish to actually bring up the chest. So before going after a chest, it's best to get the fish meter almost to the top so you have time to fill the chest meter while the fish meter is decreasing. This is much easier when the fish is easy, and for difficult fish you may want to just ignore a chest if it appears.

Most of the time chests contain token items such as coal. But many different items can be &quot;caught&quot; this way, including weapons and armor. 

== Fish size and quality ==
When you reel in a fish, the game records its size and lets you know if it's a size record for that type of fish. You can see the record size in the Fish Collection tab, but otherwise there isn't any difference. Fish also have levels of quality. The higher your Fishing level you greater your chances of catching high level fish. Getting you line to hit far way from the nearest land will improve the average size and quality of the fish you catch.

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      <text bytes="6855" sha1="1z3nhjxafea77kqjei3du8he6t536i8" xml:space="preserve">Fishing is available in Stardew Valley starting which a cutscene with Wily, who runs the fish shop. Willy sends you a letter the day after you arrive inviting you to Pelican Beach, and the scene starts as you enter. Willy gives you a Bamboo Rod, which is the basic level rod, but if you're new to the game then it's a good idea to buy a Practice Rod from him as well. Use the practice rod until you been able to practice reeling in fish for a while.

== Before starting ==
Before starting you should probably have some idea when, where, and for how long you're going to be fishing. Store any unneeded items in chests before you leave the farm, especially if you haven't upgraded your backpack yet. Fishing tends to fill up your inventory quickly, so it's best to remove any clutter before you start. If you plan on fishing a long time, it may help to bring some food with you to replenish your energy.

== Fishing mechanics ==
To start fishing, first make sure you have a pole selected in your inventory. Stand facing a body of water, and click on the water and hold to start casting; you can also press C. While casting, you'll see a meter moving left and right, and changing from red to green and back. The further to the right the meter, in other words the more green it is, when you release the mouse, the stronger the cast will be, and the farther the line will travel. The idea is to cast so the line lands as far as possible from the nearest land, and the stronger your cast, the farther you can get the line.

Once the line is cast, just wait until you get a nibble on the line. You'll a kind of chirping sound and see an exclamation point when this happens, press the mouse button to set the hook. You must set the hook quickly, otherwise whatever was on the line will get away. There are three types of things you might get when you set the hook:
* Various types of trash - This gets pulled out of the water without any struggle. As implied by the name, it's nominally worthless. But don't throw it out because there is a way to turn it into useful items.
* Algae or seaweed (depending on location) - This also gets pulled out of the water without any struggle. This has several uses, for example you can eat it to restore a small amount of energy. 
* Fish - This does put up a struggle and you have to play the fish in order to reel it in successfully. 

== Reeling in a fish ==
A vertical bar appears representing the water appears, and a fish appear representing the location of the fish in the water. You control a green segment on the bar, pressing the mouse button (or C) raises the bar, and releasing the button lets the bar drop down. The idea is to keep the bar under the fish as much as possible. When the fish is over the bar the meter on the right will go up meaning you are reeling in the fish. When the fish is not over the bar then the meter goes down, meaning the fish is starting to free itself. If you manage to get the meter full, then you pull the fish out of the water, but if you let the meter get to the bottom then the fish escapes.

Fish vary widely in difficulty so don't be discouraged if you lose a fish every so often. First, it takes practice to judge when and how long to hold down the button/key in order to place the bar where you want. You also have to master the technique of lightly tapping on the button/key to hold the bar in place. Meanwhile, the fish moves around in the water so you have to keep moving the bar to keep it under the fish. The more difficult the fish, the more and faster it moves around. The easiest fish to catch is the Carp; is moves very slowly and often stays near the bottom. So it's an idea fish to target if you're a beginner at fishing. As your Fishing Level increases, the green bar becomes larger, and fishing more difficult fish becomes more manageable.

Game time stops while you're reeling a fish, and continues again when you either pull it out of the water or it escapes.

== Bubbles ==
Occasionally you may see bubbles on the water. This means there is a school underneath and if you can get you line to land on it, the fish take much less time to nibble at the line. The bubbles sparkle when you successfully land the line on them.

You may also get an alert of a frenzy, which is like bubbles, but for a specific fish.

== Chests ==
Sometimes when you hook a fish, you'll see a treasure chest on the fishing bar as well as the fish. The chest does not move, but otherwise it's reeled in about the same way; when the green bat is under it the chest meter increases and when that meter fills up you've caught the chest. But you can't pull up the chest by itself, in other words you have to successfully real in the fish to actually bring up the chest. So before going after a chest, it's best to get the fish meter almost to the top so you have time to fill the chest meter while the fish meter is decreasing. This is much easier when the fish is easy, and for difficult fish you may want to just ignore a chest if it appears.

Most of the time chests contain token items such as coal. But many different items can be &quot;caught&quot; this way, including weapons and armor. 

== Fish size and quality ==
When you reel in a fish, the game records its size and lets you know if it's a size record for that type of fish. You can see the record size in the Fish Collection tab, but otherwise there isn't any difference. Fish also have levels of quality. The higher your Fishing level you greater your chances of catching high level fish. Getting you line to hit far way from the nearest land will improve the average size and quality of the fish you catch.

== Obtaining better rods ==
At LV2 fishing, you can buy the Fiberglass Rod from Willy's shop. It allows you to use bait, which makes fish bite much faster.

At LV6 fishing, you can buy the Iridium Rod, which lets you use bait ''and'' tackle. Tackle does various things to help you fish, and you unlock new tackle from LV6 to LV8 fishing. Here is a table of all the tackle buyable from Willy's:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tackle
!Effects
!Cost
!Level
|-
|Lead Bobber
|Prevents your fishing bar from bouncing.
|200g
|LV6
|-
|Sonar Bobber
|Reveals the fish being hooked, before you've caught it.
|500g
|LV6
|-
|Spinner
|Slightly increases the chance of a bite.
|500g
|LV6
|-
|Trap Bobber
|You have more time to get the bar back over the fish when it's off.
|500g
|LV6
|-
|Cork Bobber
|The bar slightly increases its size.
|750g
|LV7
|-
|Treasure Hunter
|While your bar is on a treasure chest, the fish does not escape.
|750g
|LV7
|-
|Barbed Hook
|Your fishing bar clings to the fish. Works best on weak fish.
|1000g
|LV8
|-
|Dressed Spinner
|Greatly increases the chance of a bite.
|1000g
|LV8
|}
Tackle and bait both gradually wear out, so you'll have to buy more occasionally. You can only have 1 tackle on at a time.
{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agriculture/No-Tilling/zero tillage</title>
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      <text bytes="11434" sha1="50p9x3pj7iun28bp9tspuc00hznsj1q" xml:space="preserve">No-Tilling/zero tillage:

Crops are grown from year to year with zero or minimum soil disturbance through tillage in this system. In Minimum tillage, soil disturbance is kept to minimum level. In Zero tillage or No-Till system, no soil disturbance is done season in season out.
No-tillage or no-till, also referred to as zero tillage, is a soil cultivation system in which seeds are deposited directly into untilled soil. It is defined “as a system of planting (seeding) crops into untilled soil by opening a narrow slot trench or band only of sufficient width and depth to obtain proper seed coverage. No other soil tillage is done.”
No-till farming is not concerned only with soil tillage – it encompasses four broad, intertwined management practices:
* Minimal soil disturbance (no ploughing and harrowing),
* Maintenance of a permanent vegetative soil cover,
* direct sowing and
* Sound crop rotation

 No-till and conservation agriculture:
No-till and conservation agriculture are therefore difficult to distinguish from each other. Further it defines the tillage practice of conservation agriculture as follows:
“The practice of conservation agriculture advocates minimal soil disturbance and hence much less or no tilling is carried out.” This means that conservation agriculture can imply either less deep and/or less frequent tillage practices. No-till as a component of conservation agriculture is today actively promoted by a growing number of research and extension programmes.
Certain prerequisites must be met for successful implementation of no-till farming. Like other agronomic technologies, it requires know how and a detailed understanding of soil-plant interactions. Special no-till equipment is needed: no-till is bound to fail if techniques for drilling seed into residues at the proper depth are not available.

In principle, the method always involves the following stages:
* Handling loose straw or living mulch by cutting/moving aside or rolling;
* Application of seeds and fertilizers;
* Furrow closing;
* Seed/soil compaction.

 Implements and Tools for zero tillage:
There can be find several equipment’s which are used for no-till farming. Farmers use these implements to facilitate no till farming practices.
* No till planter
- Planter is arguably one of the most important pieces of equipment for farmers, especially if you are planning on going into no-till farming.
- To ensure that crops planted at the same depth and spacing have to use a fine-toothed comb. 
- This will ensure that every seed is in the exact same soil moisture and temperature environment, allowing for the crops to come out evenly.

* A roller/crimper
- Organic, no-till farming begins successfully with a cover-crop, which turns into mulch once it is killed or has died.
- In order to accelerate this process, it is able to ‘kill’ the cover crop by hand with tools if your plot is small enough but for a larger piece of land, it will need farming implements to help you.
- It is a large, heavy cylinder with long blades welded onto it in a chevron pattern. As it is rolled over a cover crop, the blades crimp the
stems of the plants, killing them in place to make moisture conserving mulch as part of the ground cover for your crops. 
- This mulch adds organic matter to the soil as it degrades. Because a cover-crop needs to be thick, a roller/crimper is the ideal piece of farm equipment to use.

* A broad fork
- This tool is used to avoid soil compaction.
- Loosening the soil with a broad fork allows to have the benefits of deep tillage without actually performing any tilling.
- Broad forks are hand tools with long tines that are perfect for digging deep into the soil when turning it.

* A subsoiler
- Similar to a broad fork that is considered to be low or no-till.
- A subsoiler is a tractor attachment that can be dragged through the soil to loosen compacted bed. 
- Using a broad fork or other hand tools is an effective no-till method that eliminates compacted soil and other issues.

* A no-till seed drill
- Piece of equipment that places seeds at correct depth and space apart.
- The front ‘openers’ or blades cut a trench into the soil, then the double disk seed drill places the seed at the correct depth. The packer wheels cover the hole and pack the soil for the correct seed-to-soil contact. 
- A no-till drill ensures accurate planting of crops, and also means that less seed needs to be used, saving farmer’s money and effort.
- The price of seed can become expensive, which means that accurate planting is necessary to save money and make a profit from your crops.
- No-till may sound like a practice that does not use machinery, but equipment such as a no-till seed drill makes it a more labour-saving process.

* Zero till seed/grain drill cum fertilizer
- Zero-till drilling of wheat is becoming an attractive alternative to the conventional tillage and sowing of wheat after rice.
- With seed cum fertilizer drill the seeds are sown along with basal placement of fertilizer over a well-prepared seed bed.

* Metal cutting blade mould board plough
- Mould Board Plough is the most important plough for primary tillage in canal irrigated or heavy rain areas where too much weeds grow.
- The objective for ploughing with a Mould Board is to completely invert and pulverize the soil, up-root all weeds, trash and crop residues and bury them under the soil.
- The shape of mould Board is designed to cut down the soil and invert it to right side, completely burying the undesired growth which is subsequently turned into manure after decomposition.

* Rotary weeder
- The Rotary Weeder is a tool used to remove weeds either manually or mechanically.
- It is helpful to farmers who uses minimal to zero amount of herbicides or tillage. Manual weeding takes about 25 days solo work to finish one hectare.
- Latest mechanical weeder is light, one horsepower (HP), and does three rows at a time and easy to operate, making it possible even for women to work with.
- Two weeders can to do a hectare of rice in just five hours. However, the latest model is still subject for further development.

Management of zero tillage:

Zero tillage requires some different skills in order to do it successfully with any
production system, if zero tillage is not done correctly, yield can drop. So, a
combined technique is required for the management of zero tillage.

* Cover crops
Cover crop mulch based Zero tillage production as an innovative,alternative practice in organic farming to reduce intensive soil tillage.
They are occasionally using in agriculture as guard crops, they leave residue to the soil and also kill various weeds. Farmers use them for controlling of weeds so that the succeeding crop may get enough energy resource for their growth, nutrition and development.

*Integrated disease and pest management
Nowadays, it is very popularly adopted in western countries. The approach is very simple. Here the ecosystem is not hurt at all. So, farmers adopt this practice to get optimum yield using zero tillage.

*Crop rotation
With zero tillage, the residue is kept at the soil surface and thus it increases the soil moisture. But this may also bring the disease or pest outbreak to the crop field. So to manage this problem, farmers should use crop rotation, by the rotation of crops, the completion of pathogen life cycle can be stopped and thus they can be easily managed.

* Use of light implements
The proper zero tillage can be done with the help of light implements. So, it is necessary to use light tractors as it escapes the chances of soil compaction.

Advantages and disadvantages of no tillage practices:

No-tillage systems have a number of advantages and disadvantages. It is important
to note that ‘no-tillage’ needs to be adapted to site-specific conditions, therefore it
is important to ensure a comprehensive management that ensures the selection of
the most appropriate system for particular soil and climatic conditions on the farm
in question and the selection and operation of appropriate equipment.
There can be find environmental, social and economic advantages:
* Economic Advantages
• Energy and Labour costs over the total production process can be reduced
• Reduced use of fertilizers and lower production costs
• Crop productivity increased

* Social Advantages
• Better profitability and higher crop yields mean that the farming family
could have a greater chance of succeeding and remaining on the land

* Environmental Advantages
• Crop yields are equal to or better than under conventional tillage
• Maintenance or increase in the SOM content (enhancement of soil quality)
• Soil improvement (chemical, physical and biological characteristics).
• Studies of no-tillage have shown that it leads to significant changes in the physical and biotic characteristics of the soil environment. Most studies have shown that the soil becomes more dense, primarily because the number of larger pore spaces in the soil is reduced and the number of smaller spaces is increased. This reduces aeration somewhat, but tends to increase the water holding capacity of the soil. 
• No tilled soils tend to be cooler than others, partly because a surface layer of plant residues is present Carbon is sequestered in the soil enhancing its quality, reducing the threat of global warming.
• Planting times are more flexible. Planting can take place immediately after rain and there is no wait for tillage operations. In double cropping situations (cowpeas after maize, for instance), harvesting, slashing, spraying, and planting can take place within a few days.
• Water runoff is reduced, which is beneficial in two ways: more water is available for the crop and soil erosion is reduced.
• Reduced wind and water erosion. Reduced erosion can lead to off-site benefits such as a reduced rate of siltation of water courses and increased recharge of aquifers.
• Increased water infiltration into the soil and increased soil moisture.

* Disadvantages:
On the other hand, the disadvantages of minimum and no-tillage systems are:
➢ Economic Disadvantages:
- Short term yield effects have been found to be variable (positive, neutral or negative yield responses which can discourage the adoption of zero tillage
practices).
- The variability in short-term crop responses to ZT is principally the result of the interacting effects of crop requirements, soil characteristics and climate.

➢ Social Disadvantages:
- Not tilling the soil may results in increased weed pressure. The increased amount of labour required for weeding with ZT may outweigh the labour saving gained by not ploughing,
- Herbicides are used to control weeds. It enhances environmental pollution.
- no tillage has resulted in increased labour requirements when herbicides are not used
- In some countries, no-tillage might result in a gender shift of the labour burden to women.

➢ Environmental Disadvantages:
- Herbicides must be used often and with accuracy.
- Application of herbicides is critical in cases where the farmer does not plough or till to control weeds and grasses.
- Before planting, any vegetation present must be killed with a broad–spectrum herbicide, the effects of which are non-persistent.
- After planting, more specific and more persistent herbicides are usually required to control specific weeds particular to the crop situation.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Abula (Nigerian Three Stews)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>456852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638737</id>
      <parentid>4638633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:18:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/Royalesignature|Royalesignature]]) and restored revision 4629566 by A Sulaiman Z; inappropriate linking</comment>
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      <text bytes="2936" sha1="mmo9ls9mdleigofnqh5a4esyihohqz3" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__{{recipe summary
| category = Soup recipes
| Cuisine = Nigerian
| servings = 2–3
| time = 
| Time = 20–30 minutes
| difficulty = 4
| image = [[File:Amala and Abula.jpg|300px]]
| energy = 
| note = 
}}

{{Recipe}}

'''Abula''' (literally &quot;mixture&quot;) is a dish common amongst Yoruba people of Nigeria. It is a combination of three different soups/stews: [[Cookbook:Gbegiri|gbegiri]], [[Cookbook:Ewedu Soup|ewedu]], and [[Cookbook:Nigerian Pepper Sauce (Obe Ata)|pepper sauce]].

== Ingredients ==

=== Gbegiri ===

* 1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] dried [[Cookbook:Beans|beans]]
* 2 large pieces of [[Cookbook:Meat and Poultry|meat]], cut into pieces
* ½ cup [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|palm oil]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
* 2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoons]] [[Cookbook:Ground Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
* [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] to taste
* 2 [[Cookbook:Dryfish|dryfish]]

=== Ewedu ===

* 3 cups [[Cookbook:Jute|ewedu]] leaves
* 1 piece of [[Cookbook:Potash|potash]]
* ½ teaspoon [[Cookbook: Salt|salt]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth|stock cube]]
* 2 nylons of [[Cookbook:Iru|fermented locust beans]]

=== Pepper sauce ===

* 2 red [[Cookbook:Bell Pepper|bell peppers]]
*3 [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]]

== Equipment ==
*[[Cookbook:Blender|Blender]]
*[[Cookbook:Cooktop|Stovetop]]
*[[Cookbook:Pots and Pans|Pot]]
*[[Cookbook:Knife|Knife]]
*[[Cookbook:Mixing Bowl|Bowl]]
*[[Cookbook:Colander|Colander]]

== Procedure ==

=== Gbegiri ===

# [[Cookbook:Soaking Beans|Soak]] the beans in water overnight. Remove and discard the skins.
# [[Cookbook:Boiling|Boil]] the beans in fresh water until very soft. Drain well.
# [[Cookbook:Puréeing|Blend]] the beans to a purée using a blender. Set aside.
# Boil the meat in a pot of water with onions and spices. Remove the meat and set aside.
# Heat a small amount of palm oil in a pot. Add the blended beans, crayfish, salt, boiled meat, and dryfish. Cook until the fish is softened.

=== Ewedu ===

# Boil the ewedu for about 15 minutes.
# Soften with potash, then add a [[Cookbook:Pinch|pinch]] of salt and stock cube.
# Blend the ewedu mixture until smooth, and stir in the locust beans.
# Reduce the heat, and allow to [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]].

=== Pepper sauce ===

# Blend the pepper and tomato together until smooth.
# Heat a small amount of oil in a pot over medium heat. Add the blended mixture, and cook until it loses the raw flavor.
# Serve the pepper sauce in one dish with the gbegiri and ewedu.

[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Yoruba recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground crayfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using salt]]
[[Category:Recipes using iru]]
[[Category:Recipes using pulses]]
[[Category:Recipes using palm oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Recipes using potash]]
[[Category:Recipes using jute]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638738</id>
      <parentid>4638737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:19:15Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2846" sha1="nczir56oiw4g14iugjf01uwatzo2xr4" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__{{recipe summary
| category = Soup recipes
| Cuisine = Nigerian
| servings = 2–3
| time = 
| Time = 20–30 minutes
| difficulty = 4
| image = [[File:Amala and Abula.jpg|300px]]
| energy = 
| note = 
}}

{{Recipe}}

'''Abula''' (literally &quot;mixture&quot;) is a dish common amongst Yoruba people of Nigeria. It is a combination of three different soups/stews: gbegiri, ewedu, and pepper sauce.

== Ingredients ==

=== Gbegiri ===

* 1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] dried [[Cookbook:Beans|beans]]
* 2 large pieces of [[Cookbook:Meat and Poultry|meat]], cut into pieces
* ½ cup [[Cookbook:Palm Oil|palm oil]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
* 2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoons]] [[Cookbook:Ground Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
* [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] to taste
* 2 [[Cookbook:Dryfish|dryfish]]

=== Ewedu ===

* 3 cups [[Cookbook:Jute|ewedu]] leaves
* 1 piece of [[Cookbook:Potash|potash]]
* ½ teaspoon [[Cookbook: Salt|salt]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth|stock cube]]
* 2 nylons of [[Cookbook:Iru|fermented locust beans]]

=== Pepper sauce ===

* 2 red [[Cookbook:Bell Pepper|bell peppers]]
*3 [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]]

== Equipment ==
*[[Cookbook:Blender|Blender]]
*[[Cookbook:Cooktop|Stovetop]]
*[[Cookbook:Pots and Pans|Pot]]
*[[Cookbook:Knife|Knife]]
*[[Cookbook:Mixing Bowl|Bowl]]
*[[Cookbook:Colander|Colander]]

== Procedure ==

=== Gbegiri ===

# [[Cookbook:Soaking Beans|Soak]] the beans in water overnight. Remove and discard the skins.
# [[Cookbook:Boiling|Boil]] the beans in fresh water until very soft. Drain well.
# [[Cookbook:Puréeing|Blend]] the beans to a purée using a blender. Set aside.
# Boil the meat in a pot of water with onions and spices. Remove the meat and set aside.
# Heat a small amount of palm oil in a pot. Add the blended beans, crayfish, salt, boiled meat, and dryfish. Cook until the fish is softened.

=== Ewedu ===

# Boil the ewedu for about 15 minutes.
# Soften with potash, then add a [[Cookbook:Pinch|pinch]] of salt and stock cube.
# Blend the ewedu mixture until smooth, and stir in the locust beans.
# Reduce the heat, and allow to [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]].

=== Pepper sauce ===

# Blend the pepper and tomato together until smooth.
# Heat a small amount of oil in a pot over medium heat. Add the blended mixture, and cook until it loses the raw flavor.
# Serve the pepper sauce in one dish with the gbegiri and ewedu.

[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Yoruba recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground crayfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using salt]]
[[Category:Recipes using iru]]
[[Category:Recipes using pulses]]
[[Category:Recipes using palm oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Recipes using potash]]
[[Category:Recipes using jute]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Wheat Flour</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>468801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638799</id>
      <parentid>4638350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:33:24Z</timestamp>
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Wheat varieties are typically known as '''hard''' or '''soft''', depending on gluten content. Hard wheats are high in gluten, and soft wheats are low. Hard flour, or &quot;bread&quot; flour, is high in gluten and so forms a certain toughness which holds its shape well once baked. Soft flour is low in gluten and so results in a finer texture. Soft flour is usually divided into &quot;cake&quot; flour, which is the lowest in gluten, and &quot;pastry&quot; flour, which has slightly more gluten than cake flour.

In terms of the parts of the grain (the grass seed) used in flour -- the endosperm or starchy part, the oil-containing germ or protein part, and the bran or fiber part -- there are three general types of flour. &quot;White&quot; flour is made from the endosperm only. &quot;Whole wheat&quot; flour is made from the entire grain. A &quot;germ&quot; flour may also be made from the endosperm and germ, excluding the bran. The germ is sometimes sold by itself, as &quot;wheatgerm&quot;. Flowers, flours, flour

* [[Cookbook:Whole Wheat Flour|'''Whole wheat flour''']] (or wholemeal flour) is ground from the entire wheat kernel, including the germ and the bran.

* [[Cookbook:Graham Flour|'''Graham flour''']] is a white flour with coarsely ground bran and wheatgerm mixed back in. It thus contains all three parts of the wheat kernel as whole wheat flour does, but it has a different texture.

* [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|'''Cake flour''']], is a weak or low-gluten flour, ground from soft wheat, which is wheat with a low gluten content.  Its texture is very soft and smooth and its colour very white. Cake flour is used for delicate baked goods and cakes that require a low gluten content in order to achieve a light product. Cake flour is slightly softer than [[Cookbook:Pastry Flour|'''pastry flour''']], although one sometimes hears the terms used interchangeably. It may be mixed with bread dough in order to lighten the latter for some of the sweeter yeast doughs.

* [[Cookbook:Pastry Flour|'''Pastry flour''']], like [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|cake flour]] is a weak or low gluten flour but is slightly stronger than the latter.  It does not have the whiteness of cake flour however, being more similar to the creamy colour of bread flour. It is used in good such as pie doughs, biscuits, scones, muffins and cookies.  It may be blended with bread flour in order to lighten it for some of the sweeter yeast doughs.

* '''All-purpose flour''', (known as plain flour in Europe) is a blended white flour containing a medium amount of gluten (around 10%).

* [[Cookbook:Maida|'''Maida''']] is a super-refined white flour used in [[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|Indian cuisine]]. It is mainly used to make pastries and other bakery items like breads and biscuits. Some maida may have [[Cookbook:Tapioca Starch|tapioca starch]] added.

* [[Cookbook:Flour|'''Self-rising flour''']] (also called &quot;Self-raising flour&quot;) is an all-purpose flour that has a [[Cookbook:Leavening Agent|leavening agent]] blended into it for convenience. One cup of self-rising flour can be replaced by one cup of all-purpose flour plus one teaspoon of [[Cookbook:Baking Powder|baking powder]] and a pinch of [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]].


Wheat flour is the main ingredient in most types of [[Cookbook:Bread|breads]] and pastries. Wheat is so widely used because of an important property: when wheat flour is mixed with water, a complex protein called gluten develops. The gluten development is what gives wheat dough an elastic structure that allows it to be worked in a variety of ways, and which allows the retention of gas bubbles in an intact structure, resulting in a sponge-like texture to the final product.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638800</id>
      <parentid>4638799</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:33:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32443-05</username>
        <id>3599264</id>
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      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4638799|4638799]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-32443-05|~2026-32443-05]] ([[User talk:~2026-32443-05|discuss]])</comment>
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Wheat varieties are typically known as '''hard''' or '''soft''', depending on gluten content. Hard wheats are high in gluten, and soft wheats are low. Hard flour, or &quot;bread&quot; flour, is high in gluten and so forms a certain toughness which holds its shape well once baked. Soft flour is low in gluten and so results in a finer texture. Soft flour is usually divided into &quot;cake&quot; flour, which is the lowest in gluten, and &quot;pastry&quot; flour, which has slightly more gluten than cake flour.

In terms of the parts of the grain (the grass seed) used in flour -- the endosperm or starchy part, the oil-containing germ or protein part, and the bran or fiber part -- there are three general types of flour. &quot;White&quot; flour is made from the endosperm only. &quot;Whole wheat&quot; flour is made from the entire grain. A &quot;germ&quot; flour may also be made from the endosperm and germ, excluding the bran. The germ is sometimes sold by itself, as &quot;wheatgerm&quot;.

* [[Cookbook:Whole Wheat Flour|'''Whole wheat flour''']] (or wholemeal flour) is ground from the entire wheat kernel, including the germ and the bran.

* [[Cookbook:Graham Flour|'''Graham flour''']] is a white flour with coarsely ground bran and wheatgerm mixed back in. It thus contains all three parts of the wheat kernel as whole wheat flour does, but it has a different texture.

* [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|'''Cake flour''']], is a weak or low-gluten flour, ground from soft wheat, which is wheat with a low gluten content.  Its texture is very soft and smooth and its colour very white. Cake flour is used for delicate baked goods and cakes that require a low gluten content in order to achieve a light product. Cake flour is slightly softer than [[Cookbook:Pastry Flour|'''pastry flour''']], although one sometimes hears the terms used interchangeably. It may be mixed with bread dough in order to lighten the latter for some of the sweeter yeast doughs.

* [[Cookbook:Pastry Flour|'''Pastry flour''']], like [[Cookbook:Cake Flour|cake flour]] is a weak or low gluten flour but is slightly stronger than the latter.  It does not have the whiteness of cake flour however, being more similar to the creamy colour of bread flour. It is used in good such as pie doughs, biscuits, scones, muffins and cookies.  It may be blended with bread flour in order to lighten it for some of the sweeter yeast doughs.

* '''All-purpose flour''', (known as plain flour in Europe) is a blended white flour containing a medium amount of gluten (around 10%).

* [[Cookbook:Maida|'''Maida''']] is a super-refined white flour used in [[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|Indian cuisine]]. It is mainly used to make pastries and other bakery items like breads and biscuits. Some maida may have [[Cookbook:Tapioca Starch|tapioca starch]] added.

* [[Cookbook:Flour|'''Self-rising flour''']] (also called &quot;Self-raising flour&quot;) is an all-purpose flour that has a [[Cookbook:Leavening Agent|leavening agent]] blended into it for convenience. One cup of self-rising flour can be replaced by one cup of all-purpose flour plus one teaspoon of [[Cookbook:Baking Powder|baking powder]] and a pinch of [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]].


Wheat flour is the main ingredient in most types of [[Cookbook:Bread|breads]] and pastries. Wheat is so widely used because of an important property: when wheat flour is mixed with water, a complex protein called gluten develops. The gluten development is what gives wheat dough an elastic structure that allows it to be worked in a variety of ways, and which allows the retention of gas bubbles in an intact structure, resulting in a sponge-like texture to the final product.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Bembety</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:24:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>/* Copied text */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="3896" sha1="lwghqk4jrvisok5r0u9rqxz3z6jgej7" xml:space="preserve">== Cookbook editing ==

Hi @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]], and welcome to the Cookbook! Going forward, please make sure that future edits and additions conform with the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] as per Cookbook policy. Additionally, please note that [[Cookbook:Adalu (food)]] is currently considered incomplete. Let me know if you have any questions! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:49, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

:Following up on this. Please note the fixes I made to [[Cookbook:Groundnut Soup]]. Thanks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
::Additionally, [[Cookbook:Omoebe (leave) soup]] is currently incomplete due to missing quantities with insufficient guidance to compensate. If left incomplete, it may be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]]—could you please complete your existing recipes before adding new recipes? Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
::::Thanks. Please what remain? [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 07:13, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
:::::As I wrote above, [[Cookbook:Omoebe (leave) soup]] is still incomplete for the stated reasons. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:00, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see also that [[Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]] is also incomplete and will need to be fixed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:09, 7 July 2025 (UTC)

==[[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]]==
{{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Bembety, &quot;[[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)|Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]]&quot; is currently incomplete.'''&lt;br /&gt;You are being notified because you have contributed this work. The reasons for its incompleteness are listed [[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)|on the recipe page]]. Please complete the recipe as indicated, or it is liable to be speedily deleted as abandoned material. Let me know if you have any questions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 24 July 2025 (UTC)}}

== Cookbook edits ==

@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] thank you for your latest edits in the cookbook. I notice you are adding some material in a way that does not match the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]]. For example, there should not be a standalone section for preparation time. Additionally, if you are adding optional ingredients, you should include the quantities and the instructions on how to use them. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:11, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

:i will improve in my next edit. Thanks  [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 23:20, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

== Copied text ==

@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] I see that you are copying text from Wikipedia word-for word without attribution—please do not do this, as it's against policy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:24, 3 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lwghqk4jrvisok5r0u9rqxz3z6jgej7</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* Copied text */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="4158" sha1="tqmdbbnjwiie6ti4gmrwcmwl064a19i" xml:space="preserve">== Cookbook editing ==

Hi @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]], and welcome to the Cookbook! Going forward, please make sure that future edits and additions conform with the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] as per Cookbook policy. Additionally, please note that [[Cookbook:Adalu (food)]] is currently considered incomplete. Let me know if you have any questions! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:49, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

:Following up on this. Please note the fixes I made to [[Cookbook:Groundnut Soup]]. Thanks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
::Additionally, [[Cookbook:Omoebe (leave) soup]] is currently incomplete due to missing quantities with insufficient guidance to compensate. If left incomplete, it may be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]]—could you please complete your existing recipes before adding new recipes? Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
::::Thanks. Please what remain? [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 07:13, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
:::::As I wrote above, [[Cookbook:Omoebe (leave) soup]] is still incomplete for the stated reasons. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:00, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see also that [[Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]] is also incomplete and will need to be fixed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:09, 7 July 2025 (UTC)

==[[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]]==
{{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Bembety, &quot;[[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)|Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]]&quot; is currently incomplete.'''&lt;br /&gt;You are being notified because you have contributed this work. The reasons for its incompleteness are listed [[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)|on the recipe page]]. Please complete the recipe as indicated, or it is liable to be speedily deleted as abandoned material. Let me know if you have any questions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 24 July 2025 (UTC)}}

== Cookbook edits ==

@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] thank you for your latest edits in the cookbook. I notice you are adding some material in a way that does not match the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]]. For example, there should not be a standalone section for preparation time. Additionally, if you are adding optional ingredients, you should include the quantities and the instructions on how to use them. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:11, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

:i will improve in my next edit. Thanks  [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 23:20, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

== Copied text ==

@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] I see that you are copying text from Wikipedia word-for word without attribution—please do not do this, as it's against policy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:24, 3 June 2026 (UTC)

:I copied it because it describes the recipe and helps readers understand what the dish is about. But it won't repeat itself again  [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 16:26, 3 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="4445" sha1="fdpi2pbwmv1au1m27gwg812yhqq95y7" xml:space="preserve">== Cookbook editing ==

Hi @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]], and welcome to the Cookbook! Going forward, please make sure that future edits and additions conform with the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] as per Cookbook policy. Additionally, please note that [[Cookbook:Adalu (food)]] is currently considered incomplete. Let me know if you have any questions! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:49, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

:Following up on this. Please note the fixes I made to [[Cookbook:Groundnut Soup]]. Thanks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
::Additionally, [[Cookbook:Omoebe (leave) soup]] is currently incomplete due to missing quantities with insufficient guidance to compensate. If left incomplete, it may be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:Bembety|Bembety]]—could you please complete your existing recipes before adding new recipes? Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
::::Thanks. Please what remain? [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 07:13, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
:::::As I wrote above, [[Cookbook:Omoebe (leave) soup]] is still incomplete for the stated reasons. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:00, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
::::::I see also that [[Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]] is also incomplete and will need to be fixed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:09, 7 July 2025 (UTC)

==[[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]]==
{{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Bembety, &quot;[[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)|Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)]]&quot; is currently incomplete.'''&lt;br /&gt;You are being notified because you have contributed this work. The reasons for its incompleteness are listed [[:Cookbook:Ofe Onugbu (Bitter Leaf Soup)|on the recipe page]]. Please complete the recipe as indicated, or it is liable to be speedily deleted as abandoned material. Let me know if you have any questions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 24 July 2025 (UTC)}}

== Cookbook edits ==

@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] thank you for your latest edits in the cookbook. I notice you are adding some material in a way that does not match the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]]. For example, there should not be a standalone section for preparation time. Additionally, if you are adding optional ingredients, you should include the quantities and the instructions on how to use them. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:11, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

:i will improve in my next edit. Thanks  [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 23:20, 16 May 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] I've noticed that your most recent recipes have incorrect categories—could you please fix these? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:58, 3 June 2026 (UTC)

== Copied text ==

@[[User:Bembety|Bembety]] I see that you are copying text from Wikipedia word-for word without attribution—please do not do this, as it's against policy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:24, 3 June 2026 (UTC)

:I copied it because it describes the recipe and helps readers understand what the dish is about. But it won't repeat itself again  [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bembety|contribs]]) 16:26, 3 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Essays in Early Modern Literary Studies, 1995-2000/King Lear in Its Own Time: The Difference that Death Makes</title>
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      <text bytes="70916" sha1="41s1qrrkvcday3dj6csg217f6jlmchq" xml:space="preserve">{{displaytitle|title=Essays in Early Modern Literary Studies, 1995-2000/''King Lear'' in Its Own Time: The Difference that Death Makes}}
''This essay was written by Ben Ross Schneider, Jr''.

&lt;!--Paragraph 1--&gt;
The belief that Shakespeare was a ''universal genius'' who understood the ''timeless essence'' of human nature and was therefore capable of writing ''not for an age, but for all time'', is not doing him any good. Thanks to the ingenuity of our directors, who more and more use Shakespeare's language and plots as the occasion for huddling up spectacles that deliver their own messages, we will continue to marvel as we leave the theatre that ''he speaks to us as if he had written yesterday''. But he did not write yesterday and, if the truth were to be told, he barely speaks to us at all. We are not on the same page; no, not even in the same book. Many critics today think that this state of affairs is unavoidable, even desirable, and that we are doomed (or free) to keep on reading Shakespeare's plays forever as if they were indeed written yesterday.

&lt;!--Paragraph 2--&gt;
But until a thoroughgoing attempt has been made to recapture all the behavioral norms of Shakespeare's society, we cannot so confidently deny the possibility of recovering the authentic early modern Shakespeare. We know much about what Elizabethans ate, drank, wore, played at, lived in, and rode on. But we know very little about what they admired and disliked in each other's behaviour, the moral code by which Shakespeare communicated with his audience, and by which they judged the actions of his characters. One way of bridging the gap between us and Shakespeare might be to imagine what it was like to live under the material conditions determining human existence in Shakespeare's time and deducing what the moral consequences of these conditions might be.

&lt;!--Paragraph 3--&gt;
Fernand Braudel, who founded in France the famous Annales school of historiography, begins his grand four-volume opus, ''Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century'', with the proposition that civilizations are propelled by population. &quot;The outward feature that immediately differentiates the present from mankind before 1800 is the recent increase in the number of people.&quot; Not until 1700 did births begin to outnumber deaths, and now population doubles every thirty or forty years. Plagues (four in London between 1593 and 1664), epidemics (influenza, smallpox, syphilis, typhus, and typhoid) and famine (thirteen full scale in France during the 16th century) were the principal dampers on population growth.&lt;ref&gt;31, 70-1, 74, 78-90.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''The World We Have Lost'', Peter Laslett, using figures from 1690, estimates that at birth an English baby had an average life expectancy of thirty. An extremely high infant mortality rate was the main cause for this low figure. If the baby lived until twenty, it could expect to live until fifty (94-5).

&lt;!--Paragraph 4--&gt;
Lear's friend Kent, the &quot;old fellow&quot; with a &quot;grey beard&quot; who, on being remanded to the stocks for quarrelling, declares himself &quot;too old to learn&quot; and who in the end declines the crown in order to go away and die&lt;ref&gt;2.2.63, 85, 127; 5.3.322-323.&lt;/ref&gt;—this Kent, by his own testimony, had &quot;years on [his] back forty-eight&quot; (1.4.39). In our time, a forty-eight-year-old literary critic, happily writing important books and chairing important committees, gives little thought to death, and, thus desensitized, misses the point of much that is said and done in Shakespeare's plays. So many lethal diseases and dangers have been removed from our lives that not until we reach our eighties do we submit to being called an &quot;old man.&quot; Until our seventies, when our friends begin to die off in alarming numbers, we manage to postpone the contemplation of our own deaths. But death must have seemed imminent and ubiquitous in the daily lives of Shakespeare and his contemporaries, because, added to the fact that all lives were compressed, was the fact that there were so many more ways to die. Today, when someone dies before the statistically expected time, we think it cruel and unusual and look for some entity to blame and/or sue.&lt;ref&gt;On this social phenomenon, see Roger Rosenblatt, &quot;An Inescapable Need To Blame.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Death used to be the rule, but now it is the exception.

&lt;!--Paragraph 5--&gt;
When you read Montaigne's essays, he gives the impression that he spent his whole life meditating on death. At age 39 he wrote his famous piece on Cicero's pronouncement, &quot;To philosophize is to learn to die.&quot; In the following passage from that essay he discusses death's omnipresence: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
If thou but register [people of renown], I will lay a wager, I will finde more that have died before they came to five and thirty years, than after. [Consider] Jesus Christ, who ended his humane life at three and thirtie yeares. The greatest man that ever was being no more than a man, I meane Alexander the Great . . . also [died at] that age. How many severall meanes and waies hath death to surprise us! . . . I omit to speak of agues and pleurisies; who would ever have imagined that a Duke of Brittanie should have beene stifled to death in a throng of people, as whilome was a neighbour of mine at Lyons. . . . Hast thou not seene one of our late Kings slaine in the middest of his sports? and one of his ancestors die miserably by the chocke of an hog? Eschilus . . . when he stood most upon his guard, strucken dead by the fall of a tortoise shell, which fell out of the tallants of a eagle flying in the air? and another choaked with the kernel of a grape? And an Emperour die by the scratch of a combe, whilest he was combing his head? And Aemylius Lepidus with hitting his foot against a doore-seele? Add Aufidius with stumbling against the Consull-chamber doore as he was going in thereat? And Cornelius Gallus, the Praetor, Tigillinus, Captaine of the Romane watch, Lodowike, sonne of Guido Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, end their daies betweens womens thighs? And of a farre worse example Speusippus, the Platonian philosopher, and one of our Popes? Poore Bebius a judge, whilest he demurreth the sute of a plaintife but for eight daies, behold his last expired: And Caius Iulius a Physitian, whilest he was anointing the eies of one of his patients, to have his owne sight closed for ever by death. And if amongst these examples, I may adde one of a brother of mine [who died at age twenty from being hit in the head by a tennis ball]. These so frequent and ordinary examples, hapning, and being still before our eies, how is it possible for man to forgo or forget the remembrance of death? [Is she not] ready at hand to take us by the throat?&lt;ref&gt;''Essays'' 1.28-9, hereafter referred to as ''Mont''. John Florio's translation of the ''Essays'' in three volumes, which I use here, was published in 1603. I refer frequently to Montaigne because he was available to Shakespeare in translation and because he is such a good witness to the impact of Stoicism in Europe at this time, granted that he repudiates some of its teachings in his later essays. &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In Shakespeare's plays, she is indeed ready at hand. As Hamlet says, &quot;If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come—the readiness is all&quot; (5.2.220- 222). Or as Hal says to Falstaff, &quot;thou owest God a death&quot; (5.1.126).

&lt;!--Paragraph 6--&gt;
Shakespeare, we can't help noticing, broods all the time on that &quot;undiscover'd country from whose bourne no traveler returns&quot;; his most memorable lines meditate on death: &quot;To be or not to be,&quot; &quot;Alas poor Yorick,&quot; &quot;Life's but a walking shadow,&quot; and &quot;We are such stuff as dreams are made on.&quot;

&lt;!--Paragraph 7--&gt;
Perhaps more than in any other play of Shakespeare's, death is ubiquitous in ''King Lear''. As one critic observes: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
The dramatic emphasis is on the generality of death . . . . The reiterated fact of the multiple deaths is processional in quality. It is like an enormous summarial obituary. The Fool disappears of causes mysterious; Oswald . . . is killed by Edgar; Goneril and Regan are poisoned and dagger-slain; Gloucester dies offstage of weariness, conflicting emotion, and a broken heart; Kent is about to die of grief and service; Edmund is killed by his brother in a duel; Cordelia dies (by a kind of mistake . . .) at a hangman's hands; and King Lear dies of grief and deluded joy and fierce exhaustion. . . . Death is neither punishment nor reward: it is simply in the nature of things.&lt;ref&gt;Evelyn G. Hooven, quoted in Mack (85). On the importance of death in Hamlet, see essays by G. W. Knight and C. S. Lewis in Sacks and Whan.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 8--&gt;
One can easily conceive that a profound moral difference would proceed from such a difference in material circumstances: with death at a distance our ethical endeavours tend to center on the quality of life. With death more &quot;ready at hand,&quot; as it was in Shakespeare's time, we would be more likely to focus on posterity's opinion of us, too soon to be all that is left. We want to live a good life; they wanted to die a good death. Notice, as T. S. Eliot already has, how many of Shakespeare's tragic heroes found it necessary to make an appeal to posterity before they expired.&lt;ref&gt;6. Eliot overlooks Antonio's appeal to posterity before submitting himself to Shylock's knife in Merchant of Venice.&lt;/ref&gt; This helplessness in the face of ubiquitous death carries with it an urge to live life so as to develop as good a name for posterity in whatever time remains (perhaps only this day) as possible. Whatever the reason, posterity's opinion meant a great deal more in Shakespeare's day than it does in ours, and a good name after death was more important than a good life beforehand. Or, as Shakespeare put the case, out of the mouth of Iago into the ear of Othello: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Who steals my purse steals trash; 'tis something, nothing;&lt;br/&gt;
'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands;&lt;br/&gt;
But he that filches from me my good name&lt;br/&gt;
Robs me of that which not enriches him,&lt;br/&gt;
And makes me poor indeed. (3.3.157-161) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

When Othello's friend Cassio cries out, &quot;O, I have lost my reputation! I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial&quot; (2.3.262-264), he expresses the deepest anxiety of a death-dominated society. 

&lt;!--Paragraph 9--&gt;
The moral philosophy best suited to a death-oriented society is, of course, Stoicism. Why no thoroughgoing attempt to apply Stoicism to Shakespeare has yet been undertaken is a mystery. Perhaps our totalization of the term ''Renaissance'' and our superficial conception of Stoicism may account for this oversight. Shakespeare did not live in a ''Renaissance'' culture, because that term selects that part of classical literature which had died or been lost and was reborn or rediscovered. Hence it leaves out everything that was always there, that was never lost, and didn't have to be rediscovered. Stoicism falls into this category. In fact it was the backbone of school and college education from the middle ages until the 19th century. It filled the pages of the scores of conduct books printed in Shakespeare's time for upwardly-mobile but un-latined gentlemen and ladies. The same pressure brought forth a great many vernacular translations and new editions of the principal sources of Stoicism.

&lt;!--Paragraph 10--&gt;
Perhaps we have been led astray by a misdefinition of Stoicism. Indeed, if we confine our definition of Stoicism to fatalism and suppression of feelings, then certainly it may be ignored in the study of Shakespeare's plays—because we all sense that he is compassionate and believes that individual choice makes a difference. But suppression of feeling does not necessarily imply a lack of feelings, because one must have feelings to suppress, and the energy Stoics devoted to suppressing them shows what strong feelings they had. Fatalism, because it implies acceptance of whatever happens, is simply the wrong word for the Stoic attitude. The fatalist says, whatever does happen was pre-destined and inevitable; the Stoic position is more like Murphy's law—whatever ''can'' happen ''may'' happen.&lt;ref&gt;Seneca says as much; see ''Moral Essays'', hereafter abbreviated as Ess. (2.257, 261) and ''Moral Epistles'', hereafter abbreviated as Epis. (1.175, 437, 2.359, 433). Erasmus, Justus Lipsius, and J. F. Gronovius published &quot;famous editions&quot; of Seneca's moral works in the 16th and 17th centuries (Ess. 1.xv). If Cicero's ''De Officiis'' was the primary authority on ethical practice, Seneca's ''Epistles'' and Essays were the primary authority on ethical theory. His complete moral works were translated in 1614 by Thomas Lodge. Something of Seneca's called ''Morals'', probably a compendium of excerpts, was published in English in 1607. Then, in 1678, Sir Roger L'Estrange published ''Seneca's Morals by Way of Abstract''. By 1793 it had gone into 17 editions. Montaigne several times confesses himself to be deeply indebted to Seneca (Mont. 1.161, 2.102, 2.108).&lt;/ref&gt; The universe is not a machine, it's a roulette wheel, and though the Stoics do advise us not to count on controlling anything except one's self, they nevertheless try, else why all this talk about virtue and striving against all odds?&lt;ref&gt;See especially Epis. (3.119).&lt;/ref&gt; People ''can'' make a difference.

&lt;!--Paragraph 11--&gt;
An even worse mistake of modern scholars is to assume that fatalism and suppression of emotion make up the whole of Stoicism.&lt;ref&gt;Though Elton and Brower make extensive reference to Stoicism in connection with ''Lear'', they do not, as I do, consider its doctrines as a comprehensive manual of conduct covering a full range of social and political situations.&lt;/ref&gt; In fact the writings of the Stoics cover a wide range of moral, social, political, and psychological terrain. Bishop Joseph Hall, in the preface to his ''Characters of the Virtues and Vices'' (1608), praised the Stoics as the original pre-Christian, &quot;correctors of vices, directors of lives, [and] doctors of virtue.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hall (89). It is interesting to notice that Hall, a professed moralist and an Anglican Bishop contemporary with Shakespeare, consistently follows pagan Stoic doctrine in his ''Characters of the Virtues and Vices'' (1608).&lt;/ref&gt; When Alexander Pope wrote &quot;The proper study of mankind is man,&quot; he was reiterating the Stoic project.

&lt;!--Paragraph 12--&gt;
When we look at ''King Lear'' through a Stoic lens, many shadowy places become distinct. We have all sorts of explanations, almost as many as there are explainers, of why, in the scene in which he divides his kingdom, Cordelia refuses to say how much she loves him, and he in a fit of rage disinherits her. Maynard Mack has decided that Shakespeare intentionally elides any motivational background for this scene in order to dramatize the way in which a choice which seems innocent may set off a chain of unexpected and utterly devastating consequences.&lt;ref&gt;94-5; see also Calderwood (10).&lt;/ref&gt; The scene certainly does set off a chain reaction, but in the context of Stoic discourse, Lear's division of the Kingdom is not innocent, and Cordelia's reaction is inevitable.

&lt;!--Paragraph 13--&gt;
In his essay ''On Benefits'', Seneca gives us a veritable plot for ''King Lear''. As is his wont, he begins with a rhetorical question: what can we give to a person who has everything? 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I will show you what the highest in the land stand in need of, what the man who possesses everything lacks: someone, assuredly who will tell him the truth, who will deliver him from the constant cant and falsehood that so bewilder him with lies that the very habit of listening to flatteries instead of facts has brought him to the point of not knowing what truth really is. Do you not see how such persons are driven to destruction by the absence of frankness and the substitution of cringing obsequiousness for loyalty? No one is sincere in expressing approval or disapproval, but ''one person vies with another in flattery'', and, while all the man's friends have only one object, a common aim to see who can deceive him most charmingly, he himself remains ignorant of his own powers, and, ''believing himself to be as great as he hears he is'', he brings on wars that are useless and will imperil the world, breaks up a useful and necessary peace, and, ''led on by a madness'' that no one checks, sheds the blood of numerous persons, destined at last to spill his own. While without investigation such men claim the undetermined as assured and think that it is ''as disgraceful to be diverted from their purpose as to be defeated'' and believe that what has already reached its highest development and is even then tottering, will last for ever, ''they cause vast kingdoms to come crashing down upon themselves and their followers''. And, living in that ''gorgeous show'' of unreal and swiftly passing blessings, they failed to grasp that from the moment when it was impossible for them to hear a word of truth, they ought to have expected nothing but misfortune.&lt;ref&gt;Ess. (3.427-8); my italics.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

There is no way to prove that Shakespeare had read Seneca, though ''De Beneficiis'', the essay from which this passage is taken, was translated into English in 1578. But whether Shakespeare had read it or not, the moral assumptions that frame this passage, I will argue, pervade his own society, and it is unlikely that he could have escaped having them himself.

&lt;!--Paragraph 14--&gt;
The power of flatterers to obstruct even the best-intentioned monarch was recognized as a major problem in absolute systems. There is continual railing against flattery in ancient and early modern texts. In Castiglione's Courtier, Federico Fregoso in no uncertain terms urges that a courtier must tell his Lord the truth &quot;without fear or peril to displease him&quot; lest he fall prey to the flatterers that surround him.&lt;ref&gt;Translated by Thomas Hoby 1561 (542, 543).&lt;/ref&gt; Machiavelli's formula for &quot;How [a prince may] Avoid Flatterers&quot; is to &quot;let . . . it be understood that you will not be offended by plain speaking.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Prince'', translated 1602 (60).&lt;/ref&gt; According to Sir Thomas Elyot, a popular English moralist in Shakespeare's time, disaster is sure to strike rulers who 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
either do refuse counsaile, or prohibite libertie of speche; [since] that in libertie (as it hath bene proved) is moste perfecte suertie, according as it is remembred by Plutarche of Theopompus, kyng of Lacedemone, who beinge demaunded, howe a realme might be best and mooste surely kepte; If (saide he) the prince [give] to his frendes libertie to speake to hym thinges that be just.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Boke Named the Governour'' (136), hereafter abbreviated as ''Gov''. Elyot was a prolific writer of self-help books. This popular conduct book testifies to the importance of Stoic precepts in Shakespeare's England. It was published in 1531 and went into nine editions before 1600 (xxvi). On good counsel see also ''Gov''. (292).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Montaigne declares &quot;I deadly hate to heare a flatterer&quot;: &quot;admonitions and corrections . . . are the chiefest offices of friendship.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;1.302-32, 217. &lt;/ref&gt; According to Bishop Hall (1608) 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Flattery is nothing but false friendship, fawning hypocrisy, dishonest civility, base merchandise of words, a plausible discord of the heart and lips. . . . [The flatterer's] art is nothing but delightful cozenage; whose rules are smoothing and guarded with perjury; whose scope is, to make men fools in teaching them to overvalue themselves, and to tickle [their] friends to death.&lt;ref&gt;115. &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

King James concurs, advising his son Prince Henry, when he becomes king, to 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
choose . . . men of knowen wisedome, honestie and good conscience. . . and free of all factions and partialities; but specially free of that filthie vice of Flatterie, the pest of all Princes, and wracke of Republicks.&lt;ref&gt;32. In 1603, the year of his accession, James privately printed his own imitation of ''De Officiis'', which he called ''Basilikon Doron'', but popular demand soon forced him to publish a general edition. James is another professed moralist who echoes Stoic precepts in Shakespeare's time. He cites Cicero 55 times, of which 25 refer to ''De Officiis''. He cites Plato (mostly ''Laws'' and ''Republic'') 48 times, but Seneca's moral works only 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In antiquity the outcry against flattery was loud and clear: Cicero, too, warns 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
The greater our prosperity . . . the more should we seek the counsel of friends, and the greater the heed that should be given to their advice. Under such circumstances also we must beware of lending an ear to sycophants or allowing them to impose upon us with their flattery. For it is easy in this way to deceive ourselves, since we thus come to think ourselves duly entitled to praise; and to this frame of mind a thousand delusions may be traced, when men are puffed up with conceit and expose themselves to ignominy and ridicule by committing the most egregious blunders.&lt;ref&gt;''De Officiis'' (93), hereafter abbreviated as &quot;Off.&quot; ''De Officiis'' was the first classical text ever printed, at the Monastery of Subiaco in 1465 (''Off''. xvii). The British Museum Catalogue lists eleven printed editions of it before 1600—eight interlinear trots for use by schoolboys, one in English without the Latin, and two in Latin, bound with Cicero's ''De Amicitia'' and ''De Senectute''. Eighteen more editions were published before 1700. In the Governour, Elyot lists three essential texts for the education of gentlemen: Plato's works, Aristotle's ''Ethics'', and ''De Officiis''. In the preface to his translation of 1681 Sir Roger L'Estrange calls it &quot;the commonest school book that we have,&quot; and goes on to observe, &quot;as it is the best of books, so it is applied to the best of purposes, that is to say, to training up of youth in the study and exercise of virtue.&quot; Voltaire said of it, &quot;No one will ever write anything more wise&quot; (Wells, ''Wide Arch'' 142). And Hume preferred its moral teaching to that of Allestree's (1619-1681) ''The Whole Duty of Man'', a standard Christian work (MacIntyre 214).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 15--&gt;
The most egregious blunder in history, to judge from the number of times it is marvelled at in conduct literature, was that of Alexander the Great, who, having been seduced by flatterers to believe he was a God and becoming displeased during a drinking bout because his best friend Clitus didn't think he was, stabbed Clitus to death on the spot, an act that he bitterly repented for the rest of his life.&lt;ref&gt;The story is mentioned in ''Ess''. (1.299); ''Epis''. (2.271); ''Mont''. (2.8); ''Gov''. (137).&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;poison of flattery,&quot; thusly, (''Gov''. 161) is universally deplored.&lt;ref&gt;See ''Off''. (47, 237, 345); ''Ess''. (1.213, 291-3, 433; 2.211, 337); ''Ess''. (3.309, 423, 435); ''Epis''. (1.417-19; 2.171); (3.337, 429); ''Gov''. (20, 55, 104, 109, 132, 185, 190-3, 241); Mont. (1.302, 339, 397); (2.66), Hall (98, 114, 122); James (32, 301).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 16--&gt;
This evidence strongly suggests that Kent diagnoses Lear's case at the outset of the play correctly as an example of &quot;power&quot; seduced by &quot;flattery&quot; (1.1.148). But, perhaps because we are life-oriented instead of virtue-oriented, we seem nowadays to feel a need to blame someone else than Lear for his ensuing agony, which seems to us cruel and unusual punishment for someone who simply, as we so often say, ''made a mistake''. The finger points at Cordelia who, we think, could have humoured the old man by playing her sisters' game, instead of unloosing his blind fury by telling the truth.&lt;ref&gt;Of course if Lear's decision to divide the kingdom was an astute one, then Cordelia is even more to blame. Strier surveys arguments for this view in a footnote (128-9 n31).&lt;/ref&gt; But pragmatism is a modern virtue. According to the ancients, Cordelia had no choice but to say, most respectfully, in answer to Lear's question—&quot;What can you say to draw/A third [of my kingdom] more opulent than your sisters'?&quot;—that hollow-sounding doom- filled word: &quot;'''Nothing''', my lord.&quot; If she had lied to him as her sisters had done, she would not only have done great damage to &quot;the immortal part of [herself],&quot; but that very same consideration also obliged her to give him good counsel, whatever the cost. As Kent later says, &quot;When power to flattery bows / To plainness honor's bound&quot; (1.1.148). As if to reinforce the necessity of giving good counsel, Shakespeare repeats the pattern with Kent and again with Cornwall's first Servant, who counsels his master, &quot;Better service have I never done you /Than now to bid you hold [your cruel assault on Gloucester]&quot; (3.7.73-4). 

