Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I would like to keep this as-is.  I am going to be working on building this throughout the next few months.
::::Thank you. [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] ([[User talk:Karosent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Karosent|contribs]]) 14:10, 17 June 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space.  —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. &quot;For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period&quot; - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. 
:::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex.
:::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g.
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes
:::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep}} per above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:07, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] ==

As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. 
::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value.
::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] I can move that book to your userspace, if requested. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thank you so much for the offer. 
::::I know the book still needs a lot of improvement and that I'm working on it very slowly; but the problem is, strange as it may seem, I know how to edit a public book but I don't know how to work in my userspace, nor what I should do when the book is more finished to make it public. 
::::In any case, if it's better to move the book to my userspace while it's still unfinished, then move it there and I'll try to work on it without the pressure of thinking it could be deleted at any moment. 
::::Thanks again for the offer. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 22:47, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[The Encyclopaedia for Everything]] ==
We are explicitly not an encyclopedia per [[WB:WIW]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:53, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - we already have one of those; it's called Wikipedia. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:22, 8 June 2026 (UTC)

== [[Scratch/Block Reference Guide]] ==

I no longer Review page--[[User:Carlossn77716|Carlossn77716]] ([[User talk:Carlossn77716|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Carlossn77716|contribs]]) 21:05, 16 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{keep}} - nominator is globally locked, and I don't see any coherent reason for deletion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 23:13, 20 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gjuoijnfj6yy9wqa8in7da26gd2ulve</sha1>
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      <id>4640829</id>
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        <id>3441010</id>
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      <comment>/* The Encyclopaedia for Everything */ Deleted.</comment>
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[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I would like to keep this as-is.  I am going to be working on building this throughout the next few months.
::::Thank you. [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] ([[User talk:Karosent|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Karosent|contribs]]) 14:10, 17 June 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space.  —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. &quot;For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period&quot; - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. 
:::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex.
:::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g.
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes
:::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep}} per above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:07, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] ==

As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. 
::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value.
::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] I can move that book to your userspace, if requested. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thank you so much for the offer. 
::::I know the book still needs a lot of improvement and that I'm working on it very slowly; but the problem is, strange as it may seem, I know how to edit a public book but I don't know how to work in my userspace, nor what I should do when the book is more finished to make it public. 
::::In any case, if it's better to move the book to my userspace while it's still unfinished, then move it there and I'll try to work on it without the pressure of thinking it could be deleted at any moment. 
::::Thanks again for the offer. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 22:47, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[The Encyclopaedia for Everything]] ==
{{closed|Consensus to delete. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:58, 21 June 2026 (UTC)}}
We are explicitly not an encyclopedia per [[WB:WIW]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:53, 7 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - we already have one of those; it's called Wikipedia. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:22, 8 June 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Scratch/Block Reference Guide]] ==

I no longer Review page--[[User:Carlossn77716|Carlossn77716]] ([[User talk:Carlossn77716|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Carlossn77716|contribs]]) 21:05, 16 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{keep}} - nominator is globally locked, and I don't see any coherent reason for deletion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 23:13, 20 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Sandwiches</title>
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      <text bytes="4741" sha1="s7abi5o7rp4oocrwefhdo2nz02gercq" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Poboy.jpg|thumb|right|Po'Boy sandwich]]
{{cookdp}}

'''Sandwiches''' are a food item consisting of bread filled or topped with other components. According to legend, they are attributed to John Montagu, the Earl of Sandwich, and they are designed to be eaten with the hands. There are various slang terms for a sandwich, such as butty and sarnie. Note that sandwiches are distinct from wraps, which consist of a thin flatbread rolled around the filling.

== Characteristics ==

=== Bread ===
A wide variety of [[Cookbook:Bread|breads]] can be used to make a sandwich, including soft pullman loaves, crusty breads, pumpernickel, rye bread, [[Cookbook:Flatbread|flatbreads]], rolls, and more. The choice of bread will depend on the filling and the presentation. In general, the bread has to be thick enough to support the entire sandwich and its filling, but not so thick that it makes the sandwich overly-dry and hard to eat. Delicate sandwiches tend to require finer, thinner bread that holds together well. Robust sandwiches can handle thicker, crusty bread. The bread may or may not be toasted, depending on the sandwich and the cook's preferences. If toasting the bread, it should be done as close to serving as possible.

=== Filling ===
Sandwiches may be filled with almost anything, but some options are more common. Some of these include [[Cookbook:Bacon|bacon]], [[Cookbook:Turkey|turkey]], [[Cookbook:Alfalfa|alfalfa sprouts]], [[Cookbook:Spinach|spinach]], shawarma, [[Cookbook:Pastrami|pastrami]], [[Cookbook:Corned Beef|corned beef]], [[Cookbook:Pickle|pickles]], [[Cookbook:Tongue|tongue]], [[Cookbook:Clam|fried clams]], [[Cookbook:Fried Fish|fried fish]], [[Cookbook:Ham|ham]], [[Cookbook:Olive|olives]], [[Cookbook:Cheese|cheese]], [[Cookbook:Tuna|tuna]], [[Cookbook:Deli Meat|deli meats]], [[Cookbook:Lettuce|lettuce]], [[Cookbook:Tomato|tomatoes]], and [[Cookbook:Onion|onions]].

In addition to the primary filling(s), sandwiches often have some variety of spread that contributes flavor, moisture, and cohesion. These include butter, mayonnaise, mustard, relish, and more. Some sandwiches consist entirely of spreads, such as [[Cookbook:Peanut Butter|peanut butter]], [[Cookbook:Honey|honey]], or [[Cookbook:Jam|jam]].

=== Serving ===
Sandwiches can take a variety of shapes and be served in different ways. Closed sandwiches, which are the most common variety, have bread on the top and bottom—the filling is &quot;sandwiched&quot; between the two pieces. Open-faced sandwiches are less common and have only one slice of bread on the bottom, with the filling sitting on top. Some varieties of sandwich have the crust trimmed off to make them more delicate, and larger sandwiches are usually halved or quartered for ease of consumption. Finger sandwiches take this even further—they are cut into small pieces, meant to be eaten in one or two bites as snacks or appetizers. At a sandwich buffet, cocktail sticks are often stuck through the sandwiches, making them easier to lift by partygoers.

== Common varieties ==

* '''Reuben:''' Hearty, hot sandwich containing corned beef, cheese, and sauerkraut on pumpernickel bread
* '''Club sandwich:''' Contains chicken, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, and bacon
* '''Sub/hoagie/grinder/Hero:''' Long, thin sandwich containing a range of savory fillings
* '''Tea sandwich:''' Small sandwich made with fine, delicate bread; fillings commonly include salmon, cucumber, and other light ingredients
* '''Croque monsieur:''' Hot, grilled sandwich containing ham, cheese, and mustard
* '''Croque madame:''' Similar to a croque monsieur, but with an egg added
* '''Panini:''' Hot, grilled sandwich of Italian origin, made in a panini press
* '''Banh mi:''' Vietnamese sandwich consisting of French bread and various savory fillings
* '''Peanut butter and jelly (PB&amp;J):''' Simple sandwich filled with peanut butter and jelly or jam

== As a verb ==
The term sandwich has recently evolved to become a verb—'sandwiching' something means to insert/place that thing between two outer things. See, for example, [[Cookbook:Sandwich Cookie|sandwich cookies]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Ruben sandwich.jpg|Reuben sandwich
File:Submarine sandwich sub subway.jpg|Sub(marine) sandwich
File:Bánh mì thịt nướng.png|Banh mi
File:Peanut-Butter-Jelly-Sandwich.jpg|Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
File:Panini (14240273775).jpg|Panini sandwich
File:Canapes and finger sandwiches. High Tea at the Savoy Hotel.jpg|Finger sandwiches
File:Grilled Cheese Sandwich (16938984390).jpg|Grilled cheese sandwich
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Sandwich recipes==
{{div col|3}}
&lt;categorytree mode=&quot;all&quot;; hideprefix=&quot;true&quot;; hideroot=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Sandwich recipes&lt;/categorytree&gt;
{{div col end}}

[[ko:샌드위치]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Modern Physics/The Law of Gravitation</title>
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{{ModernPhysicsStub}}

== Law of Gravitation ==
*Aubhro Sengupta Spring 2020*

How do we calculate the force of gravity on an object? It seems like a simple enough task.
:&lt;math&gt; F_g = g * m &lt;/math&gt;

However, this formula is only applicable when we want to calculate the force of gravity from earth on an object on earth. 
What if we want to calculate the force of gravity of an asteroid in space from another asteroid, or the force of gravity on a space craft from the sun.

This is where universal gravitation comes in.

Of Newton's accomplishments, the discovery of the universal law of gravitation ranks as one of his greatest. Imagine two masses, ''M''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and ''M''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, separated by a distance ''r''. The gravitational force has the magnitude 

:&lt;math&gt; F_g = G \frac{M_1 M_2}{r^2} &lt;/math&gt;

where ''G'' is the ''gravitational constant'':

:&lt;math&gt;G \approx 6.67 \times 10^{-11} \frac{m^3}{kg \cdot s^2}&lt;/math&gt;

The force is always attractive, and acts along the line joining the center of the two masses.

Lets notice a couple things here. First of all, since gravity is a force, it is a vector. The formula described above only gives us it's magnitude. 
What is the direction? Well depends on which force of gravity we are talking about. Since there are 2 objects here, ''M''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and ''M''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, there are also two forces, the force of gravity on ''M''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; by ''M''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
and the force of gravity on ''M''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; by ''M''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The magnitude of both forces are the same but the directions are opposite one another. This is actually a case of Newton's second law, as both forces are equal and opposite.

Notice that the ``r`` is squared in the bottom of the fraction. This tells us that not only does gravity get weaker as ``r`` increases, but it gets much weaker as ``r`` increases. This is why although technically all objects in the universe 
attract every other object through gravity, we can often disregard the force as it is negligible.

== Vector Notation ==

Let's say that we have two masses, M and m, separated by a distance r, and a distance vector '''R'''. The relationship between '''R''' and r is given by:

:&lt;math&gt;|\vec{\mathbf{R}}| = r&lt;/math&gt;

We will also change our force into a force vector, acting in the direction of '''R''':

:&lt;math&gt;\vec{F}_g = G \frac{M_1 M_2}{r^2} \cdot \frac{\vec{\mathbf{R}}}{r}&lt;/math&gt;

And this gives us our final vector equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\vec{F}_g = G \frac{M_1 M_2 \vec{\mathbf{R}}}{r^3} &lt;/math&gt;

Notice that since the ratio between '''R''' and r is normalized, the addition of these terms does not alter the equation, only the direction in which the force is acting.</text>
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    <title>X86 Assembly/Floating Point</title>
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      <text bytes="13304" sha1="1m1uyn2azz1h058wzhknp6eklgwrb40" xml:space="preserve">{{x86 Assembly Page}}

The {{abbr|ALU|arithmetic logic unit}} is only capable of dealing with integer values.
While integers are sufficient for some applications, it is often necessary to use decimals.
A highly specialized coprocessor, all part of the FPU&amp;nbsp;– the floating-point unit&amp;nbsp;–, will allow you to manipulate numbers with fractional parts.

== x87 Coprocessor ==
The original x86 family members had a separate math coprocessor that handled floating point arithmetic.
The original coprocessor was the 8087, and all {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}}s since have been dubbed “x87”&amp;nbsp;chips.
Later variants integrated the {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} into the microprocessor itself.
Having the capability to manage floating point numbers means a few things:
# The microprocessor must have space to store floating point numbers.
# The microprocessor must have instructions to manipulate floating point numbers.

The {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}}, even when it is integrated into an x86 chip, is still called the “x87”&amp;nbsp;section.
For instance, literature on the subject will frequently call the {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} Register Stack the “x87 Stack”, and the {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} operations will frequently be called the “x87 instruction set”.

The presence of an integrated x87 {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} can be checked using the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;cpuid&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; instruction.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; highlight=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
; after you have verified
; that the cpuid instruction is indeed available:
mov eax, 1     ; argument request feature report
cpuid
xor eax, eax   ; wipe clean accumulator register
bt edx, eax    ; CF ≔ edx[eax]    retrieve bit 0
setc al        ; al ≔ CF
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== FPU Register Stack ==
The {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} has an array of ''eight'' registers that can be accessed as a stack.
There is one &lt;var&gt;top&lt;/var&gt; index indicating the current top of the stack.
Pushing or popping items to or from the stack will only change the &lt;var&gt;top&lt;/var&gt; index and store or wipe data respectively.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;st(0)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; or simply &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;st&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; refers to the register that is currently at the top of the stack.
If eight values were stored on the stack, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;st(7)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; refers to last element on the stack (i.&amp;#8239;e. the bottom).

Numbers are pushed onto the stack ''from memory'', and are popped off the stack back ''to memory''.
There is no instruction allowing to transfer values directly to or from {{abbr|ALU|arithmetic logic unit}} registers.
The x87 stack can only be accessed by {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} instructions&amp;nbsp;‒ you cannot write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; inline&gt;mov eax, st(0)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&amp;nbsp;‒ it is necessary to store values to memory if you want to print them, for example.

{{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} instructions generally will pop the first two items off the stack, act on them, and push the answer back on to the top of the stack.

Floating point numbers may generally be either 32&amp;nbsp;bits long, the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot; inline&gt;float&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; data type in the programming language&amp;nbsp;C, or 64&amp;nbsp;bits long, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot; inline&gt;double&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in&amp;nbsp;C.
However, in order to reduce round-off errors, the {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} stack registers are all ''80&amp;nbsp;bits wide''.

Most [[X86 Assembly/High-Level Languages#C Calling Conventions|calling conventions]] return floating point values in the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;st(0)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; register.

== Examples ==
The following program (using [[X86 Assembly/NASM Syntax|NASM]] syntax) calculates the square root of 123.45.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot;&gt;
[org 0x7c00]
[bits 16]

global _start

section .data
	val: dq 123.45   ; define quadword (double precision)

section .bss
	res: resq 1      ; reserve 1 quadword for result

section .text


_start:
    ;initilizes the FPU, avoids inconsistent behavior
    fninit
	; load value into st(0)
	fld qword [val]  ; treat val as an address to a qword
	; compute square root of st(0) and store the result in st(0)
	fsqrt
	; store st(0) at res, and pop it off the x87 stack
	fstp qword [res]
	; the FPU stack is now empty again

	; end of program
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Essentially, programs that use the {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}} load values onto the stack with &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fld&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and its variants, perform operations on these values, then store them into memory with one of the forms of &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fst&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, most commonly &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fstp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; when you are done with x87, to clean up the x87 stack as required by most calling conventions.

Here is a more complex example that evaluates the [[Trigonometry/Law of Cosines|Law of Cosines]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot;&gt;
;; c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - cos(C)*2*a*b
;; C is stored in ang

global _start

section .data
    a: dq 4.56   ;length of side a
    b: dq 7.89   ;length of side b
    ang: dq 1.5  ;opposite angle to side c (around 85.94 degrees)

section .bss
    c: resq 1    ;the result ‒ length of side c

section .text
    _start:

    fld    qword [a]   ;load a into st0
    fmul   st0, st0    ;st0 = a * a = a^2

    fld    qword [b]   ;load b into st0   (pushing the a^2 result up to st1)
    fmul   st0, st0    ;st0 = b * b = b^2,   st1 = a^2

    faddp              ;add and pop, leaving st0 = old_st0 + old_st1 = a^2 + b^2.  (st1 is freed / empty now)

    fld    qword [ang] ;load angle into st0.  (st1 = a^2 + b^2 which we'll leave alone until later)
    fcos               ;st0 = cos(ang)

    fmul   qword [a]   ;st0 = cos(ang) * a
    fmul   qword [b]   ;st0 = cos(ang) * a * b
    fadd   st0, st0    ;st0 = cos(ang) * a * b + cos(ang) * a * b = 2(cos(ang) * a * b)

    fsubp  st1, st0    ;st1 = st1 - st0 = (a^2 + b^2) - (2 * a * b * cos(ang))
                       ;and pop st0

    fsqrt              ;take square root of st0 = c

    fstp   qword [c]   ;store st0 in c and pop, leaving the x87 stack empty again ‒ and we're done!

    ; don't forget to make an exit system call for your OS,
    ; or execution will fall off the end and decode whatever garbage bytes are next.
    mov   eax, 1                ; __NR_exit
    xor   ebx, ebx
    int   0x80                  ; i386 Linux sys_exit(0)
    ;end program
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Floating-Point Instruction Set ==
You may notice that some of the instructions below differ from another in name by just one letter: a '''P''' appended to the end. This suffix signifies that in addition to performing the normal operation, they also '''P'''op the x87 stack after execution is complete.

=== Original 8087 instructions ===
FDISI, FENI, FLDENVW, FLDPI, FNCLEX, FNDISI, FNENI, FNINIT, FNSAVEW, FNSTENVW, FRSTORW, FSAVEW, FSTENVW

==== Data Transfer Instructions ====
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fld&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: load floating-point value
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fild&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: load integer
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fbld&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fbstp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* load a constant on top of the stack
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fld1&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: &lt;math&gt;+1&lt;/math&gt;
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fldld2e&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: &lt;math&gt;\log_2 e&lt;/math&gt;
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fldl2t&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: &lt;math&gt;\log_2 10&lt;/math&gt;
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fldlg2&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: &lt;math&gt;\log_{10} 2&lt;/math&gt;
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;flln2&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: &lt;math&gt;\ln 2&lt;/math&gt;
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fldz&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: “positive” &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fst&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fstp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fist&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fistp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: store integer
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fxch&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: exchange
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fisttp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: store a truncated integer

==== Arithmetic Instructions ====
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fabs&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: absolute value
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fchs&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: change sign
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fxtract&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: split exponent and significant

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fadd&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;faddp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fiadd&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: addition
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fsub&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fsubp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fisub&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: subtraction
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fsubr&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fsubrp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fisubr&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: reverse subtraction

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fmul&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fmulp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fimul&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fsqrt&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: square root
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fdiv&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fdivp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fidiv&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: division (see also [[w:Pentium FDIV bug|&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fdiv&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; bug on Wikipedia]])
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fdivr&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fdivrp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fidivr&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fprem&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: partial remainder
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fptan&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fpatan&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;frndint&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: round to integer
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fscale&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: multiply/divide by integral powers of 2
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;f2xm1&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: &lt;math&gt;2^x - 1&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fyl2x&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: &lt;math&gt;y \log_2 x&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline=&quot;&quot;&gt;fyl2xp1&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: &lt;math&gt;y \log_2\left(x + 1\right)&lt;/math&gt;

==== FPU Internal and Other Instructions ====
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;finit&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: initialize {{abbr|FPU|floating-point unit}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fldcw&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;flenv&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;frstor&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fsave&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fnsave&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fstcw&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fnstcw&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fstenv&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fnstenv&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fstsw&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fnstsw&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;finccstp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fdecstp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: increment or decrement &lt;var&gt;top&lt;/var&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;ffree&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: tag a register as free

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;ftst&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: test
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fcom&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fcomp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fcompp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: compare floating-point values
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;ficom&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;ficomp&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: compare with an integer
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fxam&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: examine a register

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fclex&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: clear exceptions
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fnop&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;fwait&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; does the same as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;wait&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;.