&lt;!--Paragraph 17--&gt;
Cordelia's subsequent rebuttal of her sisters' claims to &quot;love their father all&quot; (1.1.104) seems self-righteous and flimsy to us simply because we don't know what the word ''love'' means in her lexicon. She argues that a married woman cannot honestly give all her love to her father, because she has also promised to love her husband. I think it is safe to say, given our present-day steadily-rising divorce rate, that a sense of binding obligation is no longer a strong component of the word ''love''.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on marriage in Bellah, et. al. John Updike's lovers in his recent novel Brazil perfectly demonstrate the sense of &quot;love&quot; as dedication to which I refer, but that is in another country.&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout the canon, when ''love'' does not refer to sexual passion, it is used in this sense of mutual obligation; and when it signifies a bond between males, as it often does, this is the only sense in which it can be understood.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Bray, in an essay called &quot;Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship,&quot; comes to the conclusion that no physical relationship is implied when the word &quot;love&quot; is used to denote male friendship.&lt;/ref&gt; So when Kent trips up Oswald, Lear takes it as a favour to him and promises to ''love'' him in return (1.4.86-88). He is simply acknowledging an obligation. If Cordelia took the word ''love'' as lightly as we do, it would indeed be no big deal for her to share some of her infinite store of it with her father, but this is not the case. Her love for her father can be quite precisely specified: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
You have begot me, bred me, lov'd me: I&lt;br/&gt;
Return those duties back as are right fit,&lt;br/&gt;
Obey you, love you, and most honor you. (1.1.96-98) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

She limits her duties to such &quot;as are right fit,&quot; recognizing that obligations to others may have priority. Since marriage vows would also require her to love, honor, and obey, they would of course limit the ways in which she could love, honor, and obey her father. Ergo, her sisters are liars. She couldn't have made a better case, but Lear is too far gone in egotism to pay it the regard it deserves.

&lt;!--Paragraph 18--&gt;
When she apologizes for this plainness with the words &quot;I cannot heave/ My heart into my mouth&quot; (1.1.91-2), it may appear that she could indeed be suffering from that new sin, the fear of intimacy, which Stanley Cavell calls &quot;the avoidance of love.&quot; But that is not the reason, as she points out later, explaining why her father found fault with her: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I want that glib and oily art&lt;br/&gt;
To speak and purpose not, since what I [well] intend,&lt;br/&gt;
I'll do't before I speak. (1.1.224-6) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Here she clearly states the moral basis of her action. We still recognize it when we say &quot;Talk is cheap,&quot; &quot;Actions speak louder than words,&quot; or &quot;Put up or shut up.&quot; When she says she &quot;cannot heave her heart into her mouth&quot; Cordelia simply means that it is not her wont to &quot;unpack her heart with words&quot; like Hamlet; she simply does the deed. 

&lt;!--Paragraph 19--&gt;
The moralists give her full support. Bishop Hall's Honest Man &quot;loves actions above words,&quot; and his Valiant Man &quot;talks little and loves rather the silent language of the hand&quot; (93, 96). In his Characters (London, 1665), Richard Flecknoe notes much the same phenomenon. The &quot;Valiant Man,&quot; he says, &quot;has but one defect; he cannot talk much, to recompense which he does the more.&quot; The ancients made the same distinction. Seneca said, for example, &quot;Philosophy teaches us to act not to speak,&quot; (Epis. 1.133), and he reiterated the idea in various other contexts.&lt;ref&gt;''Epis''. (1.349, 2.137, 3.253, 279, 359).&lt;/ref&gt; One's virtues must be shown, not told. Therefore bragging is taboo. Cicero ordains that &quot;it is bad taste to talk about one's self . . . , to play the Braggart Captain,&quot; (Off. 141; see also Ess. 3.509). For the same reason, pedantic, precious, and florid speech are condemned,&lt;ref&gt;''Ess''. (2.209; 3.477); ''Epis''. (1.313, 319); Mont. (1.175, 196; 2.109).&lt;/ref&gt; as well as foppish dress and manners.&lt;ref&gt;''Off''. (133); ''Ess''. (2.247); Mont. (1.124, 348-9, 402); James (45).&lt;/ref&gt; Summing up, Montaigne recommends a plain, informal, style that is &quot;not Pedantical, nor Frierlike, nor Lawyer-like, but rather down-right, Souldier-like.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mont. (1.199); see also ''Ess''. (1.433); Epis. (1.265); ''Off''. (137); Hall (99); James (3, 28, 39, 46, 47, 48, 51).&lt;/ref&gt; The language of soldiers well suits a culture in which daily life is a battlefield.&lt;ref&gt;Or a football field: Responding to the Dallas coach's boast that his team would win the Super Bowl, a San Francisco player told the press, &quot;You don't win a game by talking, you win a game on the field. The only thing that's certain is that someday you're going to die.&quot; And a Dallas player said &quot;Now let's just shut up and play&quot; (''San Francisco Chronicle'', 22 January 1994).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 20--&gt;
When Cordelia says the one word &quot;Nothing,&quot; in contrast to her sisters' verbose flattery, she identifies herself as a female version of an archetypal persona that was well-known in the Renaissance and still persists. He has many names: the &quot;good man,&quot; the &quot;manly man,&quot; the &quot;man of honor,&quot; the &quot;honest man,&quot; the &quot;true gentleman.&quot; In Shakespeare's time he was often called the &quot;plain dealer,&quot; and that is what I shall call him.

&lt;!--Paragraph 21--&gt;
This persona pervades Western Civilization (and perhaps Eastern, too—witness the Samurai) from Socrates to George Smiley, and crops up randomly throughout arts and letters, in bitter and in sweet versions: in Durer's weatherbeaten knight who rides deliberately straight ahead past death and the devil; in Jonathan Swift, who wrote &quot;Honesty [is] a pair of shoes worn out in the dirt&quot; (''Tale of a Tub'', II); in Wycherley's Plain Dealer, whose hero was Manly; in almost every Restoration comedy, under names like Blunt, Careless, Wildair, Easy, Truman, Worthy, Hardy, and Constant;&lt;ref&gt;See Schneider (''Ethos'' ch. 5).&lt;/ref&gt; in Conrad's Axel Heyst, for whom death was the ''Victory'' foretold in the title; in Yeats' &quot;Friend whose work has come to nothing&quot; who is &quot;Bred to a harder thing than triumph;&quot; in Hemingway's Lady Brett, who gave up the first man she ever loved because she wasn't good enough for him; in Hemingway himself who blew out his brains rather than become a vegetable; in the unpressed George Smiley, who, wondering &quot;Why do we do this dangerous work?&quot; answers, &quot;I rather think it's because it gives us a chance to pay&quot; (''Honorable Schoolboy''); in Faulkner's upright judge; in Faulkner himself, who wrote to an admirer 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I have been writing all the time about honor, truth, pity, consideration, the capacity to endure well grief and misfortune and injustice and then endure again, in terms of individuals who observed and adhered to them not merely for reward but for virtue's own sake, not even merely because they are admirable in themselves, but in order to live with oneself and die peacefully when the time comes. (Letter to my colleague Warren Beck) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

and increasingly in Italian-American films, egregiously in Scent of a Woman, an unabashed showcase for the word &quot;integrity.&quot;

&lt;!--Paragraph 22--&gt;
Except when Don John of ''Much Ado'' calls himself a &quot;Plain Dealing Villain,&quot; which he is (and so is Edmund of ''King Lear''), Shakespeare did not use the term to designate a character type, though he frequently uses the word &quot;plain&quot; in the context of honesty (eleven times in ''Lear''), and Lear &quot;deal[s] plainly&quot; (4.7.61) with Cordelia during their reconciliation. But the type is recognizable throughout the canon. Sir Walter Blunt of ''1 Henry IV'', whose &quot;grinning honor&quot; Falstaff &quot;like[d] not,&quot; is one of many plain dealers in history and literature, and Enobarbus is another. Hal, Hotspur, Timon of Athens, Othello, Brutus, and Antonio of ''The Merchant of Venice'' are other Shakespearean varieties. When Cornwall calls down Kent for imitating the type in order to gain credit, he recognizes the esteem in which it is held: &quot;He cannot flatter, he, / An honest mind and plain, he must speak truth&quot; (2.2.98).

&lt;!--Paragraph 23--&gt;
His virtues also have many names, and there are many ways to array them. The emphases in Stoic literature suggest the following outline: 

&lt;ul&gt;
*''Constancy'', comprehending integrity, responsibility, loyalty.
*''Generosity'', comprehending graciousness (cf. ''gratias ago'', Latin for &quot;I thank you&quot;), the capacity to &quot;love&quot; and feel gratitude, to be mindful of obligations, to have a good memory for favours received and no hesitation in reciprocating them.
*''Plainness'', comprehending honesty, frankness, reticence, diffidence, modesty, lack of pretence, amateurism, easiness in manners, eschewing formality and precision as attributes of a fop.
*''Courage'', comprehending patience, endurance, fortitude—a willingness to undergo any amount of suffering or loss, including death, rather than fail in any of the above.
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 24--&gt;
Kent is little regarded in ''Lear'' criticism, and yet the play starts with an invitation for us to compare Kent and Gloucester, and the comparison is indeed instructive; in fact, on close inspection, we find that Kent is a useful touchstone against which to test all the characters. He also conditions our opinion of Lear, being a constant witness to his great worth. Actually, without Kent's obvious affection to guide us, we might have trouble sympathizing with Lear. For Kent to be a credible witness he must be an exemplary role model. And that is why he is the archetypal plain dealer. Although he could be cut from the play with no damage to the main action, he carries a heavy burden of meaning. Though causally expendable, he is thematically indispensable.

&lt;!--Paragraph 25--&gt;
When he steps &quot;between the dragon and his wrath,&quot; and dares to interfere with Lear's disinheritance of Cordelia, he rivets our attention: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Good my liege—&lt;br/&gt;
Peace, Kent!&quot; (1.1.120-2) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lear sends her off with curses ringing in her ears. Kent tries again, beginning 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Royal Lear,&lt;br/&gt;
Whom I have ever honor'd as my king,&lt;br/&gt;
Lov'd as my father, as my master follow'd,&lt;br/&gt;
As my great patron thought on in my prayers—(1.1.139-42) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 26--&gt;
In the name of these hallowed ties Kent calls on Lear to come to his senses. If ''King Lear'' refers in any special way to early modern history, it must be to that same cataclysmic revolution in human affairs so eloquently described by Karl Marx in ''The Communist Manifesto'', in which 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
The Bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his 'natural superiors,' and left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous cash payment. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstacies of religious fervor, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, it has set up that single unconscionable freedom--Free Trade. (12-13) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 27--&gt;
Marx's view of the matter has been abundantly documented by social historians. If ''King Lear'' also documents it, then the older sisters must be meant to show us the breakdown of human relations with the coming of the cash nexus and Kent must stand for &quot;feudal ties.&quot; Perhaps this is the reason why Shakespeare keeps him so much on stage, even when he has little to do but stand and wait.

&lt;!--Paragraph 28--&gt;
To understand Kent's function fully we must learn how to love servitude. Before society came to be ruled almost exclusively by contracts, constitutions, and laws, it was thought to be held in harmonious equilibrium by the exchange of benefits. This system of organization is sometimes referred to as ''mutuality''.&lt;ref&gt;See Knights (esp. 123-5).&lt;/ref&gt; Cicero finds that 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
[A] strong bond of fellowship is effected by mutual interchange of kind services; and as long as these kindnesses are mutual and acceptable, those between whom they are interchanged are united by the ties of an enduring intimacy. (''Off''. 59) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Hence

&lt;blockquote&gt;
we ought to follow Nature as our guide, to contribute to the general good by an interchange of acts of kindness, by giving and receiving, and thus by our skill, our industry, and our talents to cement human society more closely together, man to man. (''Off''. 59) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In the process of answering some rhetorical questions about the Three Graces (''Gratiae''), Seneca becomes enraptured by the beauty of reciprocating benefits. First, why are there three of them? 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There is one for bestowing a benefit, another for receiving it, and a third for returning it . . . . Why do the sisters hand in hand dance in a ring which returns upon itself? For the reason that a benefit passing in its course from hand to hand returns nevertheless to the giver; . . . Their faces are cheerful, as are ordinarily the faces of those who bestow or receive benefits. They are young because the memory of benefits ought not to grow old. They are maidens because benefits are pure and undefiled and holy in the eyes of all; and it is fitting that there should be nothing to bind or restrict them, and so the maidens wear flowing robes. (Ess. 3.13) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The end result, as Seneca notes, is a society like &quot;a stone arch, which would collapse if the stones did not mutually support each other.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Epis''. (3.91). See also ''Off''. (55, 223); ''Ess''. (3.165, 423, 435); ''Epis''. (3.83, 317); Mont. (1.12, 13, 36, 63, 345); ''Gov''. (xxxi, 18, 29, 129, 132, 136, 164, 137, 140, 292, 294).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 29--&gt;
In a hierarchical society this mutuality of benefits works vertically as well as horizontally, another fact that may interfere with our appreciation of Shakespeare in the egalitarian times, for we have a tendency look upon any hierarchy as a form of oppression. Although Barish and Waingrow, in their ground-breaking essay on &quot;Service in King Lear,&quot; establish that the master/servant bond is reciprocal; they assume this to mean that the servant &quot;has rights as well as duties,&quot; and go on to say that Lear violates Kent's rights.&lt;ref&gt;Barish and Waingrow (349).&lt;/ref&gt; This is the language of contracts, and it implies that the master is quit of all obligation so long as he recognizes some right. This is not Cicero's &quot;bond of fellowship&quot;; it is the cash nexus. What masters owe servants is &quot;love,&quot; of the sort Lear declares for Kent/Caius when he trips up Oswald. When Lear banishes his friend Kent, he violates something much greater than a right; he violates a trust.

&lt;!--Paragraph 30--&gt;
Richard Strier, in an essay called &quot;Faithful Servants: Shakespeare's Praise of Disobedience,&quot; similarly misreads the bond as a contract. Positing that servants are legally bound to obey masters, he imagines that Cordelia and Kent are disobedient on principle. Kenneth Graham goes even farther afield, labelling Cordelia's recalcitrance an individualistic reaction against formality fostered by the Renaissance.&lt;ref&gt;Strier (107-113); Graham (442-5). Bradley (255-6), Brooke (81-2), Cavell (''Disowning'' 62-68), and Leggatt (64, 73) also question Cordelia's response. &lt;/ref&gt; The thought that love might be the motive thus escapes both scholars.

&lt;!--Paragraph 31--&gt;
I suggest that in King Lear Shakespeare envisions the stone arch of English society collapsing.&lt;ref&gt;This is the conventional Marxist reading of the play. See for example Cohen (esp. 114).&lt;/ref&gt; He was, for example, a witness to the increasing numbers of noble houses that fell into the hands of money lenders and to the controversies through which the Catholic sin of usury inevitably transformed into the Protestant virtue of banking. When Lear proposes to divide his kingdom into portions equal to the amount of love his daughters express for him, he shows that he is already a free marketeer. He is bargaining still at Gloucester's castle when he proposes to stay with the daughter who lets him keep the greatest number of knights, saying &quot;Thy fifty yet doth double five and twenty, / And thou art twice her love&quot; (2.4.259-60). But as Cordelia and Kent have shown, love doesn't come in measurable amounts: it entails a whole lot more than how many knights one is willing to house. Cordelia's counsel costs her her dower, and when he steps between &quot;the dragon and his wrath&quot; Kent stakes his life. 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Check&lt;br/&gt;
This hideous rashness. Answer my life my judgment,&lt;br/&gt;
Thy youngest daughter does not love thee least.&lt;br/&gt;
[Lear.] Kent, on thy life, no more.&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] My life I never held but as [a] pawn&lt;br/&gt;
To wage against thine enemies, ne'er [fear'd] to lose it,&lt;br/&gt;
Thy safety being motive. 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lear certainly would have hacked him to pieces as Alexander did Clitus, had not Cornwall and Albany interposed.

&lt;!--Paragraph 32--&gt;
In order to fully understand Kent we must also learn to love death as did the Elizabethans. The trivialization of death has a long history. According to Plato, courage is an adjunct of wisdom: it consists in knowing what to be afraid of; and in the list of true dreads, dishonour is worse than death.&lt;ref&gt;76, 119, 122-3; see also ''Epis'' (2.303); ''Off''. (61, 83, 89).&lt;/ref&gt; Once more the priorities that govern us today are reversed: how a man dies is more important than how he lives. We are given only one death, and so we had better not waste it (cf. Mont. 2.124). Thus Seneca says, 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
The mere contemplation of a [brave] deed that is to be done is a delight, and the brave and upright man, picturing to himself the guerdons of his death,—guerdons such as the freedom of his country and the deliverance of all those for whom he is paying out his life,—partakes of the greatest pleasure and enjoys the fruit of his own peril. But [even] that man . . . who is deprived of this joy . . . will leap to his death without a moment's hesitation, content to act rightly and dutifully.&lt;ref&gt;''Epis''. (2.165); see also ''Off''. (83, 207, 399); ''Ess''. (1.45, 73; 2.151, 463; 3.173); ''Epis''. (1.173; 2.41, 69, 165, 185, 251).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&quot;Of all the benefits of vertue,&quot; says Montaigne, &quot;the contempt of death is the chiefest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mont. (1.75, 150; see also 1.140, 306, 323, 2.25, 2. 12); Gov. (29, 39, 40).&lt;/ref&gt; As Hotspur said, leading his troops into battle, &quot;Die all, die all merrily&quot; (''1 Henry IV'' 4.1.134). The horror is that they probably did.

&lt;!--Paragraph 33--&gt;
Kent, too, is ready to die merrily, and faces Lear without flinching. But his courage avails not, and the king banishes him, we would think thus absolving him from further duty. But his love is not conditional. He shows us his ''constancy'' and turns up disguised as Caius, to serve his master, whom he loves, in any way he can (1.4.21-26). The scene in which Caius is what we would call today ''interviewed'' functions as a catalogue of his virtues: to the question &quot;How now, what art thou?&quot; he responds &quot;A man, Sir.&quot; This answer is typical of a plain dealer. It is stripped of decoration. It is deferential; the &quot;Sir,&quot; indicates his eagerness to serve. It contains nothing but a fact. However it also glances at a principle, the great levelling fact that good, bad, wellborn, illborn, master, slave, we are all the same kind of animal. Sir Thomas Elyot admits 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Of no better claye (as I mought frankely saye) is a gentilman made than a carter, and of libertie of wille as moche is gyuen of god to the poore herdeman, as to the great and mighty emperour. (''Gov''. 202) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

This hierarchy-collapsing notion pervades the literature of conduct. Seneca is obsessed with it, broadcasting such unpleasant truths as &quot;Every king springs from a race of slaves, and every slave has had kings among his ancestors.&quot; Moreover, he says, 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Let this verse be in your heart and on your lips: 
&lt;blockquote&gt;
I am a man; and nothing in man's lot&lt;br/&gt;
Do I deem foreign to me.&lt;ref&gt;''Epis''. (1.289; see also 3.91); ''Off''. (153); ''Ess''. (1.375, 443; 2.55, 163, 167); ''Epis''. (1.27, 315; 2.109, 367, 433; 3.91, 227); Mont. (1.346; 2.85); Hall (98).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Kent/Caius' reply also foresees the humility that Lear later discovers, when he realizes that he is that same &quot;bare, forked animal&quot; as Poor Tom, with whom he shelters from the storm in the peasant's hovel. No human being can assume inherent superiority:&lt;ref&gt;But whereas we tend to believe that anyone can be as good as the best, the Stoics held that anyone can be as bad as the worst. It was correct to have low self-esteem. It was also true that you had to hate oneself before you could love another. See Ess. (2.125, 213); Epis. (1.203); Epis. (2.45, 49); Epis. (3.289); Hall (91).&lt;/ref&gt; our merit, such as it is, lies in our deeds. So Kent refuses to state any qualifications. As the scene proceeds, his laconic answers, which for the sake of efficiency I shall gloss in footnotes, contain further commentary on the archetype he represents. 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
[Lear.] What dost thou profess? What wouldst thou with us?&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] I do profess to be no less than I seem,{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} to serve him&lt;br/&gt;
truly that will put me in trust,{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} to love him that is honest,{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}&lt;br/&gt;
to converse with him that is wise and says little.{{ref|reference_name_D|d}}&lt;br/&gt;
[Lear.] What art thou?&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] A very honest-hearted fellow, and as poor as the King.{{ref|reference_name_E|e}}&lt;br/&gt;
[Lear.] If thou be'st as poor for a subject as he's for a king,&lt;br/&gt;
[th'] art poor enough. What wouldst thou?&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] Service.{{ref|reference_name_F|f}}&lt;br/&gt;
[Lear.] Who wouldst thou serve?&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] You.&lt;br/&gt;
[Lear.] Dost thou know me, fellow?&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] No, sir, but you have that in your countenance which I&lt;br/&gt;
would fain call master.&lt;br/&gt;
[Lear.] What's that?&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] Authority.{{ref|reference_name_G|g}}&lt;br/&gt;
[Lear.] What services canst do?&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] I can keep honest counsel,{{ref|reference_name_H|h}} ride, run, mar a curious&lt;br/&gt;
tale in telling it,{{ref|reference_name_I|i}} and deliver a plain message bluntly. That&lt;br/&gt;
which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in, and the best&lt;br/&gt;
of me is diligence.&lt;br/&gt;
[Lear.] How old art thou?&lt;br/&gt;
[Kent.] Not so young, sir, to love a woman for singing, nor so&lt;br/&gt;
old to dote on her for any thing. (1.4.9-39){{ref|reference_name_J|j}}
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}I don't boast.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}I will reciprocate the honor done me by your trust. &quot;Trusting obligeth trustinesse&quot; (Mont. 1.139).
*{{note|reference_name_C|c}}Since gain is no object, I serve only people I respect.
*{{note|reference_name_D|d}}Plain dealers (unlike, say, Polonius) don't run off at the mouth.
*{{note|reference_name_E|e}}Having nothing to gain, I have no ulterior motives. Honesty.
*{{note|reference_name_F|f}}The joy of serving is compensation enough. &quot;In la sua voluntade e nostra pace.&quot; Generosity.
*{{note|reference_name_G|g}}I serve because you command. &quot;[Kent] did him service improper for a slave&quot; (5.3.221-2). Generosity.
*{{note|reference_name_H|h}}I can be trusted not to speak secrets. Constancy.
*{{note|reference_name_I|i}}I have no art. Plainness.
*{{note|reference_name_J|j}}I'm old enough to withstand sexual attraction, but not so old as to be led by the nose. Fortitude. 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 34--&gt;
Later, when Kent/Caius first encounters the fool, the fool offers him his fool's cap. &quot;Why,&quot; says Kent? 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
[Fool.] Why? for taking one's part that's out of favor. Nay, and&lt;br/&gt;
thou canst not smile as the wind sits, thou'lt catch cold&lt;br/&gt;
shortly. There, take my coxcomb. (1.4.99-101) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

By ridiculing Kent/Caius' lack of self-interest, the fool calls attention to his ''constancy'', the virtue that really entails all the rest. One must be the same inside and out, which is integrity, and the same today and tomorrow, which is constancy, or else one is a liar, not a plain dealer. Whatever befalls, the constant man never changes his course; he pays no attention to wind shifts. Therefore, as Montaigne says, 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Constancie is valour, not of armes and legs but of minde and courage; it consisteth not of the spirit and courage of our horse, nor of our armes . . . . 'If hee slip or fall he fights upon his knee.' He that in danger of imminent death is no whit da[u]nted in his assurednesse; he that in yeelding up his ghost beholding his enemie with a scorn-efull and fierce looke, he is vanquished, not by us, but by fortune: he is slaine, but not conquered.&lt;ref&gt;Mont. (1.252); see also ''Off''. (51, 55, 101, 115); ''Ess''. (2.119, 123; 3.405); ''Epis''. (1.163, 249; 2.367; 3.389); ''Gov''. (229); Mont. (1.138, 352; 2.92, 122-3, 124); James (38).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 35--&gt;
After proposing his fool's cap to Lear, the fool sings the following song, now recommending Kent/Caius' virtues and contradicting earlier gibes about his folly: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Have more than thou showest,&lt;br/&gt;
Speak less than thou knowest,&lt;br/&gt;
Lend less than thou owest,&lt;br/&gt;
Ride more than thou goest,&lt;br/&gt;
Learn more than thou trowest,&lt;br/&gt;
Set less than thou throwest;&lt;br/&gt;
Leave thy drink and thy whore,&lt;br/&gt;
And keep in a' door,&lt;br/&gt;
And thou shalt have more&lt;br/&gt;
Than two tens to a score. (1.4.118-127) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Except for the last two precepts, these all say the same thing: let your deeds speak, not your words; be more than you profess, not less. As Cordelia has said, &quot;what I [well] intend, / I'll do't before I speak&quot; (1.1.226). If you profess less, what you give away will return with interest. Nothing is something, after all.

&lt;!--Paragraph 36--&gt;
Kent's confrontation with Oswald that lands him in the stocks—especially because it lands him in the stocks—further demonstrates his virtues. It reinforces his character by contrasting it with its exact opposite (2.2.87-8), and it epitomizes the forces that drive the whole play. Kent moves straight ahead, Oswald veers as the wind sits; Kent serves his master; Oswald serves himself; Kent is plain, Oswald lies; and to sum it all up, Kent is brave and Oswald is a coward. Oswald had already proved a coward when Caius, in his first scene, tripped him up, and he allowed himself to be shamefully shoved out of the room. Now Kent calls him every bad name in the book, including &quot;son and heir of a mongrel bitch&quot; (2.2.22-3), again trying to get him to fight. But rather than risk getting killed, Oswald submits to a beating, which is the worst disgrace a gentleman can undergo. When Cornwall and Gloucester interrupt this shaming procedure, Cornwall asks Kent why he is so angry: &quot;That such a slave as this should wear a sword, / Who wears no honesty&quot; (2.2.72-3). To wear a sword and be afraid to use it, is of course the worst way of having less &quot;than thou showest.&quot; Oswald compounds his pusillanimity when he tells Cornwall that the reason he took the beating was to &quot;spare [Kent's] grey beard&quot; (2.2.67), which is a lie. Oswald is pretentious, duplicitous, and cowardly, reinforcing the fact that Kent is modest, plain-dealing, and brave. These qualities earn him a night in the stocks. 

&lt;!--Paragraph 37--&gt;
There, Kent reaches his apotheosis, perfectly exemplifying his constancy, his generosity, his plainness, and his courage. At the end of a long day, having accomplished less than nothing, he philosophizes: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
All weary and o'erwatch'd&lt;br/&gt;
Take vantage, heavy eyes, not to behold&lt;br/&gt;
This shameful lodging.&lt;br/&gt;
Fortune, good night; smile once more, turn thy wheel. (2.2.171-3) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

And so ends the scene. It is no accident that the archetypal gentleman should call upon Fortune at this low point, because it is against just such a backdrop of arbitrary and meaningless events that his characteristic constancy stands out. In Stoic language, the word ''fortune'' differed from ''chance'' in nothing but its being ''chance'' personified. She is as arbitrary as a set of dice. Her favours are as undeserved as her slings and arrows. There is no way of telling what she will do next. Shakespeare uses the word ''fortune'' twenty-five times in ''King Lear'', fifteen times in the sense of wealth and status; five times in the sense of luck; and five times as the name of a goddess. The Stoics and their Renaissance descendants almost always call one's money and position one's fortune, whether it is inherited or won. The idea of having ''earned'' one's property or position appears to be a modern one.

&lt;!--Paragraph 38--&gt;
Those critics who maintain that ''Lear'' takes place in a godless, cruel, meaningless, random universe&lt;ref&gt;Notably Brooke, Elton, Kott, Calderwood, and Matchett.&lt;/ref&gt; are probably right. One advantage of Stoicism over Christianity is that it rewards virtue in the real world, whether or not there is a God, whether or not there is a heaven, whether or not the universe is just. Stoicism provides a means of dealing with a godless, random universe, even if, or especially if, it kills you. Its basic premise is that Fortune controls everything but one's body and one's will (Epictetus); by giving up any hope of controlling her and taking charge of body and will, one can make the best of the options still open. Our premise at the end of the twentieth century is the reverse. By taking charge of Fortune—by scientific and medical research, by passing laws, making studies, forecasting natural disasters, averting diseases, installing air bags, taking courses, and preventing war—we can manage to keep what we earn and live a full and rewarding life. This is not reality according to Cicero, who cries out, 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Who fails to comprehend the enormous, two-fold power of Fortune for weal and for woe? When we enjoy her favouring breeze, we are wafted over to the wished-for haven; when she blows against us, we are dashed to destruction. (Off. 185) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&quot;Chance drives and tosses human affairs without method&quot; (Epis. 1.103-5), says Seneca, and Montaigne agrees, for &quot;Fortune hath many-many meanes to open a hundred gaps for povertie to enter.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mont. (1.324); see also ''Off''. (69, 83, 93, 123); ''Ess''. (1.17, 37, 43, 61-3 63, 73-5 75, 93, 105, 149, 319, 441; 2.21, 27, 31, 35, 47, 69, 83, 111, 169, 245, 251, 267, 309, 313, 317, 343, 343, 363-5, 381, 405, 427, 477-9; 3.457, 491); ''Epis''. (1.51, 93, 103, 121, 249, 457; 2.59, 89-91, 117, 127, 159, 167, 191, 199, 215, 243, 301, 433, 441, 447; 3.107, 119, 123 149, 203, 207, 297, 363); Mont. (1.11, 22, 46, 49, 69, 135, 139, 179, 263, 266, 324, 327, 329, 392, 397, 408, 421; 2.36, 51).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 39--&gt;
Under such circumstances Seneca advises us to emulate 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
that perfect man, who has attained virtue, never cursed his luck, and never received the results of chance with dejection; he believed that he was citizen and soldier of the universe, accepting his tasks as if they were his orders. Whatever happened, he did not spurn it, as if it were evil and borne in upon him by hazard; he accepted it as if it were assigned to be his duty. &quot;Whatever this may be,&quot; he says, &quot;it is my lot; it is rough and it is hard, but I must work diligently at the task.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Epis''. (3.387; see also 389).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 40--&gt;
These words may serve to describe Kent in the stocks at the end of Act 2, Scene 3--deserted by Fortune, mindful of duty, undismayed, undeluded, and unafraid. Here, he is complete. He has become the pattern of a Stoic hero, a perfect gentleman, &quot;a pair of shoes worn out in the dirt.&quot; 

&lt;!--Paragraph 41--&gt;
Returning to Lear, Kent's king is essentially the same sort of person but, having been seduced by flatterers, he has lost the path. He states: &quot;They told me I was every thing. 'Tis a lie. I am not ague-proof&quot; (4.6.104-5). He passes through Stoic states on his way back to his senses, such as when in the hovel during the storm he discovers that he is no more and no less than a man. In his mad scene with Gloucester he confronts humankind's inherent Yahooism.&lt;ref&gt;For Stoic discourse on this point, see especially ''Ess''. (1.143, 185, 323).&lt;/ref&gt; Realizing what he has been and what he has done, and devastated by the knowledge, he throws himself at the feet of Cordelia, who of course forgives him. Nihilistic critics&lt;ref&gt;Notably Brooke.&lt;/ref&gt; think that this great step forward is somehow cancelled by Cordelia's subsequent murder, but although the murder cancels a happy father-daughter life ensuing, it does not take away the fact that before she died she knew he asked and he knew she gave forgiveness. If one imagines the play without the reconciliation, one can see immediately that it saves the ending from total negation.

&lt;!--Paragraph 42--&gt;
In fact Stoicism, which looks at disaster in a way opposite from ours, discovers a positive element in misfortune. In the first place, disaster strengthens the virtuous to meet bigger challenges; and in the second, it highlights their virtues, so that they become beacons of virtue to the rest of the world. Therefore, the Gods reserve the worst ills for their finest human specimens. This is the burden of Seneca's &quot;Essay on Providence&quot; (''Ess''. 1). In this light Cordelia becomes a beacon of virtue, and Lear is tempered in a crucible of misery. And since her death is the worst thing that can possibly happen to him (&quot;the oldest hath borne most&quot;), it enables us to see his full greatness and majesty: his eagerness to learn the truth, his acceptance of his common humanity, his perception of its baseness and of his participation therein, his capacity to reciprocate love, and his courage against all odds. &quot;He who has struggled constantly with his ills becomes hardened through suffering; and yields to no misfortune; nay, even if he falls, he still fights upon his knees&quot; (''Ess''. 1.11). &quot;He is slaine, but not conquered&quot; (''Mont''. 1.252). Seen Stoically, the universe of ''King Lear'' is something like Keats' &quot;vale of Soul-making&quot; (Letter to George and Georgiana Keats, April 21, 1819). It reminds one of Arnold's &quot;Dover Beach&quot;: 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
The world . . .&lt;br/&gt;
Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light,&lt;br/&gt;
Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain;&lt;br/&gt;
And we are here as on a darkling plain&lt;br/&gt;
Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight,&lt;br/&gt;
Where ignorant armies clash by night.&lt;br/&gt; 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Facing such a world, the play counsels as Arnold does: &quot;Love, let us be true / To one another!&quot; In the absence of a grand design, our only solace lies in personal relationships.

&lt;!--Paragraph 43--&gt;
We have all sorts of explanations, almost as many as there are explainers, of the ending of ''King Lear''. Does he die happy or unhappy? redeemed or unredeemed? Does the play finally express a meaningless and cruel universe or a providential one? Is it about something wrong with the state, or something wrong with its chief executive? Or does it end at all; does it leave all questions open: is it without what we term ''closure''? Critics have increasingly, since the sixties, leaned toward the view that Lear dies unhappy, a victim &quot;more sinned against than sinning&quot; (3.2.60),&lt;ref&gt;See Leggat (xxi, 28-9, 31, 66-8).&lt;/ref&gt; and anyone who presumes to blame the victim is demonstrably lacking in compassion.

&lt;!--Paragraph 44--&gt;
This is not the picture which is presented when ''Lear'' is viewed through a Stoic lens. There is still a meaningless and cruel universe, sure enough, and a Lear who dies unhappy, but there is not a victimized Lear, or an evil system, or a failure of closure. All the negativism of modern criticism is directed against providential, just-universe interpretations; the Stoic approach rules these out.&lt;ref&gt;Wherever did the critical establishment get the idea that Christianity is optimistic? See Myrick for a definitive refutation of this error.&lt;/ref&gt; In the real world of arbitrary cause and effect, it was inevitable that by empowering his bad daughters and banishing his good one, Lear invited trouble; nobody but Lear committed this error and he therefore should not be considered a victim. This victim, if anything, blames himself.

&lt;!--Paragraph 45--&gt;
Despite speculation to the contrary, it seems unlikely, in the light of the accumulated wisdom in 1605, that Lear was wise to divide his kingdom, especially in order to ease the burden of rule. A king does not belong to himself, any more than a president does. In Cicero's opinion, &quot;The citizen who is patriotic, brave, and worthy of a leading place in the state . . . will dedicate himself unreservedly to his country&quot; (''Off''. 89). In fact, Seneca says, &quot;ruling [is] a service, not an exercise of royalty&quot; (''Epis''. 2.399). Sir Thomas Elyot echoes these sentiments, saying &quot;that auctorite, beinge well and diligently used, is but a token of superioritie, but in very dede it is a burden and losse of libertie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Gov''. (140; see also 120, 204); ''Ess''. (3.71).&lt;/ref&gt; King James warned his son that &quot;being borne to be a king, ye are rather borne to onus, than honos.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;James (3); see also James (55, 292); Hall (100).&lt;/ref&gt; Lear's first abdication of responsibility was to consider his own comfort.

&lt;!--Paragraph 46--&gt;
On the question of dividing a kingdom, the authorities are unanimously opposed. In his final section of the Republic, on the dissolution of the state, Plato deplores plural administration (see also James [37]). Thomas Elyot ransacks history for examples divided kingdoms that fail: the successors of Moses, the 2 kingdoms of Israel, the two bishoprics of Judea, the tetrarchs, democracy in Athens, the tribunes in Rome, Florence, Genoa, Ferrara, and England before King Edgar. Such considerations as these also prompted King James' strong desire to unify England, Scotland, and Ireland.&lt;ref&gt;''Gov''. (8-14); James (292); see also ''Gov''. (241) and Robertson (140) on early modern warnings against plural rule.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--Paragraph 47--&gt;
The Stoic perspective also illuminates a strand of discourse thatappears to lead us directly to closure in the play. It was the great Greeklawgiver Solon who said &quot;no man can truly be counted happy before his death&quot; (''Mont''. 1.16). Montaigne devotes a whole essay to this ultimate truth (XVIII), beginning with the story of how Croesus, once the richest man in the world but now on the point of being put to death, cried out &quot;Oh Solon, Solon.&quot; This thought may inform Edgar's curious wonderment about whether the most recent disaster is &quot;The worst&quot; (4.1.1-9, 4.1.24-9, 4.6.137), and the play repeatedly dashes any hopes it may temporarily raise.&lt;ref&gt;See Matchett for the pattern of dashed hopes. &lt;/ref&gt; When Lear enters bearing the corpse of Cordelia we know the answer to Edgar's question. ''This'' is the worst. Trying to fend it off, Lear stubbornly refuses to believe she is dead. He imagines that her lips move as if she is saying something, and his final words are 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Do you see this? Look on her! Look her lips,
Look there, look there! [He dies.] (5.3.311-12) 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

As long as he can postpone the certainty that she is dead, he can postpone the recognition that he himself set in motion the chain of events that killed her--on that fateful day when she said &quot;Nothing, My Lord.&quot; Now, what does Cordelia's corpse say to him? Does it not say again, &quot;Nothing&quot;? Does he not arrive now, after searching the whole play long for an answer, at the full knowledge of his own complicity in the disaster that constitutes the play? Is it better to die ignorant?

&lt;!--Paragraph 48--&gt;
This is beyond the worst. At the same time, it is borne in upon us that Lear has, through intense suffering, undergone a spectacular improvement in character. The hard heart of the man who sent away the only daughter that loved him is now so generous as to break over her loss. Lear has changed for the better.

&lt;!--Paragraph 49--&gt;
At death, says Montaigne, &quot;Whatever the pot containeth must be shown.&quot; In a death-oriented Stoical view, what does King Lear's pot contain? More, I think, than we pragmatists are able see in it. To the Stoic it shows Montaigne's &quot;constancie [which] is valour, not of armes and legs but of minde and courage.&quot; It shows us a man who is &quot;slain, but not vanquished&quot; (1.71, 252). Lear's &quot;immortal part&quot; stands forth now, because one's virtue is one's only possession that is not subject to fortune (Ess. 1.63, 65). The Stoic has no problem with the much discussed ending of ''King Lear'', because death is the end of the story; death itself is closure. 

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Works Cited==
* Aristotle. ''Nicomachean Ethics''. Trans. H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1945.
* Barish, Jonas A., and Marshall Waingrow. &quot;Service in ''King Lear''.&quot; ''Shakespeare Quarterly'' 9 (1958): 347-57.
* Bellah, Robert N., et. al. ''Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American life''. Berkeley: U of California P, 1985.
* Bradley, A. C. ''Shakespearean Tragedy [1904]''. New York: Meridian, 1955.
* Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century''. Trans. Sian Reynolds. London: Collins, 1981.
* ---. ''The Structures of Everyday Life: the Limits of the Possible''. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1981.
* Bray, Alan. &quot;Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship.&quot; ''Queering the Renaissance''. Ed. Jonathan Goldberg. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1994. 40-61.
* Brooke, Nicholas. &quot;The Ending of ''King Lear''.&quot; ''Shakespeare 1564-1964''. Ed. Edward A. Bloom. Providence: Brown UP, 1964. 71-87.
* Brower, Reuben A. ''Hero and Saint: Shakespeare and the Graeco-Roman Heroic Tradition''. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.
* Calderwood, James L. &quot;CreativenUncreation in King Lear.&quot; ''Shakespeare Quarterly'' 37 (Spring 1986): 5-19.
* Castiglione, Baldassare. ''The Book of the Courtier''. Three Renaissance Classics. New York: Scribner, 1953.
* Cavell, Stanley. ''Disowning Knowledge in Six Plays of Shakespeare''. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987.
* ---. &quot;The Avoidance of Love.&quot; ''Must We Mean What We Say?'' Cambridge UP, 1976.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius. ''De Officiis''. Trans. Walter Miller. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1968.
* Cohen, Walter. &quot;King Lear and the Social Dimensions of Shakespearean Tragic Form, 1603-1608. ''Shakespeare: Contemporary Critical Approaches''. Ed. Harry Garvin. Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell UP, 1980. 106-118.
* Eliot, T. S. &quot;Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca.&quot; ''Selected Essays''. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1950. 107-120.
* Elton, William R. King Lear'' and the Gods''. San Marino: Huntington Library, 1966.
* Elyot, Sir Thomas. ''The Boke Named the Governour''. 2 Vols. London: Dent, 1907.
* Epictetus. ''Discourses of Epictetus with the Encheiridion and Fragments''. Trans. George Long. London: George Bell, 1877.
* Graham, Kenneth J. E. &quot;'Without the Form of Justice': Plainness and the Performance of Love in ''King Lear''.&quot; ''Shakespeare Quarterly'' 42 (Winter 1991): 438-461.
* Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Exeter. &quot;Characters of Virtues and Vices.&quot; ''Works''. Ed. Philip Wynter. New York: AMS, 1969. 6.89-125.
* James I. &quot;Basilikon Doron.&quot; ''Political Works of James I''. Ed. C. E. McIlwain. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1918. 3-52.
* Kott, Jan. &quot;''King Lear'' or ''Endgame'' (1964).&quot; ''Shakespeare, ''King Lear'': A Casebook''. Ed. Frank Kermode. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1975. 
* Knights, L. C. &quot;Shakespeare's Politics: with Some Reflections on the Nature of Tradition.&quot; ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' 43 (1957): 115-132.
* Laslett, Peter. ''The World We Have Lost''. New York: Scribner, 1965.
* Leggatt, Alexander. ''King Lear''. Boston: Twayne, 1988. 
* L'Estrange, Sir Roger. ''Tully's Offices''. London: 1681.
* Machiavelli, Niccolo. ''The Prince, and Other Works''. Trans. Allan H. Gilbert. Chicago: Packard, 1946.
* MacIntyre, Alasdair. ''After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory''. Notre Dame, IN: U of Notre Dame P, 1981.
* Mack, Maynard. King Lear'' in Our Time''. Berkeley: U of California P, 1965.
* Matchett, William H. &quot;Some Dramatic Techniques in ''King Lear''.&quot; ''Shakespeare: the Theatrical Dimension''. Ed. David A. Samuelson. New York: AMS, 1979. 185-208.
* Montaigne, Michel de. ''The Essays of Michael Lord of Montaigne''. Trans. John Florio. World's Classics. London: Frowde, 1904. 
* Myrick, Kenneth. &quot;Christian Pessimism in ''King Lear''.&quot; ''Shakespeare 1564-1964''. Ed. Edward A. Bloom. Providence: Brown UP, 1964. 56-70.
* Plato. ''The Republic''. Ed. F. M. Cornford. New York and London: Oxford UP, 1959.
* Robertson, D. W. Review. ''Shakespeare Quarterly'' 37 (1986): 139-141.
* Rosenblatt, Roger. &quot;An Inescapable Need to Blame.&quot; (Review of Russell Banks. ''The Sweet Hereafter''. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.) ''New York Times Book Review'' leading article, 15 Sept. 1991.
* Sacks, Claire, and Edgar Whan, eds. Hamlet: ''Enter Critic''. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960.
* Schneider, Ben Ross, Jr. ''The Ethos of Restoration Comedy''. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1971.
* ---. &quot;Granville's Jew of Venice: a Close Reading of Shakespeare's Merchant.&quot; ''Restoration'' 17 (Fall 1993): 111-134.
* Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. ''Moral Epistles''. 3 Vols. Trans. Richard M. Gummere. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP, 1917-25.
* ---. ''Moral Essays''. 3 Vols. Trans. John W. Basore. London: W. Heinemann, 1928-1935. 
* Shakespeare, William. ''King Lear''. ''The Riverside Shakespeare''. Ed. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974.
* Strier, Richard. &quot;Faithful Servants: Shakespeare's Praise of Disobedience.&quot; ''The Historical Renaissance: New Essays on Tudor and Stuart Literature and Culture''. Ed. Heather Dubrow. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1988.
* Wells, Charles. ''The Wide Arch: Roman Values in Shakespeare''. New York: St. Martin's P, 1993.

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    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch</title>
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. However, as Zhou-Qin era texts served as the main body from which individuals learned, they are employed here as and when they are considered necessary or otherwise useful. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]]
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Getting Familiar with Body Parts/]]
# [[/Using Numbers and Using Weapons/]] &lt;!--- 竹戈十大中一弓廿卜---&gt;
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] &lt;!--- 山田 ---&gt;
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重, plus the compound ideograms, phono-semantic compounds, and semantic compounds ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/The Books of the Yellow Emperor/]] 
&lt;!-- 黃帝内徑 ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;
# [[/A Lost Wu Medical Text analysed in Japan/]]
&lt;!--- 難經古義 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/A Bilingual Stele of the Khitans/]]
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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    <title>User:Royalesignature/Adalu (Beans and Corn Porridge)</title>
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| Category = Yoruba recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, vague instructions, stylistic adjustments needed, ingredients listed aren't used in procedure, what kind of pepper? what kind of beans?}}
{{Infobox Recipe Image|Image=[[File:Beans and Corn (maize) porridge.jpg|thumb|Beans and Corn (maize) porridge]]|Caption=Beans and Corn (maize) porridge}}{{Recipe}}

'''Adalu''' is a Nigerian meal that is common to Yoruba people in Nigeria  is a  mixture of beans and corn cooked together.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uguru |first=Chichi |date=2017-09-13 |title=One Pot Beans and Sweet Corn (Adalu) |url=https://www.mydiasporakitchen.com/one-pot-beans-and-sweet-corn-adalu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=My Diaspora Kitchen |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beans &amp; Corn (Adalu, Beancor, Tchaka, To Match) |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/beans/beans-corn-adalu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ingredients==
*[[Cookbook:Beans|Beans]] 3 cups (brown)
*[[Cookbook:Corn|Corn]] 3 cups fresh corn
*[[Cookbook:Palm Oil|Palm oil]] 2-3 cooking spoons
*[[Cookbook:Pepper|Pepper]] (to your taste)
*[[Cookbook:Onions]] 2 piece (red)
*[[Cookbook:Crawfish|Cookbook:Crawlfsih]] 2 tablespoons ground
*2 small seasoning cubes
*[[Cookbook:Vegetable|Vegetable]] (Optional)
*[[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] (to your taste)

==Procedure==
#Boil 3 cups of [[Cookbook:Pulses|beans]] and 3 cup of corn together for 40 minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
#Add red [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]] mix it together then add Plam oil.
#Season and simmer.
#Serve hot.
==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Yoruba recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using fish]]
[[Category:Recipes using red bell pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using green bell pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using dehydrated broth]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using salt]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using habanero chile]]</text>
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|-
| '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Welcome to the World's Stamp Catalogue&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;

|}

==Alphabetical Geography==
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan

Bahamas
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Cabo Verde
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Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic

East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Eswatini
Ethiopia

Fiji
Finland
France

Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana

Haiti
Honduras
Hungary

Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy

Jamaica
Japan
Jordan

Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan

Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg

Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar

Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
North Korea
North Macedonia
Norway

Oman

Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal

Qatar

Romania
Russia
Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria

Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkiye
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu

Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan

Vanuatu
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam

Yemen

Zambia
Zimbabwe

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| Category = meat dish
| Servings = 4–6
| Time = 30–40 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
}}

'''Muqmad''' (also known as '''oodkac''' or '''odkac''') Muqmad, also known as oodkac or odkac, is a traditional Somali preserved meat dish made by drying and cooking [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] usually camel meat or [[Cookbook:beef|beef]] then storing it in ghee (clarified butter) or animal fat.

==Ingredients==
* 1 kg lean beef or camel meat, cut into small cubes or strips
* 250–500 g ghee or clarified butter
* 1 medium onion, finely chopped
* 2 cloves [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], minced
* 1 teaspoon ground cardamom
* 1 teaspoon ground cumin
* 1 teaspoon ground coriander
* Salt to taste
* Black pepper to taste

==Equipment==
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Large pan or pot
* Bowl
* Drying rack or tray
* Airtight container

==Procedure==
# Trim excess fat from the meat and cut it into thin strips or small cubes.
# Lay the meat on a clean tray or drying rack and allow it to dry in the sun or air-dry for several hours or up to a few days.
# Heat a large pan over medium heat.
# Add the meat and cook slowly until most of the moisture evaporates.
# Stir in the onions, garlic, cardamom, cumin, coriander, salt, and black pepper.
# Continue cooking until the meat becomes browned and slightly crispy.
# Melt the ghee or clarified butter in a separate pot.
# Pour the melted ghee over the cooked meat until fully covered.
# Allow the mixture to cool before transferring it to an airtight container.
# Store in a cool place or refrigerate.

==Serving==
Muqmad is commonly served with:
* Canjeero
* [[Cookbook:Lahoh|Lahoh]]
* Rice
* Flatbread
* Tea
* Shaah

==Tips==
* Drying the meat improves preservation and flavour.
* Ghee helps protect the meat from spoilage.
* Camel meat gives a more traditional flavour and texture.
* Store the meat fully covered in fat for longer shelf life.
* Charcoal or wood-fire cooking may add a smoky flavour.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Somalia}}
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      <text bytes="2125" sha1="nbttkouozj1ty2l2utnwztb8g6biqor" xml:space="preserve">== Table of Contents ==
=== [[/Preface|Preface]] ===

=== Mechanics ===
; [[/Units and Measurement|1 Units and Measurement]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement#Introduction|Introduction]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement/The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement/Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement/Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversion]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement/Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement/Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement/Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement/Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]]
;: [[/Units and Measurement/Chapter Review|Chapter Review]]
; [[/Vectors|2 Vectors]]
; [[/Motion Along a Straight Line|3 Motion Along a Straight Line]]
; [[/Motion in Two and Three Dimensions|4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions]]
; [[/Newton's Laws of Motion|5 Newton's Laws of Motion]]
; [[/Applications of Newton's Laws|6 Applications of Newton's Laws]]
; [[/Work and Kinetic Energy|7 Work and Kinetic Energy]]
; [[/Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy|8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy]]
; [[/Linear Momentum and Collisions|9 Linear Momentum and Collisions]]
; [[/Fixed-Axis Rotation|10 Fixed-Axis Rotation]]
; [[/Angular Momentum|11 Angular Momentum]]
; [[/Static Equilibrium and Elasticity|12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity]]
; [[/Gravitation|13 Gravitation]]
; [[/Fluid Mechanics|14 Fluid Mechanics]]

=== Waves and Acoustics ===
; [[/Oscillations|15 Oscillations]]
; [[/Waves|16 Waves]]
; [[/Sound|17 Sound]]

=== Appendices ===
; [[/Units|A | Units]]
; [[/Conversion Factors|B | Conversion Factors]]
; [[/Fundamental Constants|C | Fundamental Constants]]
; [[/Astronomical Data|D | Astronomical Data]]
; [[/Mathematical Formulas|E | Mathematical Formulas]]
; [[/Chemistry|F | Chemistry]]
; [[/The Greek Alphabet|G | The Greek Alphabet]]
; [[/Answer Key|Answer Key]]
; [[/Index|Index]]

{{/Attribution}}

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      <text bytes="4425" sha1="6911loch9vs00ifjh96ttptiwhbjhxo" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to ''University Physics'', an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost.

== About OpenStax ==
OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable corporation. Our mission is to make an amazing education accessible for all. Through our partnerships with philanthropic organizations and our alliance with other educational resource companies, we’re breaking down the most common barriers to learning. Because we believe that everyone should and can have access to knowledge.

=== About OpenStax's resources ===
==== Customization ====
''University Physics'' is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY NC-SA) license, which means that you can non-commercially distribute, remix, and build upon the content, as long as you provide attribution to OpenStax and its content contributors, and distribute all derivatives under the same license.
Because our books are openly licensed, you are free to use the entire book or pick and choose the sections that are most relevant to the needs of your course. Feel free to remix the content by assigning your students certain chapters and sections in your syllabus in the order that you prefer. You can even provide a direct link in your syllabus to the sections in the web view of your book.
For any art that is openly licensed, non-commercial users or organizations may reuse the art as long as they provide the same attribution to its original source. (Commercial entities should contact OpenStax to discuss reuse rights and permissions.) To maximize readability and content flow, some art does not include attribution in the text. If you reuse art from this text that does not have attribution provided, use the following attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY NC-SA 4.0 license.
Instructors also have the option of creating a customized version of their OpenStax book. The custom version can be made available to students in low-cost print or digital form through their campus bookstore. Visit your book page on OpenStax.org for more information.

==== Errata ====
All OpenStax textbooks undergo a rigorous review process. However, like any professional-grade textbook, errors sometimes occur. Since our books are web based, we can make updates periodically when deemed pedagogically necessary. If you have a correction to suggest, submit it through the link on your book page on OpenStax.org. Subject matter experts review all errata suggestions. OpenStax is committed to remaining transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on OpenStax.org.

==== Format ====
You can access this textbook for free in web view or PDF through OpenStax.org, and for a low cost in print.

=== About ''University Physics'' ===
''University Physics'' is designed for the two- or three-semester calculus-based physics course. The text has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most university physics courses and provides a foundation for a career in mathematics, science, or engineering. The book provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of physics and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and to the world around them.
Due to the comprehensive nature of the material, we are offering the book in three volumes for flexibility and efficiency.
Coverage and scope

Our ''University Physics'' textbook adheres to the scope and sequence of most two- and three-semester physics courses nationwide. We have worked to make physics interesting and accessible to students while maintaining the mathematical rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from fundamental to more advanced concepts, building upon what students have already learned and emphasizing connections between topics and between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses and future careers. The organization and pedagogical features were developed and vetted with feedback from science educators dedicated to the project.

{{/Attribution}}

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      <text bytes="4427" sha1="evzyhs6r5z7uywnk8ljn748c165lfkq" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to ''University Physics'', an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost.

== About OpenStax ==
OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable corporation. Our mission is to make an amazing education accessible for all. Through our partnerships with philanthropic organizations and our alliance with other educational resource companies, we’re breaking down the most common barriers to learning. Because we believe that everyone should and can have access to knowledge.

=== About OpenStax's resources ===
==== Customization ====
''University Physics'' is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY NC-SA) license, which means that you can non-commercially distribute, remix, and build upon the content, as long as you provide attribution to OpenStax and its content contributors, and distribute all derivatives under the same license.
Because our books are openly licensed, you are free to use the entire book or pick and choose the sections that are most relevant to the needs of your course. Feel free to remix the content by assigning your students certain chapters and sections in your syllabus in the order that you prefer. You can even provide a direct link in your syllabus to the sections in the web view of your book.
For any art that is openly licensed, non-commercial users or organizations may reuse the art as long as they provide the same attribution to its original source. (Commercial entities should contact OpenStax to discuss reuse rights and permissions.) To maximize readability and content flow, some art does not include attribution in the text. If you reuse art from this text that does not have attribution provided, use the following attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY NC-SA 4.0 license.
Instructors also have the option of creating a customized version of their OpenStax book. The custom version can be made available to students in low-cost print or digital form through their campus bookstore. Visit your book page on OpenStax.org for more information.