=== Added in specific processors ===
==== Added with 80287 ====
FSETPM

==== Added with 80387 ====
FCOS, FLDENVD, FNSAVED, FNSTENVD, FPREM1, FRSTORD, FSAVED, FSIN, FSINCOS, FSTENVD, FUCOM, FUCOMP, FUCOMPP

==== Added with Pentium Pro ====
FCMOVB, FCMOVBE, FCMOVE, FCMOVNB, FCMOVNBE, FCMOVNE, FCMOVNU, FCMOVU, FCOMI, FCOMIP, FUCOMI, FUCOMIP, FXRSTOR, FXSAVE

==== Added with SSE ====
FXRSTOR, FXSAVE

These are also supported on later Pentium IIs which do not contain SSE support

==== Added with SSE3 ====
FISTTP (x87 to integer conversion with truncation regardless of status word)

=== Undocumented instructions ===
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;ffreep&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: performs &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;asm&quot; inline&gt;ffree st(i)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and pops the stack

== Further Reading ==
* [[X86 Disassembly/Floating Point Numbers]]
* [[Floating Point]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Engineering Acoustics/Print version</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>4640860</id>
      <parentid>4640639</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T07:53:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dirk Hünniger</username>
        <id>343292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4640639|4640639]] by [[Special:Contributions/Dirk Hünniger|Dirk Hünniger]] ([[User talk:Dirk Hünniger|discuss]])</comment>
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{{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}}

''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics''

Remember to click &quot;refresh&quot; to view this version.

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C&quot; &gt;

{{PDF-Version Gliederung|Lumped Acoustical Systems}}
=Simple Oscillation=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}}
=Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}}
=Mechanical Resistance=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}}
=Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}}
=Electro-Mechanical Analogies=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}}
=Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}}
=Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
=Primary variables of interest=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}}
=Electro-acoustic analogies=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
=Transducers - Loudspeaker=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}}
=Moving Resonators=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}}

{{PDF-Version Gliederung|One-Dimensional Wave Motion}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
=Transverse vibrations of strings=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
=Time-Domain Solutions=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}}
=Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}}

{{PDF-Version Gliederung|Applications}}
=Room Acoustics and Concert Halls=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}}
=Bass Reflex Enclosure Design=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}}
=New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}}
=Noise in Hydraulic Systems=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}}
=Basic Acoustics of the Marimba=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}}
=How an Acoustic Guitar works=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
=Specific application-automobile muffler=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
=Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}}
=Filter Design and Implementation=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}}
=Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}}
=Acoustics in Violins=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}}
=Moving Coil Loudspeaker=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}}
=Attenuation of Sound Waves=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}}
=Car Mufflers=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}}
=Noise from cooling fans=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}}
=Human Vocal Fold=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}}
=Microphone Design and Operation=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}}
=Piezoelectric Transducers=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}}
=Microphone Technique=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}}
=Sealed Box Subwoofer Design=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}}
=Acoustic Guitars=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}}
=Basic Room Acoustic Treatments=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}}
=Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}}
=Rotor Stator Interactions=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}}

= License =
== GNU Free Documentation License ==
{{:Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License}}
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- for justify and font colour --&gt;</text>
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      <parentid>4640860</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dirk Hünniger</username>
        <id>343292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4640860|4640860]] by [[Special:Contributions/Dirk Hünniger|Dirk Hünniger]] ([[User talk:Dirk Hünniger|discuss]])</comment>
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{{Print version notice|Engineering_Acoustics|Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version}}

''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics''

Remember to click &quot;refresh&quot; to view this version.

&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:verdana; margin-left='8%'; margin-right='8%'; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C&quot; &gt;

{{PDF-Version Gliederung|Lumped Acoustical Systems}}
=Simple Oscillation=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Simple Oscillation}}
=Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)}}
=Mechanical Resistance=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance}}
=Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems}}
=Electro-Mechanical Analogies=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies}}
=Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Solution Methods for Electro-Mechanical Analogies}}
=Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Examples}}
=Primary variables of interest=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Primary variables of interest}}
=Electro-acoustic analogies=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies}}
=Transducers - Loudspeaker=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker}}
=Moving Resonators=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Resonators}}

{{PDF-Version Gliederung|One-Dimensional Wave Motion}}
=Transverse vibrations of strings=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings}}
=Time-Domain Solutions=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions}}
=Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations}}

{{PDF-Version Gliederung|Applications}}
=Room Acoustics and Concert Halls=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls}}
=Bass Reflex Enclosure Design=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design}}
=New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media}}
=Noise in Hydraulic Systems=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems}}
=Basic Acoustics of the Marimba=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba}}
=How an Acoustic Guitar works=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works}}
=Specific application-automobile muffler=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler}}
=Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum}}
=Filter Design and Implementation=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation}}
=Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications}}
=Acoustics in Violins=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins}}
=Moving Coil Loudspeaker=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker}}
=Attenuation of Sound Waves=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves}}
=Car Mufflers=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Car Mufflers}}
=Noise from cooling fans=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans}}
=Human Vocal Fold=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold}}
=Microphone Design and Operation=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation}}
=Piezoelectric Transducers=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers}}
=Microphone Technique=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Microphone Technique}}
=Sealed Box Subwoofer Design=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design}}
=Acoustic Guitars=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars}}
=Basic Room Acoustic Treatments=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments}}
=Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties}}
=Rotor Stator Interactions=
{{:Engineering_Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions}}

= License =
== GNU Free Documentation License ==
{{:Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License}}
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- for justify and font colour --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/General</title>
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      <parentid>4640685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T21:17:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unhide the FlaggedRevs comment box? */ new topic ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>4640819</origin>
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      <text bytes="9990" sha1="p6ev7vkii91co4u2fah9xwcvir7jnry" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
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Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room.
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== Discussion at [[Wikibooks talk:Reviewers]] ==

I started a discussion on whether we should introduce an inactivity criteria for reviewers (and possibly autoreviewed users), at [[Wikibooks talk:Reviewers#Inactivity criteria]]. Any participation would be appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:17, 18 May 2026 (UTC)

== May 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan ==
&lt;div class=&quot;border-box&quot; style=&quot;background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;box&quot; style=&quot;float:left; padding-top: 15px; padding-right: 15px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|75px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of May. Both sessions will focus on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]. Participants may attend either or both sessions.

#'''Saturday, 30 May 2026 at 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780153200 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe
#'''Sunday, 31 May 2026 at 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780203600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific

Café participants are highly encouraged to read in advance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sohom_Datta/annual_plan_guide at least this summary of the plan]. Optionally,  Café participants are encouraged to read portions of the plan that interest them and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 ask questions or provide feedback on the Annual Plan talk page]. 

Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#May_2026_meetings_with_a_focus_on_Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 tables of timestamp conversions for both sessions], [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session,_and_is_extendible_for_an_additional_30_minutes_if_needed. the agenda], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]!
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[[User:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;↠Pine&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:DeepSkyBlue&quot;&gt;(&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 19:44, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== Vote now in the 2026 U4C election ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30513860 --&gt;

== Discussion at WB:TECH ==

I started a discussion whether we should keep the FlaggedRevs comment box hidden at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Is this CSS code necessary?]], but I am notifying here due to a lack of participation over there. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Printable testing ==

Is there any way to use Template:Printable so that it creates a printable version of a ''different'' page? I've been wanting to see what it looks like without having to create a subpage. &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User:User97104|User]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[User talk:User97104|97104]] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/User97104|(fixes)]]&lt;/span&gt; 23:59, 8 June 2026 (UTC)

== June 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project ==

&lt;div class=&quot;border-box&quot; style=&quot;background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;box&quot; style=&quot;float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of June. Both sessions will focus on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor_reflections English Wikipedia Editor Reflections project]. The featured guest in the Café will be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Clovermoss User:Clovermoss]. Participants may attend either or both sessions.

#'''27 June 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782572400 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe
#'''28 June 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782615600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific

Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]!
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[[User:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;↠Pine&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:DeepSkyBlue&quot;&gt;(&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:09, 15 June 2026 (UTC)

== Images lost in Engineering Acoustics ==

Hello,

I just made an updated PDF version of the wiki book on Engineering Acoustics.
During this processes I realized that 19 Images are missing. I left the respective chapters out of the PDF version. You can find the missing files by opening https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version in your web browser and search for the text File: . I am not sure why they were deleted. But possibly they were moved to Wikimedia Commons first and deleted after that. I could try to restore the from the 16 years old PDF version but I lack any authorship information so I think we need to redraw all of them. Furthermore I realized that some of the rest of the images in the wiki book have got a very poor resolution

Yours 18:22, 18 June 2026 (UTC) [[User:Dirk Hünniger|Dirk Hünniger]] ([[User talk:Dirk Hünniger|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dirk Hünniger|contribs]]) 18:22, 18 June 2026 (UTC)

== Citing WikiBooks? ==

Wikipedia has a page for Citing Wikipedia, but I haven't found one here, so I have a few questions:

# How would I cite Wikibooks in an essay?
# Do I need to cite sources on Wikibooks? If so, how?

[[User:BlazeFlames|BlazeFlames]] ([[User talk:BlazeFlames|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BlazeFlames|contribs]]) 22:48, 18 June 2026 (UTC)

:# This should give you a good method: https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-cite-wikipedia/
:# Generally, no. We have [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines|no policy that requires or prohibits citing sources]] and we have a [[Help:Editing#References|help page on how to do it]], with a [[Wikibooks:Templates/Sources|number of templates]] to standardize the process. There is definitely value in citing sources, so I don't want to discourage it.
:―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 09:10, 19 June 2026 (UTC)

== Unhide the FlaggedRevs comment box? ==

:''Reposted from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2026/April#Is this CSS code necessary?]] as the former link had no participation.''
I propose unhiding the FlaggedRevs comment box (via MediaWiki:Common.css) because it might be useful to add in a comment when reverting with the FlaggedRevs reversion, unlike rollback. It might also be useful in cases to add a comment on what the user edited when accepting a revision. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:17, 20 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Reporting Hcrobotics2026</comment>
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{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== [[:Category:Wikibooks fully protected edit requests]] needs a clean out ==

Has several unhandled requests dating back to December. Thanks. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 04:56, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
== ~2026-29002-30 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|~2026-29002-30}}

Abusing multiple accounts: [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-29002-30/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:20, 9 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:42, 9 June 2026 (UTC)
== ShaneWarne1 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|ShaneWarne1}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/ShaneWarne1/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:45, 11 June 2026 (UTC)
: Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:12, 11 June 2026 (UTC)

== Nsysgroup reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Nsysgroup}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Nsysgroup/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:36, 11 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} by [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 13 June 2026 (UTC)
== &quot;Smithjack123&quot; reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|&quot;Smithjack123&quot;}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/&quot;Smithjack123&quot;/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
== RS-Top SEO Services reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|RS-Top SEO Services}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/RS-Top SEO Services/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:15, 17 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:30, 17 June 2026 (UTC)
== Acemq7 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Acemq7}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Acemq7/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:27, 17 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 June 2026 (UTC)
== Hcrobotics2026 reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Hcrobotics2026}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312962]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Hcrobotics2026/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:21, 21 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9w9but76h6cf84b0ftbh61kbb0mol9m</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T03:10:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hcrobotics2026 reported by MathXplore */ reply: {{done}}. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>4640830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5052" sha1="bb57mce8rp6qhinb20mudq80tmuxaju" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
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{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== [[:Category:Wikibooks fully protected edit requests]] needs a clean out ==

Has several unhandled requests dating back to December. Thanks. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 04:56, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
== ~2026-29002-30 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|~2026-29002-30}}

Abusing multiple accounts: [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-29002-30/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:20, 9 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:42, 9 June 2026 (UTC)
== ShaneWarne1 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|ShaneWarne1}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/ShaneWarne1/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:45, 11 June 2026 (UTC)
: Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:12, 11 June 2026 (UTC)

== Nsysgroup reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Nsysgroup}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Nsysgroup/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:36, 11 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} by [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 13 June 2026 (UTC)
== &quot;Smithjack123&quot; reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|&quot;Smithjack123&quot;}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/&quot;Smithjack123&quot;/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
== RS-Top SEO Services reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|RS-Top SEO Services}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/RS-Top SEO Services/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:15, 17 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:30, 17 June 2026 (UTC)
== Acemq7 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Acemq7}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Acemq7/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:27, 17 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 June 2026 (UTC)
== Hcrobotics2026 reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Hcrobotics2026}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312962]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Hcrobotics2026/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:21, 21 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:10, 21 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bb57mce8rp6qhinb20mudq80tmuxaju</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ArchiverBot</username>
        <id>1227662</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/June]]</comment>
      <origin>4640862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== ~2026-29002-30 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|~2026-29002-30}}

Abusing multiple accounts: [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-29002-30/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:20, 9 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:42, 9 June 2026 (UTC)
== ShaneWarne1 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|ShaneWarne1}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/ShaneWarne1/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:45, 11 June 2026 (UTC)
: Globally locked by M7. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:12, 11 June 2026 (UTC)

== Nsysgroup reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Nsysgroup}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Nsysgroup/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:36, 11 June 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} by [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 13 June 2026 (UTC)
== &quot;Smithjack123&quot; reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|&quot;Smithjack123&quot;}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/&quot;Smithjack123&quot;/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:02, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
== RS-Top SEO Services reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|RS-Top SEO Services}}

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      <sha1>c9h0o3ce2h4nty0su4oc9m1qly3tuno</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>142006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4640810</id>
      <parentid>4640466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T16:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35797-51</username>
        <id>3608609</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added some WMIs</comment>
      <origin>4640810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="133930" sha1="c72cwxe6ja2n1isldbx97w66ngx5k77" xml:space="preserve">==World Manufacturer Identifier==
The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. 

===WMI Regions===
The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/
| title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780
| publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI
! Region
! Notes
|-
| A-C
| Africa
| AA-AH = South Africa&lt;br /&gt;BF-BG = Kenya&lt;br /&gt;BU = Uganda&lt;br /&gt;CA-CB = Egypt&lt;br /&gt;DF-DK = Morocco
|-
| E, H-R
| Asia
| E=Russia&lt;br /&gt;H = China&lt;br /&gt;J = Japan&lt;br /&gt;KF-KH = Israel&lt;br /&gt;KL-KR = South Korea&lt;br /&gt;L = China&lt;br /&gt;MA-ME = India&lt;br /&gt;MF-MK = Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;ML-MR = Thailand&lt;br /&gt;MS = Myanmar&lt;br /&gt;MX = Kazakhstan&lt;br /&gt;MY-M0 = India&lt;br /&gt;NF-NG = Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;NL-NR = Turkey&lt;br /&gt;NS-NT = Uzbekistan&lt;br /&gt;PA-PC = Philippines&lt;br /&gt;PF-PG = Singapore&lt;br /&gt;PL-PR = Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;PS-PT = Bangladesh&lt;br /&gt;PV=Cambodia&lt;br /&gt;RA-RB = United Arab Emirates&lt;br /&gt;RF-RK = Taiwan&lt;br /&gt;RL-RN = Vietnam&lt;br /&gt;RS-RT = Saudi Arabia&lt;br /&gt;RU-RW = Russia&lt;br /&gt;R1-R7 = Hong Kong

|-
| S-Z
| Europe
| SA-SM = United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)&lt;br /&gt;SU-SZ = Poland&lt;br /&gt;TA-TH = Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;TJ-TP = Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;TR-TV = Hungary&lt;br /&gt;TW-T2 = Portugal&lt;br /&gt;UH-UM = Denmark&lt;br /&gt;UN-UR = Ireland&lt;br /&gt;UU-UX = Romania&lt;br /&gt;U1-U2 = North Macedonia&lt;br /&gt;U5-U7 = Slovakia&lt;br /&gt;VA-VE = Austria&lt;br /&gt;VF-VR = France&lt;br /&gt;VS-VW = Spain&lt;br /&gt;VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)&lt;br /&gt;V3-V5 = Croatia&lt;br /&gt;V6-V8 = Estonia&lt;br /&gt; W = Germany (formerly West Germany)&lt;br /&gt;XA-XC = Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;XF-XH = Greece&lt;br /&gt;XL-XR = The Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)&lt;br /&gt;XX-XY = Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;XZ-X0 = Russia&lt;br /&gt;YA-YE = Belgium&lt;br /&gt;YF-YK = Finland&lt;br /&gt;YS-YW = Sweden&lt;br /&gt;YX-Y2 = Norway&lt;br /&gt;Y3-Y5 = Belarus&lt;br /&gt;Y6-Y8 = Ukraine&lt;br /&gt;ZA-ZU = Italy&lt;br /&gt;ZX-ZZ = Slovenia&lt;br /&gt;Z3-Z5 = Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Z6-Z0 = Russia
|-
| 1-5
| North America
| 1, 4, 5 = United States&lt;br /&gt;2 = Canada&lt;br /&gt;3 = Mexico&lt;br /&gt;7F-70 = United States
|-
| 6-7
| Oceania
| 6A-6W = Australia&lt;br /&gt;7A-7E = New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;Revised: 6A-6X = Australia&lt;br /&gt;6Y-61 = New Zealand
|-
| 8-9
| South America
| 8A-8E = Argentina&lt;br /&gt;8F-8G = Chile&lt;br /&gt;8L-8N = Ecuador&lt;br /&gt;8S-8T = Peru&lt;br /&gt;8X-8Z = Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;82 = Bolivia&lt;br /&gt;84 = Costa Rica&lt;br /&gt;9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil&lt;br /&gt;9F-9G = Colombia&lt;br /&gt;9S-9V = Uruguay
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3

! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''A''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | South Africa || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ivory Coast || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lesotho || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Botswana || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Namibia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Madagascar || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cyprus || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mozambique || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''B''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Angola || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ethiopia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kenya || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rwanda || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nigeria || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Algeria || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Swaziland || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Uganda || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Africa''|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Libya || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''C''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Egypt || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Morocco || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zambia || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''D''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|-
| '''E''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''F''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| '''G'''
|-
| '''H''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''J''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Japan
|-
| '''K''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Israel || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jordan || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyrgyzstan || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' 
|-
| '''L''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''M''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | India || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Indonesia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Thailand || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Myanmar || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mongolia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kazakhstan || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | India
|-
| '''N''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pakistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iraq || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uzbekistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Azerbaijan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Tajikistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Armenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
| '''P''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Philippines || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singapore || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Malaysia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangladesh || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | India 
|-
| '''R''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | UAE || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Taiwan || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Vietnam || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Laos || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saudi Arabia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Hong Kong || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''S''' || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | United Kingdom || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Germany &lt;small&gt;(formerly East Germany)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Poland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Latvia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Georgia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iceland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''T''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Switzerland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Czech Republic || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hungary || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Portugal || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Serbia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Andorra || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''U''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Denmark || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ireland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | North Macedonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovakia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bosnia &amp; Herzogovina
|-
| '''V''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Austria || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | France || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | France &lt;small&gt;(formerly Yugoslavia &amp; Serbia)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Croatia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Estonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''W''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Germany
|-
| '''X''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bulgaria || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Greece || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia &lt;small&gt;(formerly USSR)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Luxembourg || colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''Y''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Belgium || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Finland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Malta || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sweden || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Norway || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Belarus || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ukraine || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''Z''' || colspan=&quot;18&quot; | Italy || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | San Marino|| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Europe''|| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lithuania || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''1''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | United States
|-
| '''2''' || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | Canada || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''3''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Mexico || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nicaragua || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Dom. Rep. || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Honduras || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Panama || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Puerto Rico || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''4''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | United States
|-
| '''5''' 
|-
| '''6''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Australia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Oceania''
|-
| '''7''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | United States
|-
| '''8''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ecuador || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Peru || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Venezuela || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bolivia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Costa Rica || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''South America'' 
|-
| '''9''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Brazil || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Colombia || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''South America''  || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Uruguay || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Brazil 
|-
| '''0''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|}

===List of Many WMIs===
The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html
| title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
| date=October 2009
| publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned.

{| class=&quot;wikitable x&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI !! Manufacturer
|-
| AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa
|-
| AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd.
|-
| AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck &amp; Bus)
|-
|AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number)
|-
| AAV || Volkswagen South Africa
|-
| AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt &amp; Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks &amp; Buses Southern Africa
|-
| ABM || BMW Southern Africa
|-
| ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018-
|-
| AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa 
|-
| AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa)
|-
| ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car
|-
| ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018)
|-
| ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd.
|-
| AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa)
|-
| AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa &amp; Samcor
|-
| AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa
|-
| AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa
|-
| AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa
|-
| AHH || Hino South Africa
|-
| AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000
|-
| AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd.
|-
| BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya
|-
| BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda
|-
| BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB)
|-
| BRY || FIAT Algeria
|-
| CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt)
|-
| DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt)
|-
| DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco)
|-
| EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia)
|-
| EAN || Evolute (Russia)
|-
| EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia)
|-
| EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia)
|-
| EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia)
|-
| ECE || XCITE (Russia)
|-
| ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia)
|-
| HAC || GAC Motor (Aion)
|-
| HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray)
|-
| HA6 || Niu Technologies
|-
| HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd.
|-
| HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) 
|-
| HGL ||  Farizon Auto van (Geely)
|-
| HGX ||  Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely)
|-
| HHZ || Huazi Automobile
|-
| HJN || Nio, Firefly 
|-
| HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van
|-
| HJ4 || BAW car
|-
| HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. &lt;br /&gt;(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| HLX || Li Auto
|-
| HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| HVW || Volkswagen Anhui
|-
| HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| HXM || Xiaomi
|-
| HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAB || Isuzu car
|-
| JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey &amp; Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu
|-
| JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty)
|-
| JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America)
|-
| JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) &amp; Nissan Rogue PHEV '26
|-
| JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America)
|-
| JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda
|-
| JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda
|-
| JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda
|-
| JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu
|-
| JD1 || Daihatsu car
|-
| JD2 || Daihatsu SUV
|-
| JD4 || Daihatsu truck
|-
| JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car
|-
| JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV
|-
| JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck
|-
| JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru
|-
| JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada
|-
| JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck)
|-
| JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck)
|-
| JHA || Hino truck
|-
| JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHD || Hino
|-
| JHF || Hino
|-
| JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,&lt;br/&gt;JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]]
|-
| JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV
|-
| JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car
|-
| JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck
|-
| JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV
|-
| JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV
|-
| JH4 || Acura car
|-
| JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKM || Mitsuoka
|-
| JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki
|-
| JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki
|-
| JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault)
|-
| JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive)
|-
| JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive)
|-
| JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America &amp; Middle East
|-
| JMZ || Mazda for Europe export &amp; Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain &amp; Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France
|-
| JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export
|-
| JM1 || Mazda car
|-
| JM2 || Mazda truck
|-
| JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV
|-
| JM4 || Mazda
|-
| JM6 || Mazda
|-
| JM7 || Mazda
|-
| JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck)
|-
| JNK || Infiniti car
|-
| JNR || Infiniti SUV
|-
| JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN1 || Nissan car &amp; Infiniti car
|-
| JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN6 || Nissan truck/van &amp; Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van
|-
| JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck)
|-
| JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck)
|-
| JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda
|-
| JSA || Suzuki ATV &amp; '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki
|-
| JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki
|-
| JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota
|-
| JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle &amp; Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JS2 || Suzuki car
|-
| JS3 || Suzuki SUV
|-
| JS4 || Suzuki truck
|-
| JTB || Toyota bus
|-
| JTD || Toyota car
|-
| JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JTF || Toyota van/truck
|-
| JTG || Toyota MPV/bus
|-
| JTH || Lexus car
|-
| JTJ || Lexus SUV
|-
| JTK || Toyota car
|-
| JTL || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota
|-
| JTN || Toyota car
|-
| JTP || Toyota SUV
|-
| JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van
|-
| JT2 || Toyota car
|-
| JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JT4 || Toyota truck/van
|-
| JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle
|-
| JT6 || Lexus SUV
|-
| JT7 || Toyota bus/van
|-
| JT8 || Lexus car
|-
| JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003)
|-
| JYA || Yamaha motorcycles
|-
| JYE || Yamaha snowmobile
|-
| JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV
|-
| JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV
|-
| J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu
|-
| J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada
|-
| J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu
|-
| KF3 || Merkavim (Israel)
|-
| KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel)
|-
| KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel)
|-
| KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea
|-
| KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)&lt;br /&gt; from Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants
|-
| KLP || CT&amp;T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles)
|-
| KLT || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLU || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo)
|-
| KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car)
|-
| KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac)
|-
| KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden)
|-
| KL4 || GM Korea (Buick)
|-
| KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki)
|-
| KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC)
|-
| KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000))
|-
| KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000))
|-
| KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark))
|-
| KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]]
|-
| KMC || Hyundai commercial truck
|-
| KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor)
|-
| KMF || Hyundai van &amp; commercial truck &amp; Bering Truck
|-
| KMH || Hyundai car &amp; Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai
|-
| KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus
|-
| KMT || Genesis Motor car
|-
| KMU || Genesis Motor SUV
|-
| KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV
|-
| KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&amp;T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM8 || Hyundai SUV
|-
| KNA || Kia car
|-
| KNC || Kia truck
|-
| KND || Kia MPV/SUV &amp; Hyundai Entourage
|-
| KNE || Kia for Europe export
|-
| KNF || Kia, special vehicles
|-
| KNG || Kia minibus/bus
|-
| KNJ || Ford Festiva &amp; Aspire made by Kia
|-
| KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech
|-
| KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung
|-
| KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd.
|-
| KN1 || Asia Motors
|-
| KN2 || Asia Motors
|-
| KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup
|-
| KPB || SsangYong car
|-
| KPD || SsangYong TransStar (bus)
|-
| KPH || Mitsubishi Precis
|-
| KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV
|-
| LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle
|-
| LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle
|-
| LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang)
|-
| LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely)
|-
| LA8 || Anhui Ankai
|-
| LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus &amp; Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus)
|-
| LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/LC0 || BYD
|-
| LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile
|-
| LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray
|-
| LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli)
|-
| LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang)
|-
| LBM || Zongshen Piaggio
|-
| LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro)
|-
| LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LB1 || Fujian Benz
|-
| LB2 || Geely Motorcycles
|-
| LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi)
|-
| LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO)
|-
| LCR || Gonow
|-
| LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza)
|-
| LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco)
|-
| LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LDB || Dadi Auto
|-
| LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60
|-
| LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile
|-
| LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway)
|-
| LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast
|-
| LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive
|-
| LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd.
|-
| LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle)
|-
| LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW)
|-
| LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC)
|-
| LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China
|- 
| LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle
|- 
| LE4 || Beijing Benz &amp; Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) &amp; Beijing Jeep Corp.
|-
| LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7)
|-
| LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd.
|-
| LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing
|-
| LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton)
|-
| LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz)
|-
| LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus)
|-
| LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4)
|-
| LFT || FAW (trailers)
|-
| LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili)
|-
| LFW || FAW JieFang (truck)
|-
| LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck)
|-
| LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory
|-
| LFZ || Leapmotor
|-
| LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle 
|-
| LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia)
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing)
|-
| LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus)
|-
| LGL || Guilin Daewoo
|-
| LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey)
|-
| LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao)
|-
| LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus
|-
| LG6 || Dayun Group
|-
| LHA || Shuanghuan Auto
|-
| LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding
|-
| LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura)
|-
| LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co.
|-
| LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LH1 || FAW-Haima, China
|-
| LJC || Jincheng Corporation
|-
| LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) &amp; Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia)
|-
| LJM || Sunlong (bus)
|-
| LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan
|-
| LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer)
|-
| LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus
|-
| LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile &amp; Kandi &amp; Zhidou
|-
| LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJW || JMC Landwind
|-
| LJX || JMC Ford
|-
| LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol)
|-
| LJ1 || Nio, Inc.
|-
| LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun)
|-
| LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile
|-
| LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe
|-
| LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LKH || Hafei Motor
|-
| LKL || Higer Bus
|-
| LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles
|-
| LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus
|-
| LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles
|-
| LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLN || Qoros 
|-
| LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
|-
| LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive
|-
| LLX || Yudo Auto
|-
| LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd.
|-
| LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng)
|-
| LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles)
|-
| LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo
|-
| LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]]
|-
| LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader)
|-
| LMP || Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima
|-
| LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]]
|-
| LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing)
|-
| LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LM6 || SWM (automobiles)
|-
| LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO
|-
| LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan
|-
| LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) &amp; Arcfox &amp; Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC
|-
| LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo
|-
| LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LNP || NAC MG UK Limited &amp; Nanjing Fiat Automobile
|-
| LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.)
|-
| LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks)
|-
| LNY || Yuejin
|-
| LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles)
|-
| LPE || BYD Auto
|-
| LPS || Polestar
|-
| LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export)
|-
| LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks
|-
| LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export)
|-
| LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus)
|-
| LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai)
|-
| LR4 || Yadi Technology Group
|-
| LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck)
|-
| LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV &amp; Chevrolet S10 Max &amp; Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
|-
| LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet)
|-
| LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van &amp; Chevrolet Express Max
|-
| LSJ || SAIC MG &amp; SAIC Roewe &amp; IM Motors &amp; Rising Auto
|-
| LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van
|-
| LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus)
|-
| LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) &amp; Jinbei GM
|-
| LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd
|-
| LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV)
|-
| LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) &amp; Changan Suzuki
|-
| LS6 || Changan Automobile &amp; Deepal Automobile &amp; Avatr
|-
| LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd.
|-
| LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LTA || ZX Auto
|-
| LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler &amp; Dodge vehicles
|-
| LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin)
|-
| LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) 
|-
| LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China)
|-
| LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd.
|-
| LUG || Qiantu Motor
|-
| LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar
|-
| LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd.
|-
| LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta)
|-
| LVA || Foton Motor
|-
| LVB || Foton Motor truck
|-
| LVC || Foton Motor bus
|-
| LVF || Changhe Suzuki
|-
| LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead)
|-
| LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo)
|-
| LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LVR || Changan Mazda
|-
| LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) &amp; Changan Ford Mazda &amp; Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda
|-
| LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast
|-
| LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour
|-
| LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021)
|-
| LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd
|-
| LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory
|-
| LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group)
|-
| LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus)
|-
| LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWL || Qingling Isuzu
|-
| LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LW4 || Li Auto
|-
| LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG)
|-
| LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM)
|-
| LXN || Link Tour
|-
| LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXW || JMC - Ford
|-
| LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor &amp; Yinxiang Group)
|-
| LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory &amp; Taizhou, Luqiao District factory
|-
| LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science &amp; Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China
|-
| LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-)
|-
| LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman)
|-
| LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus
|-
| LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd.
|-
| LZM || MAN China
|-
| LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian)
|-
| LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen
|-
| LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus
|-
| LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export])
|-
| LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak)
|-
| LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd.
|-
| LZ9/LZX || Raysince
|-
| L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers)
|-
| L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| L1N || XPeng Motors
|-
| L10 || Geely Emgrand
|-
| L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles)
|-
| L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs)
|-
| L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle
|-
| L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV &amp; motorcycles)
|-
| L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen)
|-
| L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6T || Geely, Lynk &amp; Co, Zeekr
|-
| L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. 
|-
| L82 || Baotian
|-
| L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance
|-
| L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle
|-
| L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd.
|-
| MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MAB || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAC || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India
|-
| MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India
|-
| MAL || Hyundai Motor India
|- 
| MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix
|- 
| MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover
|-
| MA1 || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic &amp; export)
|-
| MA6 || GM India
|-
| MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. &amp; Mitsubishi Motors &amp; Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors
|-
| MA8 || Daewoo Motor India
|-
| MBF || Royal Enfield
|- 
| MBH || Suzuki (for export) &amp; Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited
|-
| MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBL || Hero MotoCorp
|-
| MBR || Mercedes-Benz India
|-
| MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|-
| MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd.
|-
| MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape)
|-
| MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd.
|-
| MB1 || Ashok Leyland
|-
| MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV)
|-
| MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited
|-
| MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| MCB || GM India
|-
| MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers
|-
| MCG || Atul Auto Ltd.
|-
| MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC1 || Force Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd.
|-
| MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz)
|-
| MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited
|-
| MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun)
|-
| MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited
|-
| MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. &amp; KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj &amp; Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj
|-
| MD6 || TVS Motor Company
|-
| MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella
|-
| MD9 || Shuttle Cars India
|-
| MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz)
|-
| MEE || Renault India Private Limited
|-
| MEG || Harley-Davidson India
|-
| MER || Benelli India
|-
| MES || Mahindra Navistar
|-
| MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia)
|-
| MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on
|-
| ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| ME3 || Royal Enfield
|-
| ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
|-
| MYH || Ather Energy
|-
| MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa
|-
| MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited)
|-
| MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| M3G || Isuzu Motors India
|-
| M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited
|-
| ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike)
|-
| MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia
|-
| MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International
|-
| MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu)
|-
| MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia
|-
| MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car)
|-
| MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van)
|-
| MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg.
|-
| MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
|-
| MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MJB || GM Indonesia
|-
| MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)
|-
| MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
|-
| MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling)
|-
| MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd.
|-
| MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand
|-
| ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand)
|-
| MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP)
|-
| MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup
|-
| MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
|-
| MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car)
|-
| MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, &amp; Trailblazer)
|-
| MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant)
|-
| MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export
|-
| MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets
|-
| MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets
|-
| MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd.
|-
| MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. &amp; Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand
|-
| MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant)
|-
| MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand
|-
| MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car)
|-
| MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. 
|-
| MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups &amp; Fortuner SUV)
|-
| MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand
|-
| MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars &amp; CUVs)
|-
| MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab)
|-
| MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar
|-
| MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar
|-
| MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan)
|-
| NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran)
|-
| NAC || Mammut (truck trailers)
|-
| NAD || Škoda
|-
| NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers)
|-
| NAP || Pars Khodro
|-
| NAS || SAIPA
|-
| NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NC9/ || VIRA Diesel
|-
| ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd.
|-
| NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation
|-
| NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars
|-
| NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S.
|-
| NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck
|-
| NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV
|-
| NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van
|-
| NLN || Karsan
|-
| NLR || Otokar
|-
| NLT || Temsa
|-
| NLZ || Tezeller
|-
| NL1 || TOGG
|-
| NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus)
|-
| NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş.
|-
| NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses
|-
| NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
|-
| NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle
|-
| NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş.
|-
| NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey
|-
| NM0 || Ford Otosan
|-
| NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.
|-
| NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS)
|-
| NNA || Anadolu Isuzu
|-
| NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio)
|-
| NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer)
|-
| NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPS || Nursan (truck trailer)
|-
| NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus)
|-
| NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus)
|-
| NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus)
|-
| NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/300 || TCV (bus) 
|-
| NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NRE || Bozankaya
|-
| NRX || Musoshi
|-
| NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv
|-
| NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/034 || Akia (bus)
|-
| NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan)
|-
| NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan
|-
| NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan)
|- 
| PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation
|-
| PAD || Honda Cars Philippines
|-
| PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS)
|-
| PL1 || Proton, Malaysia
|-
| PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai
|-
| PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia
|-
| PMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus Malaysia
|-
| PMH || Honda Malaysia (car)
|-
| PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle)
|-
| PML || Hicom 
|-
| PMN || Modenas
|-
| PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle)
|-
| PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PM1 || BMW &amp; Mini/Inokom
|-
| PM2 || Perodua
|-
| PM9/ || Bufori
|-
| PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot
|-
| PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot)
|-
| PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia
|-
| PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PPP || Suzuki
|-
| PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)
|-
| PP1 || Mazda/Inokom
|-
| PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom
|-
| PRA || Sinotruk
|-
| PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant)
|-
| PRX || Kia/Inokom
|-
| PR8 || Ford
|-
| PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia
|-
| PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia
|-
| RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE
|-
| RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE
|-
| LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan
|-
| RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee
|-
| RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan
|-
| RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan
|-
| RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan
|-
| RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan)
|-
| RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan
|-
| RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen)
|-
| RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan)
|-
| RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan
|-
| RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan)
|-
| RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || Honda Taiwan
|-
| RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam)
|-
| RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co.
|-
| RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLL || VinFast SUV
|-
| RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam
|-
| RLN || VinFast
|-
| RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 &amp; DS 90)
|-
| RL0 || Ford Vietnam
|-
| RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam
|-
| RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia)
|-
| R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd.
|-
| R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd.
|-
| R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| SAA || Austin
|-
| SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-)
|-
| SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987)
|-
| SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace)
|-
| SAF || ERF trucks
|-
| SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group
|-
| SAJ || Jaguar passenger car &amp; Daimler passenger car (after April 1987)
|-
| SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]]
|-
| SAM || Morris
|-
| SAR || Rover &amp; MG Rover Group
|-
| SAT || Triumph car
|-
| SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars
|-
| SAY || Norton Motorcycles
|-
| SAZ || Freight Rover
|-
| SA3 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/ || OX Global
|-
| SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA)
|-
| SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA)
|-
| SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars)
|-
| SA9/005 || Panther
|-
| SA9/010 || Invicta S1
|-
| SA9/011 || Midas Cars
|-
| SA9/019 || TVR
|-
| SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars
|-
| SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys
|-
| SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/038 || DAX Cars
|-
| SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars
|-
| SA9/048 || McLaren F1
|-
| SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering
|-
| SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace)
|-
| SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers
|-
| SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ)
|-
| SA9/074 || Ascari 
|-
| SA9/088 || Spectre Angel 
|-
| SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd.
|-
| SA9/113 || Noble
|-
| SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing
|-
| SA9/141 || Wrightbus
|-
| SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3
|-
| SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars
|-
| SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.)
|-
| SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer)
|-
| SA9/231 || Peel Engineering
|-
| SA9/337 || Ariel
|-
| SA9/341 || Zenos
|-
| SA9/438 || Charge Cars
|-
| SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive
|-
| SA9/474 || Mellor (bus)
|-
| SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car)
|-
| SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace)
|-
| SBB || Leyland Vehicles
|-
| SBC || Iveco Ford Truck
|-
| SBF || Nugent (trailer)
|-
| SBJ || Leyland Bus
|-
| SBL || Leyland Motors &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| SBM || McLaren
|-
| SBS || Scammell
|-
| SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| SBV || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks
|-
| SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer)
|-
| SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK
|-
| SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car
|-
| SCB || Bentley passenger car
|-
| SCC || Lotus Cars &amp; Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton
|-
| SCD || Reliant Motors
|-
| SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK)
|-
| SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car &amp; '21 DBX SUV
|-
| SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers
|-
| SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove
|-
| SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company &amp; London Taxi Company &amp; London Taxis International
|-
| SCV || Volvo Truck &amp; Bus Scotland
|-
| SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020)
|-
| SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV
|-
| SDB || Talbot
|-
| SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984
|-
| SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992
|-
| SDK || Caterham Cars
|-
| SDL || TVR
|-
| SDP || NAC MG UK &amp; MG Motor UK Ltd.
|-
| SDU || Utility (truck trailer)
|-
| SD7 || Aston Martin SUV
|-
| SD8 || Moke International Ltd.
|-
| SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi)
|-
| SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access
|-
| SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer)
|-
| SEY || LDV Group Ltd.
|-
| SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK
|-
| SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis
|-
| SFE || Alexander Dennis UK
|-
| SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer)
|-
| SFN || Foden Trucks &amp; Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks
|-
| SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus
|-
| SGA || Avondale (caravans)
|-
| SGB || Bailey (caravans)
|-
| SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans)
|-
| SGE || Elddis (caravans)
|-
| SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SG4 || Coachman Caravan Co. Ltd.
|-
|SG7
|ABI Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car
|-
| SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV
|-
| SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck
|-
| SJA || Bentley SUV
|-
| SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd
|-
| SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti
|-
| SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan
|-
| SJ1 || Ree Automotive
|-
| SKA || Vauxhall
|-
| SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers &amp; Trucks
|-
| SKF || Bedford Vehicles
|-
| SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd
|-
|SKM
|King Military Engineering Ltd.
|-
| SLA || Rolls Royce SUV
|-
| SLC || Thwaites Dumpers
|-
| SLG || McMurtry Automotive
|-
| SLN || Niftylift
|-
| SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd.
|-
| SLV || Volvo bus
|-
| SMR || Montracon (truck trailer)
|-
| SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer)
|-
| SMX || Gray &amp; Adams (truck trailer)
|-
| SNE || Barkas (East Germany)
|-
| SNE || Wartburg (East Germany)
|-
| SNT || Trabant (East Germany)
|-
| SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany)
|-
| SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany)
|-
| ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer)
|-
| SUA || Autosan (bus)
|-
| SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer)
|-
| SUC || Wiola (trailer)
|-
| SUD || Wielton (truck trailers)
|-
| SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat)
|-
| SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland)
|-
| SUJ || Jelcz (Poland)
|-
| SUL || FSC (Poland)
|-
| SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers)
|-
| SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland)
|-
| SUU || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland)
|-
| SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland) - until 2004
|-
| SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer)
|-
| SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland)
|-
| SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer)
|-
| SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer)
|-
| SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer)
|-
| SVS || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer)
|-
| SWH || Temared (trailers)
|-
| SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers)
|-
| SWV || TA-NO (Poland)
|-
| SWZ || Zremb (trailers)
|-
| SW9/BA1 || Solbus
|-
| SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer)
|-
| SXE || Neptun Trailers
|-
| SXK || Konar (truck trailer)
|-
| SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o.
|-
| SXY || Wecon (truck trailer)
|-
| SXX || Martz (trailer)
|-
| SX7 || Arthur Bus
|-
| SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus)
|-
| SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer)
|-
| SYB || Rydwan (trailer)
|-
| SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer)
|-
| SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy)
|-
| SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer)
|-
| SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer)
|-
| SZA || Scania Poland
|-
| SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle)
|-
| SZL || Boro Trailers
|-
| SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) 
|-
| SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer)
|-
| SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer)
|-
| S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia)
|-
| TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon &amp; Wetzikon AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland)
|-
| TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland)
|-
| TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland)
|-
| TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland)
|-
| TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland)
|-
| TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland)
|-
| TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKP || Panav a.s.  (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV)
|-
| TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic)
|-
| TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia
|-
| TNE || TAZ
|-
| TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody)
|-
| TNT || Tatra trucks
|-
| TNU || Tatra trucks
|-
| TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer)
|-
| TRA || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TRC || Csepel bus
|-
| TRE || Rákos bus
|-
| TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary)
|-
| TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS)
|-
| TSB || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary
|-
| TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary)
|-
| TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary)
|-
| TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),&lt;br&gt; Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK)
|-
| TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary)
|-
| TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series)
|-
| TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal)
|-
| TW4 || UMM (Portugal)
|-
| TW6 || Citroën (Portugal)
|-
| TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland &amp; Austin Rover Portugal
|-
| TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili)
|-
| TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal)
|-
| TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive)
|-
| TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive)
|-
| T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands)
|-
| UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain)
|-
| UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain)
|-
| UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain)
|-
| UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium)
|-
| UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark)
|-
| UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark)
|-
| UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland
|-
| UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland)
|-
| UU1 || Dacia (Romania)
|-
| UU2 || Oltcit
|-
| UU3 || ARO
|-
| UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz
|-
| UU5 || Rocar
|-
| UU6 || Daewoo Romania
|-
| UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond
|-
| UU9 || Astra Bus
|-
| UVW || UMM (truck trailer)
|-
| UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus
|-
| UWR || Robus Reșița
|-
| UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov)
|-
| U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia)
|-
| U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia)
|-
| U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer)
|-
| U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus)
|-
| U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia)
|-
| VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G &amp; Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer
|-
| VAH || Hangler (truck trailer)
|-
| VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik
|-
| VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks
|-
| VAV || Schwarzmüller
|-
| VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer)
|-
| VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf &amp; Stift
|-
| VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle)
|-
| VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| VA9/RB1 || Rosenbauer International AG (truck)
|-
| VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer)
|-
| VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer)
|-
| VBK || KTM 
|-
| VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles &amp; Gas Gas under KTM ownership
|-
| VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr
|-
| VFA || Alpine (A310, A610, A110, A390), Renault Alpine GTA
|-
| VFG || Caravelair (caravans)
|-
| VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers)
|-
| VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| VF1 || Renault, Renault GTA '87-'90 (UK market Alpine GTA), Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault,&lt;br&gt; Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, &amp; Grandis made by Renault
|-
| VF2 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VF3 || Peugeot
|-
| VF4 || Talbot
|-
| VF5 || Iveco Unic
|-
| VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. &amp; Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A.
|-
| VF7 || Citroën
|-
| VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra)
|-
| VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/300 || EvoBus France
|-
| VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/519 || Hommell 
|-
| VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper)
|-
| VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
|-
| VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus
|-
| VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus)
|-
| VGA || Peugeot Motocycles
|-
| VGT || ASCA (truck trailers)
|-
| VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers)
|-
| VGW || BSLT (truck trailers)
|-
| VGX || Coder (truck trailers)
|-
| VGY || Lohr (truck trailers)
|-
| VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) &amp; Yamaha Motor
|-
| VG6 || Renault Trucks &amp; Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks
|-
| VG7 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG8 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle)
|-
| VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus)
|-
| VHR || Robuste (truck trailer)
|-
| VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain
|-
| VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VH8 || Microcar
|-
| VJR || Ligier
|-
| VJY || Gruau
|-
| VJ1 || Heuliez Bus
|-
| VJ2 || Mia Electric
|-
| VJ4 || Gruau
|-
| VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer)
|-
| VK1 || SEG (truck trailer)
|-
| VK2 || Grandin Automobiles
|-
| VK8 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VLG || Aixam-Mega
|-
| VLU || Scania France
|-
| VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari
|-
| VMK || Renault Sport Spider
|-
| VMS || Automobiles Chatenet
|-
| VMT || SECMA
|-
| VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55
|-
| VM3 || Lamberet (trailer)
|-
| VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer)
|-
| VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB
|-
| VN4 || Voxan
|-
| VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL
|-
| VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France)
|-
| VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France &amp; '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF
|-
| VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault
|-
| VRW || Goupil
|-
| VR1 || DS Automobiles
|-
| VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis)
|-
| VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis)
|-
| VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S
|-
| VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers)
|-
| VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van
|-
| VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
|-
| VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV
|-
| VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.)
|-
| VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-)
|-
| VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- &amp; Fiat Topolino '23- &amp; Fiat Grande Panda '25-
|-
| VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico)
|-
| VYS || Renault &amp; Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290)
|-
| VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| UA2 || Iveco Massif &amp; Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain
|-
| VSC || Talbot
|-
| VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) &amp; Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, &amp; Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350)
|-
| VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup &amp; Ford Maverick 1993–1999
|-
| VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers)
|-
| VSS || SEAT/Cupra
|-
| VSX || Opel Spain
|-
| VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus)
|-
| VS1 || Pegaso
|-
| VS5 || Renault Spain
|-
| VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain
|-
| VS7 || Citroën Spain
|-
| VS8 || Peugeot Spain
|-
| VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain)
|-
| VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana
|-
| VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain)
|-
| VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica 
|-
| VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain)
|-
| VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models)
|-
| VTH || Derbi (motorcycles)
|-
| VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models)
|-
| VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles)
|-
| VTR || Gas Gas
|-
| VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers)
|-
| VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers)
|-
| VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain
|-
| VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza
|-
| VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles
|-
| VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VWL || Indox (truck trailers)
|-
| VWV || Volkswagen Spain
|-
| VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia)
|-
| V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia)
|-
| V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia)
|-
| V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia)
|-
| V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia)
|-
| V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia)
|-
| V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia)
|-
| V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia)
|-
| V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia)
|-
| WAC || Arge Audi Porsche (Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant)
|-
| WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer)
|-
| WAG || Neoplan
|-
| WAP || Alpina
|-
| WAU || Audi car
|-
| WA1 || Audi SUV
|-
| WBA || BMW car
|-
| WBC || Boom Trikes
|-
| WBJ || Bitter Cars
|-
| WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH 
|-
| WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers)
|-
| WBS || BMW M car
|-
| WBU || Bürstner (caravans)
|-
| WBX || BMW SUV
|-
| WBY || BMW i car
|-
| WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WB1 || BMW Motorrad 
|-
| WB2 || Blyss (trailer)
|-
| WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS
|-
| WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin
|-
| WB5 || BMW i SUV
|-
| WCD || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019
|-
| WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer)
|-
| WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] &amp; Maybach
|-
| WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car
|-
| WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French &amp; Spanish built models – Citan &amp; Vito &amp; X-Class)
|-
| WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019
|-
| WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDT || Dethleffs (caravans)
|-
| WDW || Dodge Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009
|-
| WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009
|-
| WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDZ || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck
|-
| WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses)
|-
| WEG || Ablinger  (trailer)
|-
| WEL || e.GO Mobile AG
|-
| WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH
|-
| WFC || Fendt (caravans)
|-
| WFD || Fliegl Trailer
|-
| WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH
|-
| WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany
|-
| WF1 || Merkur
|-
| WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH
|-
| WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer)
|-
| WHB || Hobby - Wohnwagenwerk, Ing. H. Striewski GmbH (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| WHL || Hulco (trailer)
|-
| WHW || Hako GmbH
|-
| WHY || Hymer GmbH &amp; Co. KG (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer)
|-
| WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus
|-
| WJR || Irmscher
|-
| WKE || Krone (truck trailers)
|-
| WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer)
|-
| WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans)
|-
| WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers)
|-
| WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers)
|-
| WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers
|-
| WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane)
|-
| WMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus 
|-
| WME || smart (from 5/99)
|-
| WMG || Demag Cranes
|-
| WMM || Karl Müller GmbH &amp; Co. KG (truck trailers)
|-
| WMP || M &amp; V GmbH (truck trailers)
|-
| WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar)
|-
| WMW || MINI car
|-
| WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG &amp; Mercedes-AMG GT &amp; Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America)
|-
| WMZ || MINI SUV
|-
| WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE
|-
| WP0 || Porsche car
|-
| WP1 || Porsche SUV
|-
| WRA || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| WRJ || Riese &amp; Müller (bicycle)
|-
| WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers)
|-
| WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers)
|-
| WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers)
|-
| WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group
|-
| WS5 || StreetScooter
|-
| WS7 || Sono Motors
|-
| WTA || Tabbert (caravans)
|-
| WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car &lt;br&gt; (includes '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet &amp; '06 S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan &amp; '16-'18 S8 Plus &amp; non-North American mkt. Q7 V12 TDI)
|-
| WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV
|-
| WVG || Volkswagen SUV &amp; Touran &amp; N. American mkt. ID Buzz '25
|-
| WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN
|-
| WVP || Viseon Bus
|-
| WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan
|-
| WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok)
|-
| WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus)
|-
| WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (incomplete vehicle: chassis cab/cutaway)&lt;br&gt; [includes Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)]
|-
| WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok &amp; T7 Transporter made by Ford)
|-
| WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford)
|-
| WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer)
|-
| WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer)
|-
| WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America)
|-
| W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer)
|-
| W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall &amp; Holden
|-
| W0L || Holden Zafira &amp; Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand
|-
| W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall &amp; Holden (since 2017)
|-
| W04 || Buick Regal &amp; Buick Cascada
|-
| W06 || Cadillac Catera
|-
| W08 || Saturn Astra
|-
| W09/A55 || Artega Automobile
|-
| W09/A71 || Apollo
|-
| W09/B09 || Bitter Cars
|-
| W09/B16 || Brabus
|-
| W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer)
|-
| W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus)
|-
| W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E04 || Eder (trailer)
|-
| W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F57 || Twike
|-
| W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/G64 || Gumpert
|-
| W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau
|-
| W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H49 || H&amp;W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/J02 || Isdera
|-
| W09/K27 || Krupp
|-
| W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/L05 || Liebherr
|-
| W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles)
|-
| W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer)
|-
| W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn)
|-
| W09/R06 || RUF
|-
| W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R38 || Rewaco
|-
| W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus)
|-
| W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH &amp; Co. KG  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer)
|-
| W09/W59 || Wiesmann
|-
| W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W1A || smart
|-
| W1H || Freightliner Econic
|-
| W1K || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck
|-
| W1V || Mercedes-Benz van
|-
| W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1Z || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle
|-
| W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia)
|-
| XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece)
|-
| XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece)
|-
| XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece
|-
| XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. &amp; Co. (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece
|-
| XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia)
|-
| XKM || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| XLA || DAF Bus International
|-
| XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars)
|-
| XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands
|-
| XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V.
|-
| XLE || Scania Netherlands
|-
| XLH || Hapert (trailer)
|-
| XLJ || Anssems (trailer)
|-
| XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XLR || DAF Trucks &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| XLU || Henra (trailer)
|-
| XLV || DAF Bus
|-
| XLW || Terberg Benschop BV
|-
| XL3 || Ebusco
|-
| XL4 ||Lightyear
|-
| XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV
|-
| XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks
|-
| XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars
|-
| XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer)
|-
| XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen
|-
| XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer)
|-
| XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers)
|-
| XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter)
|-
| XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes
|-
| XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus
|-
| XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer)
|-
| XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/363 || Spyker
|-
| XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer)
|-
| XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer)
|-
| XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/527 || GINAF
|-
| XL9/530 || Ebusco
|-
| XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer)
|-
| XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD)
|-
| XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD)
|-
| XMG || VDL Bus International
|-
| XMR || Nooteboom Trailers 
|-
| XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper)
|-
| XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD)
|-
| XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD)
|-
| XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer)
|-
| XNL || VDL Bus &amp; Coach
|-
| XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XPN || Knapen Trailers
|-
| XPP || Atec Trailers
|-
| XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg)
|-
| XRP || Proline (trailer)
|-
| XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer)
|-
| XR7 || Qarry
|-
| XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia)
|-
| XTC || KAMAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTF || GolAZ (Russia) 
|-
| XTH || GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTK || IzhAvto (Russia)
|-
| XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997
|-
| XTP || Ural (Russia)
|-
| XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer)
|-
| XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia)
|-
| XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia)
|-
| XTW || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTY || LiAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTZ || ZiL (Russia)
|-
| XUF || General Motors Russia
|-
| XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD, Kaiyi Auto)
|-
| XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM)
|-
| XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer)
|-
| XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XVU || Start (truck trailer)
|-
| XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia
|-
| XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia
|-
| XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan)
|-
| XWB || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD)
|-
| XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD)
|-
| XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD)
|-
| XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg)
|-
| XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer)
|-
| XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus)
|-
| XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia)
|-
| X1E || KAvZ (Russia)
|-
| X1F || NefAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1M || PAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1P || Ural (Russia)
|-
| X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia)
|-
| X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD)
|-
| X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia)
|-
| X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia)
|-
| X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] &amp; Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia)
|-
| X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus
|-
| X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus
|-
| X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus)
|-
| X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus)
|-
| X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus)
|-
| X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus)
|-
| X89/FY1 || Sherp 
|-
| X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles
|-
| X8U || Scania Russia
|-
| X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO
|-
| X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ
|-
| X9N || Samoltor (minibus)
|-
| X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks)
|-
| X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways
|-
| X9X || Great Wall Motors 
|-
| X96 || GAZ
|-
| X99/000 || Marussia
|-
| X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer)
|-
| X0T || Tonar (truck trailer)
|-
| YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers)
|-
| YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers)
|-
| YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers)
|-
| YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis
|-
| YA2 || Atlas Copco Group
|-
| YA5 || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/128 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet
|-
| YA9/180 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/195 || Denolf &amp; Depla (minibus)
|-
| YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe)
|-
| YBD || Addax Motors
|-
| YBW || Volkswagen Belgium
|-
| YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck)
|-
| YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis)
|-
| YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium)
|-
| YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK
|-
| YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle)
|-
| YC3 || Eduard Trailers
|-
| YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium)
|-
| YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium)
|-
| YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium)
|-
| YE6 || STAS (truck trailer)
|-
| YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer)
|-
| YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland)
|-
|YG6
|Majava Group Oy; Majava trailers (Finland)
|-
| YH1 || Solifer (caravans)
|-
| YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles)
|-
| YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive
|-
| YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland
|-
| YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto
|-
| YK9/003 || Kabus (bus)
|-
| YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus)
|-
| YK9/016 || Linkker (bus)
|-
| YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab)
|-
| YSM || Polestar cars 
|-
| YSP || Volta Trucks AB
|-
| YSR || Polestar SUV
|-
| YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) 
|-
| YS3 || Saab cars
|-
| YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory)
|-
| YS5 || OmniNova (minibus)
|-
| YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus)
|-
| YTN || Saab made by NEVS
|-
| YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YT9/007 || Koenigsegg
|-
| YT9/034 || Carvia
|-
| YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer)
|-
| YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles)
|-
| YVV || WiMa 442 EV
|-
| YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars
|-
| YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks
|-
| YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis
|-
| YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV
|-
| YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway)
|-
| YYC || Think Nordic (Norway)
|-
| YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway)
|-
| Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway)
|-
| Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus)
|-
| Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus)
|-
| Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus)
|-
| Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus)
|-
| Y3M || MAZ (Belarus)
|-
| Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus
|-
| Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus)
|-
| Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) 
|-
| Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine
|-
| Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| ZAA || Autobianchi
|-
| ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024-
|-
| ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet
|-
| ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter)
|-
| ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles
|-
| ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]]
|-
| ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera
|-
| ZAR || Alfa Romeo car
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud &amp; Sprint through 1989
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018-
|-
| ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002)
|-
| ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System
|-
| ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus)
|-
| ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL
|-
| ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]]
|-
| ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro
|-
| ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus)
|-
| ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
|-
| ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus)
|-
| ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus)
|-
| ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali
|-
| ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale
|-
| ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina
|-
| ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBB || Bertone
|-
| ZBD || InBus
|-
| ZBN || Benelli
|-
| ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum
|-
| ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy)
|-
| ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta
|-
| ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership
|-
| ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus)
|-
| ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A.
|-
| ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCZ || BredaBus
|-
| ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A.
|-
| ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati
|-
| ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA
|-
| ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino
|-
| ZDJ || ACM Biagini
|-
| ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA
|-
| ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA
|-
| ZDY || Cacciamali
|-
| ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA &amp; Belgarda SpA
|-
| ZD3 || Beta Motor
|-
| ZD4 || Aprilia
|-
| ZD5 || Casalini
|-
| ZEB || Ellebi (trailer)
|-
| ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis &amp; Mobilvetta recreational vehicles
|-
| ZES || Bimota
|-
| ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle)
|-
| ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFA || Fiat
|-
| ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV &amp; Ram Promaster City
|-
| ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200)
|-
| ZFE || KL Motorcycle
|-
| ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]]
|-
| ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFM || Fantic Motor
|-
| ZFR || Pininfarina
|-
| ZF4 || Qvale
|-
| ZGA || Iveco Bus
|-
| ZGP || Merker (truck trailer)
|-
| ZGU || Moto Guzzi
|-
| ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle)
|-
| ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership
|-
| ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – )
|-
| ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle)
|-
| ZJM || Malaguti
|-
| ZJN || Innocenti
|-
| ZJT || Italjet
|-
| ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle)
|-
| ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership
|-
| ZLA || Lancia
|-
| ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA
|-
| ZLM || Moto Morini srl
|-
| ZLV || Laverda
|-
| ZNN || Energica
|-
| ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l.
|-
| ZN3 || Iveco Defence
|-
| ZN6 || Maserati SUV
|-
| ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV
|-
| ZPY || DR Automobiles
|-
| ZP6 || XEV
|-
| ZP8 || Regis Motors
|-
| ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA
|-
| ZR1 || Microlino
|-
| ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV
|-
| ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia)
|-
| Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
|Z3D
|Tauriga UAB; Tauras trailers (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan)
|-
| Z8M || Marussia (Russia)
|-
| Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia)
|-
| Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia)
|-
| Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia)
|-
| Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia)
|-
| Z07 || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only
|-
| 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc.
|-
| 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera)
|-
| 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 &amp; Bugatti EB110)
|-
| 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC)
|-
| 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 1AF || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 1AM || American Motors Corporation car &amp; Renault Alliance 1983 only
|-
| 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002
|-
| 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995
|-
| 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers
|-
| 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles
|-
| 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles
|-
| 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles
|-
| 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus
|-
| 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV
|-
| 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1BL || Balko, Inc.
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012–
|-
| 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/291 || CX Automotive
|-
| 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus)
|-
| 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International
|-
| 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation
|-
| 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation)
|-
| 1CY || Crane Carrier Company
|-
| 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009
|-
| 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only
|-
| 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc.
|-
| 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre &amp; Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus)
|-
| 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries)
|-
| 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle)
|-
| 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ
|-
| 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor
|-
| 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus)
|-
| 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford
|-
| 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|- 
| 1FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009)
|-
| 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC
|-
| 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. 
|-
| 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes
|- 
| 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp.
|-
| 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA
|-
| 1G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984
|-
| 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017
|-
| 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010
|-
| 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 1G9/495 || Google &amp; Waymo
|-
| 1GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck 
|-
| 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GF || Flxible bus
|-
| 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM
|-
| 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986
|-
| 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004
|-
| 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020
|-
| 1GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987–
|-
| 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987–
|-
| 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV
|-
| 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987-
|-
| 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck 
|-
| 1GW || Grumman Olson Kubvan (truck)
|-
| 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV
|-
| 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 1HD || Harley-Davidson &amp; LiveWire
|-
| 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV
|-
| 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 1HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks &amp; Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group
|-
| 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer)
|-
| 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JU || Marmon Motor Company
|-
| 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine)
|-
| 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer)
|-
| 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car
|-
| 1LV || Lectra Motors
|-
| 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers
|-
| 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine
|-
| 1L9/155 || LA Exotics
|-
| 1L9/234 || Laforza
|-
| 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co.
|-
| 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 1MR || Continental Mark VI &amp; VII 1981–1985 &amp; Continental sedan 1982–1985
|-
| 1M0 || John Deere Gator
|-
| 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck)
|-
| 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider)
|-
| 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus)
|-
| 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus)
|-
| 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive
|-
| 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019
|-
| 1N4 || Nissan car
|-
| 1N6 || Nissan truck
|-
| 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA
|-
| 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California)
|-
| 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus)
|-
| 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck)
|-
| 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV
|-
| 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp
|-
| 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles)
|-
| 1P9/213 || Panoz
|-
| 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PY || John Deere USA
|-
| 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation
|-
| 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles)
|-
| 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT)
|-
| 1S9/842 || Saleen S7
|-
| 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC
|-
| 1S9/944 || SSC North America
|-
| 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles
|-
| 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck)
|-
| 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA
|-
| 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper
|-
| 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC
|-
| 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
|-
| 1UJ || Jayco, Inc.
|-
| 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General
|-
| 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1VH || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 1VW || Volkswagen car
|-
| 1V1 || Volkswagen truck
|-
| 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV
|-
| 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive
|-
| 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works
|-
| 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck)
|-
| 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider)
|-
| 1WT || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V.
|-
| 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck)
|-
| 1WV || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis &amp; front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)]
|-
| 1WW || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class B Motorhome built on Renault chassis [Winnebago LeSharo, Centauri, Itasca Phasar]
|-
| 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider)
|-
| 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars
|-
| 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 &amp; later)
|-
| 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation
|-
| 1XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987
|-
| 1XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc.
|-
| 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider
|-
| 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]]
|-
| 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer)
|-
| 10R || E-Z-GO
|-
| 10T || Oshkosh Corporation 
|-
| 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 12A || Avanti
|-
| 137 || AM General Hummer &amp; Hummer H1
|-
| 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer)
|-
| 15G || Gillig bus
|-
| 16C || Clenet Coachworks
|-
| 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010)
|-
| 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome
|-
| 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 2A3 || Imperial
|-
| 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only
|-
| 2AY 2AZ || Hino
|-
| 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2BP || Ski-Doo
|-
| 2BV || Can-Am &amp; Bombardier ATV
|-
| 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV
|-
| 2BX || Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002
|-
| 2B5 || Dodge &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002
|-
| 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager &amp; Volkswagen Routan) 2012-
|-
| 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005
|-
| 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors
|-
| 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles
|-
| 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only
|-
| 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only
|-
| 2CM || American Motors Corporation car
|-
| 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only
|-
| 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only
|-
| 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003
|-
| 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003
|-
| 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2DG || Ontario Drive &amp; Gear
|-
| 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation
|-
| 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager)
|-
| 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 2FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle)
|-
| 2FY || New Flyer
|-
| 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|- 
| 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada
|-
| 2G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 2G5 ||  GMC MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2G5 ||  Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023-
|-
| 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 2G7 ||  Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2G8 ||  Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 
|-
| 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 2GC || Chevrolet truck 
|-
| 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles 
|-
| 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus &amp; GM Classic series bus 
|-
| 2GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– 
|-
| 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– 
|-
| 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- 
|-
| 2GT || GMC truck 
|-
| 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HM || Hyundai Canada
|-
| 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo
|-
| 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse
|-
| 2LM || Lincoln SUV
|-
| 2LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck)
|-
| 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider)
|-
| 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on)
|-
| 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV
|-
| 2M9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries
|-
| 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NV || Nova Bus 
|-
| 2P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000
|-
| 2P5 || Plymouth &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983
|-
| 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995
|-
| 2PC || Prevost 1996-
|-
| 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited
|-
| 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC
|-
| 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2W9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2WK || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2WM || Western Star (glider)
|-
| 2XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only
|-
| 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck)
|-
| 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AX || Scania Mexico
|-
| 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses)
|-
| 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BH || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BP || Peterbilt  (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993
|-
| 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012–
|-
| 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662)
|-
| 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico
|-
| 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V.
|-
| 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009
|-
| 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009
|-
| 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011
|-
| 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011
|-
| 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont)
|-
| 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford &amp; IMMSA
|-
| 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico
|-
| 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck)
|-
| 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 &amp; Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 3F6 || Sterling Bullet
|-
| 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico
|-
| 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
| 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020
|-
| 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV
|-
| 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV
|-
| 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico
|-
| 3GC || Chevrolet truck
|-
| 3GK || GMC SUV
|-
| 3GM || Holden Suburban
|-
| 3GN || Chevrolet SUV
|-
| 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM
|-
| 3GS || Saturn SUV
|-
| 3GT || GMC truck
|-
| 3GY || Cadillac SUV
|-
| 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV
|-
| 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers)
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 3HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 3HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus)  
|-
| 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV &amp; Can-Am Ryker)
|-
| 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX
|-
| 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX
|-
| 3LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995)
|-
| 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2)
|-
| 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011)
|-
| 3MF || BMW M car
|-
| 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico
|-
| 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico)
|-
| 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30)
|-
| 3MW || BMW car
|-
| 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation
|-
| 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3)
|-
| 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car
|-
| 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck &amp; Chevrolet City Express
|-
| 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV
|-
| 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV
|-
| 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV
|-
| 3P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS
|-
| 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC
|-
| 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT
|-
| 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV
|-
| 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car
|-
| 3WK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 3WP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck)
|-
| 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car
|-
| 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV
|-
| 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4B9/038 || BYD Coach &amp; Bus LLC
|-
| 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle)
|-
| 4C9/561 || Czinger
|-
| 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc.
|-
| 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus)
|-
| 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer)
|-
| 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford
|-
| 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford
|-
| 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM
|-
| 4G5 || General Motors EV1
|-
| 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM
|-
| 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra
|-
| 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM
|-
| 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV
|-
| 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer)
|-
| 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KL || Isuzu N-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) built by GM
|-
| 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors]
|-
| 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division
|-
| 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company
|-
| 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford
|-
| 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM
|-
| 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA
|-
| 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994
|-
| 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only
|-
| 4RK || Nova Bus &amp; Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc.
|-
| 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive &amp; 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA
|-
| 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car
|-
| 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV
|-
| 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles
|-
| 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer)
|-
| 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck
|-
| 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars)
|-
| 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.)
|-
| 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi)
|-
| 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive
|-
| 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc.
|-
| 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors
|-
| 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc.
|-
| 4US || BMW car
|-
| 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation &amp; &lt;br /&gt; gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Thomas Built Buses FS-65 &amp; Saf-T-Liner C2
|-
| 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+
|-
| 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle)  1996+
|-
| 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider)
|-
| 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only)
|-
| 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales
|-
| 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC
|-
| 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM
|-
| 4XA || Polaris Inc.
|-
| 4X4 || Forest River
|-
| 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle)
|-
| 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc.
|-
| 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer)
|-
| 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 43C || Consulier
|-
| 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment)
|-
| 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle
|-
| 46J || Federal Motors Inc
|-
| 478 || Honda ATV
|-
| 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck)
|-
| 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011
|-
| 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer)
|-
| 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc.
|-
| 5BP || Solectria
|-
| 5BZ || Nissan &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA)
|-
| 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5CX || Shelby Series 1
|-
| 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC
|-
| 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer
|-
| 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle
|-
| 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer)
|-
| 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles)
|-
| 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama 
|-
| 5FT || Feeling Trailers
|-
| 5FY || New Flyer
|-
| 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV
|-
| 5GD || Daewoo G2X
|-
| 5GN || Hummer H3T
|-
| 5GR || Hummer H2
|-
| 5GT || Hummer H3
|-
| 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV
|-
| 5G8 || Holden Volt
|-
| 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets
|-
| 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 5J5 || Club Car
|-
| 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5KM || Vento Motorcycles
|-
| 5KT || Karavan Trailers
|-
| 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009)
|-
| 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle
|-
| 5LD || Ford &amp; Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014)
|-
| 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV
|-
| 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck
|-
| 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets
|-
| 5N1 || Nissan &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5N3 || Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5NH || Forest River
|-
| 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA
|-
| 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA
|-
| 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA
|-
| 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA
|-
| 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC
|-
| 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 5S3 || Saab 9-7X
|-
| 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV)
|-
| 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor)
|-
| 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI
|-
| 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV &amp; Lexus TX made by TMMI
|-
| 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX
|-
| 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer)
|-
| 5UM || BMW M car
|-
| 5UX || BMW SUV
|-
| 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 5VP || Victory Motorcycles
|-
| 5V4 || Autocar truck
|-
| 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer)
|-
| 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck)
|-
| 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG
|-
| 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG
|-
| 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC)
|-
| 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS
|-
| 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021)
|-
| 5YM || BMW M SUV
|-
| 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc.
|-
| 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI
|-
| 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV)
|-
| 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck)
|-
| 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan
|-
| 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car
|-
| 50G || Karma Automotive
|-
| 516 || Autocar truck
|-
| 51R || Brammo Motorcycles
|-
| 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group)
|-
| 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc.
|-
| 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric
|-
| 538 || Zero Motorcycles
|-
| 53G || Coda Automotive
|-
| 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN
|-
| 546 || EBR Motorcycles
|-
| 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer
|-
| 54D || Isuzu &amp; Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group
|-
| 54F || Rosenbauer Motors (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 55S || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary)
|-
| 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer)
|-
| 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 57R || Oreion Motors
|-
| 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles)
|-
| 57W || Mobility Ventures
|-
| 57X || Polaris Slingshot
|-
| 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES)
|-
| 6AB || MAN Australia
|-
| 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs)
|-
| 6F1 || Ford
|-
| 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd.
|-
| 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia
|-
| 6F5 || Kenworth Australia
|-
| 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia
|-
| 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia
|-
| 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) &amp; Chevrolet &amp; Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8
|-
| 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO &amp; G8)
|-
| 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan 2014-2017
|-
| 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002)
|-
| 6KT || BCI Bus
|-
| 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia 
|-
| 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994
|-
| 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia
|-
| 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia
|-
| 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand
|-
| 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 7AB || MAN New Zealand
|-
| 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009
|-
| 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand
|-
| 7A3 || Honda New Zealand
|-
| 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand
|-
| 7A5 || Ford New Zealand
|-
| 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand
|-
| 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009
|-
| 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand
|-
| 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 7FC || Rivian truck
|-
| 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. 
|-
| 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 7G0 || Faraday Future
|- 
| 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks &amp; Texas-built Cybertruck)
|- 
| 7H4 || Hino truck
|-
| 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle
|- 
| 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV
|- 
| 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car
|- 
| 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on
|- 
| 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works
|- 
| 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer)
|-
| 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|- 
| 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|-
| 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck
|-
| 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles
|-
| 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense
|- 
| 7NY || Lordstown Motors
|- 
| 7PD || Rivian SUV
|- 
| 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions
|- 
| 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y))
|-
| 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group
|-
| 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX
|-
| 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022-
|- 
| 7SY || Polestar SUV
|-
| 7TN || Canoo
|-
| 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV
|-
| 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer)
|-
| 7VV || Ree Automotive
|-
| 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV)
|-
| 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle
|-
| 7YA || Hyundai MPV/SUV made by HMGMA
|-
| 7Z0 || Zoox
|-
| 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck &amp; bus (Argentina)
|-
| 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America)
|-
| 8AD || Peugeot Argentina
|-
| 8AE || Peugeot van
|-
| 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina
|-
| 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina
|-
| 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina
|-
| 8AK || Suzuki Argentina
|-
| 8AN || Nissan Argentina
|-
| 8AP || Fiat Argentina
|-
| 8AT || Iveco Argentina
|-
| 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina
|-
| 8A1 || Renault Argentina
|-
| 8A3 || Scania Argentina
|-
| 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A.
|-
| 8BC || Citroën Argentina
|-
| 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| 8BR || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8CH || Honda motorcycle
|-
| 8C3 || Honda car/SUV
|-
| 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault
|-
| 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot
|-
| 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile
|-
| 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador
|-
| 8LF || Maresa (Mazda)
|-
| 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor &amp; Kia)
|-
| 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto)
|-
| 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela
|-
| 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A.
|-
| 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia)
|-
| 9BD || Fiat Brazil &amp; Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil
|-
| 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil
|-
| 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil
|-
| 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil
|-
| 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck &amp; bus
|-
| 9BN || Mafersa
|-
| 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 9BS || Scania Brazil
|-
| 9BU ||Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct Brazilian automaker)
|-
| 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil
|-
| 9BY || Agrale S.A.
|-
| 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil
|-
| 9DF || Puma
|-
| 9DW || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil
|-
| 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles
|-
| 92H || Origem Brazil
|-
| 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 935 || Citroën Brazil
|-
| 936 || Peugeot Brazil
|-
| 937 || Dodge Dakota
|-
| 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil)
|-
| 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV
|-
| 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 93P || Volare
|-
| 93S || Navistar International
|-
| 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006
|-
| 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016
|-
| 93V || Navistar International
|-
| 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny
|-
| 93Y || Renault Brazil
|-
| 93Z || Iveco
|-
| 94D || Nissan Brazil
|-
| 94N || RWM Brazil
|-
| 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais
|-
| 95P || CAOA Hyundai &amp; CAOA Chery
|-
| 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) &amp; Ducati, KTM, &amp; MV Agusta assembled by Dafra
|-
| 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016
|-
| 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 953 || VW Truck &amp; Bus / MAN Truck &amp; Bus
|-
| 96P || Kawasaki
|-
| 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd.
|-
| 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant)
|-
| 98M || BMW car/SUV
|-
| 98P || DAF Trucks
|-
| 98R || Chery
|-
| 99A || Audi 2016-
|-
| 99H || Shineray
|-
| 99J || Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| 99K || Haojue &amp; Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos
|-
| 99L || BYD
|-
| 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-)
|-
| 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa)
|-
| 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda)
|-
| 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.)
|-
| 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano)
|-
| 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy)
|-
| 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Structural Biochemistry</title>
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        <username>Dirk Hünniger</username>
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:&lt;span style=&quot;display:block;text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;&quot;&gt;Structural Biochemistry&lt;/span&gt;}}
Structural biochemistry is a branch of the life sciences, specially biochemistry, that combines biology, physics, and chemistry to study living organisms and to summarize some mutual physicochemical underlying principles that all forms of life share. It is also referred to more generally as structural biology. Structural biochemists aim to describe, in atomic precision level, molecular terms of the structures, mechanisms, and chemical processes shared by all metabolism of all organisms, providing organizing principles that underlie life in all its diverse forms.