==== Errata ====
All OpenStax textbooks undergo a rigorous review process. However, like any professional-grade textbook, errors sometimes occur. Since our books are web based, we can make updates periodically when deemed pedagogically necessary. If you have a correction to suggest, submit it through the link on your book page on OpenStax.org. Subject matter experts review all errata suggestions. OpenStax is committed to remaining transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on OpenStax.org.

==== Format ====
You can access this textbook for free in web view or PDF through OpenStax.org, and for a low cost in print.

=== About ''University Physics'' ===
''University Physics'' is designed for the two- or three-semester calculus-based physics course. The text has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most university physics courses and provides a foundation for a career in mathematics, science, or engineering. The book provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of physics and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and to the world around them.
Due to the comprehensive nature of the material, we are offering the book in three volumes for flexibility and efficiency.
Coverage and scope

Our ''University Physics'' textbook adheres to the scope and sequence of most two- and three-semester physics courses nationwide. We have worked to make physics interesting and accessible to students while maintaining the mathematical rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from fundamental to more advanced concepts, building upon what students have already learned and emphasizing connections between topics and between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses and future careers. The organization and pedagogical features were developed and vetted with feedback from science educators dedicated to the project.

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      <text bytes="1929" sha1="d0vt8xb9nhkc4r4nc4rrvux5waiwpuq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Whirlpool Galaxy.webp|thumb|550px|'''Figure 1.1''' This image might be showing any number of things. It might be a whirlpool in a tank of water or perhaps a collage of paint and shiny beads done for art class. Without knowing the size of the object in units we all recognize, such as meters or inches, it is difficult to know what we’re looking at. In fact, this image shows the Whirlpool Galaxy (and its companion galaxy), which is about 60,000 light-years in diameter (about 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; km across). (credit: modification of work by S. Beckwith (STScI) Hubble Heritage Team, (STScI/AURA), ESA, NASA)]]
== Chapter Outline ==
; [[#Introduction|Introduction]]
; [[/The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]]
; [[/Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]]
; [[/Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversion]]
; [[/Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]]
; [[/Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]]
; [[/Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]]
; [[/Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]]
; [[/Chapter Review|Chapter Review]]

== Introduction ==
As noted in the figure caption, the chapter-opening image is of the Whirlpool Galaxy, which we examine in the first section of this chapter. Galaxies are as immense as atoms are small, yet the same laws of physics describe both, along with all the rest of nature—an indication of the underlying unity in the universe. The laws of physics are surprisingly few, implying an underlying simplicity to nature’s apparent complexity. In this text, you learn about the laws of physics. Galaxies and atoms may seem far removed from your daily life, but as you begin to explore this broad-ranging subject, you may soon come to realize that physics plays a much larger role in your life than you first thought, no matter your life goals or career choice.

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      <text bytes="24732" sha1="k4ses5f875wc3s04zts9oldrc4qs6lc" xml:space="preserve">== Learning Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
* Describe the scope of physics.
* Calculate the order of magnitude of a quantity.
* Compare measurable length, mass, and timescales quantitatively.
* Describe the relationships among models, theories, and laws.

Physics is devoted to the understanding of all natural phenomena. In physics, we try to understand physical phenomena at all scales—from the world of subatomic particles to the entire universe. Despite the breadth of the subject, the various subfields of physics share a common core. The same basic training in physics will prepare you to work in any area of physics and the related areas of science and engineering. In this section, we investigate the scope of physics; the scales of length, mass, and time over which the laws of physics have been shown to be applicable; and the process by which science in general, and physics in particular, operates.

== The Scope of Physics ==
Take another look at the chapter-opening image. The Whirlpool Galaxy contains billions of individual stars as well as huge clouds of gas and dust. Its companion galaxy is also visible to the right. This pair of galaxies lies a staggering billion trillion miles &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;(1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; mi)&lt;/span&gt; from our own galaxy (which is called the ''Milky Way''). The stars and planets that make up the Whirlpool Galaxy might seem to be the furthest thing from most people’s everyday lives, but the Whirlpool is a great starting point to think about the forces that hold the universe together. The forces that cause the Whirlpool Galaxy to act as it does are thought to be the same forces we contend with here on Earth, whether we are planning to send a rocket into space or simply planning to raise the walls for a new home. The gravity that causes the stars of the Whirlpool Galaxy to rotate and revolve is thought to be the same as what causes water to flow over hydroelectric dams here on Earth. When you look up at the stars, realize the forces out there are the same as the ones here on Earth. Through a study of physics, you may gain a greater understanding of the interconnectedness of everything we can see and know in this universe.

Humans have created and manufactured millions of different objects. Successive technological periods (often referred to as the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and so on) are marked by knowledge of the physical properties of certain materials and the ability to manipulate them. This knowledge all stems from physics, whether it's the way a rock would flake when constructing a spear point, the effect of integrating carbon with iron in South Indian and Sri Lankan furnaces to create the earliest high-quality steel, or the proper way to combine perfectly ground and polished pieces of glass to create optical instruments. Our current technological age, the Information Age, can be traced to critical innovations made by people from all backgrounds working together. Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng, for example, invented the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor). Although unknown to most people, this tiny device, created in 1959 by an Egyptian-born scientist and a Korean-born scientist working in a lab in New Jersey (U.S.), is the basis for modern electronics. More MOSFETs have been produced than any other object in human history. They are used in computers, smartphones, microwave ovens, automotive controls, medical instruments, and nearly every other electronic device.

Next, think about the most exciting modern technologies that you have heard about in the news, such as trains that levitate above tracks, “invisibility cloaks” that bend light around them, and microscopic robots that fight cancer cells in our bodies. All these groundbreaking advances, commonplace or unbelievable, rely on the principles of physics. Aside from playing a significant role in technology, professionals such as engineers, pilots, physicians, physical therapists, electricians, and computer programmers apply physics concepts in their daily work. For example, a pilot must understand how wind forces affect a flight path; a physical therapist must understand how the muscles in the body experience forces as they move and bend. As you will learn in this text, the principles of physics are propelling new, exciting technologies, and these principles are applied in a wide range of careers.

The underlying order of nature makes science in general, and physics in particular, interesting and enjoyable to study. For example, what do a bag of chips and a car battery have in common? Both contain energy that can be converted to other forms. The law of conservation of energy (which says that energy can change form but is never lost) ties together such topics as food calories, batteries, heat, light, and watch springs. Understanding this law makes it easier to learn about the various forms energy takes and how they relate to one another. Apparently unrelated topics are connected through broadly applicable physical laws, permitting an understanding beyond just the memorization of lists of facts.

Science consists of theories and laws that are the general truths of nature, as well as the body of knowledge they encompass. Scientists are continuously trying to expand this body of knowledge and to perfect the expression of the laws that describe it. '''Physics''', which comes from the Greek ''phúsis'', meaning “nature,” is concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time to uncover the fundamental mechanisms that underlie every phenomenon. This concern for describing the basic phenomena in nature essentially defines the ''scope of physics''.

Physics aims to understand the world around us at the most basic level. It emphasizes the use of a small number of quantitative laws to do this, which can be useful to other fields pushing the performance boundaries of existing technologies. Consider a smartphone (see Figure 1.2). Physics describes how electricity interacts with the various circuits inside the device. This knowledge helps engineers select the appropriate materials and circuit layout when building a smartphone. Knowledge of the physics underlying these devices is required to shrink their size or increase their processing speed. Or, think about a GPS. Physics describes the relationship between the speed of an object, the distance over which it travels, and the time it takes to travel that distance. GPS relies on precise calculations that account for variations in the Earth's landscapes, the exact distance between orbiting satellites, and even the effect of a complex occurrence of time dilation. Most of these calculations are founded on algorithms developed by Gladys West, a mathematician and computer scientist who programmed the first computers capable of highly accurate remote sensing and positioning. When you use a GPS device, it utilizes these algorithms to recognize where you are and how your position relates to other objects on Earth.

[[File:Apple iPhone.webp|thumb|center|'''Figure 1.2''' The Apple iPhone is a common smartphone with a GPS function. Physics describes the way that electricity flows through the circuits of this device. Engineers use their knowledge of physics to construct an iPhone with features that consumers will enjoy. One specific feature of an iPhone is the GPS function. A GPS uses physics equations to determine the drive time between two locations on a map. (credit: Jane Whitney)]]

Knowledge of physics is useful in everyday situations as well as in nonscientific professions. It can help you understand how microwave ovens work, why metals should not be put into them, and why they might affect pacemakers. Physics allows you to understand the hazards of radiation and to evaluate these hazards rationally and more easily. Physics also explains the reason why a black car radiator helps remove heat in a car engine, and it explains why a white roof helps keep the inside of a house cool. Similarly, the operation of a car’s ignition system as well as the transmission of electrical signals throughout our body’s nervous system are much easier to understand when you think about them in terms of basic physics.

Physics is a key element of many important disciplines and contributes directly to others. Chemistry, for example—since it deals with the interactions of atoms and molecules—has close ties to atomic and molecular physics. Most branches of engineering are concerned with designing new technologies, processes, or structures within the constraints set by the laws of physics. In architecture, physics is at the heart of structural stability and is involved in the acoustics, heating, lighting, and cooling of buildings. Parts of geology rely heavily on physics, such as radioactive dating of rocks, earthquake analysis, and heat transfer within Earth. Some disciplines, such as biophysics and geophysics, are hybrids of physics and other disciplines.

Physics has many applications in the biological sciences. On the microscopic level, it helps describe the properties of cells and their environments. On the macroscopic level, it explains the heat, work, and power associated with the human body and its various organ systems. Physics is involved in medical diagnostics, such as radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonic blood flow measurements. Medical therapy sometimes involves physics directly; for example, cancer radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation. Physics also explains sensory phenomena, such as how musical instruments make sound, how the eye detects color, and how lasers transmit information.

It is not necessary to study all applications of physics formally. What is most useful is knowing the basic laws of physics and developing skills in the analytical methods for applying them. The study of physics also can improve your problem-solving skills. Furthermore, physics retains the most basic aspects of science, so it is used by all the sciences, and the study of physics makes other sciences easier to understand.

== The Scale of Physics ==
From the discussion so far, it should be clear that to accomplish your goals in any of the various fields within the natural sciences and engineering, a thorough grounding in the laws of physics is necessary. The reason for this is simply that the laws of physics govern everything in the observable universe at all measurable scales of length, mass, and time. Now, that is easy enough to say, but to come to grips with what it really means, we need to get a little bit quantitative. So, before surveying the various scales that physics allows us to explore, let’s first look at the concept of “order of magnitude,” which we use to come to terms with the vast ranges of length, mass, and time that we consider in this text (see Figure 1.3).

[[File:OSUPhys Figure 1.3.webp|frame|center|'''Figure 1.3''' (a) Using a scanning tunneling microscope, scientists can see the individual atoms (diameters around &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;10&lt;/sup&gt; m)&lt;/span&gt; that compose this sheet of gold. (b) Tiny phytoplankton swim among crystals of ice in the Antarctic Sea. They range from a few micrometers &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;(1 &amp;micro;m&lt;/span&gt; is &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;6&lt;/sup&gt; m)&lt;/span&gt; to as much as &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;2 mm&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;(1 mm&lt;/span&gt; is &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; m)&lt;/span&gt; in length. (c) These two colliding galaxies, known as NGC 4676A (right) and NGC 4676B (left), are nicknamed “The Mice” because of the tail of gas emanating from each one. They are located &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;300 million&lt;/span&gt; light-years from Earth in the constellation Coma Berenices. Eventually, these two galaxies will merge into one. (credit a: modification of work by &quot;Erwinrossen&quot;/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: modification of work by Prof. Gordon T. Taylor, Stony Brook University; NOAA Corps Collections; credit c: modification of work by NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team, and ESA)]]

=== Order of magnitude ===
The '''order of magnitude''' of a number is the power of 10 that most closely approximates it. Thus, the order of magnitude refers to the scale (or size) of a value. Each power of 10 represents a different order of magnitude. For example, 10&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, and so forth, are all different orders of magnitude, as are &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To find the order of magnitude of a number, take the base-10 logarithm of the number and round it to the nearest integer, then the order of magnitude of the number is simply the resulting power of 10. For example, the order of magnitude of 800 is 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\log_{10} 800 \approx 2.903&lt;/math&gt;, which rounds to 3. Similarly, the order of magnitude of 450 is 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\log_{10} 450 \approx 2.563&lt;/math&gt;, which rounds to 3 as well. Thus, we say the numbers 800 and 450 are of the same order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. However, the order of magnitude of 250 is 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\log_{10} 250 \approx 2.397&lt;/math&gt;, which rounds to 2.

An equivalent but quicker way to find the order of magnitude of a number is first to write it in scientific notation and then check to see whether the first factor is greater than or less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10} = 10^{0.5} \approx 3&lt;/math&gt;. The idea is that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10} = 10^{0.5}&lt;/math&gt; is halfway between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 = 10^{0}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10 = 10^{1}&lt;/math&gt; on a log base-10 scale. Thus, if the first factor is less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10}&lt;/math&gt;, then we round it down to 1 and the order of magnitude is simply whatever power of 10 is required to write the number in scientific notation. On the other hand, if the first factor is greater than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10}&lt;/math&gt;, then we round it up to 10 and the order of magnitude is one power of 10 higher than the power needed to write the number in scientific notation. For example, the number 800 can be written in scientific notation as &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; Because 8 is bigger than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10} \approx 3&lt;/math&gt;, we say the order of magnitude of 800 is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{2+1} = 10^{3}&lt;/math&gt;. The number 450 can be written as &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;4.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; so its order of magnitude is also 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; because 4.5 is greater than 3. However, 250 written in scientific notation is &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;2.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and 2.5 is less than 3, so its order of magnitude is 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

The order of magnitude of a number is designed to be a ballpark estimate for the scale (or size) of its value. It is simply a way of rounding numbers consistently to the nearest (on a logarithmic scale) power of 10. In other words, if numbers differ by one order of magnitude, the one is larger than the other by a multiplicative factor of about ten. This makes doing rough mental math with very big and very small numbers easier. For example, the diameter of a hydrogen atom is on the order of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;10&lt;/sup&gt; m,&lt;/span&gt; whereas the diameter of the Sun is on the order of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; m,&lt;/span&gt; so it would take roughly &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{9} / 10^{-10} = 10^{19}&lt;/math&gt; hydrogen&lt;/span&gt; atoms to stretch across the diameter of the Sun. This is much easier to do in your head than using the more precise values of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1.06 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;10&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/span&gt; for a hydrogen atom diameter and &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1.39 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/span&gt; for the Sun’s diameter, to find that it would take &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1.31 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt; hydrogen&lt;/span&gt; atoms to stretch across the Sun’s diameter. In addition to being easier, the rough estimate is also nearly as informative as the precise calculation.

=== Known ranges of length, mass, and time ===
The vastness of the universe and the breadth over which physics applies are illustrated by the wide range of examples of known lengths, masses, and times (given as orders of magnitude) in Figure 1.4 below. Examining this table will give you a feeling for the range of possible topics in physics and numerical values. A good way to appreciate the vastness of the ranges of values in Figure 1.4 is to try to answer some simple comparative questions, such as the following:
* How many hydrogen atoms does it take to stretch across the diameter of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(Answer: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{9} \text{ m}/ 10^{-10} \text{ m} = 10^{19}&lt;/math&gt; hydrogen atoms)
* How many protons are there in a bacterium?&lt;br /&gt;(Answer: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{-15} \text{ kg} / 10^{-27} \text{ kg} = 10^{12}&lt;/math&gt; protons)
* How many floating-point operations can a supercomputer do in 1 day?&lt;br /&gt;(Answer: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{5} \text{ s} / 10^{-17} \text{ s} = 10^{22}&lt;/math&gt; floating-point operations)

In studying Figure 1.4 below, take some time to come up with similar questions that interest you and then try answering them. Doing this can breathe some life into almost any table of numbers.

[[File:Orders of Magnitude.webp|frame|center|'''Figure 1.4''' This table shows the orders of magnitude of length, mass, and time.]]

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Visit [this site] to explore interactively the vast range of length scales in our universe. Scroll down and up the scale to view hundreds of organisms and objects, and click on the individual objects to learn more about each one.
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== Building Models ==
How did we come to know the laws governing natural phenomena? What we refer to as the laws of nature are concise descriptions of the universe around us. They are human statements of the underlying laws or rules that all natural processes follow. Such laws are intrinsic to the universe; humans did not create them and cannot change them. We can only discover and understand them. Their discovery is a very human endeavor, with all the elements of mystery, imagination, struggle, triumph, and disappointment inherent in any creative effort (see Figure 1.5). The cornerstone of discovering natural laws is observation; scientists must describe the universe as it is, not as we imagine it to be.

[[File:Fermi and Curie.webp|frame|center|'''Figure 1.5''' (a) Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) was born in Italy. On accepting the Nobel Prize in Stockholm in 1938 for his work on artificial radioactivity produced by neutrons, he took his family to America rather than return home to the government in power at the time. He became an American citizen and was a leading participant in the Manhattan Project. (b) Marie Curie (1867–1934) sacrificed monetary assets to help finance her early research and damaged her physical well-being with radiation exposure. She is the only person to win Nobel prizes in both physics and chemistry. One of her daughters also won a Nobel Prize. (credit a: modification of work by United States Department of Energy)]]

A '''model''' is a representation of something that is often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly. Although a model is justified by experimental tests, it is only accurate in describing certain aspects of a physical system. An example is the Bohr model of single-electron atoms, in which the electron is pictured as orbiting the nucleus, analogous to the way planets orbit the Sun (see Figure 1.6). We cannot observe electron orbits directly, but the mental image helps explain some of the observations we can make, such as the emission of light from hot gases (atomic spectra). However, other observations show that the picture in the Bohr model is not really what atoms look like. The model is “wrong,” but is still useful for some purposes. Physicists use models for a variety of purposes. For example, models can help physicists analyze a scenario and perform a calculation or models can be used to represent a situation in the form of a computer simulation. Ultimately, however, the results of these calculations and simulations need to be double-checked by other means—namely, observation and experimentation.

[[File:Bohr model.webp|frame|center|'''Figure 1.6''' What is a model? The Bohr model of a single-electron atom shows the electron orbiting the nucleus in one of several possible circular orbits. Like all models, it captures some, but not all, aspects of the physical system.]]

The word ''theory'' means something different to scientists than what is often meant when the word is used in everyday conversation. In particular, to a scientist a theory is not the same as a “guess” or an “idea” or even a “hypothesis.” The phrase “it’s just a theory” seems meaningless and silly to scientists because science is founded on the notion of theories. To a scientist, a '''theory''' is a testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers. Some theories include models to help visualize phenomena whereas others do not. Newton’s theory of gravity, for example, does not require a model or mental image, because we can observe the objects directly with our own senses. Although models are meant only to describe certain aspects of a physical system accurately, a theory should describe all aspects of any system that falls within its domain of applicability. In particular, any experimentally testable implication of a theory should be verified. If an experiment ever shows an implication of a theory to be false, then the theory is either thrown out or modified suitably (for example, by limiting its domain of applicability).

A '''law''' uses concise language to describe a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments. Often, a law can be expressed in the form of a single mathematical equation. Laws and theories are similar in that they are both scientific statements that result from a tested hypothesis and are supported by scientific evidence. However, the designation ''law'' is usually reserved for a concise and very general statement that describes phenomena in nature, such as the law that energy is conserved during any process, or Newton’s second law of motion, which relates force (''F''), mass (''m''), and acceleration (''a'') by the simple equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = ma&lt;/math&gt;. A theory, in contrast, is a less concise statement of observed behavior. For example, the theory of evolution and the theory of relativity cannot be expressed concisely enough to be considered laws. The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. A law describes a single action whereas a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena. Less broadly applicable statements are usually called principles (such as Pascal’s principle, which is applicable only in fluids), but the distinction between laws and principles often is not made carefully.

The models, theories, and laws we devise sometimes imply the existence of objects or phenomena that are as yet unobserved. These predictions are remarkable triumphs and tributes to the power of science. It is the underlying order in the universe that enables scientists to make such spectacular predictions. However, if experimentation does not verify our predictions, then the theory or law is wrong, no matter how elegant or convenient it is. Laws can never be known with absolute certainty because it is impossible to perform every imaginable experiment to confirm a law for every possible scenario. Physicists operate under the assumption that all scientific laws and theories are valid until a counterexample is observed. If a good-quality, verifiable experiment contradicts a well-established law or theory, then the law or theory must be modified or overthrown completely.

The study of science in general, and physics in particular, is an adventure much like the exploration of an uncharted ocean. Discoveries are made; models, theories, and laws are formulated; and the beauty of the physical universe is made more sublime for the insights gained.

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      <text bytes="24754" sha1="ba89i08iz6czuqbup3xd93ul9ebwshs" xml:space="preserve">== Learning Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
* Describe the scope of physics.
* Calculate the order of magnitude of a quantity.
* Compare measurable length, mass, and timescales quantitatively.
* Describe the relationships among models, theories, and laws.

Physics is devoted to the understanding of all natural phenomena. In physics, we try to understand physical phenomena at all scales—from the world of subatomic particles to the entire universe. Despite the breadth of the subject, the various subfields of physics share a common core. The same basic training in physics will prepare you to work in any area of physics and the related areas of science and engineering. In this section, we investigate the scope of physics; the scales of length, mass, and time over which the laws of physics have been shown to be applicable; and the process by which science in general, and physics in particular, operates.

== The Scope of Physics ==
Take another look at the chapter-opening image. The Whirlpool Galaxy contains billions of individual stars as well as huge clouds of gas and dust. Its companion galaxy is also visible to the right. This pair of galaxies lies a staggering billion trillion miles &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;(1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; mi)&lt;/span&gt; from our own galaxy (which is called the ''Milky Way''). The stars and planets that make up the Whirlpool Galaxy might seem to be the furthest thing from most people’s everyday lives, but the Whirlpool is a great starting point to think about the forces that hold the universe together. The forces that cause the Whirlpool Galaxy to act as it does are thought to be the same forces we contend with here on Earth, whether we are planning to send a rocket into space or simply planning to raise the walls for a new home. The gravity that causes the stars of the Whirlpool Galaxy to rotate and revolve is thought to be the same as what causes water to flow over hydroelectric dams here on Earth. When you look up at the stars, realize the forces out there are the same as the ones here on Earth. Through a study of physics, you may gain a greater understanding of the interconnectedness of everything we can see and know in this universe.

Humans have created and manufactured millions of different objects. Successive technological periods (often referred to as the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and so on) are marked by knowledge of the physical properties of certain materials and the ability to manipulate them. This knowledge all stems from physics, whether it's the way a rock would flake when constructing a spear point, the effect of integrating carbon with iron in South Indian and Sri Lankan furnaces to create the earliest high-quality steel, or the proper way to combine perfectly ground and polished pieces of glass to create optical instruments. Our current technological age, the Information Age, can be traced to critical innovations made by people from all backgrounds working together. Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng, for example, invented the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor). Although unknown to most people, this tiny device, created in 1959 by an Egyptian-born scientist and a Korean-born scientist working in a lab in New Jersey (U.S.), is the basis for modern electronics. More MOSFETs have been produced than any other object in human history. They are used in computers, smartphones, microwave ovens, automotive controls, medical instruments, and nearly every other electronic device.

Next, think about the most exciting modern technologies that you have heard about in the news, such as trains that levitate above tracks, “invisibility cloaks” that bend light around them, and microscopic robots that fight cancer cells in our bodies. All these groundbreaking advances, commonplace or unbelievable, rely on the principles of physics. Aside from playing a significant role in technology, professionals such as engineers, pilots, physicians, physical therapists, electricians, and computer programmers apply physics concepts in their daily work. For example, a pilot must understand how wind forces affect a flight path; a physical therapist must understand how the muscles in the body experience forces as they move and bend. As you will learn in this text, the principles of physics are propelling new, exciting technologies, and these principles are applied in a wide range of careers.

The underlying order of nature makes science in general, and physics in particular, interesting and enjoyable to study. For example, what do a bag of chips and a car battery have in common? Both contain energy that can be converted to other forms. The law of conservation of energy (which says that energy can change form but is never lost) ties together such topics as food calories, batteries, heat, light, and watch springs. Understanding this law makes it easier to learn about the various forms energy takes and how they relate to one another. Apparently unrelated topics are connected through broadly applicable physical laws, permitting an understanding beyond just the memorization of lists of facts.

Science consists of theories and laws that are the general truths of nature, as well as the body of knowledge they encompass. Scientists are continuously trying to expand this body of knowledge and to perfect the expression of the laws that describe it. '''Physics''', which comes from the Greek ''phúsis'', meaning “nature,” is concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time to uncover the fundamental mechanisms that underlie every phenomenon. This concern for describing the basic phenomena in nature essentially defines the ''scope of physics''.

Physics aims to understand the world around us at the most basic level. It emphasizes the use of a small number of quantitative laws to do this, which can be useful to other fields pushing the performance boundaries of existing technologies. Consider a smartphone (see Figure 1.2). Physics describes how electricity interacts with the various circuits inside the device. This knowledge helps engineers select the appropriate materials and circuit layout when building a smartphone. Knowledge of the physics underlying these devices is required to shrink their size or increase their processing speed. Or, think about a GPS. Physics describes the relationship between the speed of an object, the distance over which it travels, and the time it takes to travel that distance. GPS relies on precise calculations that account for variations in the Earth's landscapes, the exact distance between orbiting satellites, and even the effect of a complex occurrence of time dilation. Most of these calculations are founded on algorithms developed by Gladys West, a mathematician and computer scientist who programmed the first computers capable of highly accurate remote sensing and positioning. When you use a GPS device, it utilizes these algorithms to recognize where you are and how your position relates to other objects on Earth.

[[File:Apple iPhone.webp|thumb|center|'''Figure 1.2''' The Apple iPhone is a common smartphone with a GPS function. Physics describes the way that electricity flows through the circuits of this device. Engineers use their knowledge of physics to construct an iPhone with features that consumers will enjoy. One specific feature of an iPhone is the GPS function. A GPS uses physics equations to determine the drive time between two locations on a map. (credit: Jane Whitney)]]

Knowledge of physics is useful in everyday situations as well as in nonscientific professions. It can help you understand how microwave ovens work, why metals should not be put into them, and why they might affect pacemakers. Physics allows you to understand the hazards of radiation and to evaluate these hazards rationally and more easily. Physics also explains the reason why a black car radiator helps remove heat in a car engine, and it explains why a white roof helps keep the inside of a house cool. Similarly, the operation of a car’s ignition system as well as the transmission of electrical signals throughout our body’s nervous system are much easier to understand when you think about them in terms of basic physics.

Physics is a key element of many important disciplines and contributes directly to others. Chemistry, for example—since it deals with the interactions of atoms and molecules—has close ties to atomic and molecular physics. Most branches of engineering are concerned with designing new technologies, processes, or structures within the constraints set by the laws of physics. In architecture, physics is at the heart of structural stability and is involved in the acoustics, heating, lighting, and cooling of buildings. Parts of geology rely heavily on physics, such as radioactive dating of rocks, earthquake analysis, and heat transfer within Earth. Some disciplines, such as biophysics and geophysics, are hybrids of physics and other disciplines.

Physics has many applications in the biological sciences. On the microscopic level, it helps describe the properties of cells and their environments. On the macroscopic level, it explains the heat, work, and power associated with the human body and its various organ systems. Physics is involved in medical diagnostics, such as radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonic blood flow measurements. Medical therapy sometimes involves physics directly; for example, cancer radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation. Physics also explains sensory phenomena, such as how musical instruments make sound, how the eye detects color, and how lasers transmit information.

It is not necessary to study all applications of physics formally. What is most useful is knowing the basic laws of physics and developing skills in the analytical methods for applying them. The study of physics also can improve your problem-solving skills. Furthermore, physics retains the most basic aspects of science, so it is used by all the sciences, and the study of physics makes other sciences easier to understand.

== The Scale of Physics ==
From the discussion so far, it should be clear that to accomplish your goals in any of the various fields within the natural sciences and engineering, a thorough grounding in the laws of physics is necessary. The reason for this is simply that the laws of physics govern everything in the observable universe at all measurable scales of length, mass, and time. Now, that is easy enough to say, but to come to grips with what it really means, we need to get a little bit quantitative. So, before surveying the various scales that physics allows us to explore, let’s first look at the concept of “order of magnitude,” which we use to come to terms with the vast ranges of length, mass, and time that we consider in this text (see Figure 1.3).

[[File:OSUPhys Figure 1.3.webp|frame|center|'''Figure 1.3''' (a) Using a scanning tunneling microscope, scientists can see the individual atoms (diameters around &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;10&lt;/sup&gt; m)&lt;/span&gt; that compose this sheet of gold. (b) Tiny phytoplankton swim among crystals of ice in the Antarctic Sea. They range from a few micrometers &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;(1 &amp;micro;m&lt;/span&gt; is &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;6&lt;/sup&gt; m)&lt;/span&gt; to as much as &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;2 mm&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;(1 mm&lt;/span&gt; is &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; m)&lt;/span&gt; in length. (c) These two colliding galaxies, known as NGC 4676A (right) and NGC 4676B (left), are nicknamed “The Mice” because of the tail of gas emanating from each one. They are located &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;300 million&lt;/span&gt; light-years from Earth in the constellation Coma Berenices. Eventually, these two galaxies will merge into one. (credit a: modification of work by &quot;Erwinrossen&quot;/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: modification of work by Prof. Gordon T. Taylor, Stony Brook University; NOAA Corps Collections; credit c: modification of work by NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team, and ESA)]]

=== Order of magnitude ===
The '''order of magnitude''' of a number is the power of 10 that most closely approximates it. Thus, the order of magnitude refers to the scale (or size) of a value. Each power of 10 represents a different order of magnitude. For example, 10&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, and so forth, are all different orders of magnitude, as are &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To find the order of magnitude of a number, take the base-10 logarithm of the number and round it to the nearest integer, then the order of magnitude of the number is simply the resulting power of 10. For example, the order of magnitude of 800 is 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\log_{10} 800 \approx 2.903&lt;/math&gt;, which rounds to 3. Similarly, the order of magnitude of 450 is 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\log_{10} 450 \approx 2.563&lt;/math&gt;, which rounds to 3 as well. Thus, we say the numbers 800 and 450 are of the same order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. However, the order of magnitude of 250 is 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\log_{10} 250 \approx 2.397&lt;/math&gt;, which rounds to 2.

An equivalent but quicker way to find the order of magnitude of a number is first to write it in scientific notation and then check to see whether the first factor is greater than or less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10} = 10^{0.5} \approx 3&lt;/math&gt;. The idea is that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10} = 10^{0.5}&lt;/math&gt; is halfway between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 = 10^{0}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10 = 10^{1}&lt;/math&gt; on a log base-10 scale. Thus, if the first factor is less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10}&lt;/math&gt;, then we round it down to 1 and the order of magnitude is simply whatever power of 10 is required to write the number in scientific notation. On the other hand, if the first factor is greater than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10}&lt;/math&gt;, then we round it up to 10 and the order of magnitude is one power of 10 higher than the power needed to write the number in scientific notation. For example, the number 800 can be written in scientific notation as &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; Because 8 is bigger than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\sqrt{10} \approx 3&lt;/math&gt;, we say the order of magnitude of 800 is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{2+1} = 10^{3}&lt;/math&gt;. The number 450 can be written as &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;4.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; so its order of magnitude is also 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; because 4.5 is greater than 3. However, 250 written in scientific notation is &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;2.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and 2.5 is less than 3, so its order of magnitude is 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

The order of magnitude of a number is designed to be a ballpark estimate for the scale (or size) of its value. It is simply a way of rounding numbers consistently to the nearest (on a logarithmic scale) power of 10. In other words, if numbers differ by one order of magnitude, the one is larger than the other by a multiplicative factor of about ten. This makes doing rough mental math with very big and very small numbers easier. For example, the diameter of a hydrogen atom is on the order of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;10&lt;/sup&gt; m,&lt;/span&gt; whereas the diameter of the Sun is on the order of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; m,&lt;/span&gt; so it would take roughly &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{9} / 10^{-10} = 10^{19}&lt;/math&gt; hydrogen&lt;/span&gt; atoms to stretch across the diameter of the Sun. This is much easier to do in your head than using the more precise values of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1.06 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;10&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/span&gt; for a hydrogen atom diameter and &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1.39 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/span&gt; for the Sun’s diameter, to find that it would take &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1.31 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt; hydrogen&lt;/span&gt; atoms to stretch across the Sun’s diameter. In addition to being easier, the rough estimate is also nearly as informative as the precise calculation.

=== Known ranges of length, mass, and time ===
The vastness of the universe and the breadth over which physics applies are illustrated by the wide range of examples of known lengths, masses, and times (given as orders of magnitude) in Figure 1.4 below. Examining this table will give you a feeling for the range of possible topics in physics and numerical values. A good way to appreciate the vastness of the ranges of values in Figure 1.4 is to try to answer some simple comparative questions, such as the following:
* How many hydrogen atoms does it take to stretch across the diameter of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(Answer: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{9} \text{ m}/ 10^{-10} \text{ m} = 10^{19}&lt;/math&gt; hydrogen atoms)
* How many protons are there in a bacterium?&lt;br /&gt;(Answer: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{-15} \text{ kg} / 10^{-27} \text{ kg} = 10^{12}&lt;/math&gt; protons)
* How many floating-point operations can a supercomputer do in 1 day?&lt;br /&gt;(Answer: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;10^{5} \text{ s} / 10^{-17} \text{ s} = 10^{22}&lt;/math&gt; floating-point operations)

In studying Figure 1.4 below, take some time to come up with similar questions that interest you and then try answering them. Doing this can breathe some life into almost any table of numbers.

{{anchor|Figure 1.4}}
[[File:Orders of Magnitude.webp|frame|center|'''Figure 1.4''' This table shows the orders of magnitude of length, mass, and time.]]

{{TextBox|
'''INTERACTIVE'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
Visit [this site] to explore interactively the vast range of length scales in our universe. Scroll down and up the scale to view hundreds of organisms and objects, and click on the individual objects to learn more about each one.
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}}

== Building Models ==
How did we come to know the laws governing natural phenomena? What we refer to as the laws of nature are concise descriptions of the universe around us. They are human statements of the underlying laws or rules that all natural processes follow. Such laws are intrinsic to the universe; humans did not create them and cannot change them. We can only discover and understand them. Their discovery is a very human endeavor, with all the elements of mystery, imagination, struggle, triumph, and disappointment inherent in any creative effort (see Figure 1.5). The cornerstone of discovering natural laws is observation; scientists must describe the universe as it is, not as we imagine it to be.

[[File:Fermi and Curie.webp|frame|center|'''Figure 1.5''' (a) Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) was born in Italy. On accepting the Nobel Prize in Stockholm in 1938 for his work on artificial radioactivity produced by neutrons, he took his family to America rather than return home to the government in power at the time. He became an American citizen and was a leading participant in the Manhattan Project. (b) Marie Curie (1867–1934) sacrificed monetary assets to help finance her early research and damaged her physical well-being with radiation exposure. She is the only person to win Nobel prizes in both physics and chemistry. One of her daughters also won a Nobel Prize. (credit a: modification of work by United States Department of Energy)]]

A '''model''' is a representation of something that is often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly. Although a model is justified by experimental tests, it is only accurate in describing certain aspects of a physical system. An example is the Bohr model of single-electron atoms, in which the electron is pictured as orbiting the nucleus, analogous to the way planets orbit the Sun (see Figure 1.6). We cannot observe electron orbits directly, but the mental image helps explain some of the observations we can make, such as the emission of light from hot gases (atomic spectra). However, other observations show that the picture in the Bohr model is not really what atoms look like. The model is “wrong,” but is still useful for some purposes. Physicists use models for a variety of purposes. For example, models can help physicists analyze a scenario and perform a calculation or models can be used to represent a situation in the form of a computer simulation. Ultimately, however, the results of these calculations and simulations need to be double-checked by other means—namely, observation and experimentation.

[[File:Bohr model.webp|frame|center|'''Figure 1.6''' What is a model? The Bohr model of a single-electron atom shows the electron orbiting the nucleus in one of several possible circular orbits. Like all models, it captures some, but not all, aspects of the physical system.]]

The word ''theory'' means something different to scientists than what is often meant when the word is used in everyday conversation. In particular, to a scientist a theory is not the same as a “guess” or an “idea” or even a “hypothesis.” The phrase “it’s just a theory” seems meaningless and silly to scientists because science is founded on the notion of theories. To a scientist, a '''theory''' is a testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers. Some theories include models to help visualize phenomena whereas others do not. Newton’s theory of gravity, for example, does not require a model or mental image, because we can observe the objects directly with our own senses. Although models are meant only to describe certain aspects of a physical system accurately, a theory should describe all aspects of any system that falls within its domain of applicability. In particular, any experimentally testable implication of a theory should be verified. If an experiment ever shows an implication of a theory to be false, then the theory is either thrown out or modified suitably (for example, by limiting its domain of applicability).

A '''law''' uses concise language to describe a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments. Often, a law can be expressed in the form of a single mathematical equation. Laws and theories are similar in that they are both scientific statements that result from a tested hypothesis and are supported by scientific evidence. However, the designation ''law'' is usually reserved for a concise and very general statement that describes phenomena in nature, such as the law that energy is conserved during any process, or Newton’s second law of motion, which relates force (''F''), mass (''m''), and acceleration (''a'') by the simple equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = ma&lt;/math&gt;. A theory, in contrast, is a less concise statement of observed behavior. For example, the theory of evolution and the theory of relativity cannot be expressed concisely enough to be considered laws. The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. A law describes a single action whereas a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena. Less broadly applicable statements are usually called principles (such as Pascal’s principle, which is applicable only in fluids), but the distinction between laws and principles often is not made carefully.

The models, theories, and laws we devise sometimes imply the existence of objects or phenomena that are as yet unobserved. These predictions are remarkable triumphs and tributes to the power of science. It is the underlying order in the universe that enables scientists to make such spectacular predictions. However, if experimentation does not verify our predictions, then the theory or law is wrong, no matter how elegant or convenient it is. Laws can never be known with absolute certainty because it is impossible to perform every imaginable experiment to confirm a law for every possible scenario. Physicists operate under the assumption that all scientific laws and theories are valid until a counterexample is observed. If a good-quality, verifiable experiment contradicts a well-established law or theory, then the law or theory must be modified or overthrown completely.

The study of science in general, and physics in particular, is an adventure much like the exploration of an uncharted ocean. Discoveries are made; models, theories, and laws are formulated; and the beauty of the physical universe is made more sublime for the insights gained.

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    <title>University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/Unit Conversion</title>
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      <text bytes="6672" sha1="rakwfxcy95l85qcmgoymag2n4yym7f1" xml:space="preserve">== Learning Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
* Use conversion factors to express the value of a given quantity in different units.

It is often necessary to convert from one unit to another. For example, if you are reading a European cookbook, some quantities may be expressed in units of liters and you need to convert them to cups. Or perhaps you are reading walking directions from one location to another and you are interested in how many miles you will be walking. In this case, you may need to convert units of feet or meters to miles.

Let’s consider a simple example of how to convert units. Suppose we want to convert 80 m to kilometers. The first thing to do is to list the units you have and the units to which you want to convert. In this case, we have units in meters and we want to convert to kilometers. Next, we need to determine a conversion factor relating meters to kilometers. A conversion factor is a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit. For example, there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;12 in.&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 ft,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,609 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 mi,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;100 cm&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 m,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;60 s&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 min,&lt;/span&gt; and so on. Refer to Appendix B for a more complete list of conversion factors. In this case, we know that there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,000 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 km.&lt;/span&gt; Now we can set up our unit conversion. We write the units we have and then multiply them by the conversion factor so the units cancel out, as shown:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80\ \cancel{\text{m}} \times \frac{1 \text{ km}}{1000\ \cancel{\text{m}}} = 0.080 \text{ km.}&lt;/math&gt;

Note that the unwanted meter unit cancels, leaving only the desired kilometer unit. You can use this method to convert between any type of unit. Now, the conversion of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;80 m&lt;/span&gt; to kilometers is simply the use of a metric prefix, as we saw in the preceding section, so we can get the same answer just as easily by noting that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80 \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{1} \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{-2} \text{ km} = 0.080 \text{ km,}&lt;/math&gt;

since “kilo-” means 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (see Table 1.2) and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 = -2 + 3&lt;/math&gt;. However, using conversion factors is handy when converting between units that are not metric or when converting between derived units, as the following examples illustrate.

{{TextBox|
'''EXAMPLE 1.2'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
'''Converting Nonmetric Units to Metric'''
&lt;br /&gt;
The distance from the university to home is 10 mi and it usually takes 20 min to drive this distance. Calculate the average speed in meters per second (m/s). (''Note:'' Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel.)
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Strategy'''
&lt;br /&gt;
First we calculate the average speed using the given units, then we can get the average speed into the desired units by picking the correct conversion factors and multiplying by them. The correct conversion factors are those that cancel the unwanted units and leave the desired units in their place. In this case, we want to convert miles to meters, so we need to know the fact that there are 1,609 m in 1 mi. We also want to convert minutes to seconds, so we use the conversion of 60 s in 1 min.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Solution'''
&lt;br /&gt;
# Calculate average speed. Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel. (Take this definition as a given for now. Average speed and other motion concepts are covered in later chapters.) In equation form,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\text{Average speed} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}} \text{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Substitute the given values for distance and time:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\text{Average speed} = \frac{10 \text{ mi}}{20 \text{ min}} = 0.50\ \frac{\text{mi}}{\text{min}} \text{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Convert miles per minute to meters per second by multiplying by the conversion factor that cancels miles and leave meters, and also by the conversion factor that cancels minutes and leave seconds:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White} 0.50\ \frac{\cancel{\text{mile}}}{\cancel{\text{min}}} \times \frac{1609 \text{ m}}{1\ \cancel{\text{mile}}} \times \frac{1\ \cancel{\text{min}}}{60 \text{ s}} = \frac{(0.50)(1609)}{60} \text{ m/s} = 13 \text{ m/s.}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Significance'''
&lt;br /&gt;
Check the answer in the following ways:
&lt;br /&gt;
# Be sure the units in the unit conversion cancel correctly. If the unit conversion factor was written upside down, the units do not cancel correctly in the equation. We see the “miles” in the numerator in 0.50 mi/min cancels the “mile” in the denominator in the first conversion factor. Also, the “min” in the denominator in 0.50 mi/min cancels the “min” in the numerator in the second conversion factor.
# Check that the units of the final answer are the desired units. The problem asked us to solve for average speed in units of meters per second and, after the cancellations, the only units left are a meter (m) in the numerator and a second (s) in the denominator, so we have indeed obtained these units.
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{{TextBox|
'''CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 1.2'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
Light travels about 9 Pm in a year. Given that a year is about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s, what is the speed of light in meters per second?
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{{TextBox|
'''EXAMPLE 1.3'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
'''Converting Between Metric Units'''
&lt;br /&gt;
The density of iron is 7.86 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; under standard conditions. Convert this to kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Strategy'''
&lt;br /&gt;
We need to convert grams to kilograms and cubic centimeters to cubic meters. The conversion factors we need are &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;{\color{White}1 \text{ kg} = 10^{3} \text{ g}}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;{\color{White}1 \text{ cm} = 10^{-2} \text{ m}}&lt;/math&gt;. However, we are dealing with cubic centimeters &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\left(\text{cm}^{3} = \text{cm} \times \text{cm} \times \text{cm} \right)}&lt;/math&gt;, so we have to use the second conversion factor three times (that is, we need to cube it). The idea is still to multiply by the conversion factors in such a way that they cancel the units we want to ged rid of and introduce the units we want to keep.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Solution'''
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}7.86}&lt;/math&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Jollof Rice</title>
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      <comment>/* Ingredients */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2939" sha1="geau4a5ky5tu64gn8h6hu7wrjlc27hx" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, missing template, missing/incorrect categories}}

{{recipe
|name=Jollof Rice
|image=Jollof_rice_and_chicken.jpg
|caption=Popular West African rice dish
|region=West Africa
|course=Main dish
|servings=6
|time=1 hour
}}

{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Jollof rice
| Origin = Nigeria
| Yield = 1pot
| Servings = 4
| Time = 1hr 30 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Pot of jollof rice.jpg|300px]]
}}
{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |
[[Cookbook:Techniques|Techniques]]
Jollof rice is a famous West African dish made by cooking rice in a rich tomato-based sauce seasoned with onions, peppers, and spices. Although its exact origins are linked to the Senegambian region, it has become a staple food across many West African countries, with each country having its own variation. Jollof rice is commonly served at parties, weddings, festivals, and family meals, often accompanied by fried plantains, salad, chicken, fish, or beef.
== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient !! Count !! Volume !! Weight
|-
| [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rice Rice]] || – || 4 cups || 800 g
|-
| [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Tomato Tomatoes]] || 6 || – || –
|-
| Tomato paste || – || 3 tbsp || 45 g
|-
| Red bell peppers || 2 || – || –
|-
| Hot peppers || 1–2 || – || –
|-
| [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Onion Onions]] || 2 || – || –
|-
| [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Vegetable_Oil Vegetable oil]] || – || ½ cup || –
|-
| Seasoning cubes || 2 || – || –
|-
| [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Salt Salt]] || – || 1 tsp || –
|-
| [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Chicken_Stock Chicken stock]] || – || 4 cups || –
|-
| [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Curry_Powder Curry powder]] || – || 1 tsp || –
|-
| [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Thyme Thyme]] || – || 1 tsp || –
|}

== Procedure ==

# Wash the rice thoroughly and set aside.
# Blend the tomatoes, peppers, and one onion until smooth.
# Heat the vegetable oil in a large pot.
# Chop the remaining onion and fry until softened.
# Add the tomato paste and cook for 2 minutes.
# Add the blended tomato mixture and cook until the sauce thickens.
# Season the sauce with seasoning cubes, curry powder, thyme, and salt.
# Pour in the chicken stock and bring to a boil.
# Add the rice and stir to combine.
# Cover the pot and cook over low heat until the rice is tender and the liquid has been absorbed.
# If necessary, add a small amount of water during cooking.
# Fluff the rice with a fork and serve hot.

== Notes ==
Jollof rice is commonly served during parties and celebrations in West Africa.
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Rice dishes]]
[[Category:West African cuisine]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:10kdollz</title>
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        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
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      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="3326" sha1="mqhnmddl6by4q9nfzc840gt5relvhyc" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
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| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
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—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:48, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::pls I'd be happy if you'd clarify me on what to fix [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 01:14, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] Overall, please use the following pages for guidance on the Cookbook's requirements:
:::* [[Cookbook:Policy]]
:::* [[Cookbook:Manual of Style]]
:::* [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]
:::I have written the issues with each of your recipes at the top of the recipe pages. For additional reference, an example of a complete recipe is [[Cookbook:Dibi (Senegalese Grilled Meat)]]. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 10:34, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::::thank you [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 22:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] your latest recipes still have many of the same issues as before, and you have not corrected the previous recipes. Please do not add new recipes until you have corrected the ones you have already added. Failure to engage in constructive editing here will result in restriction of your ability to create pages. Let me know if you have questions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:38, 2 June 2026 (UTC)
::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Abacha.......I made some corrections now help me check if I still need make more changes [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 08:48, 3 June 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Thank you—this is a good improvement! There are still a few more changes needed:
:::::::* Linking the ingredients in the ingredients list to the appropriate Cookbook ingredient page
:::::::* Adding all the categories that correspond to the recipe
:::::::Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mqhnmddl6by4q9nfzc840gt5relvhyc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638764</id>
      <parentid>4638749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T17:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4638764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3499" sha1="igjwnh16rt9e274fjzrcpgj4i9jogy1" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
| small = 
| smallimage = 
| smallimageright = 
| smalltext  = 
}}

 
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:48, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::pls I'd be happy if you'd clarify me on what to fix [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 01:14, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] Overall, please use the following pages for guidance on the Cookbook's requirements:
:::* [[Cookbook:Policy]]
:::* [[Cookbook:Manual of Style]]
:::* [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]
:::I have written the issues with each of your recipes at the top of the recipe pages. For additional reference, an example of a complete recipe is [[Cookbook:Dibi (Senegalese Grilled Meat)]]. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 10:34, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::::thank you [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 22:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] your latest recipes still have many of the same issues as before, and you have not corrected the previous recipes. Please do not add new recipes until you have corrected the ones you have already added. Failure to engage in constructive editing here will result in restriction of your ability to create pages. Let me know if you have questions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:38, 2 June 2026 (UTC)
::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Abacha.......I made some corrections now help me check if I still need make more changes [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 08:48, 3 June 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Thank you—this is a good improvement! There are still a few more changes needed:
:::::::* Linking the ingredients in the ingredients list to the appropriate Cookbook ingredient page
:::::::* Adding all the categories that correspond to the recipe
:::::::Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC)
::::::::okay
::::::::Thanks a whole lot [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 17:23, 3 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Abacha</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638747</id>
      <parentid>4638715</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:28:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2735" sha1="96d7ry7qdotv4tyiw7r8r9rplhjcfji" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, &lt;s&gt;missing quantities&lt;/s&gt;, missing templates, missing/incorrect categories, &lt;s&gt;broken links&lt;/s&gt;}}{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Abacha
| Origin = Southeastern Nigeria
| Yield = One bowl
| Servings = 5
| Time = 30 minutes
| Difficulty = 1
| Image = [[File:Native Eastern Nigeria African Salad (cropped).JPG|300px]]
}}

{{recipe
|title=Abacha
|image=
|caption=Traditional Igbo African salad made from cassava
|servings=6
|time=30 minutes
|difficulty=2
|course=Snack
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}
'''Abacha''' is a traditional Igbo dish from southeastern Nigeria made from dried shredded cassava. Popularly known as African salad, it is widely consumed as a snack, side dish, or light meal. The dish is especially common in the states of Abia, Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo, and is often served during social gatherings and cultural events.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| Abacha (dried shredded cassava)
| –
| 4 cups
| 400 g
|-
| Palm oil
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| Potash (akanwu)
| –
| 1 tsp
| –
|-
| Ground crayfish
| –
| 2 tbsp
| 15 g
|-
| Ugba (oil bean seeds)
| –
| 1 cup
| 150 g
|-
| Garden eggs
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| Pepper
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| Salt
| –
| 1 tsp
| –
|-
| Seasoning cubes
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| Utazi leaves
| –
| 2 tbsp, sliced
| –
|-
| Fish or stockfish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| 150 g
|}

== Procedure ==

# Soak the abacha in warm water for 5–10 minutes, or until softened.
# Drain the abacha thoroughly and set aside.
# Dissolve the potash in a small quantity of water and strain to remove any sediment.
# Pour the palm oil into a mixing bowl. Gradually add the strained potash solution while stirring continuously until the oil thickens and turns yellow.
# Add the ground crayfish, pepper, salt, and crushed seasoning cubes. Mix well to form a smooth sauce.
# Add the softened abacha to the sauce and stir until evenly coated.
# Add the ugba, sliced garden eggs, and sliced utazi leaves. Mix thoroughly.
# Add the fish or stockfish, if using, and stir gently to combine.
# Adjust the seasoning to taste.
# Serve immediately as a main dish or side dish.
== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Abacha is best served fresh after preparation, as it can become dry if left for too long.
* It can be garnished with fish, stockfish, or assorted meat depending on preference.
* Some variations include the addition of sliced onions, fresh tomatoes, or ugba for extra flavour.
* Ugba (oil bean seeds) adds a distinctive taste and texture to the dish and is commonly used in Igbo-style preparation.
* The level of pepper can be adjusted depending on taste preference.
[[Category:African recipes]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638748</id>
      <parentid>4638747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:30:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2742" sha1="9qv0gqn09a4qccjsldgswzv25rzggu4" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, &lt;s&gt;missing quantities&lt;/s&gt;, &lt;s&gt;missing templates,&lt;/s&gt; missing/incorrect categories, &lt;s&gt;broken links&lt;/s&gt;}}{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Abacha
| Origin = Southeastern Nigeria
| Yield = One bowl
| Servings = 5
| Time = 30 minutes
| Difficulty = 1
| Image = [[File:Native Eastern Nigeria African Salad (cropped).JPG|300px]]
}}

{{recipe
|title=Abacha
|image=
|caption=Traditional Igbo African salad made from cassava
|servings=6
|time=30 minutes
|difficulty=2
|course=Snack
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}
'''Abacha''' is a traditional Igbo dish from southeastern Nigeria made from dried shredded cassava. Popularly known as African salad, it is widely consumed as a snack, side dish, or light meal. The dish is especially common in the states of Abia, Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo, and is often served during social gatherings and cultural events.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| Abacha (dried shredded cassava)
| –
| 4 cups
| 400 g
|-
| Palm oil
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| Potash (akanwu)
| –
| 1 tsp
| –
|-
| Ground crayfish
| –
| 2 tbsp
| 15 g
|-
| Ugba (oil bean seeds)
| –
| 1 cup
| 150 g
|-
| Garden eggs
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| Pepper
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| Salt
| –
| 1 tsp
| –
|-
| Seasoning cubes
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| Utazi leaves
| –
| 2 tbsp, sliced
| –
|-
| Fish or stockfish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| 150 g
|}

== Procedure ==

# Soak the abacha in warm water for 5–10 minutes, or until softened.
# Drain the abacha thoroughly and set aside.
# Dissolve the potash in a small quantity of water and strain to remove any sediment.
# Pour the palm oil into a mixing bowl. Gradually add the strained potash solution while stirring continuously until the oil thickens and turns yellow.
# Add the ground crayfish, pepper, salt, and crushed seasoning cubes. Mix well to form a smooth sauce.
# Add the softened abacha to the sauce and stir until evenly coated.
# Add the ugba, sliced garden eggs, and sliced utazi leaves. Mix thoroughly.
# Add the fish or stockfish, if using, and stir gently to combine.
# Adjust the seasoning to taste.
# Serve immediately as a main dish or side dish.
== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Abacha is best served fresh after preparation, as it can become dry if left for too long.
* It can be garnished with fish, stockfish, or assorted meat depending on preference.
* Some variations include the addition of sliced onions, fresh tomatoes, or ugba for extra flavour.
* Ugba (oil bean seeds) adds a distinctive taste and texture to the dish and is commonly used in Igbo-style preparation.
* The level of pepper can be adjusted depending on taste preference.
[[Category:African recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>9qv0gqn09a4qccjsldgswzv25rzggu4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Editan Soup</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638736</id>
      <parentid>4638643</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:17:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>still incomplete</comment>
      <origin>4638736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2439" sha1="30vbnb0m1ogul4mnruo4z253bal9lxv" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, missing templates, missing/incorrect categories}}

{{recipe}}

'''Editan Soup''' is a traditional vegetable soup of the Efik people and Ibibio people of Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State in Southern Nigeria. It is prepared using [[Cookbook:Editan|Editan]] leaves, a leafy vegetable known for its natural bitterness, which is carefully processed before cooking to reduce its taste.

The soup has a slightly bitter flavour. It is commonly eaten with swallows such as fufu, eba, or pounded yam.

== Ingredients ==
=== Main ingredients ===
* Fresh Editan leaves  
* [[Cookbook:Waterleaf|Waterleaf]] (optional)  
* Palm oil  
* Assorted [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] (beef, goat meat, shaki, kpomo)  
* Dried fish  
* [[Cookbook:Stockfish|Stockfish]]
* Periwinkles (optional)

=== Seasoning ingredients ===
* Ground [[Cookbook:crayfish|crayfish]]
* Fresh or dried [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
* Seasoning cubes  
* Salt (to taste)  
* [[Cookbook:Onion|Onion]] (optional)

==Equipment==
* Cooking pot
* Stove or cooking burner
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Mortar and pestle (optional)
* Blender or grinding machine (optional)
* Bowl for washing ingredients
* Sieve  

== Procedure ==
The most important step is reducing the bitterness of the leaves.
* Wash and slice the [[Cookbook:Editan|Editan]] leaves finely.  
* Rub with salt or soak in warm water.  
* Squeeze and rinse repeatedly until bitterness reduces.  
* Drain properly before cooking.  
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Boil until it is properly cooked.  
* Add stockfish and dried fish and cook until it softened.  
* Add palm oil to the cooked meat stock.  
* Stir and allow it to blend properly.  
* Add crayfish, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Add [[Cookbook:Waterleaf|waterleaf]] (if used) and cook briefly.  
* Add the prepared Editan leaves.  
* Stir and allow to simmer for 10–15 minutes.  
* Taste and adjust salt or seasoning.  
* Allow the soup to cook until well combined.  