&lt;center&gt;[[Image:EIF4E-interaction with cap analogue.png|500x300px|Depiction of interaction between cap analogue molecule and eIF4E protein.]]&lt;/center&gt;{{clear}}
{{Book Search|prefix=Structural Biochemistry}}
{{print version}}
{{PDF version|Structural Biochemistry_Volume_2|PDF Version of Volume 2}} 
==[[/Relations of Structural Biochemistry with other Sciences/]]==
===[[/Physics/]]===
# [[/Thermodynamics/]]
## [[/Zeroth Law/]]
## [[/First law/]]
## [[/Second law/]]
### [[/Carnot Cycle/|Thermodynamic Cycles]]
## [[/Third law/]]
## [[/Internal Energy/]]
## [[/Entropy/]]
## [[/Enthalpy/]]
## [[/Heat capacity/]]
## [[/Free energy/]]
## [[/Material Equilibrium/]]
## [[/Phase Diagrams/]]
## [[/Phase Equilibria/]]
## [[/Endergonic reaction/]]
## [[/Exergonic reaction/]]
## [[/Molecular Thermodynamics/]]
## [[/Thermodynamic Equilibrium/]]
## [[/Ideal Gas/]]
## [[/Equation for Process Calculations for Ideal Gases/]]
## [[/Irreversible Process/]]
## [[/Application of the Virial Equations/]]
# [[/Bioenergetics/]]
# [[/Energy coupling in chemical reactions/]]
# [[/Metabolism/]]
## [[/Anabolism/]]
## [[/Catabolism/]]
# [[/Biophysics- Single Molecule techniques/]]

===[[/Chemistry/]]===
#[[/Chemical Bonding/]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/Covalent bonds|Covalent Bonds]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/Noncovalent bonds|Noncovalent Bonds]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/Hydrogen bonds|Hydrogen bonds]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/Hydrophobic interaction|Hydrophobic Interaction]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/Van der Waals interaction|Van der Waals Interaction]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/Dipole interaction|Dipole Interaction]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/Ionic interaction|Ionic Interaction]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/ Disulfide bonds|Disulfide Bonds]]
###[[/Chemical Bonding/ Disulfide bonds/Multiple Ways to make Disulfides|Multiple ways to make Disulfides]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/ Electronic Structure Theories|Electronic Structure Theories]]
#[[/Biochemical Natural Selection/]]
##[[/Chemical Bonding/ Electronic Structure Theories|Electronic Structure Theories]]
#[[/Organic Chemistry/]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Functional Group|Organic Functional Groups]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Functional Group/Hydroxyl|Hydroxyl]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Functional Group/Carbonyl|Carbonyl]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Functional Group/Carboxyl|Carboxyl]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Functional Group/Amino|Amino]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Functional Group/Amide|Amide]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Functional Group/Sulfhydryl|Sulfhydryl]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Functional Group/Phosphate|Phosphate]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Synthesis|Organic Synthesis]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Types of Macromolecules|Types of Macromolecules]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Carbohydrates|Carbohydrates]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Nucleic Acids (DNA)|Nucleic Acids]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Lipids|Lipids]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Proteins|Proteins]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Reagents|Reagents]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Mechanisms of Organic Molecules|Mechanisms of Organic Molecules]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Stereochemistry|Stereochemistry of Organic Molecules]]
##[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/|Chemistry of Important Organic Molecules in Biochemistry]]
###[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamins and Cofactors|Vitamins and Cofactors]]
###[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamin D|Vitamin D]]
###[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamin K|Vitamin K]]
###[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamin C|Vitamin C]]
###[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamin A|Vitamin A]]
###[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamin E|Vitamin E]]
###[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamin B|Vitamin B]]
####[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamin B12|Vitamin B12]]
####[[/Chemistry of important organic molecules in Biochemistry/Vitamin B6|Vitamin B6]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Important Organic Reactions in Biochemistry|Important Organic Reactions in Biochemistry]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Important Organic Reactions in Biochemistry/Peptide Bonding|Peptide Bonding]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Techniques in Organic Chemistry|Techniques in Organic Chemistry]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Methods of Separation and Isolation|Methods of Separation and Isolation]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Methods of Purification|Methods of Purification]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Methods of Identification|Methods of Identification]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Method of Combustion Analysis|Method of Combustion Analysis]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Method of Fischer Esterification|Fischer Esterification]]
###[[/Organic Chemistry/Method of Trans Esterification|Trans Esterification]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Organic Chemistry Terms|Organic Chemistry Terms]]
##[[/Organic Chemistry/Synthesis|Synthesis]]
##[[/Organometallic Chemistry/]]
###[[/Bioorganometallic Chemistry/]]
##[[/Degree of Unsaturation/]]
##[[/Acid-Base Chemistry/]]
#[[/Inorganic Chemistry/]]
##[[/Metals/]]
###[[/Alkali Metals/]]
###[[/Alkali Earth metals/|Alkali Earth Metals]]
###[[/Transition Metals/]]
###[[/Poor Metals/]]
###[[/Rare Earth Metals/]]
###[[/Biological Roles of Metal Ions/]]
###[[/Oxidation states/]]
###[[/Copper Metallochaperones/]]
###[[/Bioremediation of Metals/]]
##[[/Inorganic Chemistry/Semimetals|Metalloids/Semimetals]]
###[[/Inorganic Chemistry/Semimetals|Introduction of porous Silicon]]
###[[/Carbon Nanomaterials/]]
##[[/Nonmetals/]]
###[[/Inorganic Chemistry/Nonmetals/Halogens|Halogens]]
###[[/Noble Gases/]]
##[[/Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals/]]
##[[/Molecular Orbitals/]]
##[[/How to Construct Molecular Orbital Diagram/]]
##[[/Reduction Formula and Projection Operator/]]
#[[/Point Groups/]]
#[[/Character Table/]]
#[[/SALC/]]
#[[/Chemical Reactions/]]
##[[/Rate Laws/]]
##[[/Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control/]]
##[[/Reaction types/]]
#[[/Molecular Geometry/]]
#[[/Periodic trends/]]
##[[/Atomic Radius/]]
##[[/Electron Affinity/]]
##[[/Electronegativity/]]
##[[/Ionization Energy/]]
##[[/Metallic Behavior/]]
##[[/Melting Point/]]
#[[/Medicinal Chemistry/]]
#[[/Cystalline solid state/]]
##[[/Formulas and structures/]]
#[[/General Chemistry/]]
##[[/Significant Figures/]]
##[[/Matter/]]