== Serving ==
Editan Soup is traditionally served hot with:
* [[Cookbook:Swallow|Fufu]]
* [[Cookbook:Eba (Cassava Flake Swallow)|Eba]]
* [[Cookbook:Pounded Yam|Pounded yam]]
* [[Cookbook:Semo (Nigerian Cooked Semolina)|Semovita]]

[[Category:Efik recipes ]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:recipes]]
[[Category:Easy recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>30vbnb0m1ogul4mnruo4z253bal9lxv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Ukwa</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638721</id>
      <parentid>4638343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T12:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JerryAkpan5001</username>
        <id>3509364</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Enhanced the overall quality of the article.</comment>
      <origin>4638721</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1966" sha1="2lvurcubcbm69b3cyxv8lrpkqr6gw7w" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing quantities, missing appropriate linking, missing recipe summary template, missing/incorrect categories}}

{{recipe
|title=Ukwa
|image=
|caption=Traditional African breadfruit dish
|servings=6
|time=1 hour
|difficulty=2
|course=Main course
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}

'''Ukwa''' is a traditional Igbo meal prepared from African breadfruit seeds. It may be cooked plain or enriched with palm oil and seasonings. Ukwa is commonly cooked with potash, bitter leaf, dry fish, pepper, and spices. It is considered a good source of vitamins and minerals, especially protein. 

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups African breadfruit seeds
* 2 medium pieces of dry fish
* 2 small stock cubes
* 7g edible potash
* Palm oil (sufficient for coloring)
* Pepper and Salt (to taste)
* Seasoning cubes
* 5-6 fresh bitter leaves
* Water

== Procedure ==
1. Wash the African breadfruit seeds thoroughly and place them in a sizable pot.

2. Pour in enough water to fully cover the seeds.

3. Add the edible potash along with the dry fish (or stockfish, if available). Cover the pot.

4. Boil the mixture for about 30 to 45 minutes until the seeds become soft.

5. Stir in the palm oil and seasonings.

6. Continue cooking on medium heat until the palm oil changes color from red to yellow, which should take about five minutes.

7. Add the chopped bitter leaves to the pot.

8. Cover and let it simmer until the leaves wilt but remain green, indicating that the Ukwa is ready to serve.

9. Serve hot.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* Additional dry fish can be included for added flavor.
* Some recipes may also incorporate yams or maize. 
 The prepared dish can be stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator for a few days. To reheat, gently warm it in a pot over low heat or in the microwave, adding a splash of water if needed to prevent it from drying out.
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>2lvurcubcbm69b3cyxv8lrpkqr6gw7w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638722</id>
      <parentid>4638721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T12:22:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JerryAkpan5001</username>
        <id>3509364</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed a wrong category</comment>
      <origin>4638722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1940" sha1="q4y1c7zitflthf6tb9ugb6jtmukyxhw" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing quantities, missing appropriate linking, missing recipe summary template, missing/incorrect categories}}

{{recipe
|title=Ukwa
|image=
|caption=Traditional African breadfruit dish
|servings=6
|time=1 hour
|difficulty=2
|course=Main course
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}

'''Ukwa''' is a traditional Igbo meal prepared from African breadfruit seeds. It may be cooked plain or enriched with palm oil and seasonings. Ukwa is commonly cooked with potash, bitter leaf, dry fish, pepper, and spices. It is considered a good source of vitamins and minerals, especially protein. 

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups African breadfruit seeds
* 2 medium pieces of dry fish
* 2 small stock cubes
* 7g edible potash
* Palm oil (sufficient for coloring)
* Pepper and Salt (to taste)
* Seasoning cubes
* 5-6 fresh bitter leaves
* Water

== Procedure ==
1. Wash the African breadfruit seeds thoroughly and place them in a sizable pot.

2. Pour in enough water to fully cover the seeds.

3. Add the edible potash along with the dry fish (or stockfish, if available). Cover the pot.

4. Boil the mixture for about 30 to 45 minutes until the seeds become soft.

5. Stir in the palm oil and seasonings.

6. Continue cooking on medium heat until the palm oil changes color from red to yellow, which should take about five minutes.

7. Add the chopped bitter leaves to the pot.

8. Cover and let it simmer until the leaves wilt but remain green, indicating that the Ukwa is ready to serve.

9. Serve hot.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* Additional dry fish can be included for added flavor.
* Some recipes may also incorporate yams or maize. 
 The prepared dish can be stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator for a few days. To reheat, gently warm it in a pot over low heat or in the microwave, adding a splash of water if needed to prevent it from drying out.
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:African cuisines]]</text>
      <sha1>q4y1c7zitflthf6tb9ugb6jtmukyxhw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Phina001/Banga stew</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>483710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638735</id>
      <parentid>4638652</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:15:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>still incomplete</comment>
      <origin>4638735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2003" sha1="b7ibd9xmcd2k8lwp0h4vohrlhop3371" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe summary
| name = Ekpang Nkukwo
| Category = Nigerian recipes 
| Servings = 4–6 people
| Cooking time: 1–2 hours
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing quantities, headers don't match recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, incorrect procedure formatting, procedure doesn't match ingredients (e.g. fresh palm fruits in recipe vs extract in ingredients), onion missing instructions and not in procedure}}
{{recipe}}

'''Banga Stew''' is a traditional Nigerian dish widely eaten in the Niger Deta region, especially among the Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, and Edo peoples. It is prepared using fresh palm fruit extract,which gives it a rich, thick texture and deep flavour

The dish is commonly served with rice  and is known for itsstrong aroma and spicy taste.

== Ingredients ==
*Fresh plam fruits
* Fresh palm fruit extract (Banga base)  
* Assorted meat (beef, goat meat
* Fresh or dried fish  
* Stockfish  
* Banga spice mix (local spice blend)  
* Oburunbebe stick (traditional flavouring stick)  
* Ground crayfish  
* Fresh pepper  
* Onion (optional)  
* Salt (to taste)  

== Preparation ==
* Boil fresh palm fruits until soft.  
* Pound to separate pulp from seeds.  
* Wash and sieve with warm water to extract thick palm juice.  
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes, [[Cookbook:onions|onions]].  
* Boil until it softs.  
* Add [[Cookbook:stockfish|stockfish]] and dried fish and cook until soft.  
* Pour palm fruit extract into the pot of meat stock.  
* Allow it to boil and thicken.  
* Add ground crayfish and pepper.  
* Add Banga spice mix and Oburunbebe stick.  
* Stir gently and allow flavours to infuse.  
* Simmer until the stew becomes thick and aromatic.  
* Adjust salt and seasoning if needed.  

== Serving ==
Banga Stew is traditionally served with:
* White [[Cookbook:rice|rice]](most common)    
* Starch (popular in Delta State)  

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>b7ibd9xmcd2k8lwp0h4vohrlhop3371</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-32443-05</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>483718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638812</id>
      <parentid>4638357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T22:14:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4638812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2887" sha1="se5gu6s8zhybiefbnxug51q5tzlbazu" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Wonderful Names for Boys: Compton]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encyclopedic articles belong at [[w:|Wikipedia]]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Wonderful Names for Boys: Compton|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
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Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:2001 US Daylight saving time segment]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encyclopedic articles belong at [[w:|Wikipedia]]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:2001 US Daylight saving time segment|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:14, 3 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Kachumbari</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
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{{recipesummary|category=Salad recipes|servings=4|time=15 minutes|difficulty=2}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}}
{{recipe}} [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Uganda|Uganda]] |[[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|India]]| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania|Tanzania]] | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat]] | [[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]

= Kachumbari =

'''Kachumbari''' is a fresh East African salad made primarily from tomatoes and [[Cookbook:onions|onions]]. It is widely eaten in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and other parts of the African Great Lakes region. Kachumbari is commonly served as a side dish with pilau, biryani, nyama choma (grilled meat), [[Cookbook:fish|fish]], and other traditional meals. The name is believed to be derived from the Indian salad known as ''kachumber'', reflecting historical cultural influences along the Swahili Coast.

== Ingredients ==

* 4 large ripe [[Cookbook:Tomatoes with Cheese Stuffing|tomatoes]], diced
* 1 large red onion, thinly sliced
* 1 [[Cookbook:cucumber|cucumber]], diced (optional)
* 1–2 fresh green chilies, finely chopped (optional)
* 2  tablespoons fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped
* Juice of 1 [[Cookbook:lemon|lemon]] or lime
* ½ tablespoons salt
* ¼ tablespoons black [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]] (optional)

== Procedure ==

# Wash all [[Cookbook:vegetables|vegetables]] thoroughly.
# Dice the tomatoes into small pieces.
# Thinly slice the onion.
# If using cucumber, peel and dice it.
# Finely chop the chilies and coriander.
# Place all ingredients into a mixing bowl.
# Add the lemon or lime juice.
# Season with salt and black pepper.
# Toss gently until well combined.
# Allow the salad to rest for 5–10 minutes before serving.
# Serve fresh.

== Serving ==

Kachumbari is traditionally served with:

* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:Biryani]]
* Nyama choma (grilled meat)
* Grilled fish
* Ugali
* Chapati

== Variations ==

* Avocado kachumbari
* Cucumber kachumbari
* Mango kachumbari
* Kachumbari with bell peppers
* Spicy kachumbari with extra chilies

== Tips ==

* Use ripe but firm tomatoes for the best texture.
* Soaking sliced onions in cold water for a few minutes reduces their sharpness.
* Prepare kachumbari shortly before serving to keep it fresh and crisp.
* Fresh lemon or lime juice gives a brighter flavor than bottled juice.
* For extra richness, add diced avocado just before serving.
* Do not refrigerate for long periods, as the tomatoes may become watery.

== Notes ==

* Kachumbari is similar to pico de gallo and Indian kachumber, although regional ingredients and preparation methods vary.
* The salad is usually served immediately after preparation to maintain freshness.
== See also ==

* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:Biryani]]
* [[Cookbook:Ugali]]
* [[Cookbook:Chapati]]

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Indian recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegetarian recipes]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Supu Ya Ndizi</title>
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      <text bytes="4210" sha1="1g7hlvimrg8ppxgc9htlxgj8u77upwa" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Soup recipes
| Servings = 6
| Time = 45 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}}
{{Recipe}} {{recipe}}| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania|Tanzania|]]

'''Supu Ya Ndizi''' is a traditional East African soup made with green cooking bananas, [[Cookbook:vegetables|vegetables]], and [[Cookbook:spices|spices]]. It is especially popular in Tanzania and among communities along the East African coast. The soup is valued for its rich flavor, nourishing qualities, and versatility. Depending on local preferences, it may be prepared with [[Cookbook:meat|meat]], [[Cookbook:fish|fish]], or as a vegetarian dish. It is commonly served as a main meal or as an accompaniment to bread and other side dishes.

== Ingredients ==

* 6 green cooking bananas, peeled and sliced
* 500 g beef, chicken, or fish (optional)
* 1 large [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], chopped
* 2 tomatoes, diced
* 2 cloves [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], minced
* 1 tsp fresh ginger, grated
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]]
* 5 cups water or stock
* 1 carrot, diced
* 1 [[Cookbook:potato|potato]], diced (optional)
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:Curry Powder|curry powder]]
* Salt, to taste
* Black [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]], to taste
* Fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped, for garnish

== Procedure ==

# Peel and slice the green bananas into medium-sized pieces.
# If using meat, cook it in a pot with water until tender and reserve the stock.
# Heat the oil in a large pot over medium heat.
# Add the onion and cook until soft and translucent.
# Stir in the garlic and ginger and cook for 1 minute.
# Add the tomatoes and cook until softened.
# Stir in the curry powder.
# Add the bananas, carrot, and potato.
# Pour in the stock or water and bring to a boil.
# Reduce the heat and simmer for 30–40 minutes, or until the bananas are very soft.
# Add the cooked meat or fish if using.
# Season with salt and black pepper.
# Mash some of the bananas with a spoon to thicken the soup, if desired.
# Simmer for an additional 5 minutes.
# Garnish with fresh coriander and serve hot.

== Serving ==

Supu Ya Ndizi may be served with:

* [[Cookbook:Bread|Bread]]
* [[Cookbook:Chapati|Chapati]]
* [[Cookbook:Rice|Rice]]
* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:salad|Fresh salad]]

== Variations ==

* Vegetarian Supu Ya Ndizi
* Chicken banana soup
* [[Cookbook:Fish|Fish]] [[Cookbook:banana|banana]] soup
* Coconut milk banana [[Cookbook:soup|soup]]
* Spicy banana soup with chili peppers

== Tips ==

* Use green cooking bananas rather than ripe bananas for the best texture.
* Homemade stock provides a richer flavor than plain water.
* For a creamier soup, add 1 cup of coconut milk during the final 10 minutes of cooking.
* Mash part of the bananas to naturally thicken the soup.
* Fresh coriander adds color and enhances the flavor.

== Notes ==

* Green bananas are a staple ingredient in many East African cuisines.
* The soup can be prepared as a vegetarian dish by omitting meat and using vegetable stock.
* The consistency may be adjusted by adding more stock or water as needed.

== See also ==

* Pilau
* [[Cookbook:Kachumbari]]
* [[Cookbook:Chapati]]
* [[Cookbook:Ugali]]

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]</text>
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&lt;?xsltforms-options debug=&quot;no&quot;?&gt;
&lt;html xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;
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    &lt;!-- Doesn't seem to accept xpath expressions? --&gt;
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    <title>Film History/Hand Tinting of Films</title>
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      <text bytes="6386" sha1="q15xve380qs9ug91ctb5by4r2o59c2v" xml:space="preserve">The '''hand-tinting of black-and-white films''' is an old film-coloring technique that was used before color film was invented. In this process, each frame of a black-and-white film was colored by hand using transparent dyes, inks, or paints. This allowed filmmakers to add color while keeping the original image visible.

Hand-tinting was one of the first ways to add color to motion pictures. In the late 1890s and early 1900s, many people enjoyed colored films because they looked more exciting and realistic than ordinary black-and-white films. The technique was especially popular in fantasy films, dance films, fairy tales, travel films, and scenes with fire, magic, or colorful costumes.

Because every frame had to be painted by hand, hand-tinting required a lot of time, patience, and skill. Many film companies hired teams of artists to do this work. Since the coloring was done by hand, each colored film print was slightly different. Today, surviving hand-tinted films are important examples of early film art.

== Purpose of hand-tinting ==

The main purpose of hand-tinting was to make films more attractive and interesting for audiences. Filmmakers discovered that color could help create different moods, highlight important details, and make special effects look more impressive.

Hand-tinting was often used to:

* Color costumes and dresses.
* Highlight fire, explosions, and fireworks.
* Add blue to water and skies.
* Color flowers, trees, and landscapes.
* Show magical effects.
* Make fantasy and historical scenes look more realistic.
* Make films more attractive to audiences.

Bright colors also helped viewers follow the action more easily.

== How hand-tinting works ==

Hand-tinting means painting color directly onto the frames of a black-and-white film. Unlike modern digital colorization, every frame must be colored separately.

A motion picture is made up of many still images shown very quickly. Even a short film can contain thousands of frames. Because of this, hand-tinting was one of the most time-consuming jobs in early filmmaking.

Artists usually used transparent colors so the original picture could still be seen underneath. They often followed color guides to make sure the same objects had the same colors throughout the film.

== Materials ==

Common materials used for hand-tinting include:

* Black-and-white film print
* Transparent dyes
* Film-safe paints
* Small paintbrushes
* Light table or lamp
* Cotton gloves
* Magnifying glass
* Drying racks
* Color reference guides

== Steps ==

# Place the film on a clean, flat surface with good lighting.
# Check the film for dust or damage.
# Choose colors for different parts of the image.
# Test the colors if needed.
# Carefully paint the first frame.
# Allow the paint to dry.
# Repeat the process for the next frames.
# Compare frames to keep the colors consistent.
# Check the finished film for mistakes.
# Store the film safely.

== Challenges ==

Hand-tinting was not easy.

The biggest challenge was the amount of work required. Since films contain thousands of frames, coloring even a short film could take many days or weeks.

Another challenge was keeping the colors consistent. Small differences between frames could make the colors appear to flicker when the film was shown.

Early film stock was also fragile. Too much moisture or the wrong type of paint could damage the film.

== Advantages ==

* Makes black-and-white films more colorful and interesting.
* Highlights important characters and objects.
* Improves fantasy and special-effect scenes.
* Helps create mood and atmosphere.
* Gives films a unique artistic appearance.
* Was one of the first methods of adding color to motion pictures.

== Disadvantages ==

* Takes a very long time.
* Can be expensive.
* Requires skilled workers.
* Difficult to keep colors consistent.
* Mistakes can be hard to fix.
* May damage film if the wrong materials are used.

== History ==

Hand-tinting appeared during the early years of cinema in the late nineteenth century. At that time, all films were made in black and white, so filmmakers looked for ways to add color.

The technique became popular in the 1890s and remained common during the early 1900s. Many film companies employed teams of artists whose job was to color film frames by hand.

One famous example is '''Annabelle Serpentine Dance'''. These short films showed dancer Annabelle Moore performing with large flowing fabric. Artists often colored the moving fabric with bright shades of red, yellow, blue, green, and pink. The changing colors created a beautiful effect that amazed audiences.

Another famous example is ''A Trip to the Moon'' (1902), directed by Georges Méliès. Hand-colored versions of the film show the large amount of work needed to color every frame. The bright colors helped create the magical and dreamlike look of the film.

Many fantasy films, fairy tales, trick films, historical dramas, and travel films were hand-tinted during this period.

Later, new methods such as stencil coloring, tinting, toning, and color film replaced hand-tinting because they were faster and cheaper.

== Preservation and restoration ==

Many hand-tinted films have been lost because early film stock was fragile and highly flammable. Colors could fade and film could become damaged over time.

Today, film archives and museums work to preserve surviving hand-colored films. Modern technology allows historians to study the original colors and restore damaged films.

These restored films help people understand how colorful early cinema could be before modern color film existed.

== Legacy ==

Hand-tinting is an important part of film history. It showed that audiences wanted color long before modern color film became available.

Today, surviving hand-tinted films are valued both as historical records and as works of art. Their handmade appearance gives them a special look that is different from modern color films and digital colorization.

== See also ==

* [[wikipedia:Film colorization|Film colorization]]
* [[wikipedia:Silent film|Silent film]]
* [[wikipedia:History of film|History of film]]
* [[wikipedia:Tinting (film)|Film tinting]]
* [[wikipedia:Toning (film)|Film toning]]
* [[wikipedia:Georges Méliès|Georges Méliès]]
* [[wikipedia:Annabelle Moore|Annabelle Moore]]
* [[wikipedia:A Trip to the Moon|A Trip to the Moon]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Film History/Hand Coloring of Films</title>
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      <text bytes="6423" sha1="2dkslmvo4n2n6j3v96lnqxl5sji3eu3" xml:space="preserve">The '''hand coloring of black-and-white films''' is an old way of adding color to movies. It was used before color film was invented. In this process, artists painted each frame (individual picture) of a black-and-white film by hand. They used clear dyes, inks, or paints so people could see the movie underneath the color.

This was one of the very first ways to add color to movies. In the late 1890s and early 1900s, people loved colored movies. They thought these films were more exciting and looked more real than plain black-and-white ones. Filmmakers used hand coloring a lot for dance videos, fairy tales, travel videos, and scenes with magic, fire, or bright costumes.

Because every single picture had to be painted by hand, this work took a lot of time, patience, and skill. Movie companies hired large groups of artists to do it. Since it was done by hand, no two copies of the film looked exactly the same. Today, these old films are seen as important pieces of art.

== Purpose of hand coloring ==

The main goal of hand coloring was to make movies look better and more exciting. Filmmakers found that color could change the mood of a scene, show important details, and make special effects look cooler.

Hand coloring was often used to:

* Color clothes and dresses.
* Make fire, explosions, and fireworks stand out.
* Make water and skies look blue.
* Color flowers, trees, and nature scenes.
* Show magical effects.
* Make fantasy and history stories look more real.
* Make movies more fun to watch.

Bright colors also helped viewers understand what was happening in the story.

== How hand coloring works ==

Hand coloring means painting color directly onto each picture frame of a black-and-white film. It is different from modern computer coloring because every single frame must be painted one by one.

A movie is made of many still pictures shown very fast. Even a short movie has thousands of pictures. This made hand coloring one of the longest, hardest jobs in early movie history.

Artists usually used clear paint so the original movie picture showed through. They often used a guide to make sure the same objects kept the same colors throughout the whole movie.

== Materials ==

Here is what artists used for hand coloring:

* Black-and-white film
* Clear dyes
* Safe paints that would not hurt the film
* Small paintbrushes
* A light table or lamp
* Cotton gloves
* A magnifying glass
* Racks for drying the film
* Color guides to follow

== Steps ==

# Put the film on a clean, flat surface with good light.
# Look at the film to make sure it is not dirty or broken.
# Pick the colors for each part of the picture.
# Test the colors first if needed.
# Carefully paint the first picture frame.
# Let the paint dry.
# Do the same thing for the next frames.
# Check back to make sure the colors match from frame to frame.
# Look over the finished film to fix any mistakes.
# Store the film in a safe place.

== Challenges ==

Hand coloring was very difficult.

The biggest problem was the amount of work. Because movies have thousands of pictures, coloring even a short film could take weeks.

It was also hard to keep the colors exactly the same. If the color changed slightly from one picture to the next, the movie would look like it was flickering when played.

Also, early film was easy to break. Too much water or the wrong paint could ruin it.

== Advantages ==

* Made black-and-white movies more colorful and fun to watch.
* Made important characters and items stand out.
* Made magic and special effects look better.
* Helped set the mood of the movie.
* Gave movies a beautiful, unique look.
* Was one of the first ways anyone ever put color into movies.

== Disadvantages ==

* Took a very long time.
* Cost a lot of money.
* Needed highly skilled workers.
* Was hard to keep the colors steady.
* Mistakes were difficult to fix.
* Could ruin the film if the wrong tools were used.

== History ==

Hand coloring started in the late 1800s when movies were brand new. At that time, all movies were black and white, so filmmakers wanted to find ways to add color.

The style became popular in the 1890s and stayed common through the early 1900s. Many movie companies had whole rooms of artists whose only job was to paint film frames.

One famous example is the '''Annabelle Serpentine Dance''' films. These short videos showed a dancer named Annabelle Moore moving with long, flowing sheets of cloth. Artists colored the cloth with bright shades of red, yellow, blue, green, and pink. The changing colors surprised and delighted audiences.

Another famous movie is ''A Trip to the Moon'' (1902), made by Georges Méliès. The hand-colored versions of this movie show how much hard work went into painting every frame. The bright colors made the movie look magical, like a dream.

Many fantasy movies, fairy tales, magic trick movies, and travel videos used hand coloring during this time.

Later, faster and cheaper methods were invented. These included stencil coloring, tinting, toning, and finally, real color film. These new ways replaced hand coloring.

== Preservation and restoration ==

Many hand-colored films are lost forever. Early film was fragile and could catch fire very easily. Colors faded and the film rotted over time.

Today, film museums and archives work hard to save the hand-colored films that are left. Using modern computers, historians can study the original colors and fix damaged films.

These fixed movies help us see how colorful early cinema was, long before modern color film was invented.

== Legacy ==

Hand coloring is a big part of movie history. It proved that audiences wanted color movies long before modern technology was ready.

Today, the surviving films are treated like valuable history and art. Their handmade look gives them a special feeling that you cannot get from modern color movies or computer coloring.

== See also ==

* [[wikipedia:Film colorization|Film colorization]]
* [[wikipedia:Élisabeth and Berthe Thuillier|Élisabeth and Berthe Thuillier]]
* [[wikipedia:Pathéchrome|Pathéchrome (Stencil coloring)]]
* [[wikipedia:Handschiegl Color Process|Handschiegl Color Process]]
* [[wikipedia:Tinting (film)|Film tinting]]
* [[wikipedia:Toning (film)|Film toning]]
* [[wikipedia:Georges Méliès|Georges Méliès]]
* [[wikipedia:Annabelle Moore|Annabelle Moore]]
* [[wikipedia:A Trip to the Moon|A Trip to the Moon]]

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      <text bytes="17556" sha1="aqv1zzwf1xzpd67ku0vmkfvxa6xoerr" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>aqv1zzwf1xzpd67ku0vmkfvxa6xoerr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638769</id>
      <parentid>4638723</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T18:29:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
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      <comment>/* 1.3 Unit Conversions */</comment>
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      <text bytes="20501" sha1="22xqcszvtfe1jtp2rj61szmqn8q3102" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2&amp;pi; radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638770</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.3 Unit Conversions */</comment>
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      <text bytes="21173" sha1="q6vlh0u4myc4ve2rh7d0jjp3051jbo9" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>q6vlh0u4myc4ve2rh7d0jjp3051jbo9</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638773</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-03T18:53:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.4 Dimensional Analysis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="23098" sha1="n5vg9efzdh071gajoz4qom5imd5iois" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>n5vg9efzdh071gajoz4qom5imd5iois</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638774</id>
      <parentid>4638773</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T18:56:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.4 Dimensional Analysis */</comment>
      <origin>4638774</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23328" sha1="n4lq5n0i0ajuetpkpq38hcgptil4e6k" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2}h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi rh&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5bh&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>n4lq5n0i0ajuetpkpq38hcgptil4e6k</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638777</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.4 Dimensional Analysis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="23508" sha1="qq3prszup6dn113l9n51dr6cy7bfb96" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qq3prszup6dn113l9n51dr6cy7bfb96</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638779</id>
      <parentid>4638777</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T19:00:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.4 Dimensional Analysis */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23710" sha1="3fkkzr59ixebp2mkr2fj1zu3efu8rmp" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>3fkkzr59ixebp2mkr2fj1zu3efu8rmp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638794</id>
      <parentid>4638779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:26:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.4 Dimensional Analysis */</comment>
      <origin>4638794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23920" sha1="6swyks2pfjht2guag04zxpyg5hi6zvs" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6swyks2pfjht2guag04zxpyg5hi6zvs</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638795</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:30:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.4 Dimensional Analysis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="24156" sha1="7tnwk55y0ocmd6elabvi9uzhfqj6i5x" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>7tnwk55y0ocmd6elabvi9uzhfqj6i5x</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638801</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:34:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
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      <comment>/* 1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations */</comment>
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      <text bytes="25045" sha1="12cydv8ssnxoxuiajfofr5txd1ftlpz" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>12cydv8ssnxoxuiajfofr5txd1ftlpz</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638803</id>
      <parentid>4638801</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations */</comment>
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      <text bytes="25557" sha1="dmq9qdyvujasp8v4ih34w7frwf2g66b" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>dmq9qdyvujasp8v4ih34w7frwf2g66b</sha1>
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      <id>4638804</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:46:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.6 Significant Figures */</comment>
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      <text bytes="26862" sha1="c1facjh8i4nd7ygtn6l9obv1atcx6yg" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;(c)&lt;br /&gt;(d)&lt;br /&gt;(e)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.&lt;br /&gt;(a)&lt;br /&gt;(b)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>c1facjh8i4nd7ygtn6l9obv1atcx6yg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638805</id>
      <parentid>4638804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T21:08:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.6 Significant Figures */</comment>
      <origin>4638805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28346" sha1="nisrsbqe2i0v8y6fbm33zwkd8row6o2" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats do they have in:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 2.0 years?&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.00 years?&lt;br /&gt;(c) In 2.000 years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(106.7)(98.2)/(46.210)(1.01)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(18.7)^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\left(1.60 \times 10^{-19}\right)(3712)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100.?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?&lt;br /&gt;(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers: significant figures or percent uncertainties?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h, what is the percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h, what is the range of speeds you could be going?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 &amp;pm; 2 mm Hg. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 0.0009&lt;br /&gt;(b) 15,450.0&lt;br /&gt;(c) 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) 87.990&lt;br /&gt;(e) 30.40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;A woman has two bags weighing 13.5 lb and one bag with a weight of 10.2 lb. What is the total weight of the bags?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The force ''F'' on an object is equal to its mass ''m'' multiplied by its acceleration ''a''. If a wagon with mass 55 kg accelerates at a rate of 0.0255 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the force on the wagon? (The unit of force is called the ''newton'', and it is expressed with the symbol N.)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

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      <text bytes="28362" sha1="asrq28302ljow69th87i3qvve90sxrx" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats do they have in:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 2.0 years?&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.00 years?&lt;br /&gt;(c) In 2.000 years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(106.7)(98.2)/(46.210)(1.01)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(18.7)^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\left(1.60 \times 10^{-19}\right)(3712)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100.?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?&lt;br /&gt;(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers: significant figures or percent uncertainties?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h, what is the percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h, what is the range of speeds you could be going?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 &amp;pm; 2 mm Hg. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 0.0009&lt;br /&gt;(b) 15,450.0&lt;br /&gt;(c) 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) 87.990&lt;br /&gt;(e) 30.40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;A woman has two bags weighing 13.5 lb and one bag with a weight of 10.2 lb. What is the total weight of the bags?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The force ''F'' on an object is equal to its mass ''m'' multiplied by its acceleration ''a''. If a wagon with mass 55 kg accelerates at a rate of 0.0255 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the force on the wagon? (The unit of force is called the ''newton'', and it is expressed with the symbol N.)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==

== Challenge Problems ==

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      <text bytes="29389" sha1="4w4bv9u0y6pbxt81jt2vjg3z9rxjz10" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats do they have in:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 2.0 years?&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.00 years?&lt;br /&gt;(c) In 2.000 years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(106.7)(98.2)/(46.210)(1.01)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(18.7)^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\left(1.60 \times 10^{-19}\right)(3712)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100.?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?&lt;br /&gt;(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers: significant figures or percent uncertainties?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h, what is the percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h, what is the range of speeds you could be going?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 &amp;pm; 2 mm Hg. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 0.0009&lt;br /&gt;(b) 15,450.0&lt;br /&gt;(c) 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) 87.990&lt;br /&gt;(e) 30.40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;A woman has two bags weighing 13.5 lb and one bag with a weight of 10.2 lb. What is the total weight of the bags?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The force ''F'' on an object is equal to its mass ''m'' multiplied by its acceleration ''a''. If a wagon with mass 55 kg accelerates at a rate of 0.0255 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the force on the wagon? (The unit of force is called the ''newton'', and it is expressed with the symbol N.)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y = mt + b&lt;/math&gt;, where the dimension of ''y'' is length and the dimension of ''t'' is time, and ''m'' and ''b'' are constants. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''m''&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''b''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = s_{0} + v_{0} t + a_{0} t^{2}/2 + j_{0} t^{3}/6 + S_{0} t^{4}/24 + c t^{5}/120&lt;/math&gt;, where ''s'' is a length and ''t'' is a time. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''s''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''v''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''a''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''j''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''S''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''c''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Challenge Problems ==

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      <text bytes="29425" sha1="bp7fhk42g4w8a6yarzuaa8xfv8e78fi" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats do they have in:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 2.0 years?&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.00 years?&lt;br /&gt;(c) In 2.000 years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(106.7)(98.2)/(46.210)(1.01)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(18.7)^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\left(1.60 \times 10^{-19}\right)(3712)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100.?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?&lt;br /&gt;(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers: significant figures or percent uncertainties?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h, what is the percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h, what is the range of speeds you could be going?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 &amp;pm; 2 mm Hg. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 0.0009&lt;br /&gt;(b) 15,450.0&lt;br /&gt;(c) 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) 87.990&lt;br /&gt;(e) 30.40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.
      &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;A woman has two bags weighing 13.5 lb and one bag with a weight of 10.2 lb. What is the total weight of the bags?&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;The force ''F'' on an object is equal to its mass ''m'' multiplied by its acceleration ''a''. If a wagon with mass 55 kg accelerates at a rate of 0.0255 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the force on the wagon? (The unit of force is called the ''newton'', and it is expressed with the symbol N.)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y = mt + b&lt;/math&gt;, where the dimension of ''y'' is length and the dimension of ''t'' is time, and ''m'' and ''b'' are constants. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''m''&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''b''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = s_{0} + v_{0} t + a_{0} t^{2}/2 + j_{0} t^{3}/6 + S_{0} t^{4}/24 + c t^{5}/120&lt;/math&gt;, where ''s'' is a length and ''t'' is a time. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''s''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''v''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''a''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''j''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''S''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''c''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Challenge Problems ==

{{OSUPV1Attr}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>bp7fhk42g4w8a6yarzuaa8xfv8e78fi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638848</id>
      <parentid>4638838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T00:48:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Additional Problems */</comment>
      <origin>4638848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30207" sha1="be6rzgbh4jn0kiwmc5bc8wychij4ttq" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats do they have in:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 2.0 years?&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.00 years?&lt;br /&gt;(c) In 2.000 years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(106.7)(98.2)/(46.210)(1.01)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(18.7)^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\left(1.60 \times 10^{-19}\right)(3712)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100.?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?&lt;br /&gt;(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers: significant figures or percent uncertainties?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h, what is the percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h, what is the range of speeds you could be going?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 &amp;pm; 2 mm Hg. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 0.0009&lt;br /&gt;(b) 15,450.0&lt;br /&gt;(c) 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) 87.990&lt;br /&gt;(e) 30.40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.
      &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;A woman has two bags weighing 13.5 lb and one bag with a weight of 10.2 lb. What is the total weight of the bags?&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;The force ''F'' on an object is equal to its mass ''m'' multiplied by its acceleration ''a''. If a wagon with mass 55 kg accelerates at a rate of 0.0255 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the force on the wagon? (The unit of force is called the ''newton'', and it is expressed with the symbol N.)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y = mt + b&lt;/math&gt;, where the dimension of ''y'' is length and the dimension of ''t'' is time, and ''m'' and ''b'' are constants. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''m''&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''b''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = s_{0} + v_{0} t + a_{0} t^{2}/2 + j_{0} t^{3}/6 + S_{0} t^{4}/24 + c t^{5}/120&lt;/math&gt;, where ''s'' is a length and ''t'' is a time. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''s''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''v''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''a''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''j''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''S''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''c''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A car speedometer has a 5% uncertainty.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the range of possible speeds when it reads 90 km/h?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Convert this range to miles per hour. Note &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ km} = 0.6214 \text{ mi}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A marathon runner completes a 42.188 km course in 2 h, 30 min, and 12 s. There is an uncertainty of 25 m in the distance traveled and an uncertainty of 1 s in the elapsed time.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the percent uncertainty in the distance.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the percent uncertainty in the elapsed time.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the average speed in meters per second?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the uncertainty in the average speed?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Challenge Problems ==

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      <text bytes="31386" sha1="4e6dx4buqm6xsyhqlweashwe9ngreyt" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats do they have in:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 2.0 years?&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.00 years?&lt;br /&gt;(c) In 2.000 years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(106.7)(98.2)/(46.210)(1.01)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(18.7)^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\left(1.60 \times 10^{-19}\right)(3712)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100.?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?&lt;br /&gt;(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers: significant figures or percent uncertainties?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h, what is the percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h, what is the range of speeds you could be going?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 &amp;pm; 2 mm Hg. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 0.0009&lt;br /&gt;(b) 15,450.0&lt;br /&gt;(c) 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) 87.990&lt;br /&gt;(e) 30.40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.
      &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;A woman has two bags weighing 13.5 lb and one bag with a weight of 10.2 lb. What is the total weight of the bags?&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;The force ''F'' on an object is equal to its mass ''m'' multiplied by its acceleration ''a''. If a wagon with mass 55 kg accelerates at a rate of 0.0255 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the force on the wagon? (The unit of force is called the ''newton'', and it is expressed with the symbol N.)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y = mt + b&lt;/math&gt;, where the dimension of ''y'' is length and the dimension of ''t'' is time, and ''m'' and ''b'' are constants. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''m''&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''b''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = s_{0} + v_{0} t + a_{0} t^{2}/2 + j_{0} t^{3}/6 + S_{0} t^{4}/24 + c t^{5}/120&lt;/math&gt;, where ''s'' is a length and ''t'' is a time. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''s''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''v''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''a''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''j''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''S''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''c''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A car speedometer has a 5% uncertainty.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the range of possible speeds when it reads 90 km/h?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Convert this range to miles per hour. Note &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ km} = 0.6214 \text{ mi}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A marathon runner completes a 42.188 km course in 2 h, 30 min, and 12 s. There is an uncertainty of 25 m in the distance traveled and an uncertainty of 1 s in the elapsed time.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the percent uncertainty in the distance.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the percent uncertainty in the elapsed time.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the average speed in meters per second?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the uncertainty in the average speed?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The sides of a small rectangular box are measured to be 1.80 &amp;pm; 0.1 cm, 2.05 &amp;pm; 0.02 cm, and 3.1 &amp;pm; 0.1 cm long. Calculate its volume and uncertainty in cubic centimeters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    When nonmetric units were used in the United Kingdom, a unit of massed called the pound-mass (lbm) was used, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.4539 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;If there is an uncertainty of 0.0001 kg in the pound-mass unit, what is its percent uncertainty?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Based on that percent uncertainty, what mass in pound-mass has an uncertainty of 1 kg when converted to kilograms?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The length and width of a rectangular room are measured to be 3.955 &amp;pm; 0.005 m and 3.050 &amp;pm; 0.005 m. Calculate the area of the room and its uncertainty in square meters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A car engine moves a piston with a circular cross-section of 7.500 &amp;pm; 0.002 cm in diameter a distance of 3.250 &amp;pm; 0.001 cm to compress the gas in the cylinder.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;By what amount is the gas decreased in volume in cubic centimeters?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Find the uncertainty in this volume.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Challenge Problems ==

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      <text bytes="35407" sha1="beo779obs2ccdgat4usgfce0szaiwtp" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.&lt;br /&gt;(a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;(a) How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(c) How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;(d) How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;(e) How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;(f) How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use Figure 1.4 to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats do they have in:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 2.0 years?&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.00 years?&lt;br /&gt;(c) In 2.000 years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(106.7)(98.2)/(46.210)(1.01)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(18.7)^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\left(1.60 \times 10^{-19}\right)(3712)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100.?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?&lt;br /&gt;(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers: significant figures or percent uncertainties?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h, what is the percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h, what is the range of speeds you could be going?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 &amp;pm; 2 mm Hg. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 0.0009&lt;br /&gt;(b) 15,450.0&lt;br /&gt;(c) 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) 87.990&lt;br /&gt;(e) 30.40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.
      &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;A woman has two bags weighing 13.5 lb and one bag with a weight of 10.2 lb. What is the total weight of the bags?&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;The force ''F'' on an object is equal to its mass ''m'' multiplied by its acceleration ''a''. If a wagon with mass 55 kg accelerates at a rate of 0.0255 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the force on the wagon? (The unit of force is called the ''newton'', and it is expressed with the symbol N.)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y = mt + b&lt;/math&gt;, where the dimension of ''y'' is length and the dimension of ''t'' is time, and ''m'' and ''b'' are constants. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''m''&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''b''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = s_{0} + v_{0} t + a_{0} t^{2}/2 + j_{0} t^{3}/6 + S_{0} t^{4}/24 + c t^{5}/120&lt;/math&gt;, where ''s'' is a length and ''t'' is a time. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''s''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''v''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''a''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''j''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''S''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''c''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A car speedometer has a 5% uncertainty.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the range of possible speeds when it reads 90 km/h?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Convert this range to miles per hour. Note &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ km} = 0.6214 \text{ mi}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A marathon runner completes a 42.188 km course in 2 h, 30 min, and 12 s. There is an uncertainty of 25 m in the distance traveled and an uncertainty of 1 s in the elapsed time.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the percent uncertainty in the distance.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the percent uncertainty in the elapsed time.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the average speed in meters per second?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the uncertainty in the average speed?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The sides of a small rectangular box are measured to be 1.80 &amp;pm; 0.1 cm, 2.05 &amp;pm; 0.02 cm, and 3.1 &amp;pm; 0.1 cm long. Calculate its volume and uncertainty in cubic centimeters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    When nonmetric units were used in the United Kingdom, a unit of massed called the pound-mass (lbm) was used, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.4539 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;If there is an uncertainty of 0.0001 kg in the pound-mass unit, what is its percent uncertainty?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Based on that percent uncertainty, what mass in pound-mass has an uncertainty of 1 kg when converted to kilograms?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The length and width of a rectangular room are measured to be 3.955 &amp;pm; 0.005 m and 3.050 &amp;pm; 0.005 m. Calculate the area of the room and its uncertainty in square meters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A car engine moves a piston with a circular cross-section of 7.500 &amp;pm; 0.002 cm in diameter a distance of 3.250 &amp;pm; 0.001 cm to compress the gas in the cylinder.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;By what amount is the gas decreased in volume in cubic centimeters?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Find the uncertainty in this volume.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Challenge Problems ==
&lt;ol start=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, at the Trinity test site about 200 mi south of Los Alamos. In 1947, the U.S. government declassified a film reel of the explosion. From this film reel, British physicist G. I. Taylor was able to determine the rate at which the radius of the fireball from the blast grew. Using dimensional analysis, he was then able to deduce the amount of energy released in the explosion, which was a closely guarded secret at the time. Because of this, Taylor did not publish his results until 1950. This problem challenges you to recreate this famous calculation.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;
        Using keen physical insight developed from years of experience, Taylor decided the radius ''r'' of the fireball should depend only on the following variables:
        * ''t'', the time since the explosion,
        * ''&amp;rho;'', the density of the air, and
        * ''E'', the energy of the initial explosion.
        Thus, he made the educated guess that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r = k E^{a} \rho^{b} t^{c}&lt;/math&gt; for some dimensionless constant ''k'' and some unknown exponents ''a'', ''b'', and ''c''. Given that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[E] = \text{M}\text{L}^{2}\text{T}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, determine the values of the exponents necessary to make this equation dimensionally consistent. (''Hint'': Notice the equation implies that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k = r E^{-a} \rho^{-b} t^{-c}&lt;/math&gt; and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[k] = 1&lt;/math&gt;.)
      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;By analyzing data from high-energy conventional explosives, Taylor found the formula he derived seemed to be valid as long as the constant ''k'' had the value 1.03. From the film reel, he was able to determine many values of ''r'' and the corresponding values of ''t''. For example, he found that after 25.0 ms, the fireball had a radius of 130.0 m. Use these values, along with an average air density of 1.25 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, to calculate the initial energy release of the Trinity detonation in joules (J). (''Hint'': To get energy in joules, you need to make sure all the numbers you substitute in are expressed in terms of SI base units.)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The energy released in large explosions is often cited in units of “tons of TNT” (abbreviated t TNT), where 1 t TNT is about 4.2 GJ. Convert your answer to (b) into kilotons of TNT (that is, kt TNT). Compare your answer with the quick-and-dirty estimate of 10 kt TNT made by physicist Enrico Fermi shortly after witnessing the explosion from what was thought to be a safe distance. (Reportedly, Fermi made his estimate by dropping some shredded bits of paper right before the remnants of the shock wave hit him and looked to see how far they were carried by it.)&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The purpose of this problem is to show the entire concept of dimensional consistency can be summarized by the old saying “You can’t add apples and oranges.” If you have studied power series expansions in a calculus course, you know the standard mathematical functions such as trigonometric functions, logarithms, and exponential functions can be expressed as infinite sums of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\displaystyle\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} a_{n} x^{n} = a_{0} + a_{1} x + a_{2} x^{2} + a_{3} x^{3} + \cdots&lt;/math&gt;, where the ''a''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt; coefficients are dimensionless constants for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;n = 0, 1, 2, \cdots&lt;/math&gt; and ''x'' is the argument of the function. (If you have not studied power series in calculus yet, just trust us.) Use this fact to explain why the requirement that all terms in an equation have the same dimensions is sufficient as a definition of dimensional consistency. That is, it actually implies the arguments of standard mathematical functions must be dimensionless, so it is not really necessary to make this latter condition a separate requirement of the definition of dimensional consistency as we have done in this section.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

{{OSUPV1Attr}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <id>4638852</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35747" sha1="5sjkx75ff7vunhqkqmwshra5p9xlyi6" xml:space="preserve">== Key Terms ==
; accuracy : the degree to which a measured value agrees with an accepted reference value for that measurement
; base quantity : physical quantity chosen by convention and practical considerations such that all other physical quantities can be expressed as algebraic combinations of them
; base unit : standard for expressing the measurement of a base quantity within a particular system of units; defined by a particular procedure used to measure the corresponding base quantity
; conversion factor : a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit
; derived quantity : physical quantity defined using algebraic combinations of base quantities
; derived units : units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
; dimension : expression of the dependence of a physical quantity on the base quantities as a product of powers of symbols representing the base quantities; in general, the dimension of a quantity has the form L&lt;sup&gt;''a''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;M&lt;sup&gt;''b''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢T&lt;sup&gt;''c''⁢&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;''d''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢&amp;Theta;&lt;sup&gt;''e''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢N&lt;sup&gt;''f''&lt;/sup&gt;⁢J&lt;sup&gt;''g''&lt;/sup&gt; for some powers ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', and ''g''
; dimensionally consistent : equation in which every term has the same dimensions and the arguments of any mathematical functions appearing in the equation are dimensionless
; dimensionless : quantity with a dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{L}^{0}\text{M}^{0}\text{T}^{0}\text{I}^{0}\Theta^{0}\text{N}^{0}\text{J}^{0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;; also called quantity of dimension 1 or a pure number
; discrepancy : the difference between the measured value and a given standard or expected value
; English units : system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measure such as feet, gallons, and pounds
; estimation : using prior experience and sound physical reasoning to arrive at a rough idea of a quantity’s value; sometimes called an “order-of-magnitude approximation,” a “guesstimate,” a “back-of-the-envelope calculation,” or a “Fermi calculation”
; kilogram : SI unit for mass, abbreviated kg
; law : description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, of a generalized pattern in nature supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
; meter : SI unit for length, abbreviated m
; method of adding percents : the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation
; metric system : system in which values can be calculated in factors of 10
; model : representation of something often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly
; order of magnitude : the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of 10
; percent uncertainty : the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
; physical quantity : characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
; physics : science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
; precision : the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
; second : SI unit for time, abbreviated s
; SI units : the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams
; significant figures : used to express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value
; theory : testable explanation for patterns in nature supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers
; uncertainty : a quantitative measure of how much measured values deviate from one another
; units : standards used for expressing and comparing measurements

== Key Equations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Percent uncertainty || &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Percent uncertainty} = \frac{\delta A}{A} \times 100%&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Summary ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
* Physics is about trying to find the simple laws that describe all natural phenomena.
* Physics operates on a vast range of scales of length, mass, and time. Scientists use the concept of the order of magnitude of a number to track which phenomena occur on which scales. They also use orders of magnitude to compare the various scales.
* Scientists attempt to describe the world by formulating models, theories, and laws.

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
* Systems of units are built up from a small number of base units, which are defined by accurate and precise measurements of conventionally chosen base quantities. Other units are then derived as algebraic combinations of the base units.
* Two commonly used systems of units are English units and SI units. All scientists and most of the other people in the world use SI, whereas nonscientists in the United States still tend to use English units.
* The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
* SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application.

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
* To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by conversion factors in such a way that you cancel the units you want to get rid of and introduce the units you want to end up with.
* Be careful with areas and volumes. Units obey the rules of algebra so, for example, if a unit is squared we need two factors to cancel it.

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
* The dimension of a physical quantity is just an expression of the base quantities from which it is derived.
* All equations expressing physical laws or principles must be dimensionally consistent. This fact can be used as an aid in remembering physical laws, as a way to check whether claimed relationships between physical quantities are possible, and even to derive new physical laws.

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
* An estimate is a rough educated guess at the value of a physical quantity based on prior experience and sound physical reasoning. Some strategies that may help when making an estimate are as follows:
** Get big lengths from smaller lengths.
** Get areas and volumes from lengths.
** Get masses from volumes and densities.
** If all else fails, bound it.
** One “sig. fig.” is fine.
** Ask yourself: Does this make any sense?

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
* Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted reference value. The discrepancy in a measurement is the amount by which the measurement result differs from this value.
* Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. The uncertainty of a measurement is a quantification of this.
* The precision of a measuring tool is related to the size of its measurement increments. The smaller the measurement increment, the more precise the tool.
* Significant figures express the precision of a measuring tool.
* When multiplying or dividing measured values, the final answer can contain only as many significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures.
* When adding or subtracting measured values, the final answer cannot contain more decimal places than the least-precise value.

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
The three stages of the process for solving physics problems used in this book are as follows:
* ''Strategy'': Determine which physical principles are involved and develop a strategy for using them to solve the problem.
* ''Solution'': Do the math necessary to obtain a numerical solution complete with units.
* ''Significance'': Check the solution to make sure it makes sense (correct units, reasonable magnitude and sign) and assess its significance.