===[[/Biological Bases/|Biology]] ===
#[[/Properties of Living Organisms/]]
#[[/Retinoid/]]
====[[/Evolutionary Bases/|Evolution]]====
#[[/History of the Earth/]]
# [[/RNA World Hypothesis|RNA World Hypothesis]]
#[[/Evolution in the Laboratory/]]
#[[/Evolution of Humans/]]
#[[/Evolution of Populations/]]
#[[/The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis/]]
#[[/Molecular Evolution/]]
# [[/Three Domains of Life/]]
##[[/Three Domains of Life/Archaea|Archaea]]
###[[/Three Domains of Life/Archaea/SAMPylation Protein in Archaea|SAMPylation Protein in Archaea]]
##[[/Three Domains of Life/Bacteria|Bacteria]]
##[[/Three Domains of Life/Eukarya|Eukarya]]
###[[/Three Domains of Life/Eukarya/Community Ecology|Community Ecology]]
# [[/The Endosymbiotic Theory/]]
# [[/The Evolution of Membranes/]]
# [[/Natural Selection of Aluminum and Silicon/]]
# [[/Speciation/]]
# [[/Gene Flow/]]
# [[/Organismic and Evolutionary Biology/]]
#[[/Hardy-Weinberg Principle/]]

====[[/Cellular Bases/|The Cell]]====
# [[/Cell Organelles|Cell Organelles and Structural Biochemistry]]
## [[/Cell Organelles/Nucleus|Nucleus]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Nucleolus|Nucleolus]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Ribosome|Ribosome]]
###[[/Cell Organelles/Ribosome/Ribosome Synthesis|Ribosome Synthesis]]
###[[/Cell Organelles/Ribosome/Maturation|Maturation]]
###[[/Cell Organelles/Ribosome/RNP|RNP]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Chloroplast|Chloroplast]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Proteins|Proteins]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Endoplasmic Reticulum|Endoplasmic Reticulum]]
###[[/Cell Organelles/Endoplasmic Reticulum/ER Stress &amp; Type 2 Diabetes|ER Stress &amp; Type 2 Diabetes]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Golgi Apparatus|Golgi Apparatus]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Mitochondria|Mitochondria]]
###[[/Cell Organelles/Mitochondria/Cardiolipin and the Mitochondria|Cardiolipin and the Mitochondria]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Centrioles|Centrioles]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Cytosol|Cytosol]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Lysosome|Lysosome]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Peroxisome|Peroxisome]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Cytoskeleton|Cytoskeleton]]
##[[/Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles/]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Plant Cell|Plant Cell]]
###[[/Cell Organelles/Plant Cell/Heat Stress Response|Heat Stress Response]]
### [[/Cell Organelles/Plant Cell/Cellulosomes|Cellulosomes]]
##[[/Cell Organelles/Animal Cell|Animal Cell]]
###[[/Cell Organelles/Animal Cell/Membrane Contact Site|Membrane Contact Site]]
##[[/Imaging cellular architecture with X-rays/]]
##[[/Fluorescence/]]
##[[/Cell Aging/]]
##[[/Cell Adhesion/]]
#[[/Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes/]]
##[[/CRISPR defense system (Prokaryotes)/]]
##[[/Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes/]]
##[[/Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes/]]
##[[/Eukaryotic Alternative Splicing/]]
##[[/Metal Levels in Eukaryotes/]]
#[[/Stem Cells/]]
##[[/Embryonic Stem Cells/]]
##[[/Adult Stem Cells/]]
#[[/Cells Transforming Energy/]]
## [[/Metabolism Coupled Reactions/]]
##[[/ATP/]]
##[[/Acetyl-CoA/]]
##[[/Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis/]]
### [[/Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)/]]
### [[/Aerobic Respiration/]]
### [[/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex/]]
### [[/Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid cycle)/]]
### [[/Oxidative Phosphorylation Cycle (Electron Transport Chain cycle)/]]
### [[/Gluconeogenesis/]]
### [[/Phosphofructokinase-1/]]
#### [[/Micro-purification/]]
##[[/Light Reaction/]]
##[[/Calvin Cycle/]]
##[[/The Pentose Phosphate Pathway/]]
#[[/Control Systems/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Nervous System|Nervous System]]
###[[/Parkinson's Disease/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Circulatory System|Circulatory System]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Excretory System|Excretory System]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Respiratory System|Respiratory System]]
### [[/Asthma/Asthma symptoms/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Digestive System|Digestive System]]
### [[/Lactose Intolerance/]]
### [[/Crohn's Disease/]]
### [[/Cirrhosis/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Muscular System|Muscular System]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Endocrine System|Endocrine System]]
###[[/Ovarian Cancer/]]
###[[/Graves Disease/]]
###[[/Addison's Disease/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Sensory System|Sensory System]]
### [[/Biochemical Pathways of Vision/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Immune System|Immune System]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Integumentary System|Integumentary System]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Reproductive System|Reproductive System]]
#[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Juxtacrine Signaling|Juxtacrine Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Paracrine Signaling|Paracrine Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Endocrine Signaling|Endocrine Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/G-Proteins and G-Protein Coupled Receptors|G-Proteins and G-Protein Coupled Receptors]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Adenylate Cyclase and cAMP Signaling|Adenylate Cyclase and cAMP Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Phosphoinositol Signaling|Phosphoinositol Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Calcium Signaling|Calcium Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Protein Kinases Signaling Cascades|Protein Kinases Signaling Cascades]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Receptor Tyrosine Kinases|Receptor Tyrosine Kinases]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Kinases Inhibitors|Kinases Inhibitors]]
###[[/MPS1 protein kinase inhibitor development/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Insulin Signaling|Insulin Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling|Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/RAS|RAS]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/ROS|ROS]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Problems in Signaling that cause Cancer|Problems in Signaling that cause Cancer]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Transforming Growth Factor Beta|Transforming Growth Factor Beta]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Hormonal Signaling|Hormonal Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Apoptosis|Apoptosis]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/RAGE: Pattern Recognition Receptor|RAGE: Pattern Recognition Receptor]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Mobile Zinc and Nitric Oxide|Mobile Zinc and Nitric Oxide]]
##[[/Nitric Oxide/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Heparan Sulfate|Heparan Sulfate]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Skeletal Muscle Remodeling|Skeletal Muscle Remodeling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Phagoptosis|Phagoptosis]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Necrosis|Necrosis]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Noise in Signaling|Noise in Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Hippo Signaling Pathway|Hippo Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/cJun-NH2 Terminal Kinase|JNK Signaling]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Immune Signaling|Immune Signaling]]
###[[/RIG-I-like Receptors (RLR)/]]
###[[/NOD-like Receptors (NLR)/]]
###[[/IL23R/]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Apoptosis-Inducing Factor|Apoptosis-Inducing Factor]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Adipogenesis: From Stem Cell to Adipocyte|Adipogenesis: From Stem Cell to Adipocyte]]
##[[/Cell Signaling Pathways/Nitric Oxide and CGMP Response|Nitric Oxide and CGMP Response]]
#[[/Secretins/]]
#[[/Microscopy/]]
#[[/Endocytosis/]]
##[[/Actin Assembly during Endocytosis/]]
#[[/Virus Entry by Endocytosis/]]
#[[/Mitotic Spindles/]]
#[[/Pili/]]
##[[/Type IV Pili/]]
#[[/Flagella/]]
#[[/Aging and Metabolic Control Analysis/]]
#[[/Short Linear Motifs and Viral Infection/]]
#[[/Phagocytosis/]]
#[[/Pinocytosis/]]
#[[/Cytokine Receptors/]]
#[[/Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR pathways/]]

====[[/Genetic Bases/|Genetics]]====
#[[/The Genetics of Bacteria/]]
#[[/Properties of Mutant Alleles/]]
#[[/Foundation of Genetics/]]
#[[/Genetics terms/]]
#[[/Inheritance Patterns/]]
#[[/Chromosomes/]]
#[[/Epigenomics/]]
##[[/Epigenome reader/]]
#[[/Mitosis/]]
#[[/Meiosis/]]
#[[/Homeobox Genes/]]
#[[/How can you know if Genes are &quot;on&quot; or &quot;off&quot; in a cell?/]]
#[[/Genetic Variants/]]
#[[/Structural Variation/]]

====[[/Nucleic Acid/Biology of Cancer|Biology of Cancer]]====
# [[/Nucleic Acid/Biology of Cancer/Defective Repair of DNA|Defective Repair of DNA]]
# [[/Classifications of Cancer/]]
## [[/Carcinoma/]]
## [[/Sarcoma/]]
## [[/Lymphoma/]]
## [[/Leukemia/]]
## [[/Germ Cell Tumor/]]
## [[/Blastoma/]]
# [[/Nucleic Acid/Biology of Cancer/Mutagenic Action on Bacteria|Mutagenesis]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Biology of Cancer/Mutagenic Action on Bacteria/Ames test|Ames test]]
# [[/Tumor suppressor genes/]]
##[[/PTEN/]]
## [[/p53/]]
## [[/P63|p63]]
## [[/p73/]]
##[[/sequestosome-1/]]
##[[/Retinoblastoma/]]
## [[/p62/]]
##[[/Brooke-Spiegler syndrome/]]
#[[/Glutamine Addiction in Cancer/]]
#[[/Ligand-Binding Site and Glutamate Receptor Trafficking/]]
# [[Structural Biochemistry/Proto-oncogene|Proto-oncogenes]]

===[[/Medicine &amp; Drug Design/]]===
#[[/Drug Targeting/]]
#[[/Quantum Dot-Aptamer Conjugate/]]
#[[/Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms/]]
##[[/Solid Dosage Forms/]]
##[[/Liquid Dosage Forms/]]
##[[/Topical Dosage Forms/]]
##[[/Ophthalmic dosage forms/]]
##[[/Miscellaneous dosage forms/]]
#[[/Drug Platform/]]
#[[/Drug Classification/]]
#[[/Drug Development Challenges/]]
# [[/Development and Discovery of Zanamivir &amp; Oseltamivir for Various Diseases/]]
# [[/Clinical Development of Drugs/]]
# [[/Controlled Substances Act/]]
# [[/Contribution of natural products/]]
# [[/How drugs cross the cell membrane/]]
# [[/MDR Pumps/]]
# [[/Response to Medicine/]]
# [[/Influenza Virus/]]
# [[/Alprazolam/]]
# [[/Amsacrine/]]
# [[/Aspirin/]]
# [[/Valsartan/]]
# [[/Dianabol/]]
# [[/Tylenol/]]
# [[/Prozac/]]
# [[/Anthrax/]]
# [[/Phenelzine/]]
# [[/Pepcid/]]
# [[/Adalat/]]
# [[/Bosulif/]]
# [[/Luvox/]]
# [[/Norethindrone/]]
# [[/Paclitaxel/]]
# [[/Allegra/]]
# [[/Adderall/]]
# [[/Ritalin/]]
# [[/Paxil/]]
# [[/Paxin/]]
# [[/Marijuana/]]
# [[/Benadryl/]]
# [[/Prednisone/]]
# [[/Tobacco and Nicotine/]]
# [[/Alcohol/]]
# [[/Acetaminophen/]]
# [[/Vicodin/]]
# [[/Folic acid/]]
# [[/Ayahuasca/]]
# [[/Viagra (Sildenafil Citrate)/]]
# [[/Vyvanse/]]
# [[/Retrovir/AZT/]]
# [[/Drug Antagonists/]]
# [[/Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors/]]
# [[/Drug Resistance/]]
# [[/Antivirals/]]
# [[/Ketamine/]]
# [[/MDMA/]]
# [[/Cocaine/]]
# [[/Warfarin/]]
# [[/Ibuprofen/]]
# [[/Loratadine/]]
# [[/Nexium/]]
# [[/Methotrexate/]]
# [[/Vancomycin/]]
# [[/Thalidomide/]]
# [[/Simvastatin/]]
# [[/Drug Reward Path In The Brain/]]
# [[/Hurler Syndrome and Treatments/]]
# [[/RNA-Based Drugs/]]
# [[/Antibiotics/]]
# [[/Prodrugs/]]
# [[/Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/]]
# [[/Stages of how a drug passes through the body/]]
# [[/Statin/]]
# [[/Caffeine/]]
# [[/Lysergic acid diethylamide/]]
# [[/Methamphetamine/]]
# [[/Minocycline/]]
# [[/Testosterone and the Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid (AASs)/]]
# [[/Oxycodone/]]
# [[/Contraceptives/]]
# [[/Morphine/]]
# [[/Diprivan/]]
# [[/Rituximab/]]
# [[/Plan B/]]
#[[/Routes of Drug Administration/]]
##[[/Topical/]]
###[[/Epicutaneous/]]
###[[/Eye Drop/]]
###[[/Inhalation/]]
###[[/Intranasal Route/]]
##[[/Enteral/]]
###[[/Oral/]]
###[[/Rectal/]]
###[[/Sublingual/]]
##[[/Parenteral/]]
###[[/Intravenous/]]
###[[/Intramuscular/]]
###[[/Subcutaneous/]]
###[[/Intraarterial/]]
###[[/Intradermal/]]
###[[/Transdermal/]]
###[[/Transmucosal/]]
###[[/Inhalation/]]
#[[/Pharmacokinetics/]]
#[[/PTP1B/]]
#[[/Amphetamine/]]
#[[/Juvenile Hormone/]]
#[[/Phylketonuria (PKU)/]]
#[[/Antibiotic/]]
#[[/Furosemide/]]
#[[/Vitamin C/]]
#[[/Lantipeptides/]]
#[[/ADME/]]
#[[/Pharmacology/]]

===[[/Laboratory and Clinical Relationship/]]===
# [[/Translational Science/]]
## [[/Diabetes/]]
## [[/Alzheimers/]]
#[[/Personalized Medicine/]]
#[[/Model Organisms/]]
#[[/Bridging the gap between basic and clinical investigation/]]