== Conceptual Questions ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
# What is physics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Some have described physics as a “search for simplicity.” Explain why this might be an appropriate description.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# If two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be said to be more valid than the other (assuming both use accepted rules of logic)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# What determines the validity of a theory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Can the validity of a model be limited or must it be universally valid? How does this compare with the required validity of a theory or a law?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Identify some advantages of metric units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What are the SI base units of length, mass, and time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the difference between a base quantity and a derived quantity?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the difference between a base quantity and a base unit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;For each of the following scenarios, refer to Figure 1.4 and Table 1.2 to determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate for each of the following scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;(a) You want to tabulate the mean distance from the Sun for each planet in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;(b) You want to compare the sizes of some common viruses to design a mechanical filter capable of blocking the pathogenic ones.&lt;br /&gt;(c) You want to list the diameters of all the elements on the periodic table.&lt;br /&gt;(d) You want to list the distances to all the stars that have now received any radio broadcasts sent from Earth 10 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) What is the relationship between the precision and the uncertainty of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the relationship between the accuracy and the discrepancy of a measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Solving Problems in Physics|1.7 Solving Problems in Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What information do you need to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What should you do after obtaining a numerical answer when solving a problem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Problems ==
=== [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use [[../The Scope and Scale of Physics/#Figure 1.4|Figure 1.4]] to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Use the assumption that the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium for the following.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many cells are there in a human?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Units and Standards|1.2 Units and Standards]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of time: the second. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 47 Ts would be rewritten as 4.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 980 Ps&lt;br /&gt;(b) 980 fs&lt;br /&gt;(c) 17 ns&lt;br /&gt;(d) 577 &amp;micro;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following times are given in seconds. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is greater than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; s could be written as 7.9 cs or 79 ms.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 9.57 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.045 s&lt;br /&gt;(c) 5.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;(d) 3.16 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given using metric prefixes on the base SI unit of length: the meter. Rewrite them in scientific notation without the prefix. For example, 4.2 Pm would be rewritten as 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 89 Tm&lt;br /&gt;(b) 89 pm&lt;br /&gt;(c) 711 mm&lt;br /&gt;(d) 0.45 &amp;micro;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following lengths are given in meters. Use metric prefixes to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7.9 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; m could be written either as 7.9 cm or 79 mm.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 7.59 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(b) 0.0074 m&lt;br /&gt;(c) 8.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;(d) 1.63 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are written using metric prefixes on the gram. Rewrite them in scientific notation in terms of the SI base unit of mass: the kilogram. For example, 40 Mg would be written as 4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(a) 23 mg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 320 Tg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 42 ng&lt;br /&gt;(d) 7 g&lt;br /&gt;(e)9 Pg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The following masses are given in kilograms. Use metric prefixes on the gram to rewrite them so the numerical value is bigger than one but less than 1,000. For example, 7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; kg could be written as 70 cg or 700 mg.&lt;br /&gt;(a) 3.8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(c) 2.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(d) 8 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(e) 4.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Unit Conversion|1.3 Unit Conversions]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The volume of Earth is on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in cubic kilometers (km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is it in cubic miles (mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is it in cubic centimeters (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is this in meters per second?&lt;br /&gt;(b) How many miles per hour is this?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;In SI units, speeds are measured in meters per second (m/s). But, depending on where you live, you’re probably more comfortable of thinking of speeds in terms of either kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mi/h). In this problem, you will see that 1 m/s is roughly 4 km/h or 2 mi/h, which is handy to use when developing your physical intuition. More precisely, show that:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 3.6 \text{ km/h}&lt;/math&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1.0 \text{ m/s} = 2.2 \text{ mi/h}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85.0 m wide. What is its area in square feet? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Mount Everest, at 29,028 ft, is the tallest mountain on Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ m} = 3.281 \text{ ft}&lt;/math&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this measurement in kilometers per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tectonic plates are large segments of Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/yr.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What distance does it move in 1.0 s at this speed?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Calculate the average speed of Earth in its orbit (assumed to be circular) in meters per second.&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is this speed in miles per hour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of nuclear matter is about 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that 1 mL is equal in volume to cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the density of nuclear matter in megagrams per microliter (that is, Mg/&amp;micro;L)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A commonly used unit of mass in the English system is the pound-mass, abbreviated lbm, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.454 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;. What is the density of water in pound-mass per cubic foot?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A furlong is 220 yd. A fortnight is 2 weeks. Convert a speed of one furlong per fortnight to millimeters per second.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;It takes 2''&amp;pi;'' radians (rad) to get around a circle, which is the same as 360&amp;deg;. How many radians are in 1&amp;deg;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Light travels a distance of about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. A light-minute is the distance light travels in 1 min. If the Sun is 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; from Earth, how far away is it in light-minutes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to light-nanoseconds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An electron has a mass of 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg. A proton has a mass of 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg. What is the mass of a proton in electron-masses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A fluid ounce (fl-oz) is about 30 mL. What is the volume of a 12 fl-oz can of soda pop in cubic meters?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Dimensional Analysis|1.4 Dimensional Analysis]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;	A student is trying to remember some formulas from geometry. In what follows, assume ''A'' is area, ''V'' is volume, and all other variables are lengths. Determine which formulas are dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi r^{2} h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = 2\pi r^{2} + 2\pi r h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = 0.5 b h&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;V = \pi d^{3}/6&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', and ''t'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;. Determine whether each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent.&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v^{2} = 2 a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = v t^{2} + 0.5 a t^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = s/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = v/t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the physical quantities ''m'', ''s'', ''v'', ''a'', ''t'', and ''r'' with dimensions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[m] = \text{M}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[s] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[v] = \text{LT}^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a] = \text{LT}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[r] = \text{L}&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming each of the following equations is dimensionally consistent, find the dimension of the quantity on the left-hand side of the equation:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m a&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K = 0.5 m v^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p = m v&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;W = m a s&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L = m v r&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose quantity ''s'' is a length and quantity ''t'' is a time. Suppose the quantities ''v'' and ''a'' are defined by &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = ds/dt&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a = dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of the quantity ''v''?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of the quantity ''a''?&lt;br /&gt;What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{v\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{a\ dt}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(e) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;da/dt&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[V] = \text{L}^{3}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[\rho] = \text{ML}^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[t] = \text{T}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\int{\rho\ dV}&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(b) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dv/dt&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;(c) What is the dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho\left(dV/dt\right)&lt;/math&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The arc length formula says the length ''s'' of arc subtended by angle ''&amp;theta;'' in a circle of radius ''r'' is given by the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = r\theta&lt;/math&gt;. What are the dimensions of:&lt;br /&gt;(a) ''s''&lt;br /&gt;(b) ''r''&lt;br /&gt;(c) ''&amp;theta;''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Estimates and Fermi Calculations|1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is made primarily of water, estimate the volume of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming the human body is primarily made of water, estimate the number of molecules in it. (Note that water has a molecular mass of 18 g/mol and there are roughly 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; atoms in a mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of air in a classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the number of molecules that make up Earth, assuming an average molecular mass of 30 g/mol. (Note there are on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; objects per mole.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the surface area of a person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many solar systems would it take to tile the disk of the Milky Way?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) Estimate the density of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Estimate the diameter of the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;(c) Given that the Moon subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The average density of the Sun is on the order 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;(b) Given that the Sun subtends an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Estimate the mass of a virus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A floating-point operation is a single arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.&lt;br /&gt;(a) Estimate the maximum number of floating-point operations a human being could possibly perform in a lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;(b) How long would it take a supercomputer to perform that many floating-point operations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

=== [[../Significant Figures|1.6 Significant Figures]] ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;4000/400 = 10.0&lt;/math&gt;. Assuming the number of significant figures in the answer is correct, what can you say about the number of significant figures in 4,000 and 400?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 &amp;pm; 5 beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats do they have in:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 2.0 years?&lt;br /&gt;(b) 2.00 years?&lt;br /&gt;(c) In 2.000 years?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:&lt;br /&gt;(a) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(106.7)(98.2)/(46.210)(1.01)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(b) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(18.7)^{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\left(1.60 \times 10^{-19}\right)(3712)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100.?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?&lt;br /&gt;(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers: significant figures or percent uncertainties?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h, what is the percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h, what is the range of speeds you could be going?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 &amp;pm; 2 mm Hg. What is its percent uncertainty?&lt;br /&gt;(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. If 40 &amp;pm; 1 beats are counted in 30.0 &amp;pm; 0.5 s, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:&lt;br /&gt;(a) 0.0009&lt;br /&gt;(b) 15,450.0&lt;br /&gt;(c) 6 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(d) 87.990&lt;br /&gt;(e) 30.40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Perform the following calculations and express your answer using the correct number of significant digits.
      &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;A woman has two bags weighing 13.5 lb and one bag with a weight of 10.2 lb. What is the total weight of the bags?&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;The force ''F'' on an object is equal to its mass ''m'' multiplied by its acceleration ''a''. If a wagon with mass 55 kg accelerates at a rate of 0.0255 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, what is the force on the wagon? (The unit of force is called the ''newton'', and it is expressed with the symbol N.)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Additional Problems ==
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y = mt + b&lt;/math&gt;, where the dimension of ''y'' is length and the dimension of ''t'' is time, and ''m'' and ''b'' are constants. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''m''&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''b''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Consider the equation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s = s_{0} + v_{0} t + a_{0} t^{2}/2 + j_{0} t^{3}/6 + S_{0} t^{4}/24 + c t^{5}/120&lt;/math&gt;, where ''s'' is a length and ''t'' is a time. What are the dimensions and SI units of the following?
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''s''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''v''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''a''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''j''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''S''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;''c''&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A car speedometer has a 5% uncertainty.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the range of possible speeds when it reads 90 km/h?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Convert this range to miles per hour. Note &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ km} = 0.6214 \text{ mi}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A marathon runner completes a 42.188 km course in 2 h, 30 min, and 12 s. There is an uncertainty of 25 m in the distance traveled and an uncertainty of 1 s in the elapsed time.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the percent uncertainty in the distance.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the percent uncertainty in the elapsed time.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the average speed in meters per second?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;What is the uncertainty in the average speed?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The sides of a small rectangular box are measured to be 1.80 &amp;pm; 0.1 cm, 2.05 &amp;pm; 0.02 cm, and 3.1 &amp;pm; 0.1 cm long. Calculate its volume and uncertainty in cubic centimeters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    When nonmetric units were used in the United Kingdom, a unit of massed called the pound-mass (lbm) was used, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 \text{ lbm} = 0.4539 \text{ kg}&lt;/math&gt;.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;If there is an uncertainty of 0.0001 kg in the pound-mass unit, what is its percent uncertainty?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Based on that percent uncertainty, what mass in pound-mass has an uncertainty of 1 kg when converted to kilograms?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The length and width of a rectangular room are measured to be 3.955 &amp;pm; 0.005 m and 3.050 &amp;pm; 0.005 m. Calculate the area of the room and its uncertainty in square meters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    A car engine moves a piston with a circular cross-section of 7.500 &amp;pm; 0.002 cm in diameter a distance of 3.250 &amp;pm; 0.001 cm to compress the gas in the cylinder.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;By what amount is the gas decreased in volume in cubic centimeters?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Find the uncertainty in this volume.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Challenge Problems ==
&lt;ol start=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, at the Trinity test site about 200 mi south of Los Alamos. In 1947, the U.S. government declassified a film reel of the explosion. From this film reel, British physicist G. I. Taylor was able to determine the rate at which the radius of the fireball from the blast grew. Using dimensional analysis, he was then able to deduce the amount of energy released in the explosion, which was a closely guarded secret at the time. Because of this, Taylor did not publish his results until 1950. This problem challenges you to recreate this famous calculation.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;
        Using keen physical insight developed from years of experience, Taylor decided the radius ''r'' of the fireball should depend only on the following variables:
        * ''t'', the time since the explosion,
        * ''&amp;rho;'', the density of the air, and
        * ''E'', the energy of the initial explosion.
        Thus, he made the educated guess that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r = k E^{a} \rho^{b} t^{c}&lt;/math&gt; for some dimensionless constant ''k'' and some unknown exponents ''a'', ''b'', and ''c''. Given that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[E] = \text{M}\text{L}^{2}\text{T}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, determine the values of the exponents necessary to make this equation dimensionally consistent. (''Hint'': Notice the equation implies that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k = r E^{-a} \rho^{-b} t^{-c}&lt;/math&gt; and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[k] = 1&lt;/math&gt;.)
      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;By analyzing data from high-energy conventional explosives, Taylor found the formula he derived seemed to be valid as long as the constant ''k'' had the value 1.03. From the film reel, he was able to determine many values of ''r'' and the corresponding values of ''t''. For example, he found that after 25.0 ms, the fireball had a radius of 130.0 m. Use these values, along with an average air density of 1.25 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, to calculate the initial energy release of the Trinity detonation in joules (J). (''Hint'': To get energy in joules, you need to make sure all the numbers you substitute in are expressed in terms of SI base units.)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The energy released in large explosions is often cited in units of “tons of TNT” (abbreviated t TNT), where 1 t TNT is about 4.2 GJ. Convert your answer to (b) into kilotons of TNT (that is, kt TNT). Compare your answer with the quick-and-dirty estimate of 10 kt TNT made by physicist Enrico Fermi shortly after witnessing the explosion from what was thought to be a safe distance. (Reportedly, Fermi made his estimate by dropping some shredded bits of paper right before the remnants of the shock wave hit him and looked to see how far they were carried by it.)&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The purpose of this problem is to show the entire concept of dimensional consistency can be summarized by the old saying “You can’t add apples and oranges.” If you have studied power series expansions in a calculus course, you know the standard mathematical functions such as trigonometric functions, logarithms, and exponential functions can be expressed as infinite sums of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\displaystyle\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} a_{n} x^{n} = a_{0} + a_{1} x + a_{2} x^{2} + a_{3} x^{3} + \cdots&lt;/math&gt;, where the ''a''&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt; coefficients are dimensionless constants for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;n = 0, 1, 2, \cdots&lt;/math&gt; and ''x'' is the argument of the function. (If you have not studied power series in calculus yet, just trust us.) Use this fact to explain why the requirement that all terms in an equation have the same dimensions is sufficient as a definition of dimensional consistency. That is, it actually implies the arguments of standard mathematical functions must be dimensionless, so it is not really necessary to make this latter condition a separate requirement of the definition of dimensional consistency as we have done in this section.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

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        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WAU - Audi passenger car
* WA1 - Audi SUV
* WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS, R8, S8 Plus)
* WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8)
* TRU - Audi Hungary passenger car (only used for TT/TTS)
* 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*8P = A3 ('06-'09)
*81 = 4000 ('81-'87)
*85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85)
*89 = 80/90 ('88-'89)
*8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91)
*8C = 90 ('93-'95)
*8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91)
*8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98)
*8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02)
*8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08)
*8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08)
*8K = A4 ('09)
*8T = A5 ('08-'09), S5 ('08-'09)
*43 = 5000 ('81-'83)
*44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91)
*4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 &amp; '96-'97 in Canada)
*4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 ('03-'04)
*4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09)
*44 = V8 Quattro ('90)
*4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94)
*4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03)
*4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09)
*8N = TT ('00-'06)
*8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09)
*42 = R8 ('08-'09)
*8R = Q5 ('09)
*4L = Q7 ('07-'09)

2010-:
*GY = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-)
*FU = A5/S5 ('25-)
*F2 = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26)
*F2 = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26)
*FN = A6 ('26-)
*GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-)
*FA = A8 ('10)
*FD = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18)
*F8 = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26)
*FW = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-)
*FS = Q3 ('15-'18)
*F3 = Q3 ('19-'25)
*FJ = Q3 ('26-)
*FZ = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-)
*FP = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17)
*FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25)
*GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26)
*GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-)
*FE = Q7 ('10-'15)
*F7 = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-)
*F1 = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-)
*GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),&lt;br&gt; Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A:    Ingolstadt, Germany
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* K:    Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08]
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany
* P:    Zwickau, Germany
* R:    Martorell, Spain
* 1:    Gyor, Hungary
* 2:    San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico
* 7:    Heilbronn, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WAU - Audi passenger car
* WA1 - Audi SUV
* WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS, R8, S8 Plus ['16-'18])
* WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8)
* TRU - Audi Hungary passenger car (only used for TT/TTS)
* 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*8P = A3 ('06-'09)
*81 = 4000 ('81-'87)
*85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85)
*89 = 80/90 ('88-'89)
*8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91)
*8C = 90 ('93-'95)
*8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91)
*8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98)
*8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02)
*8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08)
*8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08)
*8K = A4 ('09)
*8T = A5 ('08-'09), S5 ('08-'09)
*43 = 5000 ('81-'83)
*44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91)
*4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 &amp; '96-'97 in Canada)
*4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 ('03-'04)
*4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09)
*44 = V8 Quattro ('90)
*4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94)
*4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03)
*4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09)
*8N = TT ('00-'06)
*8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09)
*42 = R8 ('08-'09)
*8R = Q5 ('09)
*4L = Q7 ('07-'09)

2010-:
*GY = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-)
*FU = A5/S5 ('25-)
*F2 = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26)
*F2 = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26)
*FN = A6 ('26-)
*GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-)
*FA = A8 ('10)
*FD = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18)
*F8 = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26)
*FW = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-)
*FS = Q3 ('15-'18)
*F3 = Q3 ('19-'25)
*FJ = Q3 ('26-)
*FZ = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-)
*FP = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17)
*FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25)
*GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26)
*GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-)
*FE = Q7 ('10-'15)
*F7 = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-)
*F1 = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-)
*GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),&lt;br&gt; Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A:    Ingolstadt, Germany
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* K:    Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08]
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany
* P:    Zwickau, Germany
* R:    Martorell, Spain
* 1:    Gyor, Hungary
* 2:    San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico
* 7:    Heilbronn, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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      <id>4638732</id>
      <parentid>4638731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T14:29:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier: */</comment>
      <origin>4638732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WAU - Audi passenger car
* WA1 - Audi SUV
* WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS, R8, S8 plus ['16-'18])
* WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8)
* TRU - Audi Hungary passenger car (only used for TT/TTS)
* 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*8P = A3 ('06-'09)
*81 = 4000 ('81-'87)
*85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85)
*89 = 80/90 ('88-'89)
*8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91)
*8C = 90 ('93-'95)
*8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91)
*8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98)
*8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02)
*8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08)
*8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08)
*8K = A4 ('09)
*8T = A5 ('08-'09), S5 ('08-'09)
*43 = 5000 ('81-'83)
*44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91)
*4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 &amp; '96-'97 in Canada)
*4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 ('03-'04)
*4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09)
*44 = V8 Quattro ('90)
*4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94)
*4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03)
*4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09)
*8N = TT ('00-'06)
*8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09)
*42 = R8 ('08-'09)
*8R = Q5 ('09)
*4L = Q7 ('07-'09)

2010-:
*GY = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-)
*FU = A5/S5 ('25-)
*F2 = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26)
*F2 = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26)
*FN = A6 ('26-)
*GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-)
*FA = A8 ('10)
*FD = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18)
*F8 = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26)
*FW = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-)
*FS = Q3 ('15-'18)
*F3 = Q3 ('19-'25)
*FJ = Q3 ('26-)
*FZ = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-)
*FP = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17)
*FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25)
*GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26)
*GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-)
*FE = Q7 ('10-'15)
*F7 = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-)
*F1 = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-)
*GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),&lt;br&gt; Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A:    Ingolstadt, Germany
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* K:    Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08]
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany
* P:    Zwickau, Germany
* R:    Martorell, Spain
* 1:    Gyor, Hungary
* 2:    San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico
* 7:    Heilbronn, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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      <id>4638733</id>
      <parentid>4638732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T14:51:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 7-8, Model Line: */</comment>
      <origin>4638733</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WAU - Audi passenger car
* WA1 - Audi SUV
* WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS, R8, S8 plus ['16-'18])
* WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8)
* TRU - Audi Hungary passenger car (only used for TT/TTS)
* 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*8P = A3 ('06-'09)
*81 = 4000 ('81-'87)
*85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85)
*89 = 80/90 ('88-'89)
*8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91)
*8C = 90 ('93-'95)
*8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91)
*8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98)
*8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02)
*8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08)
*8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08)
*8K = A4 ('09)
*8T = A5 ('08-'09), S5 ('08-'09)
*43 = 5000 ('81-'83)
*44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91)
*4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 &amp; '96-'97 in Canada)
*4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 ('03-'04)
*4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09)
*44 = V8 Quattro ('90)
*4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94)
*4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03)
*4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09)
*8N = TT ('00-'06)
*8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09)
*42 = R8 ('08-'09)
*8R = Q5 ('09)
*4L = Q7 ('07-'09)

2010-:
*GY = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-)
*FU = A5/S5 ('25-)
*F2 = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26)
*F2 = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26)
*FN = A6 ('26-)
*GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-)
*FA = A8 ('10)
*FD = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18)
*F8 = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26)
*FW = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-)
*FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13)
*FV = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22)
*FG = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15)
*FX = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23)
*FS = Q3 ('15-'18)
*F3 = Q3 ('19-'25)
*FJ = Q3 ('26-)
*FZ = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-)
*FP = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17)
*FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25)
*GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26)
*GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-)
*FE = Q7 ('10-'15)
*F7 = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-)
*F1 = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-)
*GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),&lt;br&gt; Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A:    Ingolstadt, Germany
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* K:    Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08]
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany
* P:    Zwickau, Germany
* R:    Martorell, Spain
* 1:    Gyor, Hungary
* 2:    San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico
* 7:    Heilbronn, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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      <id>4638787</id>
      <parentid>4638733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:07:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 7-8, Model Line: */</comment>
      <origin>4638787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WAU - Audi passenger car
* WA1 - Audi SUV
* WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS, R8, S8 plus ['16-'18])
* WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8)
* TRU - Audi Hungary passenger car (only used for TT/TTS)
* 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*8P = A3 ('06-'09)
*81 = 4000 ('81-'87)
*85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85)
*89 = 80/90 ('88-'89)
*8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91)
*8C = 90 ('93-'95)
*8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91)
*8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98)
*8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02)
*8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08)
*8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08)
*8K = A4 ('09)
*8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09)
*43 = 5000 ('81-'83)
*44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91)
*4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 &amp; '96-'97 in Canada)
*4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 ('03-'04)
*4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09)
*44 = V8 Quattro ('90)
*4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94)
*4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03)
*4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09)
*8N = TT ('00-'06)
*8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09)
*42 = R8 ('08-'09)
*8R = Q5 ('09)
*4L = Q7 ('07-'09)

2010-:
*FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13)
*FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18
*GY = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-)
*FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16)
*F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25)
*FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15)
*FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15)
*F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25]
*FU = A5/S5 ('25-)
*FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11)
*FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18)
*FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18)
*F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26)
*F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26)
*FN = A6 ('26-)
*GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-)
*FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10)
*FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18)
*F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26)
*FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-)
*FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13)
*FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22)
*FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15)
*FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23)
*FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18)
*F3 = Q3 ('19-'25)
*FJ = Q3 ('26-)
*FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-)
*FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17)
*FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25)
*GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26)
*GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-)
*FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15)
*F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-)
*F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-)
*GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),&lt;br&gt; Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A:    Ingolstadt, Germany
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* K:    Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08]
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany
* P:    Zwickau, Germany
* R:    Martorell, Spain
* 1:    Gyor, Hungary
* 2:    San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico
* 7:    Heilbronn, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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      <parentid>4638787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T20:09:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
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===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WAU - Audi passenger car
* WA1 - Audi SUV
* WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS, R8, S8 plus ['16-'18])
* WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8)
* TRU - Audi Hungary passenger car (only used for TT/TTS)
* 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*8P = A3 ('06-'09)
*81 = 4000 ('81-'87)
*85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85)
*89 = 80/90 ('88-'89)
*8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91)
*8C = 90 ('93-'95)
*8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91)
*8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98)
*8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02)
*8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08)
*8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08)
*8K = A4 ('09)
*8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09)
*43 = 5000 ('81-'83)
*44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91)
*4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 &amp; '96-'97 in Canada)
*4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 ('03-'04)
*4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09)
*44 = V8 Quattro ('90)
*4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94)
*4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03)
*4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09)
*8N = TT ('00-'06)
*8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09)
*42 = R8 ('08-'09)
*8R = Q5 ('09)
*4L = Q7 ('07-'09)

2010-:
*FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13)
*FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18
*GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-)
*FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16)
*F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25)
*FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15)
*FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15)
*F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25]
*FU = A5/S5 ('25-)
*FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11)
*FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18)
*FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18)
*F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26)
*F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26)
*FN = A6 ('26-)
*GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-)
*FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10)
*FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18)
*F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26)
*FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-)
*FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13)
*FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22)
*FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15)
*FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23)
*FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18)
*F3 = Q3 ('19-'25)
*FJ = Q3 ('26-)
*FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-)
*FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17)
*FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25)
*GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26)
*GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-)
*FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15)
*F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-)
*F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-)
*GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),&lt;br&gt; Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A:    Ingolstadt, Germany
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* K:    Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08]
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany
* P:    Zwickau, Germany
* R:    Martorell, Spain
* 1:    Gyor, Hungary
* 2:    San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico
* 7:    Heilbronn, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>my4ok11wrlevzal2od1tygjkc1dxxyc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638853</id>
      <parentid>4638788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T02:33:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier: */</comment>
      <origin>4638853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4417" sha1="8kz4oyhf2qz6vl4jv5gxsx3omqycanb" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WAU - Audi passenger car
* WA1 - Audi SUV
* WUA - Audi passenger car - quattro GmbH/Audi Sport GmbH (RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, RS7, TT RS ['18-'22], R8, S8 plus ['16-'18])
* WU1 - Audi SUV - Audi Sport GmbH (RS Q8)
* TRU - Audi Hungary passenger car (only used for TT/TTS &amp; '12-'13 TT RS)
* 3U5 - Audi Mexico SUV

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*8P = A3 ('06-'09)
*81 = 4000 ('81-'87)
*85 = Coupe ('81-'87), Quattro ('83-'85)
*89 = 80/90 ('88-'89)
*8A = 80 ('90-'92), 90 ('90-'91)
*8C = 90 ('93-'95)
*8B = Coupe Quattro ('90-'91)
*8G = Cabriolet ('94-'98)
*8D = A4 ('96-'01), S4 ('00-'02)
*8E = A4 ('02-'08), S4 ('04-'08), RS4 ('07-'08)
*8H = A4 Cabriolet ('03-'09), S4 Cabriolet ('04-'09), RS4 Cabriolet ('08)
*8K = A4 ('09)
*8T = A5 coupe ('08-'09), S5 coupe ('08-'09)
*43 = 5000 ('81-'83)
*44 = 5000 ('84-'88), 100/200 ('89-'91)
*4A = 100/S4 ('92-'94), A6 sedan ('95-'97), A6 wagon ('95-'98), S6 ('95 &amp; '96-'97 in Canada)
*4B = A6 sedan ('98-'04), A6 Avant wagon ('99-'04), Allroad ('01-'05), S6 ('02-'03), RS6 ('03-'04)
*4F = A6 ('05-'09), S6 ('07-'09)
*44 = V8 Quattro ('90)
*4A = V8 Quattro ('91-'94)
*4D = A8 ('97-'03), S8 ('01-'03)
*4E = A8 ('04-'09), S8 ('07-'09)
*8N = TT ('00-'06)
*8J = TT ('08-'09), TTS ('09)
*42 = R8 ('08-'09)
*8R = Q5 ('09)
*4L = Q7 ('07-'09)

2010-:
*FM (Type 8P) = A3 ('10-'13)
*FF (Type 8V) = A3 ('15-'20), S3 ('15-'20), RS3 ('17-'20), A3 Sportback e-tron [PHEV] '16-'18
*GY (Type 8Y) = A3/S3/RS3 ('22-)
*FL (Type 8K) = A4 ('10-'16), Allroad ('13-'16), S4 ('10-'16)
*F4 (Type 8W) = A4 ('17-'25), A4 Allroad ('17-'25), S4 ('18-'25)
*FR (Type 8T) = A5 Coupe ('10-'17), S5 Coupe ('10-'17), RS5 Coupe ('13-'15)
*FH (Type 8F) = A5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), S5 Cabriolet ('10-'17), RS5 Cabriolet ('13-'15)
*F5 = A5 ('18-'25), S5 ('18-'25), RS5 ('18-'19, '21-'25) [Coupe/Cabriolet: '18-'24, Sportback: '18-'25]
*FU = A5/S5 ('25-)
*FB (Type 4F) = A6 ('10-'11), S6 ('10-'11)
*FC (Type 4G) = A6 ('12-'18), S6 ('13-'18)
*FC (Type 4G) = A7 ('12-'18), S7 ('13-'18), RS7 ('14-'18)
*F2 (Type 4A) = A6 ('19-'25), S6 ('20-'25), RS6 Avant ('21-'26), A6 Allroad ('20-'26)
*F2 (Type 4K) = A7 ('19-'25), S7 ('20-'25), RS7 ('21-'26)
*FN = A6 ('26-)
*GH = A6 e-tron, S6 e-tron ('25-)
*FA (Type 4E) = A8 ('10)
*FD (Type 4H) = A8 ('11-'18), S8 ('13-'16), S8 plus ('16-'18)
*F8 (Type 4N) = A8 ('19-'26), S8 ('20-'26)
*FW (Type F8) = e-tron GT ('22-'24), RS e-tron GT ('22-'24), S e-tron GT ('25-), RS e-tron GT performance ('25-)
*FK (Type 8J) = TT ('10-'15), TTS ('10-'15), TT RS ('12-'13)
*FV (Type FV or 8S) = TT ('16-'23), TTS ('16-'23), TT RS ('18-'22)
*FG (Type 42) = R8 ('10-'12, '14-'15)
*FX (Type 4S) = R8 ('17-'18, '20-'23)
*FS (Type 8U) = Q3 ('15-'18)
*F3 = Q3 ('19-'25)
*FJ = Q3 ('26-)
*FZ (Type F4) = Q4 e-tron, Q4 e-tron Sportback ('22-)
*FP (Type 8R) = Q5 ('10-'17), SQ5 ('14-'17)
*FY = Q5 ('18-'25), SQ5 ('18-'25), Q5 Sportback ('21-'25), SQ5 Sportback ('21-'25)
*GU = Q5 ('25-'26), SQ5 ('25-'26), Q5 Sportback ('25-'26), SQ5 Sportback ('25-'26)
*GF = Q6 e-tron, SQ6 e-tron, Q6 e-tron Sportback, SQ6 e-tron Sportback ('25-)
*FE (Type 4L) = Q7 ('10-'15)
*F7 (Type 4M) = Q7 ('17-), SQ7 ('20-)
*F1 (Type 4M) = Q8 ('19-), SQ8 ('20-), RS Q8 ('20-)
*GE = e-tron ('19, '21-'23), e-tron S ('22-'23), e-tron Sportback ('20-'23), e-tron S Sportback ('22-'23),&lt;br&gt; Q8 e-tron ('24), SQ8 e-tron ('24), Q8 e-tron Sportback ('24), SQ8 e-tron Sportback ('24)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* A:    Ingolstadt, Germany
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* K:    Rheine, Germany (Karmann plant: Cabriolet ['98], A4 Cabriolet ['03-'09], S4 Cabriolet ['04-'09], RS4 Cabriolet ['08]
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany
* P:    Zwickau, Germany
* R:    Martorell, Spain
* 1:    Gyor, Hungary
* 2:    San Jose Chiapa, Puebla state, Mexico
* 7:    Heilbronn, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>8kz4oyhf2qz6vl4jv5gxsx3omqycanb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Mchemsho (Tanzanian cuisine)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638744</id>
      <parentid>4638612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>incomplete flag</comment>
      <origin>4638744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3687" sha1="t1lbh45tiitvwks5pqyswkmsenlbbo7" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Tanzanian cuisine
| Difficulty = 3
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}}
{{Recipe}}

'''Mchemsho''' is a traditional Tanzanian mixed [[Cookbook:stew|stew]] consisting of [[Cookbook:meat|meat]], [[Cookbook:vegetables|vegetables]], [[Cookbook:banana|green bananas]], and aromatic spices simmered together in a flavorful broth. The name ''mchemsho'' comes from the Swahili word ''chemsha'', meaning &quot;to boil&quot;. The dish is particularly popular in northern Tanzania and is often prepared for special occasions, family gatherings, and weekend meals. It may be served on its own or accompanied by rice, chapati, or ugali. 

== Ingredients ==

* 500 g [[Cookbook:beef|beef]], cut into cubes
* 4 green cooking bananas, peeled and sliced
* 3 medium [[Cookbook:potatoes|potatoes]], peeled and cubed
* 2 carrots, sliced
* 1 cup green beans, trimmed
* 1 small [[Cookbook:cabbage|cabbage]], chopped
* 1 large onion, chopped
* 3 cloves [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], minced
* 1 tbsp fresh [[Cookbook:ginger|ginger]], grated
* 2 tomatoes, diced
* 1 green bell [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]], sliced
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]]
* 5 cups beef stock or water
* 1 tsp ground [[Cookbook:cumin|cumin]]
* 1 tsp ground [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]]
* ½ tsp [[Cookbook:turmeric|turmeric]]
* Salt, to taste
* Black pepper, to taste
* Juice of 1 lime or lemon
* Fresh coriander (cilantro), chopped, for garnish

== Procedure ==

# Place the beef in a large pot and cover with water.
# Add half of the onion, half of the ginger, and a pinch of salt.
# Simmer until the meat becomes tender, about 1–1½ hours.
# Reserve the cooking stock.
# Heat the oil in a separate large pot.
# Sauté the remaining onion until soft.
# Add the garlic and remaining ginger and cook for 1 minute.
# Stir in the tomatoes and cook until softened.
# Add the cumin, coriander, and turmeric.
# Add the potatoes, carrots, green bananas, green beans, cabbage, and bell pepper.
# Pour in the reserved stock.
# Add the cooked beef.
# Bring to a boil, then reduce the heat and simmer for 30–40 minutes.
# Cook until all vegetables are tender.
# Season with salt, black pepper, and lime juice.
# Garnish with chopped coriander.
# Serve hot.

== Serving ==

Mchemsho is commonly served with:

* [[Cookbook:Ugali]]
* [[Cookbook:Chapati]]
* Wali wa Nazi
* Fresh [[Cookbook:bread|bread]]

== Variations ==

* Chicken mchemsho
* Fish mchemsho
* Vegetarian mchemsho
* Mchemsho with eggplant
* Mchemsho with coconut milk

== Tips ==

* Green cooking bananas give the stew its traditional texture and flavor.
* Homemade beef stock produces a richer broth.
* Add lime juice just before serving for a fresh taste.
* Do not overcook the vegetables; they should remain slightly firm.
* The stew tastes even better after resting for a few minutes before serving.

== Notes ==

* Mchemsho literally means &quot;something boiled&quot; in Swahili.
* The dish commonly includes meat, potatoes, carrots, green bananas, and assorted vegetables simmered together.
* It is especially associated with northern Tanzania and is often enjoyed during special gatherings.


[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Tanzanian recipes]]
[[Category:Grilled recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegetarian recipes]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]</text>
      <sha1>t1lbh45tiitvwks5pqyswkmsenlbbo7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Chipsi mayai</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638743</id>
      <parentid>4638619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:24:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>incomplete flag</comment>
      <origin>4638743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4219" sha1="16ogffa5dohpn068r85bc4py9475w7g" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{recipesummary|category=Chips|servings=2-4|time=15 - 20 minutes|difficulty=2}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}}


{{recipe}}| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Swahili|Swahili]] | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania|Tanzania]] | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat]] | [[Cookbook:Chips|Chips]] | [[Cookbook:Egg|Egg]]

'''Chipsi Mayai''' (Swahili for &quot;[[Cookbook:chips|chips]] and [[Cookbook:eggs|eggs]]&quot;), also known as zege, is the most popular street food found all over Tanzania. The dish was invented in the streets of Dar es Salaam. In its most basic form, chipsi mayai is a simple potato-egg [[Cookbook:omelette|omelette]]. It is available in all regions of Tanzania, from the most remote villages to large towns. Food stands both indoors and on streets make them to order. It is the unofficial national dish of the country.

== Ingredients ==

* 4 medium [[Cookbook:potatoes|potatoes]], peeled and cut into fries
* 4 large eggs
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] (plus extra for frying)
* 1 small [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], finely chopped (optional)
* 1 small [[Cookbook:tomato|tomato]], diced (optional)
* 1 [[Cookbook:Green Chili Beef Stew|green chili]], finely chopped (optional)
* ½ tsp [[Cookbook:salt|salt]]
* ¼ tsp [[Cookbook:black pepper|black pepper]]
* Fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped, for [[Cookbook:garnish|garnish]]

== Procedure ==

# Peel the potatoes and cut them into thin fries.
# Heat oil in a deep frying pan or pot.
# Fry the potatoes until golden brown and crispy.
# Remove the fries and drain on paper towels.
# In a bowl, beat the eggs until well combined.
# Add salt and black pepper.
# Stir in the onion, tomato, and chili if using.
# Add the fried chips to the beaten eggs and mix gently.
# Heat 2 tablespoons of oil in a frying pan over medium heat.
# Pour the egg and chips mixture into the pan.
# Cook for 3–5 minutes until the bottom is golden brown.
# Carefully flip the omelette using a plate or lid.
# Cook the other side for another 3–4 minutes.
# Remove from the heat when fully cooked.
# Garnish with fresh coriander.
# Cut into wedges and serve hot.

== Serving ==

Chipsi Mayai is commonly served with:

* [[Cookbook:Kachumbari]]
* Chili sauce
* Tomato sauce
* Fresh salad
* Grilled meat
* Tea or soft drinks

== Variations ==

* Vegetable Chipsi Mayai
* Cheese Chipsi Mayai
* Spicy Chipsi Mayai
* Chicken Chipsi Mayai
* Chipsi Mayai with bell peppers

== Tips ==

* Use starchy potatoes for crispier fries.
* Fry the chips until golden before adding them to the eggs.
* Do not overbeat the eggs, as this may affect the texture.
* A non-stick frying pan makes flipping easier.
* Serve immediately for the best taste and texture.
* Add grated cheese for a richer version.
* Fresh kachumbari provides a refreshing contrast to the dish.

== Notes ==

* Chipsi Mayai is one of Tanzania's most famous street foods.
* The dish is often eaten as breakfast, lunch, dinner, or a quick snack.
* It is similar to a Spanish tortilla but uses French fries instead of sliced potatoes.
* The recipe can easily be adapted with vegetables, meat, or spices.

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:African recipes]]

[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]</text>
      <sha1>16ogffa5dohpn068r85bc4py9475w7g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Mtori (Tanzanian stew)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638740</id>
      <parentid>4638620</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>incomplete flag</comment>
      <origin>4638740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3945" sha1="4iqelrv4ww91mbw31t7oc6xtcxhhr4p" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__{{Recipe summary
| Category = Tanzania recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}}
{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:African cuisines|African cuisines]] | [[Cookbook:Vegetarian_cuisine|Vegetarian Cuisine]] | [[Cookbook:Vegan_cuisine|Vegan Cuisine]]

'''Mtori''' is a traditional Tanzanian [[Cookbook:stew|stew]] made from green [[Cookbook:banana|bananas]] (plantains) and [[Cookbook:meat|meat]], usually [[Cookbook:beef|beef]]. It originated among the Chagga people of the Kilimanjaro region in northern Tanzania and has become popular throughout the country. The dish is known for its creamy texture and nourishing qualities. Mtori is commonly served for breakfast, lunch, or dinner and is especially valued as a comforting and energy-rich meal.

== Ingredients ==

* 1 kg beef with [[Cookbook:bone|bones]]
* 6–8 green cooking [[Cookbook:banana|bananas]] (plantains), peeled and sliced
* 1 large [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], chopped
* 1 [[Cookbook:carrot|carrot]], diced
* 1 green bell [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]], chopped
* 1 [[Cookbook:potato|potato]], peeled and cubed (optional)
* 1 tbsp grated fresh [[Cookbook:ginger|ginger]]
* 2 cloves [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], minced
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:butter|butter]] or [[Cookbook:margarine|margarine]]
* 6 cups water or beef stock
* Salt, to taste
* [[Cookbook:black pepper |Black pepper]], to taste
* Fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped, for garnish
* [[Cookbook:Lime|Lime]] wedges, for serving (optional)

== Procedure ==

# Place the beef and water in a large pot.
# Bring to a boil, then reduce the heat and simmer until the meat is tender, about 1–1½ hours.
# Remove the meat from the stock and set aside.
# Add the bananas, onion, carrot, bell pepper, and potato to the stock.
# Cook until the bananas become very soft.
# Return the cooked meat to the pot.
# Add the ginger, garlic, salt, and black pepper.
# Simmer for 10 minutes.
# Mash the bananas using a wooden spoon or potato masher until a thick, creamy consistency is achieved.
# Stir in the butter or margarine.
# Adjust seasoning to taste.
# Simmer for another 5 minutes.
# Garnish with fresh coriander and serve hot.

== Serving ==

Mtori is traditionally served with:

* [[Cookbook:Chapati]]
* [[Cookbook:Ugali]]
* Fresh chili sauce
* Lime wedges
* Roasted meat

== Variations ==

* Chicken mtori
* Goat meat mtori
* Coconut milk mtori
* Vegetarian mtori
* Spicy mtori with chili peppers

== Tips ==

* Use green cooking bananas rather than ripe bananas for an authentic flavor.
* Beef with bones produces a richer and more flavorful stock.
* Mash the bananas while still hot for a smoother texture.
* Add coconut milk near the end of cooking for a creamier variation.
* Freshly squeezed lime juice enhances the flavor when serving.
* The stew should be thick but still easy to spoon.

== Notes ==

* Mtori originated in the Kilimanjaro region among the Chagga people.
* A traditional wooden mashing stick is often used to prepare the dish.
* It is commonly prepared using green bananas and beef cooked into a thick stew.
* Mtori is considered a hearty and nutritious meal throughout Tanzania.

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]</text>
      <sha1>4iqelrv4ww91mbw31t7oc6xtcxhhr4p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Xarém (Porridge dish)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638739</id>
      <parentid>4638621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
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      <text bytes="4128" sha1="m6n4lrlyo47nd7m7vwt1ui938y2c5zv" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Cape Verde recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, sections need to be condensed}}
{{Recipe}}
'''Xarém''' (also spelled '''Xerém''') is a thick [[Cookbook:soup|soup]] or [[Cookbook:porridge|porridge]] from Algarve, Portugal that is eaten in Cape Verde and Brazil as well. It has a [[Cookbook:corn|corn]] [[Cookbook:flour|flour]] base combined with other traditional ingredients which vary by region. The dish is prepared using [[Cookbook:cornmeal|corn meal]], clams or sardines, and grilled [[Cookbook:meat|meats]].The Algarvian version is most commonly prepared using clams.

== Ingredients ==

* 1 cup coarse cornmeal
* 4 cups [[Cookbook:fish|fish]] stock, [[Cookbook:chicken|chicken]] stock, or water
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]]
* 1 medium [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], finely chopped
* 3 cloves [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], minced
* 500 g clams, cleaned
* 100 g [[Cookbook:bacon|bacon]], diced
* 100 g chouriço or smoked [[Cookbook:sausage|sausage]], sliced
* ½ cup [[Cookbook:wine|dry white wine]]
* 1 bay leaf
* 2 tbsp fresh [[Cookbook:coriander|coriander]] (cilantro), chopped
* Salt, to taste
* [[Cookbook:Pepper|Black pepper]], to taste

== Procedure ==

# Rinse the clams thoroughly and discard any damaged shells.
# Heat the olive oil in a large pot over medium heat.
# Cook the bacon until lightly browned.
# Add the sausage and cook for 2–3 minutes.
# Stir in the onion and cook until softened.
# Add the garlic and cook for 1 minute.
# Pour in the white wine and add the bay leaf.
# Add the clams, cover the pot, and cook until the shells open.
# Remove the clams and set aside.
# Strain the cooking liquid and return it to the pot.
# Add the stock or water and bring to a boil.
# Gradually add the cornmeal while stirring continuously to prevent lumps.
# Reduce the heat and cook for 20–25 minutes, stirring frequently.
# Return the clams, bacon, and sausage to the pot.
# Stir in the coriander.
# Season with salt and black pepper.
# Serve hot.

== Serving ==

Xarém is traditionally served with:

* Grilled fish
* Roasted pork
* Seafood dishes
* Crusty bread
* Fresh salad

== Variations ==

* Xarém com Conquilhas (with clams)
* Xarém with shrimp
* Xarém with mussels
* Xarém with pork cracklings
* Vegetarian xarém
* Xarém with sardines

== Tips ==

* Add the cornmeal slowly while stirring continuously to avoid lumps.
* Fresh clams provide the most authentic Algarvian flavor.
* Homemade stock enhances the richness of the dish.
* If the mixture becomes too thick, add a small amount of hot stock or water.
* Fresh coriander is traditionally used as a garnish.
* Serve immediately while the porridge is creamy.

== Notes ==

* Xarém is one of the most iconic dishes of the Algarve region of Portugal.
* The dish reflects the combination of agricultural and maritime traditions found in southern Portugal.
* Traditional versions commonly combine cornmeal with clams, although pork and seafood variations are also popular.
* The name is believed to derive from an Arabic term for grain porridge, reflecting the region's historical influences. 


[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Nigerian Pancakes</title>
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        <id>3371989</id>
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      <text bytes="2962" sha1="5jmyg0un3epr6cw3zzet48rvihdm700" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__{{Recipe summary
| Category = Snacks recipes
| servings = 1
| time = Prep: 5
minutes&lt;/br&gt;Cooking: 10 minutes&lt;/br&gt;Total: 15 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Nigerian Hausa pancake.jpg|300px]]
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate ingredient linking, typos in section headers, incorrect procedure formatting}}{{Recipe}}

'''Nigerian Pancakes''' are thin, savoury or lightly sweetened [[Cookbook:Pancake|pancakes]] commonly prepared in Nigeria. Unlike the thicker American-style varieties, Nigerian pancakes are delicate, slightly chewy, and often flavoured with ingredients such as [[Cookbook:Onion|onions]], [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Nutmeg|nutmeg]], and sometimes [[Cookbook:Milk|milk]] or [[Cookbook:Vanilla|vanilla]]. They are typically made from [[Cookbook:Flour|wheat flour]], [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]], [[Cookbook:Milk|milk]], water, and a small amount of [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Osinkolu |first=Lola |date=2024-01-17 |title=Nigerian Pancakes |url=https://cheflolaskitchen.com/african-pancakes/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Chef Lola's Kitchen |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nigerian pancakes are a popular breakfast and snack food, frequently served with [[Cookbook:Tea|tea]], coffee, or fruit beverages. They are also commonly prepared during festive occasions, family gatherings, and celebrations. The dish reflects a local adaptation of European-style pancakes, incorporating flavours and cooking techniques that suit Nigerian tastes and culinary traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfect Nigerian Pancakes |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/breakfast-recipes/perfect-nigerian-pancakes/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-22 |title=How to make Nigerian Pancakes |url=https://1qfoodplatter.com/make-nigerian-pancakes/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Top Nigerian Food Blog |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingredients ==
*500g (1lb, 3.5 cups) all purpose flour
*½ cup evaporated [[Cookbook:Milk|milk]]
*⅓ cup sugar
*3 eggs
*½ tsp [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
*Dry ground cayenne pepper (to your taste)
*1 litre (4.2 cups) water
*Vegetable oil (for frying)

== Procedures ==
*Break the eggs into a bowl, beat thoroughly, and mix with part of the water until well combined.
*Sift the flour into the mixture, stir until smooth, then add the evaporated milk, [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]], and salt.
*Gradually add the remaining water while mixing continuously to form a smooth, lump-free batter.
*Heat a lightly oiled frying pan and pour in a thin layer of batter, spreading it evenly across the pan.
*Cook on medium heat until the top sets, flip to fry the other side until golden brown, then repeat with the remaining batter.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:National Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes for swallows]]
[[Category:Yoruba recipes]]
[[Category:Hausa recipes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Kayden Swanson/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>483756</id>
    <revision>
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      <comment>/* Theia, The Moon, And Earth */</comment>
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      <text bytes="28729" sha1="ddhv8beamvpmwpgnk221t9oznqkjhao" xml:space="preserve">= ''The Geoguide'' =
On ''The Geoguide,'' you will learn about the different types of geology, types of rocks, gemstones, and lots of other stuff-- a true geologists dream!

= Physical Geology =
Physical geology is a branch of geology that studies the physical things of Earth, such as rocks, minerals, ''the very soil your house is sitting on right now'', and internal and external events, such as tectonic plate movements, weathering, and volcanism. It also focuses on how Earth works, like how mountains are formed and erosion.

* The study of igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks, and their formation.
* Understand the Earth’s interior structure, such as moving lithospheric plates, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
* Examine erosion, weathering, glaciation, and water action that change the very landscape as you read this.
* Be able to identify the stone and minerals you walk on every single day.

== Igneous ==
[[File:Granite_(pgpf_dike_facies,_Pikes_Peak_Batholith,_Mesoproterozoic,_1.08_GA;_Pikes_Peak,_Colorado,_USA)_2_(31566463242).jpg|alt=An image of granite.|thumb|A piece of the intrusive igneous rocks, granite.]]
Igneous rocks are rocks formed when molten rock, magma or lava, cools and solidifies. Intrusive igneous rocks are slow-cooled inside Earth and coarse-grained. Ten examples of intrusive igneous rocks include:  

# Granite
# Gabbro
# Diorite
# Peridotite
# Pegmatite
# Syenite
# Granodiorite
# Diabase
# Aplite
# Anorthosite
[[File:Olivine basalt (Cedar Canyon, Iron County, Utah, USA) 6 (48679986543).jpg|alt=An image of basalt.|thumb|A piece of the extrusive igneous rocks, basalt.]]
Extrusive igneous rocks are rapidly-cooled outside the Earth and are generally smooth and shiny, but they can be porous or &quot;bubbly&quot;. Ten examples of extrusive igneous rocks include:

# Basalt
# Andesite
# Rhyolite
# Obsidian
# Pumice
# Scoria
# Tuff
# Dacite
# Pitchstone
# Phonolite

== Metamorphic ==
[[File:Slate Macro 1.JPG|alt=An image of slate.|thumb|A piece of the metamorphic rocks, slate.]]
Metamorphic rocks are pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) transformed by intense heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids deep within the Earth's crust. These rocks are characterized by recrystallization without melting, leading to changes in mineralogy and texture, often producing foliated (layered) or non-foliated structures. Ten examples of metamorphic rocks are:

# Slate
# Phyllite
# Schist
# Gneiss
# Marble
# Quartzite
# Amphibolite
# Hornfels
# Migmatite
# Eclogite

[[File:Quartzose sandstone (Berea Sandstone, Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian; Rocky Fork, Gahanna, Ohio, USA) 2 (34247836980).jpg|alt=An image of sandstone.|thumb|A piece of the sedimentary rocks, sandstone.]]

== Sedimentary ==
Sedimentary rocks are formed at the Earth's surface by the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments, like mineral particles or organic matter. They often form in layers and are identified by their banded appearance, presence of fossils, and softer, porous nature. Ten examples of sedimentary rocks include:

# Sandstone
# Limestone
# Shale
# Conglomerate
# Breccia
# Siltstone
# Dolostone
# Chert
# Coal
# Gypsum

= Understanding Earth's Insides =
Now that you have learned the three different categories of rock identification, let's learn about the stuff right under you!

== Lithospheric Plates ==
Lithospheric plates, or tectonic plates, are large, rigid, moving segments of Earth's outermost layer, comprising the crust and upper mantle. Ranging from 40–280 km thick, they essentially &quot;float&quot; on the pliable asthenosphere, fitting together like a giant puzzle. The main three events that happen with lithospheric plates include:

* '''Convergent (Colliding):''' Plates collide, causing subduction or mountain building
* '''Divergent (Spreading):''' Plates move apart, creating new crust
* '''Transform (Sliding):''' Plates slide past one another, often causing earthquakes

== Volcanoes ==
Volcanoes begin as magma deep within the Earth, created by heat and pressure at tectonic plate boundaries or hotspots. This buoyant magma rises through cracks in the crust, collecting in chambers before erupting as lava, ash, and gases. Solidifying layers build mountains over time. Some types include:

* '''Magma vs. Lava:''' Magma is molten rock below the surface; once it erupts, it is called lava
* '''Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes):''' Tall, steep cones built by layers of ash and thick lava
* '''Shield Volcanoes:''' Broad, gentle slopes formed by fluid, runny lava
* '''Cinder Cones:''' Small, simple, cone-shaped volcanoes built from blobs of congealed lava

The three states include:

* '''Active:''' Currently erupting or showing signs of, or expected to, erupt soon
* '''Dormant:''' Not currently active, but has erupted recently and may erupt again
* '''Extinct:''' Not expected to erupt again

=== How They Happen ===
Volcanic eruptions are driven by pressure from dissolved gases in the magma, which expand as the magma rises. Eruptions can be explosive (releasing ash and rock) or effusive (releasing lava flows).

== Earthquakes ==
An earthquake is the intense shaking of Earth's surface caused by the sudden release of energy in the crust, typically when tectonic plates shift and slip along faults. These events occur due to built-up stress, creating seismic waves that shake the ground.

=== How Earthquakes Occur ===

* '''Tectonic Plate Movement:''' The Earth's crust is divided into massive plates that constantly move and slide past one another.
* '''Fault Lines:''' When these plates get stuck but continue pushing, stress builds up until the rock fractures and breaks along faults.
* '''Energy Release:''' This sudden release of stress produces seismic waves, which travel through the ground, causing shaking at the surface.

=== Key Terminology and Locations ===

* '''Hypocenter (Focus):''' The location ''below'' the Earth's surface where the earthquake starts.
* '''Epicenter:''' The point on the Earth's surface ''directly above'' the hypocenter, often experiencing the most intense shaking.
* '''Mainshock &amp; Aftershocks:''' The main earthquake is the mainshock, while smaller, subsequent shakes in the same area are aftershocks.
* '''Fault Types:''' Includes strike-slip (sliding past), normal (pulling apart), and thrust (pushing over) faults.

While most earthquakes are tectonic, they can also be triggered by volcanic activity, landslides, or human activities like mining and hydraulic fracturing.

= Events That Change The Land =
Since you have now learned about Earth's internal components, let's focus on the things that change the very land!

== Erosion ==
Erosion is the natural process of wearing away and transporting soil, rock, and sediment by agents like water, wind, and ice, often leading to landscape changes like mountains shrinking or riverbanks eroding. It decreases agricultural productivity, causes ecological damage, and is distinct from weathering because it includes transportation of material, whereas weathering only breaks it down. The three main types include:

* '''Water Erosion:''' Includes splash, sheet, rill, and gully erosion.
* '''Wind Erosion:''' Occurs through deflation, removing loose soil and sand.
* '''Ice Erosion:''' Glacial movement that carves valleys and moves debris.

'''Examples:''' Rain washing soil from hills, ocean waves reshaping coastlines, and rivers carving canyons.

'''Effects:''' Land degradation, loss of nutrient-rich topsoil, destruction of habitats, and potential desertification.

'''Erosion vs. Weathering:''' Weathering is the immediate breakdown of rocks (disintegration), while erosion is the removal and transport of that material to a new location.

Erosion can act as a natural &quot;cleaning&quot; process but, when accelerated by human activity (e.g., deforestation, construction), it causes massive on-site and off-site damage.

== Weathering ==
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks, soils, and minerals at/or near the Earth's surface through physical, chemical, and biological processes. Driven by water, ice, temperature changes, and organisms, it transforms bedrock into sediment, creating landscapes like the Grand Canyon. It differs from erosion, which transports these materials. The three main types of weathering are:

* '''Physical/Mechanical Weathering:''' Breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition, often through ice wedging, thermal expansion, or salt crystallization.
* '''Chemical Weathering:''' Alters the molecular structure of minerals, causing them to dissolve or break down, often via water, oxygen, or acids.
* '''Biological Weathering:''' Occurs when living organisms (roots, burrowing animals, bacteria) break down rocks.

=== Primary Causes and Processes ===

==== Physical Processes: ====
* '''Frost Wedging (Cryofracturing):''' Water seeps into cracks, freezes, and expands, splitting the rock
* '''Thermal Expansion:''' Constant heating and cooling in desert environments cause rocks to weaken and peel (exfoliation)
* '''Pressure Release:''' As overlying rock is removed, underlying rock expands and cracks

==== Chemical Processes: ====
* '''Oxidation:''' Oxygen reacts with iron-containing minerals, creating iron oxide (rust)
* '''Carbonation/Dissolution:''' Rainwater mixed with CO2 creates weak carbonic acid that dissolves rocks like limestone
* '''Hydrolysis:''' Water reacts with minerals to break them down, often forming clay

==== Biological Processes: ====
* Tree roots grow into crevices and pry rocks apart, while burrowing animals expose new surfaces to air and water

Weathering constantly changes the landscape, wearing away surfaces to form landforms such as arches, pedestals, and sea caves. It is essential for soil formation and prepares rock material to be moved by erosion. Human activity, such as burning fossil fuels, accelerates chemical weathering through acid rain.

== Deposition ==
Deposition is the process where transported sediments, such as rock fragments, soil, debris, or organic matter, settle and are laid down in new locations as transporting agents (water, wind, ice) lose energy. It builds up landforms like deltas, beaches, and sand dunes, acting as the final step in the erosion-transport-deposition cycle.

* '''Process:''' As water or wind velocity decreases, the transporting medium can no longer carry sediment load, causing particles to sink and settle. Larger particles typically settle first.

=== Forms of Deposition: ===

* '''Fluvial (Rivers):''' Creates floodplains, deltas, and alluvial fans.
* '''Aeolian (Wind):''' Forms sand dunes and loess deposits.
* '''Glacial (Ice):''' Deposits moraines, drumlins, and erratic boulders.
* '''Marine (Ocean):''' Creates beaches, spits, and deep-sea sediment layers.

A function of deposition is that it forms new land, creates sedimentary rock layers (through compaction/cementation over time), and contributes to, or degrades, habitats.

A method of managing deposition is by controlling water velocity and reducing erosion sources, such as by managing agricultural runoff or stabilizing shorelines to reduce coastal erosion.

= Historical Geology =
While physical geology studies the ''current'' things about earth, historical geology studies the things that happened to earth in the ''past'', like how Theia crashed into Earth and made the moon or how the first ever cyanobacteria developed oxygen out of methane and carbon dioxide during the Proterozoic Eon. In Historical Geology, you will learn about:

* the Paleozoic Era (The Age of Ancient Life): 252-541M years ago
* the Mesozoic Era (The Age of Reptiles): 66-252M years ago
* the Cenozoic Era (The Age of Mammals): current era
* and the Precambrian Eons; explained later on

and how creatures of their times affected our modern world. 

== The Precambrian Eons ==
There isn't a Precambrian Era, but it consists of 3 eons, the Precambrian Eons. It also includes a period. These include:

* the Hadean Eon: 4.6-4.0B years ago (Earth was molten and bombarded by asteroids)
* the Archean Eon: 4.0-2.5B years ago (Earth's crust cooled, forming oceans and single-celled life): Neoarchean: 2.8-2.5B years ago (stabilized Earth's crust into the first continents, oxygen-producing cyanobacteria rose, initiating photosynthesis)
* the Proterozoic Eon: 2.5B-541M years ago (cyanobacteria filled Earth with oxygen, setting up complex life); Cryogenian: 720-635M (Earth dramatically cools, glaciers stretch to the equator, Earth is almost completely encased in ice)

* the Ediacaran Period: 635-538M years ago (massive global ice ages melt, soft multicellular organisms evolve, tube and disc-shaped dominate the sea floor)

== Periods Of The Paleozoic Era ==

* Cambrian: 541-485M years ago (major animals are aquatic, trilobites and brachiopods rule, jawless fish emerge, super-continent Gondwana forms near the South Pole, the rest is bare rock)

* Ordovician: 485-443M years ago (coral reefs begin to form, moss-like plants and fungi emerge on land, ice age starts, freezing oceans with glaciers, causing a mass extinction)
* Silurian: 443-419M years ago (Earth's climate stabilizes, glaciers melt, sea levels rise, vascular plants with stems evolve, early spiders, centipedes, and insects move onto land)
* Devonian: 419-359M years ago (fish develop armored scales and sharp jaws, trees and deep-rooted forests appear, tetrapods evolve from lobe-finned fish and crawl onto mudflats, rapid cooling and oxygen drops in the ocean causes another mass extinction)
* Carboniferous: 359-299M years ago (tropical swamp forests cover the continents and die, forming coal beds, oxygen levels rise to 35% letting massive insects to evolve, animals lay amniotic eggs, allowing them to breed away from water)
* Permian: 299-252M years ago (every continent collided, forming Pangea, Pangea's size creates vast, dry deserts in the interior, synapsids and reptiles spread across the dry land, massive volcanic eruptions in modern-day Siberia wipe out 95% of marine life)

== Periods Of The Mesozoic Era ==

* Triassic: 252-201M (Pangea starts to crack apart, Earth is hot and dry, dinosaurs and mammals first evolve)
* Jurassic: 201-145M (oceans flood continental rifts, giant plant-eating dinosaurs dominate, first birds take flight)
* Cretaceous: 145-66M (flowering plants appear, Tyrannosaurus rex rules the land, asteroid impact wipes out dinosaurs)

== Periods Of The Cenozoic Era ==

* Paleogene: 66-23M (climate is warm and tropical, mammals grow much larger, birds diversify rapidly) 
* Neogene: 23-2.6M (global temperatures cool down, vast grasslands spread, early human ancestors evolve)
* Quaternary: 2.6M-present (giant ice ages over continents, modern humans spread globally, large mammals go extinct)

== How The Mountains Were Made ==

* Taconic Orogeny: 450M years ago (an island arc collides with eastern North America, creating volcanic roots of the early Appalachian mountains)
* Alleghenian Orogeny: 325-260M (Africa collides with North America during the assembly of Pangea, lifting the Appalachian Mountains to the height of the modern Himalayas)

== Theia, The Moon, And Earth ==
[[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|alt=An image of the Moon.|thumb|The Moon]]
About 4.5 billion years ago, the early Earth was molten and hot. Theia: a rogue planet roughly the size of Mars, flying through space at 25,000 miles per hour (40,000 km/h). Then, Theia delivered an off-center, blow to Earth. If it had been a head-on collision, both planets would have been pulverized into space dust. 

=== The Ultimate Splatter Zone ===
The impact was so violent that it completely vaporized Theia and blasted a massive chunk of Earth’s outer crust into orbit. For a brief period, Earth looked a bit like Saturn, surrounded by a glowing, ring of molten rock and debris. You might think it took billions of years for that debris to form our Moon, but gravity does not like to wait around. Scientists estimate that the ring clumped together to form the Moon incredibly fast—potentially in less than a century, or even just a few months.  

=== The Proof Is In The Moon Rocks ===
When Apollo astronauts brought rocks back from the Moon, scientists checked their &quot;chemical DNA&quot; (oxygen isotopes). Usually, planets from different parts of the solar system have completely unique chemical signatures. But the Moon's rocks perfectly matched the Earth's crust.  