===[[/Histology/]]===
# [[/Types of Stains/]]
##[[/H and E/]]

===[[/Immunohistochemistry/]]===

===[[/Neuroscience/]]===
#[[/Neurons/]]
##[[/Action Potential/]]
##[[/Resting Potential/]]
##[[/Signaling Within Neurons/]]
#[[/Glial Cells/]]
#[[/Neurochemistry/]]
##[[/Neurotransmitters/]]
#[[/Axonal Transport and Disease/]]
##[[/Multiple Sclerosis/]]
#[[/Synapses/]]
#[[/Channelopathies/]]
#[[/Phases of Brain Development/]]
##[[/Neural Induction/]]
##[[/Proliferation/]]
##[[/Migration/]]
##[[/Differentiation/]]
##[[/Synaptogenesis/]]
##[[/Cell Death/Stabilization/]]
##[[/Synaptic Rearrangement/]]
#[[/Neurodegeneration/]]
#[[/Neuroglobin/]]
#[[/Motor Systems/]]
##[[/Basal Ganglia/]]
##[[/Cerebellum/]]

===[[/Systems Biology/]]===
# [[/Systems Biology/Analysis of Programmed Cell Death|Analysis of Programmed Cell Death]]

===[[/Bioinformatics/]]===
# [[/Bioinformatics/Homology|Homology]]
# [[/Bioinformatics/Sequences Alignments|Sequences Alignments]]
# [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments|Structural Alignments]]
#[[/Advances and pitfalls of protein structural alignment/]]
## [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment|Programs Used For Structural Alignment]]
### [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/DALI|DALI]]
### [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/Combinatorial Extension|Combinatorial Extension]]
### [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/SSAP|SSAP]]
### [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/GANGSTA+|GANGSTA+]]
### [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/MAMMOTH|MAMMOTH]]
### [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/RAPIDO|RAPIDO]]
### [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/SABERTOOTH|SABERTOOTH]]
### [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/TOPOFIT|TOPOFIT]]
## [[/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/RNA Structural Alignment|RNA Structural Alignment]]
# [[/Bioinformatics/Evolution Trees|Evolution Trees]]
#[[/Bioimaging/]]
# [[/Bioinformatics/Combinatorial Chemistry|Combinatorial Chemistry]]
# [[/Bioinformatics/Comparative Bioinformatics|Comparative Genomics]]
# [[/Transgenic Animal/]]
##[[/Protein function/Regulation|Regulation]]
#[[/Bioinformatics/Protein Fold Recognition|Protein Fold Recognition]]
#[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemical_Information_Sources/SIRCh/Bioinformatics SIRCh Link for Bioinformateics] (Selected Internet Resources)
#[[/Fold.it/]]

===[[/Molecular Modeling/]]===
#[[/Molecular Modeling/Molecular Docking|Molecular Docking]]
#[[/Molecular Modeling/Molecular Dynamics|Classical Molecular Dynamics]]
#[[/Molecular Modeling/Interactive 3D Model within a PDF|Interactive 3D Model within a PDF]]

===[[/Mental Inertia in the Biological Sciences/|Mental Inertia]]===
#[[/Incorrectly Established Results/]]
#[[/Incorrect Understanding of a Mechanism Action/]]

==[[/Water/]]==
#[[/Unique Properties/]]
#[[/pH/]]
#[[/Buffer/]]
#[[/Osmosis/]]
#[[/Polarity/]]
#[[/Water Gas Reaction/]]

==[[/Proteins/]]==
# [[/Proteins/Amino Acids|Amino Acids]]
##[[/Proteins/Total Chemical Synthesis of a D-Enzyme: The Enantiomers of HIV-1 Protease Show Demonstrations of Reciprocal Chiral Substrate Specificity|Total Chemical Synthesis of a D-Enzyme: The Enantiomers of HIV-1 Protease Show Demonstrations of Reciprocal Chiral Substrate Specificity]]
##[[/Proteins/Nitrogen Fixation|Nitrogen Fixation]]
##[[/Proteins/Amino Acid Degradation|Amino Acid Degradation]]
##[[/Proteins/Amino Acid Biosynthesis|Amino Acid Biosynthesis]]
##[[/Proteins/Recent Progress in Understanding Alzheimer's β-Amyloid structures|Proteins/Recent Progress in Understanding Alzheimer's β-Amyloid structures]]
# [[/Proteins/Proteins|Proteins]]
## [[/Proteins/Structures|Structures]]
## [[/Proteins/Surface Layer Proteins|Surface Layer Proteins]]
## [[/Proteins/Protein Folding|Protein Folding]]
## [[/Proteins/Ramachandron Plot|Ramachandron Plot]]
## [[/Proteins/Protein Folding Problem|Protein Folding Problem]]
## [[/Proteins/Protein Folding on the Ribosome|Protein Folding on the Ribosome]]
## [[/Proteins/Assembly of bacterial inner membrane proteins|Assembly of bacterial inner membrane proteins]]
## [[/Proteins/Protein Folding to New Enzymes|Protein Folding to New Enzymes]]
## [[/Proteins/Fibrous Proteins|Fibrous Proteins]]
## [[/Proteins/Unfolded Protein Response|Unfolded Protein Response]]
## [[/Proteins/Signaling Control of Splicing Proteins|Signaling Control of Splicing Proteins]]
##[[/Analyzing and visualizing residue networks of protein structures/]]
## [[/Binding-sites Predictions assisting protein-protein Docking/]]
# [[/Proteins/Developing Novel Classifications of Protein Structure|Developing Novel Classifications of Protein Structure]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein Studies|Techniques to Study Proteins]]
##[[/Counting proteins using fluorescence microscopy/]]
# [[/Proteostasis/]]
## [[/Proteins/Synthesis|Synthesis]]
###[[/Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthesis/]]
###[[/Bacterial Protein Synthesis/]]
## [[/Proteins/Purification|Purification]]
### [[/Proteins/Purification/Differential Centrifugation|Differential Centrifugation]]
### [[/Proteins/Purification/Salting Out|Salting Out]]
### [[/Proteins/Purification/Capillary Electrophoresis|Capillary Electrophoresis]]
### [[/Proteins/Purification/High Pressure Liquid chromatography|High pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)]]
#### [[/Proteins/Purification/Gel-Filtration chromatography|Gel-filtration Chromatography]]
#### [[/Proteins/Purification/Ion-Exchange chromatography|Ion-Exchange Chromatography]]
#### [[/Proteins/Purification/Affinity chromatography|Affinity Chromatography]]
#### [[/Proteins/Purification/Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography|Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC)]]
#### [[/Chromatography/Column|Column Chromatography]]
#### [[/Chromatography/Planar|Planar Chromatography]]
##### [[/Chromatography/Paper|Paper Chromatography]]
##### [[/Chromatography/Thin Layer|Thin Layer Chromatography]]
#### [[/Chromatography/Gas|Gas Chromatography]]
#### [[/Chromatography/Liquid|Liquid Chromatography]]
### [[/Proteins/Purification/Isoelectric Focusing|Isoelectric Focusing]]
### [[/Proteins/Purification/Dialysis|Dialysis]]
### [[/Proteins/Purification|MicroPurification]]
## [[/Proteins/Analysis of Purification Result|Analysis of Purification Results]]
### [[/Identifying Proteins|Identifying Proteins]]
#### [[/Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis|Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis]]
### [[/Quantifying Proteins|Quantifying Proteins]]
#### [[/Proteins/Gel Electrophoresis|Gel Electrophoresis]]
####[[/Proteins/Purification/SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis|SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis]][[/Proteins/Purification/Edman Sequencing|Edman Sequencing]]
####[[/Proteins/Purification/SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis|SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis]][[/Proteins/Purification/Micro-Purification /Edman Sequencing|Edman Sequencing]]
#### [[/Proteins/Zonal Centrifugation|Zonal Centrifugation]]
#### [[/Bradford Assay|Bradford Assay]]
###[[/Quantum Dots/]]
### [[/Analysis of Membrane Proteins|Analysis of Membrane Proteins]]
####[[/VDAC-1 and Analysis Using Solution NMR/]]
## [[/Analytical Ultracentrifugation/]]
## [[/Crosslinking Technique/]]
## [[/Proteins/Protein sequence determination techniques|Protein Sequence Determination Techniques]]
### [[/Proteins/Proteolytic Analysis of Proteins|Proteolytic Analysis of Proteins]]
### [[/Protein sequence determination techniques/Mass Spectroscopy|Mass Spectroscopy]]
## [[/Proteins/Protein Structure determination methods|Protein Structure Determination Methods]]
### [[/Proteins/NMR Spectroscopy|NMR Spectroscopy]]
###[[/Proteins/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (DXMS)|Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry]]
### [[/Proteins/X-ray Crystallography|X-ray Crystallography]]
### [[/Proteins/Cryo-Electron Microscopy|Cryo-Electron Microscopy]]
### [[/Proteins/Infrared Spectroscopy|Infrared Spectroscopy]]
### [[/Proteins/Neutron Diffraction|Neutron Diffraction]]
### [[/Proteins/Continuous Theory of Protein Structure|Continuous Theory of Protein Structure]]
## [[/Analyzing protein structure and function using ancestral gene reconstruction/]]
## [[/Proteins/Measuring Enzymatic Activity Using Spectroscopy|Measuring Enzymatic Activity Using Spectroscopy]]
## [[/Proteins/Protein Glycosylation|Protein Glycosylation]]
## [[/Comparison of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Proteolytic Cascades/]]
## [[/Conformational changes in Adenylyl Cyclases control regulation of signal transduction/]]
## [[/Prion Protein Misfolding and Disease/]]
## [[/Proteins/Immunology; Another Approach toward Protein Investigation|Immunology: Another Approach Towards Protein Analysis]]
### [[/Proteins/Antibody and Antigen Interaction|Antibody and Antigen Interaction]]
#### [[/Proteins/Agglunation reactions|Agglunation Reactions]]
### [[/Proteins/Usage of Antibody in Protein Research|Use of Antibodies in Protein Research]]
#### [[/Proteins/Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA)|Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA)]]
#### [[/Proteins/Western Blotting|Western Blotting]]
#### [[/Proteins/Fluorescent Marker|Fluorescent Marker]]
#### [[/Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot Assay (ELISpot)/]]
### [[/Proteins/Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody|Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies]]
#### [[/Proteins/Sources of production of Monoclonal antibody|Sources of Monoclonal Antibody Production]]
### [[/Proteins/Preparation of Polyclonal Antibody|Preparation of Polyclonal Antibodies]]
### [[/Dynamic Light Scattering|Dynamic Light Scattering]]
##[[/Site Prediction/]]
##[[/Protein Misfolding and Human Disease/]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein Translation|Protein Translation]]
##[[/Proteins/Myristoylation|Myristoylation]]
##[[/Proteins/Internal Ribosome Entry Sites|Internal Ribosome Entry Sites]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein Modification|Protein Modification]]
##[[/Proteins/Palmitoylation|Palmitoylation]]
##[[/Proteins/Prenylation|Prenylation]]
# [[/Proteins/Posttranslational Modification of Proteins|Posttranslational Modification of Proteins]]
##[[/Proteins/Adenylation|Adenylation]]
##[[/Proteins/ADP-Ribosylation|ADP-Ribosylation]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Acetylation|Acetylation]]
##[[/Proteins/Histone Modifications|Histone Modifications]]
###[[/Fast signals and slow marks: the dynamics of histone modifications/]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein Phosphorylation by Protein Kinases|Protein Phosphorylation by Protein Kinases]]
##[[/NMP Kinase/]]
##[[/Phosphatase PHLPP/]]
##[[/Phosphatidylserine Binding Motif and PKC/]]
##[[/Pleckstrin Homology Domain Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase/]]
#[[/Detection of Phosphorylation/]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein in Signal Transduction|Protein in Signal Transduction]]
# [[/Proteins/Integrin Proteins|Integrin Proteins]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein in Signal Transduction|Conformational changes in Adenylyl Cyclases control regulation of signal transduction]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein O-GlcNAcylation by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)|Protein O-GlcNAcylation by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein Acetylation by Lipids|Protein Acetylation by Lipids]]
##[[/Proteins are modified by fatty acids /]]
# [[/Proteins/Protein Functions|Protein Functions]]
##[[/Structural/]]
##[[/Binding/]]
###[[/Myoglobin/]]
###[[/Hemoglobin/]]
###[[/Hemocyanin/]]
###[[/Protein-Protein Interaction Network/]]
##[[/Catalysis/]]
###[[/Catalytic Strategies/Enzyme Classification|Enzyme Classification]]
###[[/Proteases/]]
##[[/Switching/]]
#[[/Protein function/Regulation|Regulation]]
##[[/Protein function/Interferon2|Interferon]]
##[[/Protein function/HIF|HIF]]
##[[/Protein function/HIF switch|HIF switch]]
##[[/Protein function/VHL|VHL]]
#[[/Protein function/Lysozyme|Lysozyme]]
#[[/Oct Proteins/]]
#[[/Lafora Disease/]]
#[[/Other Non-Common Amino Acids/]]
#[[/Inherently Disordered Proteins/]]
#[[/Stability, Mutation and Evolvability/]]
#[[/Protein Disorder/]]
#[[/Nonribosomal Peptide Synthestases (NRPSs)//]]
#[[/Overcoming Challenges of Protein Crystallography//]]
#[[/Protein Evolution/]]
#[[/Sirtuins/]]
#[[/Collagen/]]
#[[/Serpins/]]
#[[/Glycoproteins/]]
##[[/Glycoproteins/Ebola Virus|Ebola Virus]]
#[[/Protein Design/]]
#[[/Protein Design &amp; Drug Delivery/]]
#[[/Drug Delivery/]]
#[[/Beta-Propeller Proteins/]]
#[[/WD40 Domains/]]
#[[/Bub1 and BubR1/]]
#[[/APOBEC3G/]]
#[[/Glutaredoxins/]]
#[[/TAX1BP1/]]
#[[/TPD-43/]]
===[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Protein Function|Protein Function]]===
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Binding|Binding]]
##[[/Protein function/Conformational Selection|Conformational Selection]]
##[[/Protein function/Ligand|Ligand]]
###[[/Protein function/Ligand/Metal Binding Sites|Metal Binding Sites]]
##[[/Protein function/Binding Sites|Binding Sites]]
##[[/Protein function/Lock and Key|Lock and Key]]
##[[/Protein function/Induced Fit|Induced Fit]]
##[[/Protein function/Transition-state Model|Transition-state Model]]
##[[/Protein function/Binding Sites/Cooperativity|Cooperativity]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Integral Membrane Protein|Integral Membrane Protein]]
##[[/Protein function/Integral Membrane Protein|Alpha Helical Membrane Protein]]
#[[/Protein function/Heme group/Myoglobin|Myoglobin]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group|Heme Group]]
###[[/Bilirubin/]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Biological Roles of Metal Ions|Biological Roles of Metal Ions]]
##[[/Protein function/Myoglobin's Oxygen Binding Curve|Myoglobin's Oxygen Binding Curve]]
##[[/Protein function/Additional Globins2|Additional Globins]]
#[[/Protein function/Hemoglobin|Hemoglobin]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Hemoglobin|Hemoglobin-Heme Group]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Hemoglobin/Sickle disease|Sickle Cell Anemia]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Hemoglobin/Thalassemia|Thalassemia]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Hemoglobin/AHSP|AHSP]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Hemoglobin/Bohr Effect|Bohr Effect]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Hemoglobin/Affinity Constant|Affinity Constant]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Hemoglobin/Dissociation Constant|Dissociation Constant]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Regulation|Regulation]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Regulation/Regulation by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate|Regulation by 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)]]
##[[/Protein function/Oxygen-Binding Curve|Oxygen-Binding Curve]]
##[[/Protein function/Heme group/Other Globins|Other Globins]]
#[[/Protein function/Antibodies|Antibodies]]
##[[/Protein function/Epitope|Epitope]]
##[[/Protein function/Antigen|Antigen]]
##[[/Protein function/Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)|Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)]]
###[[/Protein function/Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)/MHC Class I|MHC Class I]]
###[[/Protein function/Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)/MHC Class II|MHC Class II]]
##[[/Protein function/Abzyme|Abzyme]]
#[[/Protein function/Myosin|Myosin]]
#[[/Protein function/Actin|Actin]]
#[[/Protein function/Insulin|Insulin]]
#[[/Protein function/DNA Binding|DNA Binding]]
#[[/Fluorescent Proteins/]]
#[[/G Proteins/]]
#[[/LPA Receptors/]]
#[[/G Protein Mechanism/]]
#[[/Ferritin/]]
#[[/Siderochromes/]]
#[[/The &quot;fuzzy&quot; interactome/]]
#[[/Protein Folding and Chaperones/]]
##[[/Protein Folding Rates/]]
##[[/Heat Shock Proteins/]]
#[[/CCN Proteins/]]
#[[/Prion Proteins/]]
#[[/Bacterial Proteins/]]
#[[/Ubiquitin/]]
#[[/Cdc48/]]
#[[/TGFβ and Integrins/]]
#[[/AB5 Toxins/]]
#[[/PHD Finger/]]
#[[/TATA-Binding Protein/]]
#[[/Chaperone Proteins/]]
##[[/HSP90/]]
#[[/Function Attribution/]]
#[[/Unfolded Protein Response/]]
#[[/TDP-43/]]

===[[/Membrane Proteins/]]===
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Active Transport|Active Transport]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Passive Transport|Passive Transport]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Membrane Gradients and its Thermodynamics|Membrane Gradients and Thermodynamics]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/P-Type ATPases|P-type ATPases]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins|ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Symporters|Symporters]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Antiporters|Antiporters]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Uniporters|Uniporters]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Ion Channels|Ion Channels]]
##[[/Membrane Proteins/Ion Channels/Patch Clamp|Patch Clamp]]
##[[/Membrane Proteins/Ion Channels/Transient receptor potential channel|Transient receptor potential channel]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Ligand-gated Ion Channels|Ligand-gated Ion Channels]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Gap Junctions|Gap Junctions]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Water Channels|Water Channels]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Nuclear Pore Complex|Nuclear Pore Compex]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Cotransporters|Cotransporters]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Control Systems:Nervous System|Control Systems:Nervous System]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/The Evolution of Membrane Proteins|The Evolution of Membrane Proteins]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Organizational Scheme for Protein Function|Organizational Scheme for Protein Function]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Methods for Studying Membrane Proteins|Methods for Studying Membrane Proteins]]
##[[/Membrane Proteins/Methods for Studying Membrane Proteins/Solution NMR Spectroscopy|Solution NMR Spectroscopy]]
##[[/Membrane Proteins/Methods for Studying Membrane Proteins/Electron crystallography of proteins in membranes|Electron crystallography of proteins in membranes]]
##[[/Membrane Proteins/Methods for Studying Membrane Proteins/Cryo-electron Tomography and 3D Image Averaging|Cryo-electron Tomography and 3D Image Averaging]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Assembly of Membrane Proteins into Complexes|Assembly of Membrane Proteins into Complexes]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Topology|Topology]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/G Protein Coupled Receptor|G Protein Coupled Receptor]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Multidrug-Resistance Pumps|Multidrug-Resistance Pumps]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins|Study of Protein structure in lipid bilayer: Electron crystallography]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Folding|Folding]]
#[[/Membrane Proteins/Membrane Curvature|Membrane Curvature]]
# [[/Hydrophobicity scales/]]
#[[/Membrane Protein stresses in fusion and fission/]]
#[[/Mucus Membrane System/]]
#[[/Secretin/]]
#[[/Binding of the Drug Amantadine to the Proton Channels of the M2 Protein in the Influenza Virus/]]
#[[/TA proteins (GET) pathway in young men/]]