=== How Theia Changed Earth Forever ===
Without this catastrophic cosmic car crash, life as we know it wouldn't exist. Theia left behind three permanent parting gifts:  

* Our Seasons: The impact hit Earth so hard it knocked our planet onto a permanent 23.5-degree tilt. Without Theia, we wouldn't have Summer, Fall, Winter, or Spring.

* A Supercharged Core: Theia’s heavy iron core sank straight into the molten Earth and merged with our own. This gave Earth a massive magnetic field, acting like a giant shield that blocks deadly solar radiation.

* Longer Days: Right after the crash, an Earth day lasted only 5 hours because the planet was spinning at breakneck speed. The Moon's gravity has spent the last 4.5 billion years acting like a brake pad, slowing our spin down to a comfortable 24 hours.

== Largest Creatures Of Each Period ==
There are thousands of millions of different creatures that spawn from each period, but these are the largest of each:
* Cambrian: Anomalocaris (a small three-foot-long marine predator with giant armored eyes and grasping claws that ruled the shallow seas)
* Ordovician: Cameroceras (a massive twenty-foot-long straight-shelled squid that dominated the deep ocean)
*Silurian: Pterygotus (a huge seven-foot-long sea scorpion with large flattening swimming paddles and sharp crushing claws that prowled the shallow coastal waters)
*Devonian: Dunkleosteus (a terrifying thirty-foot-long armored predator fish with bone-shearing jaw plates instead of teeth that terrorized the deep seas)
*Carboniferous: Arthropleura (a monstrous eight-foot-long land-dwelling millipede with a heavily armored, multi-segmented body that patrolled the lush forests)
*Permian: Moschops (a heavy-set fifteen-foot-long mammal-like reptile with a barrel shaped body and a thick barrel-vaulted skull that roamed the ground)
*Triassic: Shastasaurus (a gigantic seventy-foot-long marine reptile with a highly elongated toothless snout and slender flippers that commanded the open oceans)
*Jurassic: Maraapunisaurus (a colossal 115-foot-long long-necked sauropod dinosaur with whip-like tails and massive column-like legs that stomped across the land)

* Cretaceous: Patagotitan (a titanic ninety-foot-long sauropod dinosaur with a small head, immensely long neck, and heavy pillar legs that reigned over the continents)
* Paleogene: Basilosaurus (a predatory sixty-foot-long early whale with an extremely elongated eel-like body and small vestigial hind legs that haunted the ancient seas)
* Neogene: Megalodon (a ferocious fifty-foot-long apex predator shark with robust, triangular serrated teeth the size of a human hand that controlled the global oceans)
* Quaternary: Blue whale (an immense one hundred-foot-long marine mammal with a streamlined, mottled blue-gray body and expansive baleen plates that inhabits the modern oceans)

== Fossils ==
Fossils are the preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient life trapped inside Earth's crust. They act as nature's time capsules, allowing historical geologists to reconstruct vanished ecosystems, track evolution over millions of years, and pinpoint the exact ages of rock layers.

=== Types Of Fossilization ===
Animals and plants turn into fossils in several distinct ways, depending on how they were buried and what minerals were nearby:

* Petrification: Mineral-rich water seeps into organic cavities and turns the original bone or wood entirely into solid rock (like petrified wood).
* Molds and Casts: An organism dissolves inside a rock layer, leaving an empty hollow space (a mold) that later fills with sediment to create a perfect replica copy (a cast).
* Carbonization: Intense underground heat and pressure squeeze out all liquids and gases, leaving a flat, thin, black film of carbon on the rock (common for leaves and fish).
* Preservation: The rarest form where an entire organism is kept perfectly intact by being frozen in ice, dried out in caves, or trapped inside sticky tree sap (amber).
* Trace Fossils: Rather than saving the body itself, these capture the active behavior of ancient life, including fossilized footprints, feeding burrows, and coprolites (fossilized poop).

=== How Geologists Use Fossils ===
Fossils are not just museum display pieces; they are essential field tools used by geologists to solve mysteries about Earth's past:

* Index Fossils: Certain creatures (like Trilobites) lived everywhere on Earth but only for a very short geological timeframe. Finding one instantly reveals the exact age of that rock layer.
* Ancient Climates (Paleoclimate): Finding a fossilized tropical palm tree or crocodile in modern-day Antarctica proves the freezing continent was once a warm, swampy jungle.
* Continental Drift Evidence: Discovering the exact same freshwater reptile fossils in both South America and Africa helped prove the continents were once physically joined together.

== Mass Extinctions ==
Earth's history has been completely rewritten five different times by catastrophic events known as the &quot;Big Five&quot; mass extinctions. These events wiped out the dominant species of their time, clearing the way for entirely new creatures to evolve.

* Ordovician-Silurian Extinction: Intense global cooling and freezing ice ages locked up Earth's water, causing sea levels to drop drastically and destroying the shallow ocean habitats.
* Late Devonian Extinction: A massive drop in ocean oxygen levels suffocated marine life, hitting reef-building creatures and armored predator fish the hardest.
* Permian-Triassic Extinction (&quot;The Great Dying&quot;): The most devastating extinction in Earth's history, caused by massive volcanic eruptions in Siberia. It released toxic gases, triggered severe global warming, and wiped out 96% of all marine species.
* Triassic-Jurassic Extinction: Huge underwater volcanic rifts opened up as Pangea began to split apart, raising carbon dioxide levels and triggering rapid climate changes that eliminated early reptiles.
* Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction: A massive six-mile-wide asteroid smashed into modern-day Mexico, triggering global wildfires, a nuclear winter, and blocking out the sun, which famously wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs.

== Supercontinents ==
A supercontinent is a single, massive landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continental crust smashed together. Driven by tectonic plate movements, Earth goes through a &quot;supercontinent cycle&quot; roughly every 300 to 500 million years, where landmasses continually crash together, break apart, and scatter.

=== The Timeline Of Earth's Major Supercontinents ===

* Vaalbara (3.6 to 2.8 Billion Years Ago): Earth's earliest known hypothetical supercontinent, forming when the planet was mostly ocean and small volcanic island chains collided.
* Kenorland (2.7 to 2.1 Billion Years Ago): Formed near the equator during the Neoarchean era, its breakup eventually triggered a massive global ice age due to rapid climate shifts.
* Columbia / Nuna (1.8 to 1.3 Billion Years Ago): A giant landmass stretching across the globe that marked the first time large, modern continental blocks fully assembled.
* Rodinia (1.1 Billion to 750 Million Years Ago): A massive supercontinent surrounded entirely by the Mirovia ocean, centered around modern-day North America before fracturing apart into a freezing, ice-covered Earth.
* Pannotia (633 to 550 Million Years Ago): A short-lived landmass clustered near the South Pole that formed just before the Cambrian explosion of complex marine life.
* Gondwana (550 to 175 Million Years Ago): An ancient southern supercontinent composed of modern-day South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia. It existed as its own massive entity for millions of years before merging into Pangea, and then splitting back apart later.
* Pangea (335 to 175 Million Years Ago): The most famous C-shaped supercontinent that united almost all of Earth's dry land, including the northern landmass of Laurasia and the southern landmass of Gondwana, creating a single home for early dinosaurs.

=== How Supercontinents Altered Earth's Climate And Crust ===
The formation of a supercontinent completely breaks the planet's normal systems, creating extreme environments found nowhere on modern Earth:

* Hyperarid Interior Deserts: Because the landmass is so incredibly wide, rain clouds from the surrounding oceans dry up completely before they can ever reach the center. This creates massive, lifeless &quot;super-deserts&quot; in the heart of the continent.
* Mega-Monsoons: The vast temperature difference between the roasting-hot interior landmass and the cold surrounding super-ocean creates violent, seasonal shifting winds, resulting in catastrophic monsoon downpours along the coastlines.
* The &quot;Snowball Earth&quot; Effect: When supercontinents split apart, they create brand new coastlines that rapidly absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This can drop global temperatures so fiercely that ice sheets completely cover the planet from poles to equator.
* Mantle Superplumes and Volcanic Traps: When a supercontinent sits over one spot on Earth's crust for millions of years, it acts like an insulating blanket. Heat builds up directly underneath it, eventually triggering colossal volcanic eruptions (large igneous provinces) that rip the continent apart and spew toxic gases into the atmosphere.

=== How Geologists Prove They Existed ===

* Matching Coastlines: The continental shelves of separate continents (like South America and Africa) fit together perfectly like giant jigsaw puzzle pieces.
* Fossil Belts: Identical ancient plant and animal fossils are found in narrow strips across oceans where the continents used to touch.
* Matching Mountain Ranges: Rock layers and mountain chains (like the Appalachians in North America and the Scottish Highlands) share the exact same age, type, and composition.
* Paleomagnetism (Magnetic Alignment): When volcanic rocks cool, iron minerals inside them align perfectly with Earth's magnetic north pole like tiny compass needles. Geologists measure this locked-in magnetic angle to calculate exactly where a continent was located on the globe millions of years ago.
* Orogenic (Mountain Building) Belts: When tectonic plates crash together to form a supercontinent, the immense pressure crumples the crust upwards, leaving behind massive global scars of matching metamorphic rock layers across modern state and country borders.
* Global Mineral Belts: Highly specific copper, gold, and uranium deposits match up perfectly in straight lines when you stitch the continents back together, showing they were formed by the exact same underground magma chambers.

=== How Supercontinents Drive Evolution ===
The locking together and breaking apart of landmasses acts as the ultimate evolutionary accelerator for life on Earth:

* The Isolation Engine: When a supercontinent fractures into smaller islands and separate continents, animal populations become completely isolated from one another. This forces rapid, localized evolution to fill unique environmental niches (similar to how Madagascar or Australia evolved highly unique wildlife).
* The Competition Arena: Conversely, when continents crash together into a single landmass, previously isolated species are forced to compete for the same food sources and habitats. This triggers massive evolutionary &quot;arms races&quot; where only the fittest, most adaptable creatures survive.

=== Future Supercontinents (The Next 250 Million Years) ===
Because tectonic plates never stop moving at a rate of a few centimeters per year, scientists have calculated four potential layouts for Earth's next ultimate supercontinent:

* Pangea Ultima: A configuration where the Atlantic Ocean slows down, reverses direction, and closes completely—bringing the Americas crashing back into Africa and Europe.
* Novopangea: A layout where the Pacific Ocean closes entirely instead of the Atlantic, causing the Americas to slam straight into Asia and Australia.
* Aurica: A scenario where both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans close down completely, forcing a brand new ocean basin to rip open right through the center of modern Asia.
* Amasia: A unique collision where all continents drift northward, clustering together directly over the North Pole, leaving Antarctica isolated at the bottom of the world.</text>
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      <text bytes="29001" sha1="7ysbgdk6vm41wpc44lfbyoo9lrxz0pb" xml:space="preserve">= ''The Geoguide'' =
On ''The Geoguide,'' you will learn about the different types of geology, types of rocks, gemstones, and lots of other stuff-- a true geologists dream!

= Physical Geology =
Physical geology is a branch of geology that studies the physical things of Earth, such as rocks, minerals, ''the very soil your house is sitting on right now'', and internal and external events, such as tectonic plate movements, weathering, and volcanism. It also focuses on how Earth works, like how mountains are formed and erosion.

* The study of igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks, and their formation.
* Understand the Earth’s interior structure, such as moving lithospheric plates, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
* Examine erosion, weathering, glaciation, and water action that change the very landscape as you read this.
* Be able to identify the stone and minerals you walk on every single day.

== Igneous ==
[[File:Granite_(pgpf_dike_facies,_Pikes_Peak_Batholith,_Mesoproterozoic,_1.08_GA;_Pikes_Peak,_Colorado,_USA)_2_(31566463242).jpg|alt=An image of granite.|thumb|A piece of the intrusive igneous rocks, granite.]]
Igneous rocks are rocks formed when molten rock, magma or lava, cools and solidifies. Intrusive igneous rocks are slow-cooled inside Earth and coarse-grained. Ten examples of intrusive igneous rocks include:  

# Granite&lt;ref&gt;A common heavy, dense, and highly durable white-to-pink feldspar and dark flakes of biotite or amphibole coarse-grained rock &lt;/ref&gt;
# Gabbro&lt;ref&gt;A underground equivelent of basalt, dense, coarse-grained identifiable by its dark color, heavy feel, and crystalline texture&lt;/ref&gt;
# Diorite
# Peridotite
# Pegmatite
# Syenite
# Granodiorite
# Diabase
# Aplite
# Anorthosite
[[File:Olivine basalt (Cedar Canyon, Iron County, Utah, USA) 6 (48679986543).jpg|alt=An image of basalt.|thumb|A piece of the extrusive igneous rocks, basalt.]]
Extrusive igneous rocks are rapidly-cooled outside the Earth and are generally smooth and shiny, but they can be porous or &quot;bubbly&quot;. Ten examples of extrusive igneous rocks include:

# Basalt
# Andesite
# Rhyolite
# Obsidian
# Pumice
# Scoria
# Tuff
# Dacite
# Pitchstone
# Phonolite

== Metamorphic ==
[[File:Slate Macro 1.JPG|alt=An image of slate.|thumb|A piece of the metamorphic rocks, slate.]]
Metamorphic rocks are pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) transformed by intense heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids deep within the Earth's crust. These rocks are characterized by recrystallization without melting, leading to changes in mineralogy and texture, often producing foliated (layered) or non-foliated structures. Ten examples of metamorphic rocks are:

# Slate
# Phyllite
# Schist
# Gneiss
# Marble
# Quartzite
# Amphibolite
# Hornfels
# Migmatite
# Eclogite

[[File:Quartzose sandstone (Berea Sandstone, Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian; Rocky Fork, Gahanna, Ohio, USA) 2 (34247836980).jpg|alt=An image of sandstone.|thumb|A piece of the sedimentary rocks, sandstone.]]

== Sedimentary ==
Sedimentary rocks are formed at the Earth's surface by the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments, like mineral particles or organic matter. They often form in layers and are identified by their banded appearance, presence of fossils, and softer, porous nature. Ten examples of sedimentary rocks include:

# Sandstone
# Limestone
# Shale
# Conglomerate
# Breccia
# Siltstone
# Dolostone
# Chert
# Coal
# Gypsum

= Understanding Earth's Insides =
Now that you have learned the three different categories of rock identification, let's learn about the stuff right under you!

== Lithospheric Plates ==
Lithospheric plates, or tectonic plates, are large, rigid, moving segments of Earth's outermost layer, comprising the crust and upper mantle. Ranging from 40–280 km thick, they essentially &quot;float&quot; on the pliable asthenosphere, fitting together like a giant puzzle. The main three events that happen with lithospheric plates include:

* '''Convergent (Colliding):''' Plates collide, causing subduction or mountain building
* '''Divergent (Spreading):''' Plates move apart, creating new crust
* '''Transform (Sliding):''' Plates slide past one another, often causing earthquakes

== Volcanoes ==
Volcanoes begin as magma deep within the Earth, created by heat and pressure at tectonic plate boundaries or hotspots. This buoyant magma rises through cracks in the crust, collecting in chambers before erupting as lava, ash, and gases. Solidifying layers build mountains over time. Some types include:

* '''Magma vs. Lava:''' Magma is molten rock below the surface; once it erupts, it is called lava
* '''Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes):''' Tall, steep cones built by layers of ash and thick lava
* '''Shield Volcanoes:''' Broad, gentle slopes formed by fluid, runny lava
* '''Cinder Cones:''' Small, simple, cone-shaped volcanoes built from blobs of congealed lava

The three states include:

* '''Active:''' Currently erupting or showing signs of, or expected to, erupt soon
* '''Dormant:''' Not currently active, but has erupted recently and may erupt again
* '''Extinct:''' Not expected to erupt again

=== How They Happen ===
Volcanic eruptions are driven by pressure from dissolved gases in the magma, which expand as the magma rises. Eruptions can be explosive (releasing ash and rock) or effusive (releasing lava flows).

== Earthquakes ==
An earthquake is the intense shaking of Earth's surface caused by the sudden release of energy in the crust, typically when tectonic plates shift and slip along faults. These events occur due to built-up stress, creating seismic waves that shake the ground.

=== How Earthquakes Occur ===

* '''Tectonic Plate Movement:''' The Earth's crust is divided into massive plates that constantly move and slide past one another.
* '''Fault Lines:''' When these plates get stuck but continue pushing, stress builds up until the rock fractures and breaks along faults.
* '''Energy Release:''' This sudden release of stress produces seismic waves, which travel through the ground, causing shaking at the surface.

=== Key Terminology and Locations ===

* '''Hypocenter (Focus):''' The location ''below'' the Earth's surface where the earthquake starts.
* '''Epicenter:''' The point on the Earth's surface ''directly above'' the hypocenter, often experiencing the most intense shaking.
* '''Mainshock &amp; Aftershocks:''' The main earthquake is the mainshock, while smaller, subsequent shakes in the same area are aftershocks.
* '''Fault Types:''' Includes strike-slip (sliding past), normal (pulling apart), and thrust (pushing over) faults.

While most earthquakes are tectonic, they can also be triggered by volcanic activity, landslides, or human activities like mining and hydraulic fracturing.

= Events That Change The Land =
Since you have now learned about Earth's internal components, let's focus on the things that change the very land!

== Erosion ==
Erosion is the natural process of wearing away and transporting soil, rock, and sediment by agents like water, wind, and ice, often leading to landscape changes like mountains shrinking or riverbanks eroding. It decreases agricultural productivity, causes ecological damage, and is distinct from weathering because it includes transportation of material, whereas weathering only breaks it down. The three main types include:

* '''Water Erosion:''' Includes splash, sheet, rill, and gully erosion.
* '''Wind Erosion:''' Occurs through deflation, removing loose soil and sand.
* '''Ice Erosion:''' Glacial movement that carves valleys and moves debris.

'''Examples:''' Rain washing soil from hills, ocean waves reshaping coastlines, and rivers carving canyons.

'''Effects:''' Land degradation, loss of nutrient-rich topsoil, destruction of habitats, and potential desertification.

'''Erosion vs. Weathering:''' Weathering is the immediate breakdown of rocks (disintegration), while erosion is the removal and transport of that material to a new location.

Erosion can act as a natural &quot;cleaning&quot; process but, when accelerated by human activity (e.g., deforestation, construction), it causes massive on-site and off-site damage.

== Weathering ==
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks, soils, and minerals at/or near the Earth's surface through physical, chemical, and biological processes. Driven by water, ice, temperature changes, and organisms, it transforms bedrock into sediment, creating landscapes like the Grand Canyon. It differs from erosion, which transports these materials. The three main types of weathering are:

* '''Physical/Mechanical Weathering:''' Breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition, often through ice wedging, thermal expansion, or salt crystallization.
* '''Chemical Weathering:''' Alters the molecular structure of minerals, causing them to dissolve or break down, often via water, oxygen, or acids.
* '''Biological Weathering:''' Occurs when living organisms (roots, burrowing animals, bacteria) break down rocks.

=== Primary Causes and Processes ===

==== Physical Processes: ====
* '''Frost Wedging (Cryofracturing):''' Water seeps into cracks, freezes, and expands, splitting the rock
* '''Thermal Expansion:''' Constant heating and cooling in desert environments cause rocks to weaken and peel (exfoliation)
* '''Pressure Release:''' As overlying rock is removed, underlying rock expands and cracks

==== Chemical Processes: ====
* '''Oxidation:''' Oxygen reacts with iron-containing minerals, creating iron oxide (rust)
* '''Carbonation/Dissolution:''' Rainwater mixed with CO2 creates weak carbonic acid that dissolves rocks like limestone
* '''Hydrolysis:''' Water reacts with minerals to break them down, often forming clay

==== Biological Processes: ====
* Tree roots grow into crevices and pry rocks apart, while burrowing animals expose new surfaces to air and water

Weathering constantly changes the landscape, wearing away surfaces to form landforms such as arches, pedestals, and sea caves. It is essential for soil formation and prepares rock material to be moved by erosion. Human activity, such as burning fossil fuels, accelerates chemical weathering through acid rain.

== Deposition ==
Deposition is the process where transported sediments, such as rock fragments, soil, debris, or organic matter, settle and are laid down in new locations as transporting agents (water, wind, ice) lose energy. It builds up landforms like deltas, beaches, and sand dunes, acting as the final step in the erosion-transport-deposition cycle.

* '''Process:''' As water or wind velocity decreases, the transporting medium can no longer carry sediment load, causing particles to sink and settle. Larger particles typically settle first.

=== Forms of Deposition: ===

* '''Fluvial (Rivers):''' Creates floodplains, deltas, and alluvial fans.
* '''Aeolian (Wind):''' Forms sand dunes and loess deposits.
* '''Glacial (Ice):''' Deposits moraines, drumlins, and erratic boulders.
* '''Marine (Ocean):''' Creates beaches, spits, and deep-sea sediment layers.

A function of deposition is that it forms new land, creates sedimentary rock layers (through compaction/cementation over time), and contributes to, or degrades, habitats.

A method of managing deposition is by controlling water velocity and reducing erosion sources, such as by managing agricultural runoff or stabilizing shorelines to reduce coastal erosion.

= Historical Geology =
While physical geology studies the ''current'' things about earth, historical geology studies the things that happened to earth in the ''past'', like how Theia crashed into Earth and made the moon or how the first ever cyanobacteria developed oxygen out of methane and carbon dioxide during the Proterozoic Eon. In Historical Geology, you will learn about:

* the Paleozoic Era (The Age of Ancient Life): 252-541M years ago
* the Mesozoic Era (The Age of Reptiles): 66-252M years ago
* the Cenozoic Era (The Age of Mammals): current era
* and the Precambrian Eons; explained later on

and how creatures of their times affected our modern world. 

== The Precambrian Eons ==
There isn't a Precambrian Era, but it consists of 3 eons, the Precambrian Eons. It also includes a period. These include:

* the Hadean Eon: 4.6-4.0B years ago (Earth was molten and bombarded by asteroids)
* the Archean Eon: 4.0-2.5B years ago (Earth's crust cooled, forming oceans and single-celled life): Neoarchean: 2.8-2.5B years ago (stabilized Earth's crust into the first continents, oxygen-producing cyanobacteria rose, initiating photosynthesis)
* the Proterozoic Eon: 2.5B-541M years ago (cyanobacteria filled Earth with oxygen, setting up complex life); Cryogenian: 720-635M (Earth dramatically cools, glaciers stretch to the equator, Earth is almost completely encased in ice)

* the Ediacaran Period: 635-538M years ago (massive global ice ages melt, soft multicellular organisms evolve, tube and disc-shaped dominate the sea floor)

== Periods Of The Paleozoic Era ==

* Cambrian: 541-485M years ago (major animals are aquatic, trilobites and brachiopods rule, jawless fish emerge, super-continent Gondwana forms near the South Pole, the rest is bare rock)

* Ordovician: 485-443M years ago (coral reefs begin to form, moss-like plants and fungi emerge on land, ice age starts, freezing oceans with glaciers, causing a mass extinction)
* Silurian: 443-419M years ago (Earth's climate stabilizes, glaciers melt, sea levels rise, vascular plants with stems evolve, early spiders, centipedes, and insects move onto land)
* Devonian: 419-359M years ago (fish develop armored scales and sharp jaws, trees and deep-rooted forests appear, tetrapods evolve from lobe-finned fish and crawl onto mudflats, rapid cooling and oxygen drops in the ocean causes another mass extinction)
* Carboniferous: 359-299M years ago (tropical swamp forests cover the continents and die, forming coal beds, oxygen levels rise to 35% letting massive insects to evolve, animals lay amniotic eggs, allowing them to breed away from water)
* Permian: 299-252M years ago (every continent collided, forming Pangea, Pangea's size creates vast, dry deserts in the interior, synapsids and reptiles spread across the dry land, massive volcanic eruptions in modern-day Siberia wipe out 95% of marine life)

== Periods Of The Mesozoic Era ==

* Triassic: 252-201M (Pangea starts to crack apart, Earth is hot and dry, dinosaurs and mammals first evolve)
* Jurassic: 201-145M (oceans flood continental rifts, giant plant-eating dinosaurs dominate, first birds take flight)
* Cretaceous: 145-66M (flowering plants appear, Tyrannosaurus rex rules the land, asteroid impact wipes out dinosaurs)

== Periods Of The Cenozoic Era ==

* Paleogene: 66-23M (climate is warm and tropical, mammals grow much larger, birds diversify rapidly) 
* Neogene: 23-2.6M (global temperatures cool down, vast grasslands spread, early human ancestors evolve)
* Quaternary: 2.6M-present (giant ice ages over continents, modern humans spread globally, large mammals go extinct)

== How The Mountains Were Made ==

* Taconic Orogeny: 450M years ago (an island arc collides with eastern North America, creating volcanic roots of the early Appalachian mountains)
* Alleghenian Orogeny: 325-260M (Africa collides with North America during the assembly of Pangea, lifting the Appalachian Mountains to the height of the modern Himalayas)

== Theia, The Moon, And Earth ==
[[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|alt=An image of the Moon.|thumb|The Moon]]
About 4.5 billion years ago, the early Earth was molten and hot. Theia: a rogue planet roughly the size of Mars, flying through space at 25,000 miles per hour (40,000 km/h). Then, Theia delivered an off-center, blow to Earth. If it had been a head-on collision, both planets would have been pulverized into space dust. 

=== The Ultimate Splatter Zone ===
The impact was so violent that it completely vaporized Theia and blasted a massive chunk of Earth’s outer crust into orbit. For a brief period, Earth looked a bit like Saturn, surrounded by a glowing, ring of molten rock and debris. You might think it took billions of years for that debris to form our Moon, but gravity does not like to wait around. Scientists estimate that the ring clumped together to form the Moon incredibly fast—potentially in less than a century, or even just a few months.  

=== The Proof Is In The Moon Rocks ===
When Apollo astronauts brought rocks back from the Moon, scientists checked their &quot;chemical DNA&quot; (oxygen isotopes). Usually, planets from different parts of the solar system have completely unique chemical signatures. But the Moon's rocks perfectly matched the Earth's crust.  

=== How Theia Changed Earth Forever ===
Without this catastrophic cosmic car crash, life as we know it wouldn't exist. Theia left behind three permanent parting gifts:  

* Our Seasons: The impact hit Earth so hard it knocked our planet onto a permanent 23.5-degree tilt. Without Theia, we wouldn't have Summer, Fall, Winter, or Spring.

* A Supercharged Core: Theia’s heavy iron core sank straight into the molten Earth and merged with our own. This gave Earth a massive magnetic field, acting like a giant shield that blocks deadly solar radiation.

* Longer Days: Right after the crash, an Earth day lasted only 5 hours because the planet was spinning at breakneck speed. The Moon's gravity has spent the last 4.5 billion years acting like a brake pad, slowing our spin down to a comfortable 24 hours.

== Largest Creatures Of Each Period ==
There are thousands of millions of different creatures that spawn from each period, but these are the largest of each:
* Cambrian: Anomalocaris (a small three-foot-long marine predator with giant armored eyes and grasping claws that ruled the shallow seas)
* Ordovician: Cameroceras (a massive twenty-foot-long straight-shelled squid that dominated the deep ocean)
*Silurian: Pterygotus (a huge seven-foot-long sea scorpion with large flattening swimming paddles and sharp crushing claws that prowled the shallow coastal waters)
*Devonian: Dunkleosteus (a terrifying thirty-foot-long armored predator fish with bone-shearing jaw plates instead of teeth that terrorized the deep seas)
*Carboniferous: Arthropleura (a monstrous eight-foot-long land-dwelling millipede with a heavily armored, multi-segmented body that patrolled the lush forests)
*Permian: Moschops (a heavy-set fifteen-foot-long mammal-like reptile with a barrel shaped body and a thick barrel-vaulted skull that roamed the ground)
*Triassic: Shastasaurus (a gigantic seventy-foot-long marine reptile with a highly elongated toothless snout and slender flippers that commanded the open oceans)
*Jurassic: Maraapunisaurus (a colossal 115-foot-long long-necked sauropod dinosaur with whip-like tails and massive column-like legs that stomped across the land)

* Cretaceous: Patagotitan (a titanic ninety-foot-long sauropod dinosaur with a small head, immensely long neck, and heavy pillar legs that reigned over the continents)
* Paleogene: Basilosaurus (a predatory sixty-foot-long early whale with an extremely elongated eel-like body and small vestigial hind legs that haunted the ancient seas)
* Neogene: Megalodon (a ferocious fifty-foot-long apex predator shark with robust, triangular serrated teeth the size of a human hand that controlled the global oceans)
* Quaternary: Blue whale (an immense one hundred-foot-long marine mammal with a streamlined, mottled blue-gray body and expansive baleen plates that inhabits the modern oceans)

== Fossils ==
Fossils are the preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient life trapped inside Earth's crust. They act as nature's time capsules, allowing historical geologists to reconstruct vanished ecosystems, track evolution over millions of years, and pinpoint the exact ages of rock layers.

=== Types Of Fossilization ===
Animals and plants turn into fossils in several distinct ways, depending on how they were buried and what minerals were nearby:

* Petrification: Mineral-rich water seeps into organic cavities and turns the original bone or wood entirely into solid rock (like petrified wood).
* Molds and Casts: An organism dissolves inside a rock layer, leaving an empty hollow space (a mold) that later fills with sediment to create a perfect replica copy (a cast).
* Carbonization: Intense underground heat and pressure squeeze out all liquids and gases, leaving a flat, thin, black film of carbon on the rock (common for leaves and fish).
* Preservation: The rarest form where an entire organism is kept perfectly intact by being frozen in ice, dried out in caves, or trapped inside sticky tree sap (amber).
* Trace Fossils: Rather than saving the body itself, these capture the active behavior of ancient life, including fossilized footprints, feeding burrows, and coprolites (fossilized poop).

=== How Geologists Use Fossils ===
Fossils are not just museum display pieces; they are essential field tools used by geologists to solve mysteries about Earth's past:

* Index Fossils: Certain creatures (like Trilobites) lived everywhere on Earth but only for a very short geological timeframe. Finding one instantly reveals the exact age of that rock layer.
* Ancient Climates (Paleoclimate): Finding a fossilized tropical palm tree or crocodile in modern-day Antarctica proves the freezing continent was once a warm, swampy jungle.
* Continental Drift Evidence: Discovering the exact same freshwater reptile fossils in both South America and Africa helped prove the continents were once physically joined together.

== Mass Extinctions ==
Earth's history has been completely rewritten five different times by catastrophic events known as the &quot;Big Five&quot; mass extinctions. These events wiped out the dominant species of their time, clearing the way for entirely new creatures to evolve.

* Ordovician-Silurian Extinction: Intense global cooling and freezing ice ages locked up Earth's water, causing sea levels to drop drastically and destroying the shallow ocean habitats.
* Late Devonian Extinction: A massive drop in ocean oxygen levels suffocated marine life, hitting reef-building creatures and armored predator fish the hardest.
* Permian-Triassic Extinction (&quot;The Great Dying&quot;): The most devastating extinction in Earth's history, caused by massive volcanic eruptions in Siberia. It released toxic gases, triggered severe global warming, and wiped out 96% of all marine species.
* Triassic-Jurassic Extinction: Huge underwater volcanic rifts opened up as Pangea began to split apart, raising carbon dioxide levels and triggering rapid climate changes that eliminated early reptiles.
* Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction: A massive six-mile-wide asteroid smashed into modern-day Mexico, triggering global wildfires, a nuclear winter, and blocking out the sun, which famously wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs.

== Supercontinents ==
A supercontinent is a single, massive landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continental crust smashed together. Driven by tectonic plate movements, Earth goes through a &quot;supercontinent cycle&quot; roughly every 300 to 500 million years, where landmasses continually crash together, break apart, and scatter.

=== The Timeline Of Earth's Major Supercontinents ===

* Vaalbara (3.6 to 2.8 Billion Years Ago): Earth's earliest known hypothetical supercontinent, forming when the planet was mostly ocean and small volcanic island chains collided.
* Kenorland (2.7 to 2.1 Billion Years Ago): Formed near the equator during the Neoarchean era, its breakup eventually triggered a massive global ice age due to rapid climate shifts.
* Columbia / Nuna (1.8 to 1.3 Billion Years Ago): A giant landmass stretching across the globe that marked the first time large, modern continental blocks fully assembled.
* Rodinia (1.1 Billion to 750 Million Years Ago): A massive supercontinent surrounded entirely by the Mirovia ocean, centered around modern-day North America before fracturing apart into a freezing, ice-covered Earth.
* Pannotia (633 to 550 Million Years Ago): A short-lived landmass clustered near the South Pole that formed just before the Cambrian explosion of complex marine life.
* Gondwana (550 to 175 Million Years Ago): An ancient southern supercontinent composed of modern-day South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia. It existed as its own massive entity for millions of years before merging into Pangea, and then splitting back apart later.
* Pangea (335 to 175 Million Years Ago): The most famous C-shaped supercontinent that united almost all of Earth's dry land, including the northern landmass of Laurasia and the southern landmass of Gondwana, creating a single home for early dinosaurs.

=== How Supercontinents Altered Earth's Climate And Crust ===
The formation of a supercontinent completely breaks the planet's normal systems, creating extreme environments found nowhere on modern Earth:

* Hyperarid Interior Deserts: Because the landmass is so incredibly wide, rain clouds from the surrounding oceans dry up completely before they can ever reach the center. This creates massive, lifeless &quot;super-deserts&quot; in the heart of the continent.
* Mega-Monsoons: The vast temperature difference between the roasting-hot interior landmass and the cold surrounding super-ocean creates violent, seasonal shifting winds, resulting in catastrophic monsoon downpours along the coastlines.
* The &quot;Snowball Earth&quot; Effect: When supercontinents split apart, they create brand new coastlines that rapidly absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This can drop global temperatures so fiercely that ice sheets completely cover the planet from poles to equator.
* Mantle Superplumes and Volcanic Traps: When a supercontinent sits over one spot on Earth's crust for millions of years, it acts like an insulating blanket. Heat builds up directly underneath it, eventually triggering colossal volcanic eruptions (large igneous provinces) that rip the continent apart and spew toxic gases into the atmosphere.

=== How Geologists Prove They Existed ===

* Matching Coastlines: The continental shelves of separate continents (like South America and Africa) fit together perfectly like giant jigsaw puzzle pieces.
* Fossil Belts: Identical ancient plant and animal fossils are found in narrow strips across oceans where the continents used to touch.
* Matching Mountain Ranges: Rock layers and mountain chains (like the Appalachians in North America and the Scottish Highlands) share the exact same age, type, and composition.
* Paleomagnetism (Magnetic Alignment): When volcanic rocks cool, iron minerals inside them align perfectly with Earth's magnetic north pole like tiny compass needles. Geologists measure this locked-in magnetic angle to calculate exactly where a continent was located on the globe millions of years ago.
* Orogenic (Mountain Building) Belts: When tectonic plates crash together to form a supercontinent, the immense pressure crumples the crust upwards, leaving behind massive global scars of matching metamorphic rock layers across modern state and country borders.
* Global Mineral Belts: Highly specific copper, gold, and uranium deposits match up perfectly in straight lines when you stitch the continents back together, showing they were formed by the exact same underground magma chambers.

=== How Supercontinents Drive Evolution ===
The locking together and breaking apart of landmasses acts as the ultimate evolutionary accelerator for life on Earth:

* The Isolation Engine: When a supercontinent fractures into smaller islands and separate continents, animal populations become completely isolated from one another. This forces rapid, localized evolution to fill unique environmental niches (similar to how Madagascar or Australia evolved highly unique wildlife).
* The Competition Arena: Conversely, when continents crash together into a single landmass, previously isolated species are forced to compete for the same food sources and habitats. This triggers massive evolutionary &quot;arms races&quot; where only the fittest, most adaptable creatures survive.

=== Future Supercontinents (The Next 250 Million Years) ===
Because tectonic plates never stop moving at a rate of a few centimeters per year, scientists have calculated four potential layouts for Earth's next ultimate supercontinent:

* Pangea Ultima: A configuration where the Atlantic Ocean slows down, reverses direction, and closes completely—bringing the Americas crashing back into Africa and Europe.
* Novopangea: A layout where the Pacific Ocean closes entirely instead of the Atlantic, causing the Americas to slam straight into Asia and Australia.
* Aurica: A scenario where both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans close down completely, forcing a brand new ocean basin to rip open right through the center of modern Asia.
* Amasia: A unique collision where all continents drift northward, clustering together directly over the North Pole, leaving Antarctica isolated at the bottom of the world.</text>
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      <text bytes="29056" sha1="353uzdly6j8naytgdrov6m4pgy6850t" xml:space="preserve">= ''The Geoguide'' =
On ''The Geoguide,'' you will learn about the different types of geology, types of rocks, gemstones, and lots of other stuff-- a true geologists dream!

= Physical Geology =
Physical geology is a branch of geology that studies the physical things of Earth, such as rocks, minerals, ''the very soil your house is sitting on right now'', and internal and external events, such as tectonic plate movements, weathering, and volcanism. It also focuses on how Earth works, like how mountains are formed and erosion.

* The study of igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks, and their formation.
* Understand the Earth’s interior structure, such as moving lithospheric plates, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
* Examine erosion, weathering, glaciation, and water action that change the very landscape as you read this.
* Be able to identify the stone and minerals you walk on every single day.

== Igneous ==
[[File:Granite_(pgpf_dike_facies,_Pikes_Peak_Batholith,_Mesoproterozoic,_1.08_GA;_Pikes_Peak,_Colorado,_USA)_2_(31566463242).jpg|alt=An image of granite.|thumb|A piece of the intrusive igneous rocks, granite.]]
Igneous rocks are rocks formed when molten rock, magma or lava, cools and solidifies. Intrusive igneous rocks are slow-cooled inside Earth and coarse-grained. Ten examples of intrusive igneous rocks include:  

# Granite&lt;ref&gt;A common heavy, dense, and highly durable white-to-pink feldspar and dark flakes of biotite or amphibole coarse-grained rock &lt;/ref&gt;
# Gabbro&lt;ref&gt;A underground equivelent of basalt, dense, coarse-grained identifiable by its dark color, heavy feel, and crystalline texture&lt;/ref&gt;
# Diorite
# Peridotite
# Pegmatite
# Syenite
# Granodiorite
# Diabase
# Aplite
# Anorthosite
[[File:Olivine basalt (Cedar Canyon, Iron County, Utah, USA) 6 (48679986543).jpg|alt=An image of basalt.|thumb|A piece of the extrusive igneous rocks, basalt.]]
Extrusive igneous rocks are rapidly-cooled outside the Earth and are generally smooth and shiny, but they can be porous or &quot;bubbly&quot;. Ten examples of extrusive igneous rocks include:

# Basalt
# Andesite
# Rhyolite
# Obsidian
# Pumice
# Scoria
# Tuff
# Dacite
# Pitchstone
# Phonolite

== Metamorphic ==
[[File:Slate Macro 1.JPG|alt=An image of slate.|thumb|A piece of the metamorphic rocks, slate.]]
Metamorphic rocks are pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) transformed by intense heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids deep within the Earth's crust. These rocks are characterized by recrystallization without melting, leading to changes in mineralogy and texture, often producing foliated (layered) or non-foliated structures. Ten examples of metamorphic rocks are:

# Slate
# Phyllite
# Schist
# Gneiss
# Marble
# Quartzite
# Amphibolite
# Hornfels
# Migmatite
# Eclogite

[[File:Quartzose sandstone (Berea Sandstone, Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian; Rocky Fork, Gahanna, Ohio, USA) 2 (34247836980).jpg|alt=An image of sandstone.|thumb|A piece of the sedimentary rocks, sandstone.]]

== Sedimentary ==
Sedimentary rocks are formed at the Earth's surface by the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments, like mineral particles or organic matter. They often form in layers and are identified by their banded appearance, presence of fossils, and softer, porous nature. Ten examples of sedimentary rocks include:

# Sandstone
# Limestone
# Shale
# Conglomerate
# Breccia
# Siltstone
# Dolostone
# Chert
# Coal
# Gypsum

= Understanding Earth's Insides =
Now that you have learned the three different categories of rock identification, let's learn about the stuff right under you!

== Lithospheric Plates ==
Lithospheric plates, or tectonic plates, are large, rigid, moving segments of Earth's outermost layer, comprising the crust and upper mantle. Ranging from 40–280 km thick, they essentially &quot;float&quot; on the pliable asthenosphere, fitting together like a giant puzzle. The main three events that happen with lithospheric plates include:

* '''Convergent (Colliding):''' Plates collide, causing subduction or mountain building
* '''Divergent (Spreading):''' Plates move apart, creating new crust
* '''Transform (Sliding):''' Plates slide past one another, often causing earthquakes

== Volcanoes ==
Volcanoes begin as magma deep within the Earth, created by heat and pressure at tectonic plate boundaries or hotspots. This buoyant magma rises through cracks in the crust, collecting in chambers before erupting as lava, ash, and gases. Solidifying layers build mountains over time. Some types include:

* '''Magma vs. Lava:''' Magma is molten rock below the surface; once it erupts, it is called lava
* '''Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes):''' Tall, steep cones built by layers of ash and thick lava
* '''Shield Volcanoes:''' Broad, gentle slopes formed by fluid, runny lava
* '''Cinder Cones:''' Small, simple, cone-shaped volcanoes built from blobs of congealed lava

The three states include:

* '''Active:''' Currently erupting or showing signs of, or expected to, erupt soon
* '''Dormant:''' Not currently active, but has erupted recently and may erupt again
* '''Extinct:''' Not expected to erupt again

=== How They Happen ===
Volcanic eruptions are driven by pressure from dissolved gases in the magma, which expand as the magma rises. Eruptions can be explosive (releasing ash and rock) or effusive (releasing lava flows).

== Earthquakes ==
An earthquake is the intense shaking of Earth's surface caused by the sudden release of energy in the crust, typically when tectonic plates shift and slip along faults. These events occur due to built-up stress, creating seismic waves that shake the ground.

=== How Earthquakes Occur ===

* '''Tectonic Plate Movement:''' The Earth's crust is divided into massive plates that constantly move and slide past one another.
* '''Fault Lines:''' When these plates get stuck but continue pushing, stress builds up until the rock fractures and breaks along faults.
* '''Energy Release:''' This sudden release of stress produces seismic waves, which travel through the ground, causing shaking at the surface.

=== Key Terminology and Locations ===

* '''Hypocenter (Focus):''' The location ''below'' the Earth's surface where the earthquake starts.
* '''Epicenter:''' The point on the Earth's surface ''directly above'' the hypocenter, often experiencing the most intense shaking.
* '''Mainshock &amp; Aftershocks:''' The main earthquake is the mainshock, while smaller, subsequent shakes in the same area are aftershocks.
* '''Fault Types:''' Includes strike-slip (sliding past), normal (pulling apart), and thrust (pushing over) faults.

While most earthquakes are tectonic, they can also be triggered by volcanic activity, landslides, or human activities like mining and hydraulic fracturing.

= Events That Change The Land =
Since you have now learned about Earth's internal components, let's focus on the things that change the very land!

== Erosion ==
Erosion is the natural process of wearing away and transporting soil, rock, and sediment by agents like water, wind, and ice, often leading to landscape changes like mountains shrinking or riverbanks eroding. It decreases agricultural productivity, causes ecological damage, and is distinct from weathering because it includes transportation of material, whereas weathering only breaks it down. The three main types include:

* '''Water Erosion:''' Includes splash, sheet, rill, and gully erosion.
* '''Wind Erosion:''' Occurs through deflation, removing loose soil and sand.
* '''Ice Erosion:''' Glacial movement that carves valleys and moves debris.

'''Examples:''' Rain washing soil from hills, ocean waves reshaping coastlines, and rivers carving canyons.

'''Effects:''' Land degradation, loss of nutrient-rich topsoil, destruction of habitats, and potential desertification.

'''Erosion vs. Weathering:''' Weathering is the immediate breakdown of rocks (disintegration), while erosion is the removal and transport of that material to a new location.

Erosion can act as a natural &quot;cleaning&quot; process but, when accelerated by human activity (e.g., deforestation, construction), it causes massive on-site and off-site damage.

== Weathering ==
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks, soils, and minerals at/or near the Earth's surface through physical, chemical, and biological processes. Driven by water, ice, temperature changes, and organisms, it transforms bedrock into sediment, creating landscapes like the Grand Canyon. It differs from erosion, which transports these materials. The three main types of weathering are:

* '''Physical/Mechanical Weathering:''' Breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition, often through ice wedging, thermal expansion, or salt crystallization.
* '''Chemical Weathering:''' Alters the molecular structure of minerals, causing them to dissolve or break down, often via water, oxygen, or acids.
* '''Biological Weathering:''' Occurs when living organisms (roots, burrowing animals, bacteria) break down rocks.

=== Primary Causes and Processes ===

==== Physical Processes: ====
* '''Frost Wedging (Cryofracturing):''' Water seeps into cracks, freezes, and expands, splitting the rock
* '''Thermal Expansion:''' Constant heating and cooling in desert environments cause rocks to weaken and peel (exfoliation)
* '''Pressure Release:''' As overlying rock is removed, underlying rock expands and cracks

==== Chemical Processes: ====
* '''Oxidation:''' Oxygen reacts with iron-containing minerals, creating iron oxide (rust)
* '''Carbonation/Dissolution:''' Rainwater mixed with CO2 creates weak carbonic acid that dissolves rocks like limestone
* '''Hydrolysis:''' Water reacts with minerals to break them down, often forming clay

==== Biological Processes: ====
* Tree roots grow into crevices and pry rocks apart, while burrowing animals expose new surfaces to air and water

Weathering constantly changes the landscape, wearing away surfaces to form landforms such as arches, pedestals, and sea caves. It is essential for soil formation and prepares rock material to be moved by erosion. Human activity, such as burning fossil fuels, accelerates chemical weathering through acid rain.

== Deposition ==
Deposition is the process where transported sediments, such as rock fragments, soil, debris, or organic matter, settle and are laid down in new locations as transporting agents (water, wind, ice) lose energy. It builds up landforms like deltas, beaches, and sand dunes, acting as the final step in the erosion-transport-deposition cycle.

* '''Process:''' As water or wind velocity decreases, the transporting medium can no longer carry sediment load, causing particles to sink and settle. Larger particles typically settle first.

=== Forms of Deposition: ===

* '''Fluvial (Rivers):''' Creates floodplains, deltas, and alluvial fans.
* '''Aeolian (Wind):''' Forms sand dunes and loess deposits.
* '''Glacial (Ice):''' Deposits moraines, drumlins, and erratic boulders.
* '''Marine (Ocean):''' Creates beaches, spits, and deep-sea sediment layers.

A function of deposition is that it forms new land, creates sedimentary rock layers (through compaction/cementation over time), and contributes to, or degrades, habitats.

A method of managing deposition is by controlling water velocity and reducing erosion sources, such as by managing agricultural runoff or stabilizing shorelines to reduce coastal erosion.

= Historical Geology =
While physical geology studies the ''current'' things about earth, historical geology studies the things that happened to earth in the ''past'', like how Theia crashed into Earth and made the moon or how the first ever cyanobacteria developed oxygen out of methane and carbon dioxide during the Proterozoic Eon. In Historical Geology, you will learn about:

* the Paleozoic Era (The Age of Ancient Life): 252-541M years ago
* the Mesozoic Era (The Age of Reptiles): 66-252M years ago
* the Cenozoic Era (The Age of Mammals): current era
* and the Precambrian Eons; explained later on

and how creatures of their times affected our modern world. 

== The Precambrian Eons ==
There isn't a Precambrian Era, but it consists of 3 eons, the Precambrian Eons. It also includes a period. These include:

* the Hadean Eon: 4.6-4.0B years ago (Earth was molten and bombarded by asteroids)
* the Archean Eon: 4.0-2.5B years ago (Earth's crust cooled, forming oceans and single-celled life): Neoarchean: 2.8-2.5B years ago (stabilized Earth's crust into the first continents, oxygen-producing cyanobacteria rose, initiating photosynthesis)
* the Proterozoic Eon: 2.5B-541M years ago (cyanobacteria filled Earth with oxygen, setting up complex life); Cryogenian: 720-635M (Earth dramatically cools, glaciers stretch to the equator, Earth is almost completely encased in ice)

* the Ediacaran Period: 635-538M years ago (massive global ice ages melt, soft multicellular organisms evolve, tube and disc-shaped dominate the sea floor)

== Periods Of The Paleozoic Era ==

* Cambrian: 541-485M years ago (major animals are aquatic, trilobites and brachiopods rule, jawless fish emerge, super-continent Gondwana forms near the South Pole, the rest is bare rock)

* Ordovician: 485-443M years ago (coral reefs begin to form, moss-like plants and fungi emerge on land, ice age starts, freezing oceans with glaciers, causing a mass extinction)
* Silurian: 443-419M years ago (Earth's climate stabilizes, glaciers melt, sea levels rise, vascular plants with stems evolve, early spiders, centipedes, and insects move onto land)
* Devonian: 419-359M years ago (fish develop armored scales and sharp jaws, trees and deep-rooted forests appear, tetrapods evolve from lobe-finned fish and crawl onto mudflats, rapid cooling and oxygen drops in the ocean causes another mass extinction)
* Carboniferous: 359-299M years ago (tropical swamp forests cover the continents and die, forming coal beds, oxygen levels rise to 35% letting massive insects to evolve, animals lay amniotic eggs, allowing them to breed away from water)
* Permian: 299-252M years ago (every continent collided, forming Pangea, Pangea's size creates vast, dry deserts in the interior, synapsids and reptiles spread across the dry land, massive volcanic eruptions in modern-day Siberia wipe out 95% of marine life)

== Periods Of The Mesozoic Era ==

* Triassic: 252-201M (Pangea starts to crack apart, Earth is hot and dry, dinosaurs and mammals first evolve)
* Jurassic: 201-145M (oceans flood continental rifts, giant plant-eating dinosaurs dominate, first birds take flight)
* Cretaceous: 145-66M (flowering plants appear, Tyrannosaurus rex rules the land, asteroid impact wipes out dinosaurs)

== Periods Of The Cenozoic Era ==

* Paleogene: 66-23M (climate is warm and tropical, mammals grow much larger, birds diversify rapidly) 
* Neogene: 23-2.6M (global temperatures cool down, vast grasslands spread, early human ancestors evolve)
* Quaternary: 2.6M-present (giant ice ages over continents, modern humans spread globally, large mammals go extinct)

== How The Mountains Were Made ==

* Taconic Orogeny: 450M years ago (an island arc collides with eastern North America, creating volcanic roots of the early Appalachian mountains)
* Alleghenian Orogeny: 325-260M (Africa collides with North America during the assembly of Pangea, lifting the Appalachian Mountains to the height of the modern Himalayas)

== Theia, The Moon, And Earth ==
[[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|alt=An image of the Moon.|thumb|The Moon]]
About 4.5 billion years ago, the early Earth was molten and hot. Theia: a rogue planet roughly the size of Mars, flying through space at 25,000 miles per hour (40,000 km/h). Then, Theia delivered an off-center, blow to Earth. If it had been a head-on collision, both planets would have been pulverized into space dust. 

=== The Ultimate Splatter Zone ===
The impact was so violent that it completely vaporized Theia and blasted a massive chunk of Earth’s outer crust into orbit. For a brief period, Earth looked a bit like Saturn, surrounded by a glowing, ring of molten rock and debris. You might think it took billions of years for that debris to form our Moon, but gravity does not like to wait around. Scientists estimate that the ring clumped together to form the Moon incredibly fast—potentially in less than a century, or even just a few months.  

=== The Proof Is In The Moon Rocks ===
When Apollo astronauts brought rocks back from the Moon, scientists checked their &quot;chemical DNA&quot; (oxygen isotopes). Usually, planets from different parts of the solar system have completely unique chemical signatures. But the Moon's rocks perfectly matched the Earth's crust.  

=== How Theia Changed Earth Forever ===
Without this catastrophic cosmic car crash, life as we know it wouldn't exist. Theia left behind three permanent parting gifts:  

* Our Seasons: The impact hit Earth so hard it knocked our planet onto a permanent 23.5-degree tilt. Without Theia, we wouldn't have Summer, Fall, Winter, or Spring.

* A Supercharged Core: Theia’s heavy iron core sank straight into the molten Earth and merged with our own. This gave Earth a massive magnetic field, acting like a giant shield that blocks deadly solar radiation.

* Longer Days: Right after the crash, an Earth day lasted only 5 hours because the planet was spinning at breakneck speed. The Moon's gravity has spent the last 4.5 billion years acting like a brake pad, slowing our spin down to a comfortable 24 hours.

== Largest Creatures Of Each Period ==
There are thousands of millions of different creatures that spawn from each period, but these are the largest of each:
* Cambrian: Anomalocaris (a small three-foot-long marine predator with giant armored eyes and grasping claws that ruled the shallow seas)
* Ordovician: Cameroceras (a massive twenty-foot-long straight-shelled squid that dominated the deep ocean)
*Silurian: Pterygotus (a huge seven-foot-long sea scorpion with large flattening swimming paddles and sharp crushing claws that prowled the shallow coastal waters)
*Devonian: Dunkleosteus (a terrifying thirty-foot-long armored predator fish with bone-shearing jaw plates instead of teeth that terrorized the deep seas)
*Carboniferous: Arthropleura (a monstrous eight-foot-long land-dwelling millipede with a heavily armored, multi-segmented body that patrolled the lush forests)
*Permian: Moschops (a heavy-set fifteen-foot-long mammal-like reptile with a barrel shaped body and a thick barrel-vaulted skull that roamed the ground)
*Triassic: Shastasaurus (a gigantic seventy-foot-long marine reptile with a highly elongated toothless snout and slender flippers that commanded the open oceans)
*Jurassic: Maraapunisaurus (a colossal 115-foot-long long-necked sauropod dinosaur with whip-like tails and massive column-like legs that stomped across the land)

* Cretaceous: Patagotitan (a titanic ninety-foot-long sauropod dinosaur with a small head, immensely long neck, and heavy pillar legs that reigned over the continents)
* Paleogene: Basilosaurus (a predatory sixty-foot-long early whale with an extremely elongated eel-like body and small vestigial hind legs that haunted the ancient seas)
* Neogene: Megalodon (a ferocious fifty-foot-long apex predator shark with robust, triangular serrated teeth the size of a human hand that controlled the global oceans)
* Quaternary: Blue whale (an immense one hundred-foot-long marine mammal with a streamlined, mottled blue-gray body and expansive baleen plates that inhabits the modern oceans)

== Fossils ==
Fossils are the preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient life trapped inside Earth's crust. They act as nature's time capsules, allowing historical geologists to reconstruct vanished ecosystems, track evolution over millions of years, and pinpoint the exact ages of rock layers.

=== Types Of Fossilization ===
Animals and plants turn into fossils in several distinct ways, depending on how they were buried and what minerals were nearby:

* Petrification: Mineral-rich water seeps into organic cavities and turns the original bone or wood entirely into solid rock (like petrified wood).
* Molds and Casts: An organism dissolves inside a rock layer, leaving an empty hollow space (a mold) that later fills with sediment to create a perfect replica copy (a cast).
* Carbonization: Intense underground heat and pressure squeeze out all liquids and gases, leaving a flat, thin, black film of carbon on the rock (common for leaves and fish).
* Preservation: The rarest form where an entire organism is kept perfectly intact by being frozen in ice, dried out in caves, or trapped inside sticky tree sap (amber).
* Trace Fossils: Rather than saving the body itself, these capture the active behavior of ancient life, including fossilized footprints, feeding burrows, and coprolites (fossilized poop).

=== How Geologists Use Fossils ===
Fossils are not just museum display pieces; they are essential field tools used by geologists to solve mysteries about Earth's past:

* Index Fossils: Certain creatures (like Trilobites) lived everywhere on Earth but only for a very short geological timeframe. Finding one instantly reveals the exact age of that rock layer.
* Ancient Climates (Paleoclimate): Finding a fossilized tropical palm tree or crocodile in modern-day Antarctica proves the freezing continent was once a warm, swampy jungle.
* Continental Drift Evidence: Discovering the exact same freshwater reptile fossils in both South America and Africa helped prove the continents were once physically joined together.

== Mass Extinctions ==
Earth's history has been completely rewritten five different times by catastrophic events known as the &quot;Big Five&quot; mass extinctions. These events wiped out the dominant species of their time, clearing the way for entirely new creatures to evolve.

* Ordovician-Silurian Extinction: Intense global cooling and freezing ice ages locked up Earth's water, causing sea levels to drop drastically and destroying the shallow ocean habitats.
* Late Devonian Extinction: A massive drop in ocean oxygen levels suffocated marine life, hitting reef-building creatures and armored predator fish the hardest.
* Permian-Triassic Extinction (&quot;The Great Dying&quot;): The most devastating extinction in Earth's history, caused by massive volcanic eruptions in Siberia. It released toxic gases, triggered severe global warming, and wiped out 96% of all marine species.
* Triassic-Jurassic Extinction: Huge underwater volcanic rifts opened up as Pangea began to split apart, raising carbon dioxide levels and triggering rapid climate changes that eliminated early reptiles.
* Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction: A massive six-mile-wide asteroid smashed into modern-day Mexico, triggering global wildfires, a nuclear winter, and blocking out the sun, which famously wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs.

== Supercontinents ==
A supercontinent is a single, massive landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continental crust smashed together. Driven by tectonic plate movements, Earth goes through a &quot;supercontinent cycle&quot; roughly every 300 to 500 million years, where landmasses continually crash together, break apart, and scatter.

=== The Timeline Of Earth's Major Supercontinents ===

* Vaalbara (3.6 to 2.8 Billion Years Ago): Earth's earliest known hypothetical supercontinent, forming when the planet was mostly ocean and small volcanic island chains collided.
* Kenorland (2.7 to 2.1 Billion Years Ago): Formed near the equator during the Neoarchean era, its breakup eventually triggered a massive global ice age due to rapid climate shifts.
* Columbia / Nuna (1.8 to 1.3 Billion Years Ago): A giant landmass stretching across the globe that marked the first time large, modern continental blocks fully assembled.
* Rodinia (1.1 Billion to 750 Million Years Ago): A massive supercontinent surrounded entirely by the Mirovia ocean, centered around modern-day North America before fracturing apart into a freezing, ice-covered Earth.
* Pannotia (633 to 550 Million Years Ago): A short-lived landmass clustered near the South Pole that formed just before the Cambrian explosion of complex marine life.
* Gondwana (550 to 175 Million Years Ago): An ancient southern supercontinent composed of modern-day South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia. It existed as its own massive entity for millions of years before merging into Pangea, and then splitting back apart later.
* Pangea (335 to 175 Million Years Ago): The most famous C-shaped supercontinent that united almost all of Earth's dry land, including the northern landmass of Laurasia and the southern landmass of Gondwana, creating a single home for early dinosaurs.

=== How Supercontinents Altered Earth's Climate And Crust ===
The formation of a supercontinent completely breaks the planet's normal systems, creating extreme environments found nowhere on modern Earth:

* Hyperarid Interior Deserts: Because the landmass is so incredibly wide, rain clouds from the surrounding oceans dry up completely before they can ever reach the center. This creates massive, lifeless &quot;super-deserts&quot; in the heart of the continent.
* Mega-Monsoons: The vast temperature difference between the roasting-hot interior landmass and the cold surrounding super-ocean creates violent, seasonal shifting winds, resulting in catastrophic monsoon downpours along the coastlines.
* The &quot;Snowball Earth&quot; Effect: When supercontinents split apart, they create brand new coastlines that rapidly absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This can drop global temperatures so fiercely that ice sheets completely cover the planet from poles to equator.
* Mantle Superplumes and Volcanic Traps: When a supercontinent sits over one spot on Earth's crust for millions of years, it acts like an insulating blanket. Heat builds up directly underneath it, eventually triggering colossal volcanic eruptions (large igneous provinces) that rip the continent apart and spew toxic gases into the atmosphere.

=== How Geologists Prove They Existed ===

* Matching Coastlines: The continental shelves of separate continents (like South America and Africa) fit together perfectly like giant jigsaw puzzle pieces.
* Fossil Belts: Identical ancient plant and animal fossils are found in narrow strips across oceans where the continents used to touch.
* Matching Mountain Ranges: Rock layers and mountain chains (like the Appalachians in North America and the Scottish Highlands) share the exact same age, type, and composition.
* Paleomagnetism (Magnetic Alignment): When volcanic rocks cool, iron minerals inside them align perfectly with Earth's magnetic north pole like tiny compass needles. Geologists measure this locked-in magnetic angle to calculate exactly where a continent was located on the globe millions of years ago.
* Orogenic (Mountain Building) Belts: When tectonic plates crash together to form a supercontinent, the immense pressure crumples the crust upwards, leaving behind massive global scars of matching metamorphic rock layers across modern state and country borders.
* Global Mineral Belts: Highly specific copper, gold, and uranium deposits match up perfectly in straight lines when you stitch the continents back together, showing they were formed by the exact same underground magma chambers.

=== How Supercontinents Drive Evolution ===
The locking together and breaking apart of landmasses acts as the ultimate evolutionary accelerator for life on Earth:

* The Isolation Engine: When a supercontinent fractures into smaller islands and separate continents, animal populations become completely isolated from one another. This forces rapid, localized evolution to fill unique environmental niches (similar to how Madagascar or Australia evolved highly unique wildlife).
* The Competition Arena: Conversely, when continents crash together into a single landmass, previously isolated species are forced to compete for the same food sources and habitats. This triggers massive evolutionary &quot;arms races&quot; where only the fittest, most adaptable creatures survive.

=== Future Supercontinents (The Next 250 Million Years) ===
Because tectonic plates never stop moving at a rate of a few centimeters per year, scientists have calculated four potential layouts for Earth's next ultimate supercontinent:

* Pangea Ultima: A configuration where the Atlantic Ocean slows down, reverses direction, and closes completely—bringing the Americas crashing back into Africa and Europe.
* Novopangea: A layout where the Pacific Ocean closes entirely instead of the Atlantic, causing the Americas to slam straight into Asia and Australia.
* Aurica: A scenario where both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans close down completely, forcing a brand new ocean basin to rip open right through the center of modern Asia.
* Amasia: A unique collision where all continents drift northward, clustering together directly over the North Pole, leaving Antarctica isolated at the bottom of the world.
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Geology]]
[[Category:Rocks]]</text>
      <sha1>353uzdly6j8naytgdrov6m4pgy6850t</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Agidi (Nigerian Cornstarch Swallow)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638752</id>
      <parentid>4638689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:41:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>style, format, language, links</comment>
      <origin>4638752</origin>
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      <text bytes="2205" sha1="90jjuu1w83wjkro36fy23exa0pvrhjf" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__{{Recipe summary
| Category = Snacks recipes
| servings = 1
| time = Prep: 5
minutes&lt;/br&gt;Cooking: 10 minutes&lt;/br&gt;Total: 15 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Agidi.jpg|300px]]
}}{{Recipe}}

'''Agidi''', also known as '''eko''' among the Yoruba people of Nigeria, is a smooth, firm pudding made from fermented maize starch. Unlike liquid pap, agidi is cooked until thick, moulded into a solid form, and allowed to cool before serving. It is commonly wrapped in leaves or packaged in containers and eaten with bean dishes, stews, moin moin, akara, or soup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to Make Agidi or Eko |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/breakfast-recipes/agidi-eko/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agidi/Eko |url=https://proveg.org/ng/recipes/agidi-eko/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=ProVeg Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ingredients ==
*1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] [[Cookbook:Cornstarch|corn starch]]
*700 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]] (approx. 25 fl oz) cold water
* [[Cookbook:Sugar|Sugar]] to taste (optional)

== Procedure ==
#Gradually mix the water into the corn starch until you get a smooth, lump-free mixture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2024-01-28 |title=How To Make White Agidi (Eko) Recipe |url=https://guardian.ng/life/how-to-make-white-agidi-eko-recipe/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; If desired, add a little sugar to taste.
#Transfer the mixture to a pot, and stir continuously over medium-low heat until it thickens to a smooth, custard-like consistency.
#Add a little water around the sides of the pot, cover, and [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] for about 10 minutes
#Stir well, and test for doneness by placing a small portion in cold water; if it sets firmly after cooling, the agidi is ready.
#Transfer the mixture into containers or wrap in leaves, then allow it to cool completely and set before serving.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Yoruba recipes]]
[[Category: Igbo recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using cornstarch]]
[[Category:Recipes for swallows]]
[[Category:Recipes using sugar]]</text>
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      <parentid>4638752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T15:41:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kittycataclysm moved page [[Cookbook:Nigerian Agidi (Eko)]] to [[Cookbook:Agidi (Nigerian Cornstarch Swallow)]] without leaving a redirect: per [[Cookbook:Policy#Naming Conventions]]</comment>
      <origin>4638752</origin>
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      <text bytes="2205" sha1="90jjuu1w83wjkro36fy23exa0pvrhjf" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__{{Recipe summary
| Category = Snacks recipes
| servings = 1
| time = Prep: 5
minutes&lt;/br&gt;Cooking: 10 minutes&lt;/br&gt;Total: 15 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Agidi.jpg|300px]]
}}{{Recipe}}

'''Agidi''', also known as '''eko''' among the Yoruba people of Nigeria, is a smooth, firm pudding made from fermented maize starch. Unlike liquid pap, agidi is cooked until thick, moulded into a solid form, and allowed to cool before serving. It is commonly wrapped in leaves or packaged in containers and eaten with bean dishes, stews, moin moin, akara, or soup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to Make Agidi or Eko |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/breakfast-recipes/agidi-eko/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agidi/Eko |url=https://proveg.org/ng/recipes/agidi-eko/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=ProVeg Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ingredients ==
*1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] [[Cookbook:Cornstarch|corn starch]]
*700 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]] (approx. 25 fl oz) cold water
* [[Cookbook:Sugar|Sugar]] to taste (optional)

== Procedure ==
#Gradually mix the water into the corn starch until you get a smooth, lump-free mixture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2024-01-28 |title=How To Make White Agidi (Eko) Recipe |url=https://guardian.ng/life/how-to-make-white-agidi-eko-recipe/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; If desired, add a little sugar to taste.
#Transfer the mixture to a pot, and stir continuously over medium-low heat until it thickens to a smooth, custard-like consistency.
#Add a little water around the sides of the pot, cover, and [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] for about 10 minutes
#Stir well, and test for doneness by placing a small portion in cold water; if it sets firmly after cooling, the agidi is ready.
#Transfer the mixture into containers or wrap in leaves, then allow it to cool completely and set before serving.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Yoruba recipes]]
[[Category: Igbo recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using cornstarch]]
[[Category:Recipes for swallows]]
[[Category:Recipes using sugar]]</text>
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    <title>Cookbook:Scorched rice</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483759</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-03T16:39:38Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3456470</id>
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      <comment>Created</comment>
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| Category = crispy rice dish formed at the bottom of a cooking pot}
| Servings = 4-6
| Time = 35 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
}}
{{Recipe}} {{recipe}}| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]]

'''Scorched rice''' refers to the crispy layer of [[Cookbook:rice|rice]] that forms at the bottom of a cooking vessel during the preparation of rice dishes. Variations of scorched rice are found in many cuisines around the world, including &quot;Cape Verde&quot;, Persian ''tahdig'', Korean ''nurungji'', Spanish ''socarrat'', Chinese ''guōbā'', and Latin American ''concón''. Depending on the culinary tradition, the crispy rice may be intentionally created and served as a delicacy or enjoyed as a by-product of rice cooking.

== Ingredients ==

* 2 cups long-grain rice
* 3 cups water
* 1 tsp salt
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]], butter, or other cooking fat

== Procedure ==

# Rinse the rice thoroughly until the water runs clear.
# Soak the rice for 20–30 minutes if desired, then drain.
# Bring the water and salt to a boil in a heavy-bottomed pot.
# Add the rice and cook until most of the water has been absorbed.
# Reduce the heat to very low.
# Drizzle the oil or melted butter around the edges of the pot.
# Cover the pot tightly with a lid.
# Continue cooking for 20–30 minutes without stirring.
# Allow a golden-brown crust to form on the bottom of the pot.
# Remove the pot from the heat and let it rest for 5 minutes.
# Carefully loosen the rice from the sides of the pot.
# Invert onto a serving plate or gently remove the crispy layer with a spatula.
# Serve immediately.

== Serving ==

Scorched rice may be served with:

* [[Category:Recipes for stew|Stews]]
* Curries
* [[Cookbook:meat|Grilled meat]]
* [[Cookbook:vegetables|Roasted vegetables]]
* [[Cookbook:Yogurt|Yogurt]]-based [[Cookbook:sauces|sauces]]
* [[Cookbook:Seafood|Seafood dishes]]

== Variations ==

* Persian Tahdig
* Korean Nurungji
* Spanish Socarrat
* Chinese Guōbā
* Dominican Concón
* Panamanian Concolón
* Iraqi Hikakeh

== Tips ==

* Use a heavy-bottomed pot to help the rice brown evenly.
* Keep the heat low to avoid burning the crust.
* Do not stir the rice once the crust begins to form.
* A small amount of oil or butter helps create a crispier texture.
* Allow the rice to rest before removing it from the pot.
* Different types of rice produce different textures and levels of crispiness.

== Notes ==

* Scorched rice is considered a delicacy in many cultures.
* Some cuisines intentionally create the crispy layer as the highlight of the meal.
* The color may range from golden brown to deep brown, depending on cooking time and temperature.
* Similar preparations are found throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America.

== See also ==

* [[Cookbook:Tahdig]]
* [[Cookbook:Paella]]
* Pilaf
* [[Cookbook:Fried Rice]]


[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]
[[Category:Recipes using rice]]</text>
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{{Ingredient summary
| Image = 
}}

{{ingredient}} | [[Cookbook:Basic foodstuffs|Basic foodstuffs]] | [[Cookbook:Rice|Rice]]

'''Scorched rice''' refers to the crispy layer of [[Cookbook:rice|rice]] that forms at the bottom of a cooking vessel during the preparation of rice dishes. Variations of scorched rice are found in many cuisines around the world, including &quot;Cape Verde&quot;, Persian ''tahdig'', Korean ''nurungji'', Spanish ''socarrat'', Chinese ''guōbā'', and Latin American ''concón''. Depending on the culinary tradition, the crispy rice may be intentionally created and served as a delicacy or enjoyed as a by-product of rice cooking.

== Ingredients ==

* 2 cups long-grain rice
* 3 cups water
* 1 tsp salt
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]], butter, or other cooking fat

== Procedure ==

# Rinse the rice thoroughly until the water runs clear.
# Soak the rice for 20–30 minutes if desired, then drain.
# Bring the water and salt to a boil in a heavy-bottomed pot.
# Add the rice and cook until most of the water has been absorbed.
# Reduce the heat to very low.
# Drizzle the oil or melted butter around the edges of the pot.
# Cover the pot tightly with a lid.
# Continue cooking for 20–30 minutes without stirring.
# Allow a golden-brown crust to form on the bottom of the pot.
# Remove the pot from the heat and let it rest for 5 minutes.
# Carefully loosen the rice from the sides of the pot.
# Invert onto a serving plate or gently remove the crispy layer with a spatula.
# Serve immediately.

== Serving ==

Scorched rice may be served with:

* [[Category:Recipes for stew|Stews]]
* Curries
* [[Cookbook:meat|Grilled meat]]
* [[Cookbook:vegetables|Roasted vegetables]]
* [[Cookbook:Yogurt|Yogurt]]-based [[Cookbook:sauces|sauces]]
* [[Cookbook:Seafood|Seafood dishes]]

== Variations ==

* Persian Tahdig
* Korean Nurungji
* Spanish Socarrat
* Chinese Guōbā
* Dominican Concón
* Panamanian Concolón
* Iraqi Hikakeh

== Tips ==

* Use a heavy-bottomed pot to help the rice brown evenly.
* Keep the heat low to avoid burning the crust.
* Do not stir the rice once the crust begins to form.
* A small amount of oil or butter helps create a crispier texture.
* Allow the rice to rest before removing it from the pot.
* Different types of rice produce different textures and levels of crispiness.

== Notes ==

* Scorched rice is considered a delicacy in many cultures.
* Some cuisines intentionally create the crispy layer as the highlight of the meal.
* The color may range from golden brown to deep brown, depending on cooking time and temperature.
* Similar preparations are found throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America.

== See also ==

* [[Cookbook:Tahdig]]
* [[Cookbook:Paella]]
* Pilaf
* [[Cookbook:Fried Rice]]


[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]
[[Category:Recipes using rice]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3735" sha1="6ops1oak03q5fyj9q0e51csf45w0mar" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Cape Verde
| Difficulty = 2
}}

{{Recipe}}


'''Scorched rice''' refers to the crispy layer of [[Cookbook:rice|rice]] that forms at the bottom of a cooking vessel during the preparation of rice dishes. Variations of scorched rice are found in many cuisines around the world, including &quot;Cape Verde&quot;, Persian ''tahdig'', Korean ''nurungji'', Spanish ''socarrat'', Chinese ''guōbā'', and Latin American ''concón''. Depending on the culinary tradition, the crispy rice may be intentionally created and served as a delicacy or enjoyed as a by-product of rice cooking.

== Ingredients ==

* 2 cups long-grain rice
* 3 cups water
* 1 tsp salt
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]], butter, or other cooking fat

== Procedure ==

# Rinse the rice thoroughly until the water runs clear.
# Soak the rice for 20–30 minutes if desired, then drain.
# Bring the water and salt to a boil in a heavy-bottomed pot.
# Add the rice and cook until most of the water has been absorbed.
# Reduce the heat to very low.
# Drizzle the oil or melted butter around the edges of the pot.
# Cover the pot tightly with a lid.
# Continue cooking for 20–30 minutes without stirring.
# Allow a golden-brown crust to form on the bottom of the pot.
# Remove the pot from the heat and let it rest for 5 minutes.
# Carefully loosen the rice from the sides of the pot.
# Invert onto a serving plate or gently remove the crispy layer with a spatula.
# Serve immediately.

== Serving ==

Scorched rice may be served with:

* [[Category:Recipes for stew|Stews]]
* Curries
* [[Cookbook:meat|Grilled meat]]
* [[Cookbook:vegetables|Roasted vegetables]]
* [[Cookbook:Yogurt|Yogurt]]-based [[Cookbook:sauces|sauces]]
* [[Cookbook:Seafood|Seafood dishes]]

== Variations ==

* Persian Tahdig
* Korean Nurungji
* Spanish Socarrat
* Chinese Guōbā
* Dominican Concón
* Panamanian Concolón
* Iraqi Hikakeh

== Tips ==

* Use a heavy-bottomed pot to help the rice brown evenly.
* Keep the heat low to avoid burning the crust.
* Do not stir the rice once the crust begins to form.
* A small amount of oil or butter helps create a crispier texture.
* Allow the rice to rest before removing it from the pot.
* Different types of rice produce different textures and levels of crispiness.

== Notes ==

* Scorched rice is considered a delicacy in many cultures.
* Some cuisines intentionally create the crispy layer as the highlight of the meal.
* The color may range from golden brown to deep brown, depending on cooking time and temperature.
* Similar preparations are found throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America.

== See also ==

* [[Cookbook:Tahdig]]
* [[Cookbook:Paella]]
* Pilaf
* [[Cookbook:Fried Rice]]


[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]
[[Category:Recipes using rice]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3806" sha1="q1mw20ejz4q35e15kt7t4mn5qtnocj0" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Cape Verde
| Difficulty = 2
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect categories, needs to be condensed}}
{{Recipe}}


'''Scorched rice''' refers to the crispy layer of [[Cookbook:rice|rice]] that forms at the bottom of a cooking vessel during the preparation of rice dishes. Variations of scorched rice are found in many cuisines around the world, including &quot;Cape Verde&quot;, Persian ''tahdig'', Korean ''nurungji'', Spanish ''socarrat'', Chinese ''guōbā'', and Latin American ''concón''. Depending on the culinary tradition, the crispy rice may be intentionally created and served as a delicacy or enjoyed as a by-product of rice cooking.

== Ingredients ==

* 2 cups long-grain rice
* 3 cups water
* 1 tsp salt
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]], butter, or other cooking fat

== Procedure ==

# Rinse the rice thoroughly until the water runs clear.
# Soak the rice for 20–30 minutes if desired, then drain.
# Bring the water and salt to a boil in a heavy-bottomed pot.
# Add the rice and cook until most of the water has been absorbed.
# Reduce the heat to very low.
# Drizzle the oil or melted butter around the edges of the pot.
# Cover the pot tightly with a lid.
# Continue cooking for 20–30 minutes without stirring.
# Allow a golden-brown crust to form on the bottom of the pot.
# Remove the pot from the heat and let it rest for 5 minutes.
# Carefully loosen the rice from the sides of the pot.
# Invert onto a serving plate or gently remove the crispy layer with a spatula.
# Serve immediately.

== Serving ==

Scorched rice may be served with:

* [[Category:Recipes for stew|Stews]]
* Curries
* [[Cookbook:meat|Grilled meat]]
* [[Cookbook:vegetables|Roasted vegetables]]
* [[Cookbook:Yogurt|Yogurt]]-based [[Cookbook:sauces|sauces]]
* [[Cookbook:Seafood|Seafood dishes]]

== Variations ==

* Persian Tahdig
* Korean Nurungji
* Spanish Socarrat
* Chinese Guōbā
* Dominican Concón
* Panamanian Concolón
* Iraqi Hikakeh

== Tips ==

* Use a heavy-bottomed pot to help the rice brown evenly.
* Keep the heat low to avoid burning the crust.
* Do not stir the rice once the crust begins to form.
* A small amount of oil or butter helps create a crispier texture.
* Allow the rice to rest before removing it from the pot.
* Different types of rice produce different textures and levels of crispiness.

== Notes ==

* Scorched rice is considered a delicacy in many cultures.
* Some cuisines intentionally create the crispy layer as the highlight of the meal.
* The color may range from golden brown to deep brown, depending on cooking time and temperature.
* Similar preparations are found throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America.

== See also ==

* [[Cookbook:Tahdig]]
* [[Cookbook:Paella]]
* Pilaf
* [[Cookbook:Fried Rice]]


[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using garam masala]]
[[Category:Recipes using ground cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Recipes using lamb and mutton]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using goat]]
[[Category:Recipes using vinegar]]
[[Category:Recipes using rice]]</text>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Created</comment>
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{{Ingredient summary
| Image = [[File:Bafa de polvo.jpg|File:Kuskus.jpg|300px]]
}}

{{ingredient}} | [[Cookbook:Basic foodstuffs|Basic foodstuffs]] |[[Cookbook:seafood|seafood]]


'''Bafa''' is a traditional dish of Cape Verdean [[Cookbook:Cuisines|cuisine]]. It is typically prepared as a [[Cookbook:seafood |seafood stew]] using [[Cookbook:octopus|octopus]], limpets, whelks, or other [[Cookbook:shellfish|shellfish]]. One of the most popular variations is '''Bafa de Polvo''' (octopus bafa). Bafa may be served as a snack, an entrée, or a main dish and is especially associated with the coastal communities of Cape Verde. 

== Ingredients ==

* 1 kg octopus, cleaned and cut into pieces
* 500 g clams or mussels, cleaned
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]]
* 1 large [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], finely chopped
* 4 cloves [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], minced
* 2 medium tomatoes, diced
* 1 green bell [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]], chopped
* 1 bay leaf
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:paprika|paprika]]
* ½ tsp black pepper
* ½ tsp [[Cookbook:chili flakes|chili flakes]] (optional)
* 1 cup dry [[Cookbook:Wine|white wine]]
* 2 cups [[Cookbook:Fish Stock (Fumet de poisson)|fish stock]] or water
* Salt, to taste
* 2 tbsp fresh [[Cookbook:parsley|parsley]], chopped
* [[Cookbook:Lemon|Lemon]] wedges, for serving

== Procedure ==

# Heat the olive oil in a large pot over medium heat.
# Add the onion and cook until softened.
# Stir in the garlic and cook for 1 minute.
# Add the tomatoes and bell pepper and cook until tender.
# Stir in the paprika, black pepper, and chili flakes.
# Add the octopus pieces and cook for 5 minutes.
# Pour in the white wine and allow it to simmer for 2–3 minutes.
# Add the fish stock and bay leaf.
# Bring to a boil, then reduce the heat and simmer for 45 minutes.
# Add the clams or mussels.
# Cover and cook until the shellfish open, about 5–10 minutes.
# Discard any shellfish that do not open.
# Season with salt to taste.
# Stir in the chopped parsley.
# Remove the bay leaf.
# Serve hot with lemon wedges.

== Serving ==

Bafa is traditionally served with:

* White rice
* Boiled potatoes
* Crusty bread
* Fried plantains
* Fresh salad

== Variations ==

* Bafa de Polvo (octopus bafa)
* Bafa with limpets
* Bafa with whelks
* Mixed seafood bafa
* Spicy bafa with extra chili peppers

== Tips ==

* Fresh seafood provides the most authentic flavor.
* Do not overcook the shellfish, as they can become tough.
* White wine enhances the depth of flavor but may be omitted if preferred.
* Serve with bread to soak up the flavorful broth.
* Add a squeeze of fresh lemon just before serving.
* Homemade fish stock gives the stew a richer taste.

== Notes ==

* Bafa is one of the traditional seafood dishes of Cape Verde.
* The dish is commonly prepared with octopus, limpets, and whelks.
* Bafa can be enjoyed as a snack, starter, or main course. 
* The octopus version is known as ''Bafa de Polvo''.

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]</text>
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{{Ingredient summary
| Image = [[File:Bafa de polvo.jpg|File:Kuskus.jpg|300px]]
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=incorrect template, incorrect categories, needs to be condensed}}
{{ingredient}} | [[Cookbook:Basic foodstuffs|Basic foodstuffs]] |[[Cookbook:seafood|seafood]]


'''Bafa''' is a traditional dish of Cape Verdean [[Cookbook:Cuisines|cuisine]]. It is typically prepared as a [[Cookbook:seafood |seafood stew]] using [[Cookbook:octopus|octopus]], limpets, whelks, or other [[Cookbook:shellfish|shellfish]]. One of the most popular variations is '''Bafa de Polvo''' (octopus bafa). Bafa may be served as a snack, an entrée, or a main dish and is especially associated with the coastal communities of Cape Verde. 

== Ingredients ==

* 1 kg octopus, cleaned and cut into pieces
* 500 g clams or mussels, cleaned
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]]
* 1 large [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], finely chopped
* 4 cloves [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], minced
* 2 medium tomatoes, diced
* 1 green bell [[Cookbook:pepper|pepper]], chopped
* 1 bay leaf
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:paprika|paprika]]
* ½ tsp black pepper
* ½ tsp [[Cookbook:chili flakes|chili flakes]] (optional)
* 1 cup dry [[Cookbook:Wine|white wine]]
* 2 cups [[Cookbook:Fish Stock (Fumet de poisson)|fish stock]] or water
* Salt, to taste
* 2 tbsp fresh [[Cookbook:parsley|parsley]], chopped
* [[Cookbook:Lemon|Lemon]] wedges, for serving

== Procedure ==

# Heat the olive oil in a large pot over medium heat.
# Add the onion and cook until softened.
# Stir in the garlic and cook for 1 minute.
# Add the tomatoes and bell pepper and cook until tender.
# Stir in the paprika, black pepper, and chili flakes.
# Add the octopus pieces and cook for 5 minutes.
# Pour in the white wine and allow it to simmer for 2–3 minutes.
# Add the fish stock and bay leaf.
# Bring to a boil, then reduce the heat and simmer for 45 minutes.
# Add the clams or mussels.
# Cover and cook until the shellfish open, about 5–10 minutes.
# Discard any shellfish that do not open.
# Season with salt to taste.
# Stir in the chopped parsley.
# Remove the bay leaf.
# Serve hot with lemon wedges.

== Serving ==

Bafa is traditionally served with:

* White rice
* Boiled potatoes
* Crusty bread
* Fried plantains
* Fresh salad

== Variations ==

* Bafa de Polvo (octopus bafa)
* Bafa with limpets
* Bafa with whelks
* Mixed seafood bafa
* Spicy bafa with extra chili peppers

== Tips ==

* Fresh seafood provides the most authentic flavor.
* Do not overcook the shellfish, as they can become tough.
* White wine enhances the depth of flavor but may be omitted if preferred.
* Serve with bread to soak up the flavorful broth.
* Add a squeeze of fresh lemon just before serving.
* Homemade fish stock gives the stew a richer taste.

== Notes ==

* Bafa is one of the traditional seafood dishes of Cape Verde.
* The dish is commonly prepared with octopus, limpets, and whelks.
* Bafa can be enjoyed as a snack, starter, or main course. 
* The octopus version is known as ''Bafa de Polvo''.

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]</text>
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    <title>Cookbook:Sabaayad</title>
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{{recipesummary
| Category = Traditional Somali flatbread
| Servings = 8
| Time = 20 minutes 
| Rating = &lt;!--| Energy      = --&gt;
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[Image:Samosa_1.jpg|300px]]
}}
'''Sabaayad''' (also called '''Kimis''') is a traditional Somali flatbread. It is a layered bread commonly eaten for breakfast or served with [[Cookbook:Tea|tea]], [[Cookbook:honey|honey]], soups, curries, and [[Cookbook:meat|meat stews]] throughout Somalia and the Horn of Africa. It is made from a simple dough of flour, water, salt, and oil, then cooked on a hot griddle until golden brown and flaky.

== Ingredients ==

* 3 cups (375 g) all-purpose flour
* 1 teaspoon salt
* 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
* 1–1½ cups warm water
* Additional oil for layering and frying

== Equipment ==

* Mixing bowl
* Rolling pin
* Griddle or frying pan
* Spatula

== Procedure ==

Combine the flour and salt in a large bowl.

Add the oil and mix thoroughly.

Gradually add the warm water and knead until a soft, smooth dough forms.

Continue kneading for 5–10 minutes.

Cover the dough and allow it to rest for 30 minutes.

Divide the dough into 8 equal portions and shape into balls.

Roll each ball into a thin circle.

Brush the surface lightly with oil.

Fold the dough into a square and roll it out again.

Heat a lightly oiled griddle or frying pan over medium heat.

Cook each sabaayad until golden brown on both sides, turning once.

Serve warm.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Sabaayad is often eaten with honey, butter, tea, or savory stews.
* The bread is known as ''Kimis'' in some Somali regions.
* Additional layers can be created by repeatedly folding and rolling the dough.
* Whole-wheat flour may be substituted for part of the white flour.
* Similar breads include paratha and other layered flatbreads of East Africa and South Asia.

== Serving suggestions ==

* Serve with Somali tea (shaah).
* Pair with suqaar (Somali meat stew).
* Serve with honey and ghee for breakfast.
* Accompany soups and curries.

== See also ==

* [[Cookbook:Flatbread]]
* [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Somalia]]

[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Somali recipes]]
[[Category:Bread recipes]]
[[Category:Flatbread recipes]]
[[Category:Breakfast recipes]]
[[Category:Vegetarian recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using flour]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Easy recipes]]</text>
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{{recipesummary
| Category = M'semen (Layered Algerian Flatbread)
| Servings = 8
| Time = 90 minutes 
| Rating = &lt;!--| Energy      = --&gt;
| Difficulty = 3
| Image = [[File:Msemmen.JPG|300px]]
}}

'''Msemmen''' (Arabic: مسمن, romanized: musamman or msamman), also known as rghaif (رغايف), is a traditional layered flatbread from the Maghreb region of North Africa, particularly popular in Algeria and Morocco. It is prepared by folding dough into square-shaped [[Cookbook:pancake|pancakes]] containing several thin layers, which are then cooked on a [[Cookbook:griddle|griddle]]. Msemmen is commonly enjoyed with [[Cookbook:honey|honey]], mint tea, or [[Cookbook:coffee|coffee]] for breakfast. Some varieties are filled with ingredients such as preserved meat (khlea), onions, and tomatoes. The smaller forms of msemmen are believed to have originated among the Berber people.
== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups all-purpose [[Cookbook:flour|flour]]
* 1 cup fine [[Cookbook:semolina|semolina]]
* 1 teaspoon salt
* 1 teaspoon sugar
* 1 teaspoon instant yeast
* 1¼ cups warm water
* ¼ cup [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]]
* ¼ cup melted butter

== Procedure ==
# Mix the flour, semolina, salt, sugar, and yeast in a bowl.
# Gradually add warm water and knead until a smooth dough forms.
# Divide the dough into small balls and let rest for 30 minutes.
# Flatten each ball into a thin sheet.
# Brush with oil and butter, then fold into a square.
# Let the folded squares rest for 15 minutes.
# Flatten gently and cook on a hot griddle until golden brown on both sides.
# Serve warm with honey, jam, tea, or savory accompaniments.

== Notes ==
* M'semen (also spelled Msemen or Msemmen) is a traditional layered flatbread from the Maghreb, especially Morocco and Algeria.
* It is commonly served for breakfast or tea time.

== Variations ==
* Stuffed M'semen with onions and tomatoes.
* Sweet M'semen served with honey and butter.
* Mlewi, a rolled spiral variation.

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes for bread]]
[[Category:Recipes for flatbread]]
[[Category:Algerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:Breakfast recipes]]</text>
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{{recipesummary
| Category = Traditional Kenyan mashed vegetable dish
| Servings = 6
| Time = 60 minutes 
| Rating = &lt;!--| Energy      = --&gt;
| Difficulty = 3
| Image = image = [[File:Mukimo &amp; Beef Stew.jpg|300px]]
}}

{{recipe}}

'''Mukimo''' is a traditional Kenyan dish made by mashing boiled [[Cookbook:potatoes|potatoes]] with [[Cookbook:vegetable|green vegetables]] and [[Cookbook:legumes|legumes]] such as [[Cookbook:peas|peas]], [[Cookbook:maize|maize]], or [[Cookbook:beans|beans]]. It is especially associated with the Kikuyu people of central Kenya and is commonly served as an accompaniment to [[Cookbook:stews|stews]] and [[Cookbook:meat|grilled meat]].

== Ingredients ==
* 1 kg [[Cookbook:potatoes|potatoes]], peeled and chopped
* 2 cups [[Cookbook:maize|maize]] kernels (fresh or frozen)
* 1 cup green peas
* 2 cups pumpkin leaves, spinach, or kale, chopped
* 1 teaspoon salt
* Water, as needed

== Procedure ==
# Place the potatoes, maize, and peas in a large pot and cover with water.
# Bring to a boil and cook until the potatoes are tender.
# Add the chopped vegetables and continue cooking for 5–10 minutes.
# Drain excess water if necessary.
# Mash all the ingredients together until well combined.
# Season with salt to taste.
# Serve hot with beef stew, chicken stew, or grilled meat.

== Notes ==
* Mukimo is a staple dish in Kenya, particularly in the central highlands.
* Different regions use different leafy greens depending on local availability.
* Some versions include beans instead of peas.

== Variations ==
* Mukimo with beans
* Mukimo with pumpkin leaves
* Mukimo with cabbage
* Mukimo with spinach and sweet potatoes

== See also ==
* Irio
* [[Cookbook:Sukuma Wiki (East African Greens)]]
* [[Cookbook:Ugali]]

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Vegan recipes]]
[[Category:Indian recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using potato]]
[[Category:Deep fried recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using mint]]
[[Category:Recipes using chile]]
[[Category:Recipes using cilantro]]
[[Category:Recipes using all-purpose flour]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]</text>
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    <title>Cookbook:Bobotie</title>
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{{recipesummary
| Category = traditional South African dish
| Servings = 6
| Time = 90 minutes inutes
| Rating = &lt;!--| Energy      = --&gt;
| Difficulty = 3
| Image = [[Image:Bobotie South Africa.jpg|300px]]
}}
{{recipe}}|[[Cookbook:meat|meat]]

'''Bobotie''' is a traditional South African dish consisting of [[Cookbook:spice|spiced]] minced [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] baked with a [[Cookbook:savory|savory]] [[Cookbook:egg|egg]]-based [[Cookbook:custard|custard topping]]. It is widely regarded as one of South Africa's national dishes and reflects the culinary influences of Malay, Dutch, and indigenous African traditions.

== Ingredients ==
=== Meat filling ===
* 500 g minced [[Cookbook:beef|beef]] or [[Cookbook:Lamb and Mutton|lamb]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], finely chopped
* 2 slices [[Cookbook:bread|bread]]
* 125 ml milk
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:Curry Powder|curry powder]]
* 1 teaspoon [[Cookbook:turmeric|turmeric]]
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:fruit|fruit]] chutney
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:vinegar|vinegar]] or [[Cookbook:lemon juice|lemon juice]]
* 2 tablespoons [[Cookbook:raisin|raisins]]
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:Oil and Fat|cooking oil]]
* Salt and [[Cookbook:black pepper|black pepper]], to taste

=== Custard topping ===
* 2 eggs
* 250 ml [[Cookbook:milk|milk]]
* 2 bay leaves

== Procedure ==
# Soak the bread in the milk and set aside.
# Heat the oil in a frying pan and sauté the onion until soft.
# Add the minced meat and cook until browned.
# Stir in the curry powder, turmeric, chutney, vinegar, raisins, salt, and pepper.
# Squeeze excess milk from the bread and mix the bread into the meat mixture.
# Transfer the mixture to a greased baking dish.
# Beat the eggs with the milk and pour over the meat.
# Place the bay leaves on top.
# Bake at 180°C (350°F) for about 35–40 minutes, or until the custard is set and lightly browned.
# Serve hot with yellow rice, vegetables, or chutney.

== Notes ==
* Bobotie is believed to have originated from Cape Malay cuisine in South Africa.
* The combination of sweet and savory flavors is characteristic of the dish.
* Traditionally, it is served with yellow rice flavored with turmeric.

== Variations ==
* Bobotie made with lamb instead of beef.
* Vegetarian bobotie using lentils or plant-based mince.
* Spicier versions with additional chili peppers.
* Bobotie with dried apricots instead of raisins.

== See also ==
* Yellow Rice
* Bredie
* [[Cookbook:Samosa]]

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:South African cuisine]]
[[Category:African cuisine]]
[[Category:Meat dishes]]
[[Category:Beef dishes]]
[[Category:Baked dishes]]
[[Category:Main dishes]]
[[Category:Casseroles]]</text>
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{{recipesummary
| Category = traditional South African dish
| Servings = 6
| Time = 90 minutes inutes
| Rating = &lt;!--| Energy      = --&gt;
| Difficulty = 3
| Image = [[Image:Bobotie South Africa.jpg|300px]]
}}
{{recipe}}|[[Cookbook:meat|meat]]

'''Bobotie''' is a traditional South African dish consisting of [[Cookbook:spice|spiced]] minced [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] baked with a [[Cookbook:savory|savory]] [[Cookbook:egg|egg]]-based [[Cookbook:custard|custard topping]]. It is widely regarded as one of South Africa's national dishes and reflects the culinary influences of Malay, Dutch, and indigenous African traditions.

== Ingredients ==
=== Meat filling ===
* 500 g minced [[Cookbook:beef|beef]] or [[Cookbook:Lamb and Mutton|lamb]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], finely chopped
* 2 slices [[Cookbook:bread|bread]]
* 125 ml milk
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:Curry Powder|curry powder]]
* 1 teaspoon [[Cookbook:turmeric|turmeric]]
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:fruit|fruit]] chutney
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:vinegar|vinegar]] or [[Cookbook:lemon juice|lemon juice]]
* 2 tablespoons [[Cookbook:raisin|raisins]]
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:Oil and Fat|cooking oil]]
* Salt and [[Cookbook:black pepper|black pepper]], to taste

=== Custard topping ===
* 2 eggs
* 250 ml [[Cookbook:milk|milk]]
* 2 bay leaves

== Procedure ==
# Soak the bread in the milk and set aside.
# Heat the oil in a frying pan and sauté the onion until soft.
# Add the minced meat and cook until browned.
# Stir in the curry powder, turmeric, chutney, vinegar, raisins, salt, and pepper.
# Squeeze excess milk from the bread and mix the bread into the meat mixture.
# Transfer the mixture to a greased baking dish.
# Beat the eggs with the milk and pour over the meat.
# Place the bay leaves on top.
# Bake at 180°C (350°F) for about 35–40 minutes, or until the custard is set and lightly browned.
# Serve hot with yellow rice, vegetables, or chutney.

== Notes ==
* Bobotie is believed to have originated from Cape Malay cuisine in South Africa.
* The combination of sweet and savory flavors is characteristic of the dish.
* Traditionally, it is served with yellow rice flavored with turmeric.

== Variations ==
* Bobotie made with lamb instead of beef.
* Vegetarian bobotie using lentils or plant-based mince.
* Spicier versions with additional chili peppers.
* Bobotie with dried apricots instead of raisins.

== See also ==
* Yellow Rice
* Bredie
* [[Cookbook:Samosa]]

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Recipes]]</text>
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{{recipesummary
| Category = traditional South African dish
| Servings = 6
| Time = 90 minutes inutes
| Rating = &lt;!--| Energy      = --&gt;
| Difficulty = 3
| Image = [[Image:Bobotie South Africa.jpg|300px]]
}}
{{recipe}}|[[Cookbook:meat|meat]]

'''Bobotie''' is a traditional South African dish consisting of [[Cookbook:spice|spiced]] minced [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] baked with a [[Cookbook:savory|savory]] [[Cookbook:egg|egg]]-based [[Cookbook:custard|custard topping]]. It is widely regarded as one of South Africa's national dishes and reflects the culinary influences of Malay, Dutch, and indigenous African traditions.

== Ingredients ==
=== Meat filling ===
* 500 g minced [[Cookbook:beef|beef]] or [[Cookbook:Lamb and Mutton|lamb]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], finely chopped
* 2 slices [[Cookbook:bread|bread]]
* 125 ml milk
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:Curry Powder|curry powder]]
* 1 teaspoon [[Cookbook:turmeric|turmeric]]
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:fruit|fruit]] chutney
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:vinegar|vinegar]] or [[Cookbook:lemon juice|lemon juice]]
* 2 tablespoons [[Cookbook:raisin|raisins]]
* 1 tablespoon [[Cookbook:Oil and Fat|cooking oil]]
* Salt and [[Cookbook:black pepper|black pepper]], to taste

=== Custard topping ===
* 2 eggs
* 250 ml [[Cookbook:milk|milk]]
* 2 bay leaves

== Procedure ==
# Soak the bread in the milk and set aside.
# Heat the oil in a frying pan and sauté the onion until soft.
# Add the minced meat and cook until browned.
# Stir in the curry powder, turmeric, chutney, vinegar, raisins, salt, and pepper.
# Squeeze excess milk from the bread and mix the bread into the meat mixture.
# Transfer the mixture to a greased baking dish.
# Beat the eggs with the milk and pour over the meat.
# Place the bay leaves on top.
# Bake at 180°C (350°F) for about 35–40 minutes, or until the custard is set and lightly browned.
# Serve hot with yellow rice, vegetables, or chutney.

== Notes ==
* Bobotie is believed to have originated from Cape Malay cuisine in South Africa.
* The combination of sweet and savory flavors is characteristic of the dish.
* Traditionally, it is served with yellow rice flavored with turmeric.

== Variations ==
* Bobotie made with lamb instead of beef.
* Vegetarian bobotie using lentils or plant-based mince.
* Spicier versions with additional chili peppers.
* Bobotie with dried apricots instead of raisins.

== See also ==
* Yellow Rice
* Bredie
* [[Cookbook:Samosa]]

[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using beef]]
[[Category:Recipes using chicken]]</text>
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== Design/Editorial Decisions ==
* All style and grammar should (ultimately) conform to standards set forth by the American Institute of Physics and the Chicago Manual of Style.
** Barring conflicts with the above, style and grammar should conform with standards used by OpenStax.
** Any inconsistencies in the source text or any changes needed for technical limitations or accessibility concerns should be documented below.

== Mathematical Expressions ==
* All mathematical expressions consisting two or more terms should be encoded into the appropriate {{TeX}} format and enclosed in &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags. This is intended to provide for a consistent experience, both visually and for those that need to use assistive technology to use this text. Please also observe the following conventions for consistency and accessibility:
** All superscripts, subscripts, exponents, and arguments of functions should be enclosed in brackets, even where {{TeX}} doesn't require it (e.g., a single-character exponent or subscript).</text>
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== Design/Editorial Decisions ==
* All style and grammar should (ultimately) conform to standards set forth by the American Institute of Physics and the Chicago Manual of Style.
** Barring conflicts with the above, style and grammar should conform with standards used by OpenStax.
** Any inconsistencies in the source text or any changes needed for technical limitations or accessibility concerns should be documented below.
* Conceptual Questions, Problems, Additional Problems, and Challenge Problems should be numbered as they appear in the source text.
** This means, for the most part, you should use standard HTML tags (e.g., &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, etc.). Any subparts should be reformatted to use a lowercase letter ordered list contained in the list item using the following format:

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** All superscripts, subscripts, exponents, and arguments of functions should be enclosed in brackets, even where {{TeX}} doesn't require it (e.g., a single-character exponent or subscript).</text>
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== Design/Editorial Decisions ==
* All style and grammar should (ultimately) conform to standards set forth by the American Institute of Physics and the Chicago Manual of Style.
** Barring conflicts with the above, style and grammar should conform with standards used by OpenStax.
** Any inconsistencies in the source text or any changes needed for technical limitations or accessibility concerns should be documented below.
* Conceptual Questions, Problems, Additional Problems, and Challenge Problems should be numbered as they appear in the source text.
** This means, for the most part, you should use standard HTML tags (e.g., &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, etc.) instead of Wiki markup. Any subparts should be reformatted to use a lowercase letter ordered list contained in the list item using the following format:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html5&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
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** All superscripts, subscripts, exponents, and arguments of functions should be enclosed in brackets, even where {{TeX}} doesn't require it (e.g., a single-character exponent or subscript).</text>
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== Design/Editorial Decisions ==
* All style and grammar should (ultimately) conform to standards set forth by the American Institute of Physics and the Chicago Manual of Style.
** Barring conflicts with the above, style and grammar should conform with standards used by OpenStax.
** Any inconsistencies in the source text or any changes needed for technical limitations or accessibility concerns should be documented below.
* Conceptual Questions, Problems, Additional Problems, and Challenge Problems should be numbered as they appear in the source text.
** This means, for the most part, you should use standard HTML tags (e.g., &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, etc.) instead of Wiki markup. Any subparts should be reformatted to use a lowercase letter ordered list contained in the list item using the following format:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html5&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
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* All mathematical expressions consisting two or more terms should be encoded into the appropriate {{TeX}} format and enclosed in &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags. This is intended to provide for a consistent experience, both visually and for those that need to use assistive technology to use this text. Please also observe the following conventions for consistency and accessibility:
** All superscripts, subscripts, exponents, and arguments of functions should be enclosed in brackets, even where {{TeX}} doesn't require it (e.g., a single-character exponent or subscript).
* Exceptions to the above requirement are limited to:
** Simple numbers or number-unit pairs, including numbers in scientific notation (using, instead, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;times;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;minus;&lt;/code&gt; entities as needed)</text>
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== Design/Editorial Decisions ==
* All style and grammar should (ultimately) conform to standards set forth by the American Institute of Physics and the Chicago Manual of Style.
** Barring conflicts with the above, style and grammar should conform with standards used by OpenStax.
** Any inconsistencies in the source text or any changes needed for technical limitations or accessibility concerns should be documented below.
* Conceptual Questions, Problems, Additional Problems, and Challenge Problems should be numbered as they appear in the source text.
** This means, for the most part, you should use standard HTML tags (e.g., &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, etc.) instead of Wiki markup. Any subparts should be reformatted to use a lowercase letter ordered list contained in the list item using the following format:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html5&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Question #80 body. Note how the sublist's labels line up along the left margin of the parent text.
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&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
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== Mathematical Expressions ==
* All mathematical expressions consisting two or more terms should be encoded into the appropriate {{TeX}} format and enclosed in &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags. This is intended to provide for a consistent experience, both visually and for those that need to use assistive technology to use this text. Please also observe the following conventions for consistency and accessibility:
** All superscripts, subscripts, exponents, and arguments of functions should be enclosed in brackets, even where {{TeX}} doesn't require it (e.g., a single-character exponent or subscript).
** Individual variables should be separated by a space in the {{Tex}} code to allow screen readers to parse individual variables names.
* Exceptions to the above requirement are limited to:
** Simple numbers or number-unit pairs, including numbers in scientific notation (using, instead, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;times;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;minus;&lt;/code&gt; entities as needed)</text>
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== Design/Editorial Decisions ==
* All style and grammar should (ultimately) conform to standards set forth by the American Institute of Physics and the Chicago Manual of Style.
** Barring conflicts with the above, style and grammar should conform with standards used by OpenStax.
** Any inconsistencies in the source text or any changes needed for technical limitations or accessibility concerns should be documented below.
* Conceptual Questions, Problems, Additional Problems, and Challenge Problems should be numbered as they appear in the source text.
** This means, for the most part, you should use standard HTML tags (e.g., &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, etc.) instead of Wiki markup. Any subparts should be reformatted to use a lowercase letter ordered list contained in the list item using the following format:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html5&quot;&gt;
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== Mathematical Expressions ==
* All mathematical expressions consisting two or more terms should be encoded into the appropriate {{TeX}} format and enclosed in &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags. This is intended to provide for a consistent experience, both visually and for those that need to use assistive technology to use this text. Please also observe the following conventions for consistency and accessibility:
** All superscripts, subscripts, exponents, and arguments of functions should be enclosed in brackets, even where {{TeX}} doesn't require it (e.g., a single-character exponent or subscript).
** Individual variables should be separated by a space in the {{TeX}} code to allow screen readers to parse individual variables names.
* Exceptions to the above requirement are limited to:
** Simple numbers or number-unit pairs, including numbers in scientific notation (using, instead, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;times;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;minus;&lt;/code&gt; entities as needed)</text>
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== Design/Editorial Decisions ==
* All style and grammar should (ultimately) conform to standards set forth by the American Institute of Physics and the Chicago Manual of Style.
** Barring conflicts with the above, style and grammar should conform with standards used by OpenStax.
** Any inconsistencies in the source text or any changes needed for technical limitations or accessibility concerns should be documented below.
* Conceptual Questions, Problems, Additional Problems, and Challenge Problems should be numbered as they appear in the source text.
** This means, for the most part, you should use standard HTML tags (e.g., &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, etc.) instead of Wiki markup. Any subparts should be reformatted to use a lowercase letter ordered list contained in the list item using the following format:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html5&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Question #80 body. Note how the sublist's labels line up along the left margin of the parent text.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Part (a)&lt;/li&gt;
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    &lt;/ol&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Question #80 body. Note how the sublist's labels line up along the left margin of the parent text.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Part (a)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Part (b)&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Mathematical Expressions ==
* All mathematical expressions consisting two or more terms should be &quot;encoded as math&quot;: entered using the appropriate {{TeX}} format and enclosed in &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags. This is intended to provide for a consistent experience, both visually and for those that need to use assistive technology to use this text. Please also observe the following conventions for consistency and accessibility:
** All superscripts, subscripts, exponents, and arguments of functions should be enclosed in brackets, even where {{TeX}} doesn't require it (e.g., a single-character exponent or subscript).
** Individual variables should be separated by a space in the {{TeX}} code to allow screen readers to parse individual variables names.
* Exceptions to the above requirement are limited to:
** Simple numbers or number-unit pairs, including numbers in scientific notation (using, instead, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;times;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;minus;&lt;/code&gt; entities as needed)
** Single variables, optionally with a subscript (that itself wouldn't normally be required to encoded as math)</text>
      <sha1>0g75lqgseh4qmr5d5iviyodund82yqt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638847</id>
      <parentid>4638835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T00:48:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3610" sha1="ts4na8pcuinz9ex6q3gx5874ymnzz4w" xml:space="preserve">Hi folks! I'm in the process of recreating the ''University Physics'' series from OpenStax here on WikiBooks. I will also be translating it into an Esperanto version as I go; folks are welcome to help with either project or spin off other versions as they want! I will do my best to document the various decisions I am making along the way, so that we can maintain as much consistency as possible throughout this project. If you have any questions about a decision or need a decision to be made or changed, please feel free to contact me. Also, feel free to be bold and make consistency decisions as you see fit! Please document them here as we go. Thanks! [[User:Rainmonger|Rainmonger]] ([[User talk:Rainmonger|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rainmonger|contribs]]) 21:35, 3 June 2026 (UTC)

== Design/Editorial Decisions ==
* All style and grammar should (ultimately) conform to standards set forth by the American Institute of Physics and the Chicago Manual of Style.
** Barring conflicts with the above, style and grammar should conform with standards used by OpenStax.
** Any inconsistencies in the source text or any changes needed for technical limitations or accessibility concerns should be documented below.
* Conceptual Questions, Problems, Additional Problems, and Challenge Problems should be numbered as they appear in the source text.
** This means, for the most part, you should use standard HTML tags (e.g., &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ol start=&quot;66&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, etc.) instead of Wiki markup. Any subparts should be reformatted to use a lowercase letter ordered list contained in the list item using the following format:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html5&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Question #80 body. Note how the sublist's labels line up along the left margin of the parent text.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Part (a)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Part (b)&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;80&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Question #80 body. Note how the sublist's labels line up along the left margin of the parent text.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Part (a)&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Part (b)&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Mathematical Expressions ==
* All mathematical expressions consisting two or more terms should be &quot;encoded as math&quot;: entered using the appropriate {{TeX}} format and enclosed in &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags. This is intended to provide for a consistent experience, both visually and for those that need to use assistive technology to use this text. Please also observe the following conventions for consistency and accessibility:
** All superscripts, subscripts, exponents, and arguments of functions should be enclosed in brackets, even where {{TeX}} doesn't require it (e.g., a single-character exponent or subscript).
** Individual variables should be separated by a space in the {{TeX}} code to allow screen readers to parse individual variables names.
* Exceptions to the above requirement are limited to:
** Simple numbers or number-unit pairs, including numbers in scientific notation (using, instead, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;times;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;minus;&lt;/code&gt; entities as needed)&lt;br /&gt;Ex: &lt;code&gt;9.11 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;31&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; kg&lt;/code&gt; for {{Background color|dimgray|9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt;}}
** The same with given uncertainty (using the &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;pm;&lt;/code&gt; entity as needed)&lt;br /&gt;Ex: {{Background color|dimgray|1.80 &amp;pm; 0.1 cm}}
** Single variables, optionally with a subscript (that itself wouldn't normally be required to encoded as math)</text>
      <sha1>ts4na8pcuinz9ex6q3gx5874ymnzz4w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Porridge yam</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638808</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T21:50:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Recipe}}  [[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] | [[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] | [[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |  Yam porridge is a traditional Nigerian dish made by cooking yam pieces in a seasoned sauce until they become soft and slightly mashed. It is enjoyed throughout Nigeria in several regional variations and is commonly served as a main meal, often with fish, meat, or vegetables. == Ingredients ==  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; ! Ingredient ! Count ! Volume ! Weight |-...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2889" sha1="e4hon3etkbksd69mqwks04sd06hsmcj" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |

Yam porridge is a traditional Nigerian dish made by cooking yam pieces in a seasoned sauce until they become soft and slightly mashed. It is enjoyed throughout Nigeria in several regional variations and is commonly served as a main meal, often with fish, meat, or vegetables.
== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Yam|yam]]
| 1 medium tuber
| –
| about 1 kg
|-
| [[Cookbook:Palm oil|palm oil]]
| –
| ½ cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
| 1
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]]
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Chili pepper|pepper]]
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
| –
| 2 tbsp
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
| –
| 1 tsp
| –
|-
| Seasoning cubes
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| Water or stock
| –
| 4 cups
| –
|-
| Fish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| Leafy vegetables (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|}
== Equipment ==

* Cooking pot (medium to large size)
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Mortar and pestle (for cocoyam paste)
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Blender (optional, for cocoyam)
* Sieve or strainer (if using blended cocoyam)
* Measuring spoons
* Stove or heat source
== Procedure ==

# Peel the yam and cut it into medium-sized cubes.
# Wash the yam thoroughly and set aside.
# Place the yam in a pot and add enough water to slightly cover it.
# Add chopped onions, pepper, and salt.
# Bring to a boil and cook until the yam starts to soften.
# Stir gently to begin breaking some of the yam pieces.
# Add palm oil and allow it to cook further while stirring occasionally.
# Add ground crayfish and seasoning cubes.
# Continue cooking until the yam becomes soft and thickens into a porridge-like consistency.
# Add fish or vegetables if using and mix gently.
# Simmer for a few more minutes until well combined.
# Serve hot.
== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Yam porridge is best served hot and freshly prepared.
* The consistency can be adjusted by adding more or less water during cooking.
* Fish, meat, or stockfish can be added to enhance flavour.
* Leafy vegetables such as spinach or ugu can be included for extra nutrition.
* Some variations include adding unripe plantain or beans for a richer dish.
* Stirring frequency affects texture—less stirring keeps yam chunks, while more stirring produces a smoother porridge.
== Warnings ==

* Be careful when stirring the yam while cooking, as it can break apart too quickly and affect texture.
* Avoid adding too much water, as this can make the porridge too watery.
* Handle hot oil and boiling water with care to prevent burns.

[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Main dishes]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]
[[Category:Stews and porridges]]</text>
      <sha1>e4hon3etkbksd69mqwks04sd06hsmcj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638809</id>
      <parentid>4638808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T21:55:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
      <origin>4638809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3087" sha1="fnbyi1y2exzodwkret89p3r7zcbtc17" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |

{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Porridge yam
| Origin = Yoruba of Nigeria
| Yield = 1pot
| Servings = 6
| Time = 2hrs
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Yam porridge with vegetable soup.jpg|300px]]
}}

Yam porridge is a traditional Nigerian dish made by cooking yam pieces in a seasoned sauce until they become soft and slightly mashed. It is enjoyed throughout Nigeria in several regional variations and is commonly served as a main meal, often with fish, meat, or vegetables.
== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Yam|yam]]
| 1 medium tuber
| –
| about 1 kg
|-
| [[Cookbook:Palm oil|palm oil]]
| –
| ½ cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
| 1
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]]
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Chili pepper|pepper]]
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
| –
| 2 tbsp
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
| –
| 1 tsp
| –
|-
| Seasoning cubes
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| Water or stock
| –
| 4 cups
| –
|-
| Fish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| Leafy vegetables (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|}
== Equipment ==

* Cooking pot (medium to large size)
* Wooden spoon or cooking spatula
* Mortar and pestle (for cocoyam paste)
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Blender (optional, for cocoyam)
* Sieve or strainer (if using blended cocoyam)
* Measuring spoons
* Stove or heat source
== Procedure ==

# Peel the yam and cut it into medium-sized cubes.
# Wash the yam thoroughly and set aside.
# Place the yam in a pot and add enough water to slightly cover it.
# Add chopped onions, pepper, and salt.
# Bring to a boil and cook until the yam starts to soften.
# Stir gently to begin breaking some of the yam pieces.
# Add palm oil and allow it to cook further while stirring occasionally.
# Add ground crayfish and seasoning cubes.
# Continue cooking until the yam becomes soft and thickens into a porridge-like consistency.
# Add fish or vegetables if using and mix gently.
# Simmer for a few more minutes until well combined.
# Serve hot.
== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Yam porridge is best served hot and freshly prepared.
* The consistency can be adjusted by adding more or less water during cooking.
* Fish, meat, or stockfish can be added to enhance flavour.
* Leafy vegetables such as spinach or ugu can be included for extra nutrition.
* Some variations include adding unripe plantain or beans for a richer dish.
* Stirring frequency affects texture—less stirring keeps yam chunks, while more stirring produces a smoother porridge.
== Warnings ==

* Be careful when stirring the yam while cooking, as it can break apart too quickly and affect texture.
* Avoid adding too much water, as this can make the porridge too watery.
* Handle hot oil and boiling water with care to prevent burns.

[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Main dishes]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]
[[Category:Stews and porridges]]</text>
      <sha1>fnbyi1y2exzodwkret89p3r7zcbtc17</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Tuwo Dawa</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638810</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T22:08:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Tuwo Dawa | Origin = Hausa Nigeria | Yield = One pot | Servings = 4-6 | Time = 60 minutes | Difficulty = 2 }} {{Recipe}}  [[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] | [[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] | [[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] | Tuwo Dawa is a traditional Northern Nigerian dish made from millet flour cooked into a thick, smooth paste. It is commonly served as a staple accompaniment to soups such as miyan kuka, miyan taushe, or other local soups...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638810</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1746" sha1="r02fdmt2xisq2cyzwetmfl92w5y2qjz" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Tuwo Dawa
| Origin = Hausa Nigeria
| Yield = One pot
| Servings = 4-6
| Time = 60 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
}}
{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |
Tuwo Dawa is a traditional Northern Nigerian dish made from millet flour cooked into a thick, smooth paste. It is commonly served as a staple accompaniment to soups such as miyan kuka, miyan taushe, or other local soups. The dish is widely eaten in Hausa communities and is valued for its filling and nutritious qualities.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Millet flour|millet flour]]
| –
| 3–4 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Water|water]]
| –
| 6–8 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] (optional)
| –
| 1 tsp
| –
|}
== Equipment ==

* Cooking pot
* Wooden spatula or stirring stick
* Bowl
* Stove or heat source

== Procedure ==

# Boil water in a pot until it reaches a rolling boil.
# Gradually add millet flour while stirring continuously to avoid lumps.
# Reduce heat and continue stirring until the mixture thickens.
# Add small amounts of water if needed to adjust consistency.
# Continue stirring until smooth and stretchy.
# Cover and allow to cook on low heat for a few minutes.
# Stir again and shape into a smooth mound.
# Serve hot with soup.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* The texture can be adjusted depending on preference—softer or firmer.
* Continuous stirring is important to avoid lumps.
* Tuwo Dawa is best served fresh and hot.
* It is commonly eaten with soups like miyan kuka or miyan taushe.

== Warnings ==

* Stir carefully while the mixture is thick to avoid splashes of hot paste.</text>
      <sha1>r02fdmt2xisq2cyzwetmfl92w5y2qjz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Kunun Zaki</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638813</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T22:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Recipe}}  [[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] | [[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] | [[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] | [[Cookbook:Techniques|Techniques]]  Kunun Zaki is a popular traditional Hausa beverage made from grains such as millet or sorghum, flavored with spices like ginger, cloves, and sometimes sweetened with sugar. It is commonly served chilled as a refreshing drink during meals, ceremonies, and social gatherings in Northern Nigeria.  == Ingredients ==  {| class...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638813</origin>
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      <text bytes="2012" sha1="k6aly9jqckm5icnlby7hlayvum2fkgb" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |
[[Cookbook:Techniques|Techniques]]

Kunun Zaki is a popular traditional Hausa beverage made from grains such as millet or sorghum, flavored with spices like ginger, cloves, and sometimes sweetened with sugar. It is commonly served chilled as a refreshing drink during meals, ceremonies, and social gatherings in Northern Nigeria.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Millet|millet (or sorghum)]]
| –
| 4 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]]
| –
| 2–3 tablespoons (blended)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Cloves|cloves]]
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]]
| –
| 1–1½ cups (to taste)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Water|water]]
| –
| 6–8 liters
| –
|-
| Yeast (optional)
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Large bowl or container
* Blender or grinding stone
* Sieve or muslin cloth
* Cooking pot
* Wooden spoon
* Bottles or jugs (for storage)

== Procedure ==

# Soak the millet in water for several hours or overnight.
# Wash and grind the millet with ginger and cloves into a smooth paste.
# Mix the paste with water and sieve to extract the liquid.
# Allow the liquid to settle for some hours, then decant the clear water on top.
# Boil part of the extracted liquid while stirring continuously until it thickens slightly.
# Mix the cooked portion with the remaining raw extract.
# Add sugar to taste and stir well.
# Allow to cool completely, then refrigerate before serving.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* The drink is best served chilled.
* Adjust sweetness depending on preference.
* Fermentation can be allowed for a slightly sour taste in some variations.
* Sorghum or maize can be used instead of millet.

== Warnings ==

* Ensure proper hygiene during preparation to avoid contamination since it is a beverage.
* Do not leave the drink unrefrigerated for too long after preparation.</text>
      <sha1>k6aly9jqckm5icnlby7hlayvum2fkgb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638815</id>
      <parentid>4638813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T22:20:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox added</comment>
      <origin>4638815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2172" sha1="0ld4atspzuvrzwmbwa87hel6ym2ht58" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]]

{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine
| Origin = Hausa Nigeria
| Yield = 1 bowl
| Servings = 7 servings
| Time = 2 hours
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Kunun Zaki a leda.jpg|300px]]
}}

Kunun Zaki is a popular traditional Hausa beverage made from grains such as millet or sorghum, flavored with spices like ginger, cloves, and sometimes sweetened with sugar. It is commonly served chilled as a refreshing drink during meals, ceremonies, and social gatherings in Northern Nigeria.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Millet|millet (or sorghum)]]
| –
| 4 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]]
| –
| 2–3 tablespoons (blended)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Cloves|cloves]]
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]]
| –
| 1–1½ cups (to taste)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Water|water]]
| –
| 6–8 liters
| –
|-
| Yeast (optional)
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Large bowl or container
* Blender or grinding stone
* Sieve or muslin cloth
* Cooking pot
* Wooden spoon
* Bottles or jugs (for storage)

== Procedure ==

# Soak the millet in water for several hours or overnight.
# Wash and grind the millet with ginger and cloves into a smooth paste.
# Mix the paste with water and sieve to extract the liquid.
# Allow the liquid to settle for some hours, then decant the clear water on top.
# Boil part of the extracted liquid while stirring continuously until it thickens slightly.
# Mix the cooked portion with the remaining raw extract.
# Add sugar to taste and stir well.
# Allow to cool completely, then refrigerate before serving.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* The drink is best served chilled.
* Adjust sweetness depending on preference.
* Fermentation can be allowed for a slightly sour taste in some variations.
* Sorghum or maize can be used instead of millet.

== Warnings ==

* Ensure proper hygiene during preparation to avoid contamination since it is a beverage.
* Do not leave the drink unrefrigerated for too long after preparation.</text>
      <sha1>0ld4atspzuvrzwmbwa87hel6ym2ht58</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Afang Soup</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638817</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-03T22:27:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Recipe}}  [[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] | [[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] | [[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] | [[Cookbook:Techniques|Techniques]]  == Description ==  Afang Soup is a traditional Nigerian soup from the Efik and Ibibio people of Southern Nigeria. It is made with a combination of afang (okazi) leaves and waterleaf, along with meat, fish, and other seasonings. The soup is rich, nutritious, and commonly served with fufu, garri (eba), pounded yam, or semo...&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2178" sha1="l1l4wg2jt4n35o4xm9bb8vcml4gpnue" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |
[[Cookbook:Techniques|Techniques]]

== Description ==

Afang Soup is a traditional Nigerian soup from the Efik and Ibibio people of Southern Nigeria. It is made with a combination of afang (okazi) leaves and waterleaf, along with meat, fish, and other seasonings. The soup is rich, nutritious, and commonly served with fufu, garri (eba), pounded yam, or semolina.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Afang|Afang]]
| –
| 2 cups (ground)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Waterleaf|waterleaf]]
| –
| 3–4 cups (chopped)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Palm oil|palm oil]]
| –
| ½ cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
| –
| 2–3 tablespoons
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
| 1 medium
| –
| –
|-
| Assorted meat
| –
| 1–2 cups
| –
|-
| Stockfish or dried fish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| Water or stock
| –
| 4–5 cups
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Cooking pot
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Wooden spoon
* Blender or grinder (for afang leaves)

== Procedure ==

# Wash and prepare all vegetables, meat, and fish.
# Cook the meat and stockfish with seasoning until tender.
# Add water or stock and bring to a boil.
# Add palm oil and allow it to dissolve into the soup.
# Add ground crayfish, pepper, and salt.
# Add the waterleaf and cook until slightly softened.
# Add the ground afang (okazi) leaves and stir well.
# Simmer for 10–15 minutes until well combined and thickened.
# Adjust seasoning and allow to simmer briefly.
# Serve hot with swallow of choice.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Afang leaves should be properly ground before cooking.
* Waterleaf can be substituted with spinach if unavailable.
* The soup thickens as it cooks, so adjust water accordingly.
* It is traditionally served with fufu, eba, or pounded yam.

== Warnings ==

* Do not overcook waterleaf to avoid excessive water release.
* Ensure meat and fish are well cleaned before cooking.</text>
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[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |
[[Cookbook:Techniques|Techniques]]

{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine
| Origin = Akwa ibom
| Yield = One pot
| Servings = 3-4
| Time = Two hours
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Afang Soup (okazi).jpg|300px]]
}}

Afang Soup is a traditional Nigerian soup from the Efik and Ibibio people of Southern Nigeria. It is made with a combination of afang (okazi) leaves and waterleaf, along with meat, fish, and other seasonings. The soup is rich, nutritious, and commonly served with fufu, garri (eba), pounded yam, or semolina.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Afang|Afang]]
| –
| 2 cups (ground)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Waterleaf|waterleaf]]
| –
| 3–4 cups (chopped)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Palm oil|palm oil]]
| –
| ½ cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
| –
| 2–3 tablespoons
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
| 1 medium
| –
| –
|-
| Assorted meat
| –
| 1–2 cups
| –
|-
| Stockfish or dried fish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| Water or stock
| –
| 4–5 cups
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Cooking pot
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Wooden spoon
* Blender or grinder (for afang leaves)

== Procedure ==

# Wash and prepare all vegetables, meat, and fish.
# Cook the meat and stockfish with seasoning until tender.
# Add water or stock and bring to a boil.
# Add palm oil and allow it to dissolve into the soup.
# Add ground crayfish, pepper, and salt.
# Add the waterleaf and cook until slightly softened.
# Add the ground afang (okazi) leaves and stir well.
# Simmer for 10–15 minutes until well combined and thickened.
# Adjust seasoning and allow to simmer briefly.
# Serve hot with swallow of choice.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Afang leaves should be properly ground before cooking.
* Waterleaf can be substituted with spinach if unavailable.
* The soup thickens as it cooks, so adjust water accordingly.
* It is traditionally served with fufu, eba, or pounded yam.

== Warnings ==

* Do not overcook waterleaf to avoid excessive water release.
* Ensure meat and fish are well cleaned before cooking.</text>
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    <title>Cookbook:Achicha Ede</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine | Origin = Igbo people | Yield = One pot | Servings = 2-3 | Time = 2hrs | Difficulty = 2 }} {{Recipe}}  [[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] | [[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] | [[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |  Achicha Ede is a traditional Igbo dish made from dried cocoyam flakes cooked with palm oil, spices, and vegetables. It is often prepared with ugba (oil bean seeds), crayfish, and sometimes fish or meat. The dish is comm...&quot;</comment>
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| Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine
| Origin = Igbo people
| Yield = One pot
| Servings = 2-3
| Time = 2hrs
| Difficulty = 2
}}
{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |

Achicha Ede is a traditional Igbo dish made from dried cocoyam flakes cooked with palm oil, spices, and vegetables. It is often prepared with ugba (oil bean seeds), crayfish, and sometimes fish or meat. The dish is commonly enjoyed in southeastern Nigeria and is usually served as a main meal.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Cocoyam|dried cocoyam flakes (achicha)]]
| –
| 4 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Palm oil|palm oil]]
| –
| ½ cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Ugba|ugba (oil bean seeds)]]
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
| –
| 2–3 tablespoons
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
| 1 medium
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Stockfish|stockfish]] (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Fish|smoked fish]]
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Water|water]]
| –
| 4–5 cups
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Cooking pot
* Wooden spoon
* Knife
* Bowl
* Mortar and pestle (optional, for crushing cocoyam if not pre-processed)

== Procedure ==

# Soak the dried cocoyam flakes (achicha) in warm water for about 10–20 minutes or until they become soft. Drain and set aside.
# If using stockfish or dried fish, soak in hot water to soften, then clean thoroughly and cook until tender. Set aside.
# Heat palm oil in a large pot over medium heat until slightly warm (do not bleach the oil).
# Add chopped onions and fry lightly until fragrant.
# Add ground crayfish, pepper, and salt, and stir well to combine with the oil.
# Add the cooked fish or stockfish and mix gently to allow the flavors to blend.
# Pour in a small amount of water or stock and bring the mixture to a gentle boil.
# Add the softened achicha (cocoyam flakes) gradually while stirring to ensure even mixing.
# Add ugba (oil bean seeds) and stir carefully so the flakes do not break down too much.
# Reduce heat and allow the mixture to simmer for 10–15 minutes, stirring occasionally.
# Taste and adjust seasoning if necessary.
# Once everything is well combined and heated through, remove from heat.
# Serve warm, preferably with palm oil–rich garnishing or extra ugba on top if desired.
== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Achicha Ede is best served warm and not overcooked.
* Ugba adds a distinctive traditional flavour and should not be omitted if available.
* Some versions include garden eggs or vegetables like utazi.
* The dish can be made vegetarian by omitting fish and stockfish.

== Warnings ==

* Do not over-soak the achicha to prevent it from becoming too soft and mushy.
* Ensure fish and stockfish are properly cleaned before cooking.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Achicha Ji</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine | Origin = Igbo people | Yield = One pot | Servings = 4-5 | Time = 1 hour 30 minutes | Difficulty = 2 }} {{Recipe}}  [[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] | [[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] | [[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] | [[Cookbook:Techniques|Techniques]]  == Description ==  Achicha Ji is a traditional Igbo dish made from dried cocoyam flakes cooked together with yam, palm oil, and seasonings. It is a rich, hearty meal often...&quot;</comment>
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| Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine
| Origin = Igbo people
| Yield = One pot
| Servings = 4-5
| Time = 1 hour 30 minutes
| Difficulty = 2
}}
{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |
[[Cookbook:Techniques|Techniques]]

== Description ==

Achicha Ji is a traditional Igbo dish made from dried cocoyam flakes cooked together with yam, palm oil, and seasonings. It is a rich, hearty meal often prepared with ugba (oil bean seeds), fish, or meat. The dish combines the texture of cocoyam flakes with soft yam, giving it a thick, porridge-like consistency.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Cocoyam|dried cocoyam flakes (achicha)]]
| –
| 2 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Yam|yam]]
| 1 medium tuber
| –
| about 1 kg
|-
| [[Cookbook:Palm oil|palm oil]]
| –
| ½ cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Ugba|ugba (oil bean seeds)]]
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
| –
| 2–3 tablespoons
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
| 1 medium
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Fish|smoked fish]] or stockfish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Water|water]]
| –
| 4–6 cups
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Cooking pot
* Wooden spoon
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Bowl

== Procedure ==

# Peel the yam and cut into medium cubes. Wash and set aside.
# Soak the dried cocoyam flakes (achicha) in warm water until soft, then drain.
# If using fish or stockfish, soak, clean, and cook until tender.
# Place yam in a pot, add water, and boil until the yam becomes soft.
# Lightly mash some of the yam while leaving some chunks intact to form a thick base.
# Add palm oil and stir to combine with the yam.
# Add chopped onions, pepper, crayfish, and salt. Stir well.
# Add the cooked fish or stockfish and mix gently.
# Add the softened achicha and stir carefully to avoid breaking it too much.
# Add ugba and mix until evenly distributed.
# Simmer on low heat for 10–15 minutes, allowing all flavours to combine.
# Taste and adjust seasoning if necessary.
# Remove from heat and serve warm.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* The texture should be thick and slightly chunky, not watery.
* Some versions add garden eggs or leafy vegetables for extra flavour.
* Ugba is essential for traditional flavour but can be omitted if unavailable.
* Stir gently to preserve texture of both yam and achicha.

== Warnings ==

* Do not overcook the achicha, as it may become too soft and lose texture.
* Avoid adding too much water; the dish should remain thick.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Ugba na Ukpaka</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine | Origin = Southeastern Nigeria | Yield = One pot | Servings = 10 | Time = 30 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} {{Recipe}}  [[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] | [[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] | [[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |  Ugba na Ukpaka is a traditional Igbo dish made from fermented oil bean seeds (ugba or ukpaka). It is commonly prepared as a salad-like side dish and is often eaten with yam, cassava (garri), or other stapl...&quot;</comment>
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| Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine
| Origin = Southeastern Nigeria
| Yield = One pot
| Servings = 10
| Time = 30 minutes
| Difficulty = 1
}}
{{Recipe}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |

Ugba na Ukpaka is a traditional Igbo dish made from fermented oil bean seeds (ugba or ukpaka). It is commonly prepared as a salad-like side dish and is often eaten with yam, cassava (garri), or other staple foods. It is rich in flavour, slightly spicy, and commonly served at gatherings and festive occasions in southeastern Nigeria.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Ugba|ugba (oil bean seeds)]]
| –
| 2 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Palm oil|palm oil]]
| –
| ½ cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
| –
| 2 tablespoons
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
| 1 medium
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Utazi|utazi leaves]]
| –
| 2 tablespoons (sliced)
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Fish|dried fish]] or stockfish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Mixing bowl
* Wooden spoon
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Small pot (if fish or stockfish is used)

== Procedure ==

# If using dried fish or stockfish, soak in hot water and cook until soft. Clean and set aside.
# Slice the onions and utazi leaves into thin pieces.
# Place ugba (oil bean seeds) in a clean bowl.
# Add palm oil and mix thoroughly until the ugba is evenly coated.
# Add ground crayfish, pepper, and salt, and stir well.
# Add the cooked fish or stockfish (if using) and mix gently.
# Add sliced onions and utazi leaves and combine evenly.
# Taste and adjust seasoning as needed.
# Allow to sit for a few minutes for flavors to blend.
# Serve as a side dish with yam, garri (eba), or other staples.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Ugba should be properly fermented and washed before use.
* Palm oil can be adjusted depending on preference.
* Some versions include garden eggs or fresh tomatoes.
* It is best served fresh after mixing.

== Warnings ==

* Ensure ugba is properly cleaned to avoid sour or spoiled taste.
* Do not add too much salt at once; adjust gradually.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Uturu Oka</title>
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[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |

{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine
| Origin = Southeastern Nigeria
| Yield = 3 plates
| Servings = 6
| Time = 1-2 days including fermentation
| Difficulty = 2
}}

Uturu Oka is a traditional Igbo dish made from fermented maize (corn). The maize is soaked, allowed to ferment, and then cooked into a thick porridge. It is commonly eaten as a breakfast or light meal and is often served with milk, sugar, or sometimes palm oil depending on preference.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Maize|maize (corn)]]
| –
| 4 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Water|water]]
| –
| 6–8 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] (optional)
| –
| to taste
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Milk|milk]] (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] (optional)
| –
| ½ teaspoon
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Bowl or container (for soaking maize)
* Pot
* Wooden spoon
* Sieve
* Stove or heat source

== Procedure ==

# Wash the maize thoroughly and soak it in clean water for 1–2 days to allow fermentation.
# Change the water once daily if needed to avoid spoilage.
# After fermentation, drain the water and grind or blend the maize into a smooth paste.
# Pour the mixture into a pot and add fresh water while stirring to prevent lumps.
# Place the pot on heat and stir continuously as it begins to thicken.
# Cook until it forms a smooth, thick porridge consistency.
# Add sugar, milk, or salt depending on preference.
# Stir well and allow to simmer for a few minutes.
# Remove from heat and serve warm.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Fermentation time affects taste; longer fermentation gives a stronger sour flavour.
* Uturu Oka can be eaten plain or sweetened.
* Some variations include adding coconut milk for extra flavour.
* Continuous stirring prevents lumps during cooking.

== Warnings ==

* Do not allow maize to over-ferment as it may develop an unpleasant smell.
* Ensure clean water is used throughout preparation to avoid contamination.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Bife de tartaruga</title>
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    <id>483778</id>
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      <text bytes="3267" sha1="2rfjez2ono68b6dap2ovbuckshjzaoa" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Cape Verde recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}

{{Recipe}}
'''Bife de Tartaruga''' (Turtle Steak) is a traditional dish historically associated with some coastal communities in Cape Verde. It consists of turtle [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] seasoned with [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], [[Cookbook: juice|citrus juice]], and [[Cookbook:spices|spices]], then grilled or pan-fried. Due to conservation laws protecting sea turtles in many countries, this recipe is presented for historical and cultural documentation purposes only. Where turtle meat is prohibited, suitable alternatives such as [[Cookbook:beef|beef]] steak or firm [[Cookbook:fish|fish]] fillets may be used.

== Ingredients ==

* 500 g turtle meat steak (or substitute beef steak)
* 3 cloves garlic, minced
* 2 tbsp lime juice
* 1 tbsp [[Cookbook: vinegar|white vinegar]]
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]]
* 1 tsp salt
* ½ tsp [[Cookbook:black pepper|black pepper]]
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:paprika|paprika]]
* 1 small [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], sliced
* Fresh [[Cookbook:parsley|parsley]], chopped (for garnish)

== Procedure ==

Wash and pat dry the meat.

In a bowl, combine garlic, lime juice, vinegar, olive oil, salt, pepper, and paprika.

Rub the marinade thoroughly over the meat.

Cover and refrigerate for 2–4 hours.

Heat a grill or frying pan over medium-high heat.

Cook the steak for 4–6 minutes per side, or until cooked through.

Add the sliced onion during the final minutes of cooking and sauté until softened.

Remove from heat and allow the steak to rest for a few minutes.

Garnish with chopped parsley before serving.

== Serving ==
Serve hot with:

* Rice
* Fried plantains
* Roasted potatoes
* Fresh salad
* Steamed vegetables

== Variations ==

* Add chili peppers for a spicier version.
* Use lemon juice instead of lime juice.
* Marinate overnight for a stronger flavor.

== Notes ==

* In many regions, sea turtles are protected by law and may not be hunted, sold, or consumed.
* Beef steak, tuna steak, or swordfish can be substituted while maintaining a similar preparation method.

== See also ==

* Cachupa
* Grilled Fish
* [[Cookbook:Steak]]

[[Category:Cape Verdean cuisine]]
[[Category:Traditional foods]]
[[Category:Comfort foods]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Fish and seafood]]
[[Category:Island cuisine]]
[[Category:Festival foods]]
[[Category:One-pot meals]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:African cuisine]]
[[Category:Seafood dishes]]
[[Category:Stews]]
[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Seafood]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]</text>
      <sha1>2rfjez2ono68b6dap2ovbuckshjzaoa</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638841</id>
      <parentid>4638840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T00:08:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>3456470</id>
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      <text bytes="2966" sha1="q6ow0l5hz1uq6lp8an15x75baholizb" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Cape Verde recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}

{{Recipe}}
'''Bife de Tartaruga''' (Turtle Steak) is a traditional dish historically associated with some coastal communities in Cape Verde. It consists of turtle [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] seasoned with [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], [[Cookbook: juice|citrus juice]], and [[Cookbook:spices|spices]], then grilled or pan-fried. Due to conservation laws protecting sea turtles in many countries, this recipe is presented for historical and cultural documentation purposes only. Where turtle meat is prohibited, suitable alternatives such as [[Cookbook:beef|beef]] steak or firm [[Cookbook:fish|fish]] fillets may be used.

== Ingredients ==

* 500 g turtle meat steak (or substitute beef steak)
* 3 cloves garlic, minced
* 2 tbsp lime juice
* 1 tbsp [[Cookbook: vinegar|white vinegar]]
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]]
* 1 tsp salt
* ½ tsp [[Cookbook:black pepper|black pepper]]
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:paprika|paprika]]
* 1 small [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], sliced
* Fresh [[Cookbook:parsley|parsley]], chopped (for garnish)

== Procedure ==

Wash and pat dry the meat.

In a bowl, combine garlic, lime juice, vinegar, olive oil, salt, pepper, and paprika.

Rub the marinade thoroughly over the meat.

Cover and refrigerate for 2–4 hours.

Heat a grill or frying pan over medium-high heat.

Cook the steak for 4–6 minutes per side, or until cooked through.

Add the sliced onion during the final minutes of cooking and sauté until softened.

Remove from heat and allow the steak to rest for a few minutes.

Garnish with chopped parsley before serving.

== Serving ==
Serve hot with:

* Rice
* Fried plantains
* Roasted potatoes
* Fresh salad
* Steamed vegetables

== Variations ==

* Add chili peppers for a spicier version.
* Use lemon juice instead of lime juice.
* Marinate overnight for a stronger flavor.

== Notes ==

* In many regions, sea turtles are protected by law and may not be hunted, sold, or consumed.
* Beef steak, tuna steak, or swordfish can be substituted while maintaining a similar preparation method.

== See also ==

* Cachupa
* Grilled Fish
* [[Cookbook:Steak]]


[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Seafood]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638842</id>
      <parentid>4638841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T00:11:10Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3456470</id>
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      <text bytes="2966" sha1="193db85cszrt3mxjunijxrl1j181ke3" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Cape Verde recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}
{{Recipe}}

'''Bife de Tartaruga''' (Turtle Steak) is a traditional dish historically associated with some coastal communities in Cape Verde. It consists of turtle [[Cookbook:meat|meat]] seasoned with [[Cookbook:garlic|garlic]], [[Cookbook: juice|citrus juice]], and [[Cookbook:spices|spices]], then grilled or pan-fried. Due to conservation laws protecting sea turtles in many countries, this recipe is presented for historical and cultural documentation purposes only. Where turtle meat is prohibited, suitable alternatives such as [[Cookbook:beef|beef]] steak or firm [[Cookbook:fish|fish]] fillets may be used.

== Ingredients ==

* 500 g turtle meat steak (or substitute beef steak)
* 3 cloves garlic, minced
* 2 tbsp lime juice
* 1 tbsp [[Cookbook: vinegar|white vinegar]]
* 2 tbsp [[Cookbook:Olive Oil|olive oil]]
* 1 tsp salt
* ½ tsp [[Cookbook:black pepper|black pepper]]
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:paprika|paprika]]
* 1 small [[Cookbook:onion|onion]], sliced
* Fresh [[Cookbook:parsley|parsley]], chopped (for garnish)

== Procedure ==

Wash and pat dry the meat.

In a bowl, combine garlic, lime juice, vinegar, olive oil, salt, pepper, and paprika.

Rub the marinade thoroughly over the meat.

Cover and refrigerate for 2–4 hours.

Heat a grill or frying pan over medium-high heat.

Cook the steak for 4–6 minutes per side, or until cooked through.

Add the sliced onion during the final minutes of cooking and sauté until softened.

Remove from heat and allow the steak to rest for a few minutes.

Garnish with chopped parsley before serving.

== Serving ==
Serve hot with:

* Rice
* Fried plantains
* Roasted potatoes
* Fresh salad
* Steamed vegetables

== Variations ==

* Add chili peppers for a spicier version.
* Use lemon juice instead of lime juice.
* Marinate overnight for a stronger flavor.

== Notes ==

* In many regions, sea turtles are protected by law and may not be hunted, sold, or consumed.
* Beef steak, tuna steak, or swordfish can be substituted while maintaining a similar preparation method.

== See also ==

* Cachupa
* Grilled Fish
* [[Cookbook:Steak]]


[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using garlic]]
[[Category:Recipes using coriander]]
[[Category:Recipes using cumin]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Seafood]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes for soup]]
[[Category:Recipes using dryfish]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Fio fio</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483779</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-04T00:15:16Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="6j9h5ig17d30ay9exz9a12fhqlznswb" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe}}

{{Recipe summary
| Cuisine = Nigerian Cuisine
| Origin = Southeastern Nigeria
| Yield = 1pot
| Servings = 5-7
| Time = 1 hour 30 minutes
| Difficulty = 1
}}

[[Cookbook:Recipes|Recipes]] |
[[Cookbook:Ingredients|Ingredients]] |
[[Cookbook:Equipment|Equipment]] |

Fio Fio is a traditional Igbo dish made from pigeon peas cooked until soft and combined with palm oil, spices, and seasonings. It is a rich and nutritious porridge-like meal commonly eaten in southeastern Nigeria. It can be served alone or with yam, plantain, or other staples.

== Ingredients ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ingredient
! Count
! Volume
! Weight
|-
| [[Cookbook:Pigeon pea|pigeon peas (fio fio)]]
| –
| 2 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Palm oil|palm oil]]
| –
| ½ cup
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Onion|onion]]
| 1 medium
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Crayfish|ground crayfish]]
| –
| 2–3 tablespoons
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
| 1–2
| –
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
| –
| 1 teaspoon
| –
|-
| Seasoning cubes
| 2
| –
| –
|-
| Water or stock
| –
| 4–6 cups
| –
|-
| [[Cookbook:Fish|fish]] or stockfish (optional)
| –
| 1 cup
| –
|}

== Equipment ==

* Cooking pot
* Wooden spoon
* Knife
* Cutting board
* Bowl

== Procedure ==

# Sort and wash the pigeon peas thoroughly to remove dirt and stones.
# Soak the pigeon peas in water for a few hours to soften (optional but recommended).
# Boil the pigeon peas in water until they become soft and tender.
# If using fish or stockfish, cook separately until tender and set aside.
# Heat palm oil in a pot over medium heat.
# Add chopped onions and fry lightly until fragrant.
# Add crayfish, pepper, salt, and seasoning cubes, and stir well.
# Add the cooked pigeon peas along with some of the cooking water.
# Stir and allow to simmer so the flavors combine.
# Add the cooked fish or stockfish if using.
# Continue cooking until the mixture thickens slightly.
# Adjust seasoning and allow to simmer for a few more minutes.
# Serve hot.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Fio fio can be cooked with or without palm oil depending on preference.
* Some versions include yam or cocoyam to make it thicker.
* It is high in protein and very filling.
* The longer it cooks, the softer and creamier it becomes.

== Warnings ==

* Ensure pigeon peas are well cooked to avoid a hard texture.
* Stir occasionally to prevent sticking at the bottom of the pot.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Bolinhos de mandioca com mel</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638844</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T00:23:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>3456470</id>
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      <comment>Created</comment>
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      <text bytes="2747" sha1="oi3kav0sk5hl4s56q594trljr0r1jxb" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Cape Verde recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}
{{Recipe}}

'''Bolinhos de Mandioca com Mel''' (Cassava Fritters with Honey) is a sweet [[Cookbook:snacks|snack]] made from grated [[Cookbook:cassava|cassava]], shaped into small [[Cookbook:cake|cakes]] and fried until golden. The fritters are traditionally served warm and drizzled with [[Cookbook:honey|honey]]. This dish is commonly associated with the [[Cookbook:Cuisines|cuisine]] of '''Cape Verde''', an island country in West Africa, where cassava is an important staple crop. Similar cassava-based fritters are also prepared in other African countries, including '''Angola''', '''Mozambique''', and '''Guinea-Bissau'''. The fritters are typically cooked by deep-frying the cassava mixture until crisp on the outside and soft on the inside, then serving them with honey as a dessert or snack.

== Ingredients ==

* 500 g cassava (mandioca), peeled and grated
* 2 [[Cookbook:eggs|eggs]]
* 3 tbsp [[Cookbook:sugar|sugar]]
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:vanilla|vanilla]] extract
* ½ tsp ground [[Cookbook:cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* ¼ tsp salt
* [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|Vegetable oil]], for frying
* 4 tbsp honey, for serving

== Procedure ==

Place the grated cassava in a large bowl.

Add the eggs, sugar, vanilla extract, cinnamon, and salt.

Mix thoroughly until a uniform batter forms.

Heat oil in a deep frying pan over medium heat.

Scoop small portions of the mixture and carefully place them into the hot oil.

Fry until golden brown on all sides, about 3–4 minutes.

Remove with a slotted spoon and drain on paper towels.

Arrange the fritters on a serving plate.

Drizzle generously with honey before serving.

== Serving ==
Serve warm as:

* A dessert
* An afternoon snack
* A breakfast treat with tea or coffee

== Variations ==

* Add grated coconut to the batter.
* Replace honey with maple syrup or fruit syrup.
* Sprinkle with powdered sugar before serving.

== Notes ==

* Fresh cassava should be used for the best texture.
* Ensure cassava is properly peeled and prepared before cooking.
* The fritters may also be baked instead of fried.

== See also ==

* Cassava Bread
* Fritters
* Honey Cake


[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Seafood]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638845</id>
      <parentid>4638844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T00:29:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>3456470</id>
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      <comment>Added categories</comment>
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      <text bytes="3026" sha1="mu1fhbc3dmu185wsf2pc9ujomyw9eim" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Cape Verde recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}
{{Recipe}}

'''Bolinhos de Mandioca com Mel''' (Cassava Fritters with Honey) is a sweet [[Cookbook:snacks|snack]] made from grated [[Cookbook:cassava|cassava]], shaped into small [[Cookbook:cake|cakes]] and fried until golden. The fritters are traditionally served warm and drizzled with [[Cookbook:honey|honey]]. This dish is commonly associated with the [[Cookbook:Cuisines|cuisine]] of '''Cape Verde''', an island country in West Africa, where cassava is an important staple crop. Similar cassava-based fritters are also prepared in other African countries, including '''Angola''', '''Mozambique''', and '''Guinea-Bissau'''. The fritters are typically cooked by deep-frying the cassava mixture until crisp on the outside and soft on the inside, then serving them with honey as a dessert or snack.

== Ingredients ==

* 500 g cassava (mandioca), peeled and grated
* 2 [[Cookbook:eggs|eggs]]
* 3 tbsp [[Cookbook:sugar|sugar]]
* 1 tsp [[Cookbook:vanilla|vanilla]] extract
* ½ tsp ground [[Cookbook:cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* ¼ tsp salt
* [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|Vegetable oil]], for frying
* 4 tbsp honey, for serving

== Procedure ==

Place the grated cassava in a large bowl.

Add the eggs, sugar, vanilla extract, cinnamon, and salt.

Mix thoroughly until a uniform batter forms.

Heat oil in a deep frying pan over medium heat.

Scoop small portions of the mixture and carefully place them into the hot oil.

Fry until golden brown on all sides, about 3–4 minutes.

Remove with a slotted spoon and drain on paper towels.

Arrange the fritters on a serving plate.

Drizzle generously with honey before serving.

== Serving ==
Serve warm as:

* A dessert
* An afternoon snack
* A breakfast treat with tea or coffee

== Variations ==

* Add grated coconut to the batter.
* Replace honey with maple syrup or fruit syrup.
* Sprinkle with powdered sugar before serving.

== Notes ==

* Fresh cassava should be used for the best texture.
* Ensure cassava is properly peeled and prepared before cooking.
* The fritters may also be baked instead of fried.

== See also ==

* Cassava Bread
* Fritters
* Honey Cake


[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Cookbook]]
[[Category:Seafood]]
[[Category:Halal recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using meat]]
[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Side dish recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using hot sauce]]
[[Category:Recipes using pepper]]
[[Category:Recipes using thyme]]
[[Category:Recipes using onion]]
[[Category:Recipes using ginger]]
[[Category:Recipes using tomato]]
[[Category:Recipes using cake]]
[[Category:Recipes using cassava]]
[[Category:Recipes using honey]]
[[Category:Recipes using sugar]]
[[Category:Recipes using egg]]
[[Category:Recipes using vanilla sugar]]
[[Category:Recipes using cinnamon]]
[[Category:Recipes using vegetables]]</text>
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| This is a prompt.
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;=== [[University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===  &lt;quiz display=simple&gt; {Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities. ({{Prompt|exp}}) |type=&quot;{}&quot;} &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 19 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magn...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4712" sha1="ioqjd0unksy00var1flup804nnox5gk" xml:space="preserve">=== [[University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===

&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
{Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities. ({{Prompt|exp}})
|type=&quot;{}&quot;}
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 19 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 3 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 21 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 25 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 23 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 9 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 11 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 7 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ -30 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ -27 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 30 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/quiz&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;14&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

For the remaining questions, you need to use [[University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/The Scope and Scale of Physics#Figure 1.4|Figure 1.4]] to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times.

&lt;ol start=&quot;16&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    Use the assumption that the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium for the following.
    &lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;How many cells are there in a human?&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
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      <id>4638858</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
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      <text bytes="4254" sha1="ceb880wdodzpqvtk3kf75gvzh9yprnf" xml:space="preserve">=== [[University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===

&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
{ Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities. ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 19 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 4 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 21 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 25 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 23 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 9 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 11 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 7 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ -30 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ -27 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 30 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

{ Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude. ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 2-4 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; electrons&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 4-6 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; Earths&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 1-3 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; Earth-Moon distances&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 14-16 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; Moon atmospheres&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many Moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 1-3 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; Moons&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 56-58 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

{ For the remaining questions, you need to use [[University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/The Scope and Scale of Physics#Figure 1.4|Figure 1.4]] to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times. }

{ Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 9 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; heartbeats

{ A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
{ 50-70 _5 } generations

{ Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 31 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; times

{ Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton. ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 11 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; atoms

{ Use the assumption that the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium for the following. ({{Prompt|exps}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird.&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 12 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; cells&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 16 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; cells&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

{ Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 3 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; impulses/s

{ About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 24 _5 } floating-point operations

{ Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 26 _5 } floating-point operations
&lt;/quiz&gt;</text>
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      <id>4638859</id>
      <parentid>4638858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T03:35:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
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      <text bytes="4274" sha1="0dwwnq32epiwy2hlseez46io00dlm3z" xml:space="preserve">=== [[University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/The Scope and Scale of Physics|1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics]] ===

&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
{ Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities. ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 19 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 4 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 21 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of Earth: 5.97 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 25 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Moon: 7.34 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 23 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 9 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 11 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 7 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of an electron: 9.11 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;31&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ -30 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of a proton: 1.67 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ -27 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The mass of the Sun: 1.99 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;order of magnitude: 10&lt;sup&gt;{ 30 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

{ Use the orders of magnitude you found in the previous problem to answer the following questions to within an order of magnitude. ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a proton?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 2-4 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; electrons&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many Earths would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 4-6 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; Earths&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many Earth–Moon distances would it take to cover the distance from Earth to the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 1-3 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; Earth-Moon distances&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many Moon atmospheres would it take to equal the mass of Earth’s atmosphere?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 14-16 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; Moon atmospheres&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many Moons would it take to equal the mass of Earth?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 1-3 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; Moons&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many protons would it take to equal the mass of the Sun?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 56-58 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; protons&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

{ For the remaining questions, you need to use [[University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/The Scope and Scale of Physics#Figure 1.4|Figure 1.4]] to obtain the necessary orders of magnitude of lengths, masses, and times. }

{ Roughly how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 9 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; heartbeats

{ A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0?
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
{ 50-70 _5 } generations

{ Roughly how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 31 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; times

{ Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is 10 times the mass of a proton. ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 11 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; atoms

{ Use the assumption that the mass of an average cell is 10 times the mass of a bacterium for the following. ({{Prompt|exps}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird.&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 12 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; cells&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;How many cells are there in a human?&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;{ 16 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; cells&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

{ Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 3 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; impulses/s

{ About how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform each year? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 24 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; floating-point operations

{ Roughly how many floating-point operations can a supercomputer perform in a human lifetime? ({{Prompt|exp}})
| type=&quot;{}&quot; }
10&lt;sup&gt;{ 26 _5 }&lt;/sup&gt; floating-point operations
&lt;/quiz&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Ator mboro</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483783</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-04T05:23:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Phina001</username>
        <id>3587764</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I created an article</comment>
      <origin>4638860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1490" sha1="hrulz8jua6ik4k3ki6kb7kt7kl3t3b2" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe}}

'''Ator Mboro''' (also known as '''Oto Mboro''') is a traditional Efik and Ibibio dish made from unripe bananas cooked in a rich palm-oil sauce with fish, crayfish, and spices. It is valued for its nutritional benefits and is commonly eaten as a main meal.

== Ingredients ==

* unripe bananas
* [[Cookbook:fish|fish]] (fresh or smoked)
* [[Cookbook:crayfish|crayfish]]
* onion, chopped
* palm oil
* fresh [[Cookbook:peppers|peppers]], blended or chopped
* seasoning powder or cube
* [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] to taste
* [[Cookbook:water|water]]
* A handful of scent leaves or pumpkin leaves (optional)

== Procedure ==

Wash and peel the unripe bananas.

Grate the bananas or pound them into a smooth paste.

Place the fish in a cooking pot and add water, onion, pepper, seasoning, and salt.

Cook for about 5 minutes until the fish is partly done.

Add the palm oil and ground crayfish, then stir gently.

Gradually add the grated banana paste to the pot and mix well.

Reduce the heat and allow the mixture to cook for 15–20 minutes, stirring occasionally to prevent burning.

Add the scent leaves or pumpkin leaves if using.

Continue cooking until the mixture becomes thick and smooth.

Remove from heat and serve hot.

== Serving ==
Ator Mboro is usually served as a complete meal and may be accompanied by extra fish, meat, or vegetables.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:recipes]]
[[Category:Banana recipes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Mmong ikong (water leaf soup)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638861</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-04T05:34:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Phina001</username>
        <id>3587764</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;= Mmong Ikong =  '''Mmong Ikong''' is a traditional vegetable soup of the Efik and Ibibio people of southern Nigeria. The soup is prepared with a variety of fresh leafy vegetables, seafood, palm oil, and seasonings. It is known for its rich flavour and high nutritional value and is commonly eaten with fufu, pounded yam, eba, or semolina.  == Ingredients ==  * 4 cups chopped waterleaf * 2 cups chopped pumpkin leaves (ugu) or other green vegetables * 2 cups periwinkle (opt...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1822" sha1="orubg5cp9go24j5cp875qtqq7fy6zon" xml:space="preserve">= Mmong Ikong =

'''Mmong Ikong''' is a traditional vegetable soup of the Efik and Ibibio people of southern Nigeria. The soup is prepared with a variety of fresh leafy vegetables, seafood, palm oil, and seasonings. It is known for its rich flavour and high nutritional value and is commonly eaten with fufu, pounded yam, eba, or semolina.

== Ingredients ==

* 4 cups chopped waterleaf
* 2 cups chopped pumpkin leaves (ugu) or other green vegetables
* 2 cups periwinkle (optional)
* 1 cup smoked fish
* 1 cup stockfish, soaked and cleaned
* 2 tablespoons ground crayfish
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 3 tablespoons palm oil
* 2 fresh peppers, blended
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt to taste
* 2 cups water or stock

== Procedure ==

Wash and chop all vegetables thoroughly.

Clean and prepare the fish, stockfish, and periwinkle.

Place the stockfish and fish in a cooking pot with water, onion, pepper, seasoning cubes, and salt.

Cook until the fish and stockfish are tender.

Add the palm oil and ground crayfish and stir well.

Add the waterleaf and allow it to cook for about 5 minutes.

Add the pumpkin leaves and periwinkle.

Stir thoroughly and cook for another 5–10 minutes.

Taste and adjust seasoning if necessary.

Remove from heat and serve hot.

== Serving ==
Mmong Ikong is traditionally served with fufu, pounded yam, eba, semolina, or other swallow foods.

== Notes ==

* Fresh seafood such as shrimp, crab, or periwinkle may be added for extra flavour.
* Different local vegetables can be combined depending on availability.
* Overcooking the vegetables may reduce their colour and nutritional value.

== See also ==

* Afang Soup
* Editan Soup
* Edikang Ikong
* Afia Efere

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:Efik cuisine]]
[[Category:Ibibio cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetable dishes]]
[[Category:Soups]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-04T06:01:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Phina001</username>
        <id>3587764</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I created page and added categories</comment>
      <origin>4638862</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1802" sha1="qtd3t9p2j9vpkvn10wb2q1ro63j1pft" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe}}

'''Mmong Ikong''' is a traditional Water leaf soup of the Efik and Ibibio people of southern Nigeria. The soup is prepared with  fresh water leafs , seafood, palm oil, and seasonings. It is known for its rich flavour and high nutritional value and is commonly eaten with fufu, pounded yam, eba, or semolina.

== Ingredients ==

* chopped [[Cookbookwaterleaf|waterleaf]]
* [[Cookbook:periwinkle|periwinkle]] (optional)
* smoked [[Cookbook:fish|fish]]
* [[Cookbook:stockfish|stockfish]], soaked and cleaned
*  grounded [[Cookbook:crayfish|crayfish]]
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 3 tablespoons palm oil
* 2 fresh peppers, blended
* 2 seasoning cubes
* Salt to taste
* 2 cups water or stock

== Procedure ==

Wash and chop all the water leaf thoroughly.

Clean and prepare the fish, stockfish, and periwinkle

Cook your fish and stockfish in a separate pot.

Place the cooking pot on fire on medium heat.

Allow the pot to dry, pour in your plam oil and leave it to hot for about a minute.

Add chopped onions into the hot oil and strir.

Add in your chopped water leaf and stir, cover the pot and allow it to fry for at least 40 second.

Pour in your brout,add fish, stock,paper, and seasoning cubes or powder, stir and allow it to cook for a minute

Pour in the periwinkle and add a little water sine the water leaf already has water of it's own.

Cover the pot and let it cook for about 3-5 minutes 

Taste and adjust seasoning if necessary.

Remove from heat and serve hot.

== Serving ==
Mmong Ikong is traditionally served with
* [[Cookbook:fufu|fufu]]
* pounded yam
* [[Cookbook:eba|eba]]
* semolina or other swallow foods.


[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Vegetable recipes]]
[[Category:recipes]]
[[Category:Easy recipes]]</text>
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    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...e5</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}} = Caro-Kann = A rarely seen move as it gives up a pawn for the idea of 5. dxe5 Qxd1+ 6. Kxd1 where White has lost castling rights. However, the simple 5. Nf3 gives white a lead in development and an advantage. == References == {{NCO}} {{MCO14}} {{BCO2}} {{ChessFooter}} {[bookcat}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="325" sha1="n2xuodt75qkmekxxlv9k21cg83b1os7" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}}
= Caro-Kann =
A rarely seen move as it gives up a pawn for the idea of 5. dxe5 Qxd1+ 6. Kxd1 where White has lost castling rights. However, the simple 5. Nf3 gives white a lead in development and an advantage.
== References ==
{{NCO}}
{{MCO14}}
{{BCO2}}
{{ChessFooter}}
{[bookcat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="325" sha1="ioroqhhsl4gw46z4ef3g3ax09gurqga" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}}
= Caro-Kann =
A rarely seen move as it gives up a pawn for the idea of 5. dxe5 Qxd1+ 6. Kxd1 where White has lost castling rights. However, the simple 5. Nf3 gives white a lead in development and an advantage.
== References ==
{{NCO}}
{{MCO14}}
{{BCO2}}
{{ChessFooter}}
{{bookcat}}</text>
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    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...Qc7</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}} = Caro-Kann = A rarely seen move as it develops the queen early with the idea of preparing ...e5. However, the simple 5. Bc4 gives White a development lead and an advantage. == References == {{NCO}} {{MCO14}} {{BCO2}} {{ChessFooter}} {{bookcat}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="289" sha1="b0ved99yjsbc5idwult0li1bfoygul8" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}}
= Caro-Kann =
A rarely seen move as it develops the queen early with the idea of preparing ...e5. However, the simple 5. Bc4 gives White a development lead and an advantage.
== References ==
{{NCO}}
{{MCO14}}
{{BCO2}}
{{ChessFooter}}
{{bookcat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...g6</title>
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        <id>3600943</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}} = Caro-Kann = A rarely seen move as it does not immediately confront the white knight on e4, with the idea of ...Bg7. However, the simple 5. Bc4 gives White a development lead and an advantage. == References == {{NCO}} {{MCO14}} {{BCO2}} {{ChessFooter}} {{bookcat}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="309" sha1="ehlnmkce0oo8vvz95pq3katxw9t492b" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}}
= Caro-Kann =
A rarely seen move as it does not immediately confront the white knight on e4, with the idea of ...Bg7. However, the simple 5. Bc4 gives White a development lead and an advantage.
== References ==
{{NCO}}
{{MCO14}}
{{BCO2}}
{{ChessFooter}}
{{bookcat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...e6</title>
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        <id>3600943</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}} = Caro-Kann = A rarely seen move as it blocks the Bc8 with the idea of letting the Bf8 and the Qd8 out. However, the simple 5. Nf3 gives White a development lead and an advantage. == References == {{NCO}} {{MCO14}} {{BCO2}} {{ChessFooter}} {{bookcat}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="295" sha1="exdv2bm7kxbre1yvkul1emny5rxshsp" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|Caro-Kann}}
= Caro-Kann =
A rarely seen move as it blocks the Bc8 with the idea of letting the Bf8 and the Qd8 out. However, the simple 5. Nf3 gives White a development lead and an advantage.
== References ==
{{NCO}}
{{MCO14}}
{{BCO2}}
{{ChessFooter}}
{{bookcat}}</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;html { 	overscroll-behavior: none; }  #p-personal, body.skin--responsive #p-personal { 	margin-top: .8em; }  #sidebar .pBody { 	border-left: none; }&quot;</comment>
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#p-personal, body.skin--responsive #p-personal {
	margin-top: .8em;
}

#sidebar .pBody {
	border-left: none;
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#column-one {
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#sidebar .pBody {
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Egusi soup</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-04T11:43:23Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>I created an article</comment>
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      <text bytes="1401" sha1="9yb7w0wyk0gt9qnp796djp6oyuoth7u" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe}}

'''Egusi Soup''' is a Nigerian soup made from ground melon seeds (egusi), vegetables, meat, and fish. Some versions include tomatoes, which add a richer flavour and deeper colour to the soup. It is commonly served with pounded yam, eba, fufu, or semolina.

== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups ground egusi (melon seeds)
* ½ cup red palm oil
* 500g assorted [[Cookbook:meats|meats]](goat, beef, tripe)
* 200g soaked stockfish
* 2 cups fresh spinach or bitter leaf
* 3 tbsp ground crayfish
* 2 scotch bonnet peppers, blended
* 1 large onion
* 3 seasoning cubes
* Salt to taste

== Procedures ==

* Cook seasoned assorted meats and stockfish. Reserve the stock.

* Heat palm oil. Fry sliced onion for 1 mins . Add blended pepper and fry for 10 mins.

* Mix egusi with a little water to form a thick paste. Drop in spoonfuls — do not stir yet. Cover and cook 10 mins.

* Gently stir egusi into the sauce, breaking up any lumps. Cook another 10 mins.

* Add meats, stockfish, crayfish, and meat stock. Simmer 15 mins.

* Add cleaned bitter leaf or spinach. Stir in and cook 5 more minutes. 

* Taste and adjust seasoning if needed.

*Allow to Cook until flavors combine well 

== Serving ==
* Egusi soup is usually served with 
* [[ Cookbook:Fufu|Fufu]]
* [[ Cookbook:Eba|Eba]]
* Pounded yam

[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category: Egusi recipes]]
[[Category:recipes]]</text>
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      <comment>I added wiki link</comment>
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      <text bytes="1400" sha1="348slieavqo5g5qp7jyfhdmby89ce1r" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe}}

'''Egusi Soup''' is a Nigerian soup made from ground melon seeds (egusi), vegetables, meat, and fish. Some versions include tomatoes, which add a richer flavour and deeper colour to the soup. It is commonly served with pounded yam, eba, fufu, or semolina.

== Ingredients ==
* 2 cups ground egusi (melon seeds)
* ½ cup red palm oil
* 500g assorted [[Cookbook:Meat|meats]](goat, beef, tripe)
* 200g soaked stockfish
* 2 cups fresh spinach or bitter leaf
* 3 tbsp ground crayfish
* 2 scotch bonnet peppers, blended
* 1 large onion
* 3 seasoning cubes
* Salt to taste

== Procedures ==

* Cook seasoned assorted meats and stockfish. Reserve the stock.

* Heat palm oil. Fry sliced onion for 1 mins . Add blended pepper and fry for 10 mins.

* Mix egusi with a little water to form a thick paste. Drop in spoonfuls — do not stir yet. Cover and cook 10 mins.

* Gently stir egusi into the sauce, breaking up any lumps. Cook another 10 mins.

* Add meats, stockfish, crayfish, and meat stock. Simmer 15 mins.

* Add cleaned bitter leaf or spinach. Stir in and cook 5 more minutes. 

* Taste and adjust seasoning if needed.

*Allow to Cook until flavors combine well 

== Serving ==
* Egusi soup is usually served with 
* [[ Cookbook:Fufu|Fufu]]
* [[ Cookbook:Eba|Eba]]
* Pounded yam

[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category: Egusi recipes]]
[[Category:recipes]]</text>
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