==[[/Carbohydrates/]]==
# [[/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides|Monosaccharides]]
## [[/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides|Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides]]
#[[/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrate Structure Elucidation through Periodic Acid Cleavage|Carbohydrate Structure Elucidation through Periodic Acid Cleavage]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Ketoses|Ketoses]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Aldoses|Aldoses]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Disaccharides|Disaccharides]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Oligosaccharides|Oligosaccharides]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Sequencing Oligosaccharides using glycosidases|Sequencing Oligosaccharides Using Glycosidases]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides|Polysaccharides]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Chitin]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Glycans|Glycans]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis|Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Glycoproteins|Glycoproteins]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrate Derivatives|Carbohydrate Derivatives]]
# [[/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates and Proteins|Carbohydrates and Proteins]]
## [[/Carbohydrates/Lectins|Lectins]]
##[[/Carbohydrates/Glycosaminoglycans|Glycosaminoglycans]]
## [[/Carbohydrates/Proteoglycans|Proteoglycans]]
## [[/Carbohydrates/Blood Type|Blood Type]]
##[[/Carbohydrates/Virus|Virus]]
### [[/Carbohydrates/Virus/Mechanism behind HIV Infection|Mechanism behind HIV Infection]]
#[[/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrate Metabolism|Carbohydrate Metabolism]]
#[[/Carbohydrates/Glycogen Breakdown|Glycogen Breakdown]]

==[[/Lipids/]]==
#[[/Lipids/Fatty Acids|Fatty Acids]]
##[[/Triacylglycerols/]]
#[[/Lipids/Cholesterol|Cholesterol]]
## [[/Lipids/Biosynthesis of Cholestrol/|Biosynthesis of Cholestrol]]
##[[/Lipids/Lipoproteins/|Lipoproteins]]
#[[/Lipids/Biological Membranes|Biological Membranes]]
#[[/Lipids/Membrane Lipids|Membrane Lipids]]
#[[/Lipids/Membrane Transport|Membrane Transport]]
#[[/Membrane Fusion/]]
#[[/Membrane Fission/]]
#[[/Lipids/Micelles|Micelles]]
#[[/Lipids/Lipid Bilayer|Lipid Bilayer]]
#[[/Lipids/Membrane Fluidity|Membrane Fluidity]]
#[[/Lipids/Fluid Mosaic Model|Fluid Mosaic Model]]
#[[/Lipids/Techniques to Study Membranes|Techniques to Study Membranes]]
## [[/Lipids/Techniques to Study Membranes/Electron Microscopy|Electron Microscopy]]
## [[/Lipids/Techniques to Study Membranes/Preparation of Bilayers and Vesicles|Preparation of Bilayers and Vesicles]]
## [[/Lipids/Techniques to Study Membranes/Scanning Calorimetry|Scanning Calorimetry]]
## [[/Lipids/Techniques to Study Membranes/Fluorescence Photo Bleaching|Fluorescence Photo Bleaching]]
#[[/Lipids/Waxes, Soaps, and Detergents|Waxes, Soaps, and Detergents]]
## [[/Lipids/Fatty Wax|Fatty Wax]]
## [[/Lipids/Soap|Soap]]
## [[/Lipids/Detergents|Detergents]]
#[[/Lipids/Isoprenoids|Isoprenoids]]
#[[/Lipids/Lipid Rafts|Lipid Rafts]]
#[[/Lipids/Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Studies]]
#[[/Lipids/Mass Spectrometry-Based Structure Determination of Novel Lipids|Mass Spectrometry-Based Structure Determination of Novel Lipids]]
#[[/Receptor-mediated Endocytosis/]]
#[[/Lipids/Biosynthesis|Biosynthesis]]
##[[/Lipids/Biosynthesis|Triacylglycerols]]
#[[/Lipid activation of protein kinases/]]
#[[/Degradation of Odd-Chain and Unsaturated Fatty Acids/]]
#[[/Liposomes/]]
#[[/Lipid Droplets and Cellular Lipid Metabolism/]]

==[[/Nucleic Acids/]]==
# [[/Nucleic Acid/Structure|Structure]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Phosphate|Phosphate]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Sugars|Sugars]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/Sugars/Deoxyribose Sugar|Deoxyribose]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/Sugars/Ribose|Ribose]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases|Nitrogenous Bases]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines|Purines]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Adenine|Adenine]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Guanine|Guanine]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Purine|Purine]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Hypoxanthine|Hypoxanthine]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Xanthine|Xanthine]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Purines/Theobromine|Theobromine]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines|Pyrimidines]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines/Cytosine|Cytosine]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines/Uracil|Uracil]]
#### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Pyrimidines/Thymine|Thymine]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/Nitrogenous Bases/Ribonucleotide Reductase|Ribonucleotide Reductase]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Nucleotides|Nucleotides]]
# [[/Nucleic Acid/Connection between monomers|Connection Between Monomers]]
# [[/Nucleic Acid/DNA|DNA]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/DNA structure|DNA structure]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/DNA structure/Telomeres|Telomeres]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/DNA structure/Unusual Structures|Unusual Structures]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Supercoiling and Nucleosomes|Supercoiling and Nucleosomes]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Palindromic Sequencing|Palindromic Sequencing]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/DNA Denaturation|DNA Denaturation]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiment|Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiment]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Hershey-Chase Experiment|Hershey-Chase Experiment]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Chargaff's Experiments|Chargaff's Experiments]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Watson and Crick's Article|Watson and Crick's Article]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Franklin's DNA X-ray Crystallography|Franklin's DNA X-ray Crystallography]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Replication Process|Replication Process]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Replication Process/DNA Polymerase|DNA Polymerase]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Replication Process/DNA Initiation|DNA Initiation]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Meselson-Stahl Experiment|Meselson-Stahl Experiment]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Knockout Mouse|Knockout Mouse]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Transgenic Animals|Transgenic Animals]]
##[[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/Transgenic Plants|Transgenic Plants]]
##[[/The Hypochromic Effect/]]
##[[/DNA Repair/]]
###[[/DNA Repair/Mismatch Repair|Mismatch Repair]]
###[[/DNA Repair/Polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase in DNA strand break repair|Polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase in DNA strand break repair]]
##[[/DNA Packaging/]]
##[[/DNA as Nanomaterial/]]
##[[/Structural DNA Nanotechnology/]]
##[[/Holliday Junction/]]
##[[/Proliferative and Antiproliferative Genes/]]
##[[/Protein-DNA Recognition/]]
##[[/Transcription Regulation by Mediator/]]
##[[/Chromatin and Aging/]]
##[[/Chromatin regulation and genome maintenance by mammalian SIRT6/]]
# [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA|RNA]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/Messenger RNA (mRNA)|Messenger RNA (mRNA)]]
### [[/Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay/]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/Transfer RNA (tRNA)|Transfer RNA (tRNA)]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)|Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/Small RNA|Small RNA]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/MicroRNA (miRNA)|MicroRNA (miRNA)]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/Other RNA|Other RNA]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA Polymerase|RNA Polymerase]]
### [[/Single-molecule study of RNAP/]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase|RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA Helicase|RNA Helicase]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/Riboswitch|Riboswitch]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA Folding|RNA Folding]]
### [[/Mechanical Unfolding of RNA/]]
##[[/Short RNAs/]]
### [[/Salt Effects on Mechanical Folding/]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA Interference|RNA Interference (RNAi)]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA Interference/RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex)|RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex)]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Difference between DNA and RNA|Differences between DNA and RNA]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Transcription|Transcription]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/]]
### [[/Transcription/]]
### [[/Reverse Transcription/]]
### [[/RNA Polymerase II/]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/mRNA processing and transfer|mRNA processing and transfer]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Translation|Translation]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA modification|RNA Modification]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA modification/Introns|Introns]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA modification/Exons|Exons]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA modification/RNA splicing|RNA Splicing]]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA modification/snRNP|snRNP]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA modification/RNA Degradation|RNA Degradation]]
### [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/RNA/RNA_modification/RNA_Degradation/RNaseT2_Functionality/ RNaseT2 Functionality]
### [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA modification/Ribonucleases|Ribonucleases]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/DNA/DNA structure/Telomeres|Telomere]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA purification|RNA Purification]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA Extraction|RNA Extraction]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/Short RNAs Sequencing| Short RNA (sRNA Sequencing)]]
## [[/Nematode RNA/]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/RNA/RNA Secondary Structure|RNA Secondary Structure]]
## [[/Making RISC's/]]
##[[/Diverse Interctions of retroviral Gag proteins with RNAs/]]

# [[/DNA manipulation techniques|DNA Manipulation Techniques]]
##[[/Maintaining Genome Integrity]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Restriction endonucleases|Restriction Endonucleases]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Southern Blot|Southern Blot]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Northern Blot|Northern Blot]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/DNA sequencing|DNA Sequencing]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/DNA Cataloging|DNA Cataloging]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/DNA synthesis|DNA Synthesis]]
## [[/DNA Amplification Technique:Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)|DNA Amplification]]
## [[/Precipitation of Nucleic Acids With Alcohols|Alcohol Precipitation]]
## [[/Gene Regulation|Gene Regulation]]
### [[/Synthetic Biology/]]
### [[/Zinc fingers/]]
### [[/Metabolites/]]
### [[/REM/]]
##[[/Bacterial transformation technique/|Bacterial Transformation Technique]]
# [[/Genetic code|Genetic Code]]
#[[/Gene Expression/]]
##[[/Gatekeepers of Chromatin: Small Metabolites Elicit Big Changes in Gene Expression/]]
# [[/DNA Mutation/]]
## [[/Transposons/]]
## [[/Copy Number Variants/]]
## [[/Genetic Diseases/]]
### [[/Tay-Sachs/]]
##[[/Mitochondrial Diseases/]]
### [[/Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy/]]
# [[/Enzymes Used for Cloning/|Cloning Enzymes]]
## [[/Enzymes Used for Cloning/]]
### [[/T4 DNA Ligase/]]
### [[/T4 RNA Ligase/]]
### [[/T4 Polynucleotide Kinase/]]
### [[/Calf Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase/]]
### [[/RecA Protein/]]
### [[/AgarACE ®, Enzyme/|AgarACE&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; Enzyme]]
## [[/Cloning Tips/]]
## [[/The Stepwise Process of How DNA is Cloned and Inserted into the Vector/|Process of DNA Cloning and Vector Insertion]]
## [[/Genetic code/Immune System|Immune System]]
# [[/Genome Regulation/]]
# [[/Genome Analysis/]]
## [[/DNA Gel Electrophoresis|DNA Gel Electrophoresis]]
## [[/Genome Analysis/DNA Microarrays|DNA Microarrays]]
## [[/Genome Analysis/Sequenced Genomes|Sequenced Genomes]]
## [[/Genome Analysis/Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)|Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)]]
## [[/Genome Analysis/The Impact of Genome Analysis on Medicine|The Impact of Genome Analysis on Medicine]]
## [[/Genome Analysis/Karyotyping|Karyotyping]]
# [[/DNA recombinant techniques|DNA Recombinant Techniques]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/History and Study of Bacteriophage Lambda|History and Study of Bacteriophage Lambda]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Plasmid|Plasmid]]
###[[/DNA recombinant techniques/Plasmid/Lytic Pathway|Lytic Pathway]]
###[[/DNA recombinant techniques/Plasmid/Lysogenic Pathway|Lysogenic Pathway]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Genomic Library|Genomic Library]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Detecting specific genes|Detecting Specific Genes]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Mutagenesis|Mutagenesis]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Designer Genes|Designer Genes]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Human Genome Project|Human Genome Project]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Gene Therapy|Gene Therapy]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Artificial Chromosomes|Artificial Chromosomes]]
### [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Artificial Chromosomes/Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)|Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)]]
### [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Artificial Chromosomes/Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)|Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/Electroporation|Electroporation]]
## [[/DNA recombinant techniques/293T Cells|293T Cells]]

### [[/Bacterial Gram Stain/]]
## [[/Nucleic Acid/Heredity and Related Experiments|Heredity and Related Experiments]]
##[[/Directed Changes in DNA|Directed Changes in DNA]]
##[[/Eukaryotic Recombination|Eukaryotic Recombination]]
# [[/Single Molecule DNA Sequencing|Single Molecule DNA Sequencing]]
# [[/Methods for Determining Recombinant DNA in the Environment/]]
#[[/Polyermase Chain Reaction/]]
##[[/Polyermase Chain Reaction/How PCR is Performed/|How PCR is Performed]]
##[[/Polyermase Chain Reaction/Uses of PCR/|Uses of PCR]]
# [[/Nucleic Acid/DNA of the Future|DNA of the Future (The Many Faces of DNA)]]
# [[/Mitochondrial DNA/]]
# [[/ATP/]]
# [[/Function Attribution of Gene &amp; Gene Products/]]
# [[/30nm chromatin fibers/]]

==[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Catalysis|Catalysis]]==
#[[/Enzyme|Enzyme]]
##[[/Enzyme/Binding energy|Binding Energy]]
##[[/Enzyme/Desolvation|Desolvation]]
##[[/Enzyme/Ground state|States: Ground, Pre-steady,&amp; Steady]]
##[[/Enzyme/Coenzymes|Coenzymes]]
##[[/Enzyme/Cofactors|Cofactors]]
##[[/Enzyme/Prosthetic Group|Prosthetic Group]]
##[[/Enzyme/Apoenzyme and Holoenzyme|Apoenzyme and Holoenzyme]]
##[[/Enzyme/Active Site|Active Site and Enzyme Specificity]]
##[[/Enzyme/Catalytic Triad|Catalytic Triad]]
##[[/Enzyme/Evolution of Enzymes|Evolution of Enzymes]]
##[[/Enzyme/Transition-State Binding Principle|Transition-State Binding Principle]]
#[[/Enzyme/Zymogen|Zymogen]]
#[[/Enzyme/Gibbs free energy graph|Gibbs Free Energy Diagram]]
##[[/Enzyme/Transition state|Transition State]]
##[[/Enzyme/Activation energy|Activation Energy]]
##[[/Enzyme/Reaction intermediates|Reaction Intermediates]]
#[[/Enzyme/Rates and constants|Rates and Constants]]
##[[/Enzyme/Rate constant|Rate Constant]]
##[[/Enzyme/Rate equation|Rate Equation]]
##[[/Enzyme/Rate-limiting step|Rate-limiting Step]]
##[[/Enzyme/Equilibrium constant|Equilibrium Constant]]
##[[/Enzyme/Initial rate|Initial Rate]]
#[[/Enzyme/Mechanisms|Mechanisms]]
##[[/Enzyme/Acid-Base Catalysis|Acid-Base Catalysis]]
##[[/Enzyme/Covalent Catalysis|Covalent Catalysis]]
##[[/Enzyme/Metal Ion Catalysis|Metal Ion Catalysis]]
##[[/Enzyme/Catalysis By Approximation|Catalysis By Approximation]]
#[[/Enzyme/Michaelis and Menten Equation|Michaelis-Menten Equation]]
##[[/Enzyme/Michaelis constant|Michaelis Constant]]
##[[/Enzyme/Kcat/Km|K&lt;sub&gt;cat&lt;/sub&gt;/K&lt;sub&gt;M&lt;/sub&gt;]]
##[[/Enzyme/Kinetic Perfection|Kinetic Perfection]]
##[[/Enzyme/Maximum velocity|Maximum Velocity]]
##[[/Enzyme/sequential reactions|Sequential Reactions]]
##[[/Enzyme/Double displacement reactions|Double Displacement Reactions]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/pingpong mechanism|Ping-Pong Mechanism]]
##[[/Enzyme/Allosteric Enzymes|Allosteric Enzymes]]
#[[/Enzyme/Double-Reciprocal plot: Lineweaver Burk plote|Double-Reciprocal Plot]]
#[[/Enzyme/Reversible Inhibitors|Reversible Inhibitors]]
##[[/Enzyme/Competitive Inhibitor|Competitive Inhibitor]]
##[[/Enzyme/Uncompetitive Inhibitor|Uncompetitive Inhibitor]]
##[[/Enzyme/Noncompetitive Inhibitor|Noncompetitive Inhibitor]]
#[[/Enzyme/Irreversible Inhibitor|Irreversible Inhibitor]]
##[[/Enzyme/Group Specific Reagent|Group Specific Reagent]]
##[[/Enzyme/Affinity Labels (reactive substrate analogs)|Affinity Labels]]
##[[/Enzyme/Suicide Inhibitors|Suicide Inhibitors]]
#[[/Enzyme/Time-dependent Inhibition|Time-dependent Inhibition]]
#[[/Enzyme/Transition State Analogs|Transition-State Analogs]]
#[[/Enzyme/Penicillin|Penicillin]]
#[[/Enzyme/Effects of pH on enzyme activity|Effects of pH on Enzyme Activity]]
#[[/Enzyme/Site-Directed Mutagenesis|Site-Directed Mutagenesis]]
#[[/Enzyme/Multi-substrate reactions|Multi-substrate reactions]]
#[[/Enzyme/Catalytic antibodies|Catalytic antibodies]]
#[[/Enzyme/Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Activity|Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Activity]]
===[[/Specific Enzymes and Catalytic Mechanisms/]]===
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Proteases|Proteases]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Hydrolysis|Hydrolysis]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Proteases/Chymotrypsin|Chymotrypsin]]
##[[/Enzyme/Cysteine Proteases|Cysteine Proteases]]
##[[/Enzyme/Aspartyl Proteases|Aspartyl Proteases]]
##[[/Enzyme/Serine Proteases|Serine Proteases]]
##[[/Enzyme/Threonine Proteases|Threonine Proteases]]
##[[/Enzyme/Metalloproteases|Metalloproteases]]
##[[/Enzyme/Catalytic Triad and S1 Pocket|Catalytic Triad and S&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; Pocket]]
##[[/Enzyme/AAA+ Proteases|AAA+ Proteases]]
##[[/Enzyme/HIV-1 Proteases|HIV-1 Proteases]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Dehydrogenases|Dehydrogenases]]
#[[/Enzyme/Enzyme Phenylalanine Hydrozylase (PAH)|Enzyme Phenylalanine Hydrozylase (PAH)]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Carbonic Anhydrase|Carbonic Anhydrase]]
#[[/Carboxypeptidase/]]
#[[/Kinase/]]
##[[/Kinase/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase|Cyclin-Dependent Kinase]]
##[[/Kinase/MPS1|MPS1]]
#[[/Biophysical Studies of Bacterial Ribosome Assembly/]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Restriction Enzyme|Restriction Enzyme]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/BamHI|BamHI]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/EcoRI|EcoRI]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/HindIII|HindIII]]
##[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/XbaI|XbaI]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Glutathione Reductase|Glutathione Reductase]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Nucleoside Monophosphate Kinase|Nucleotide Monophosphate Kinase]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Phillips mechanism|Phillips mechanism]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Isomerases|Isomerases]]
##[[/Enzyme/Isomerases/Triose Phosphate Isomerase|Triose Phosphate Isomerase]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/pingpong mechanism|Ping-Pong Mechanism]]
#[[/Enzyme/Acetyltransferase|Acetyltransferase]]
#[[/Enzyme/Deacetylase|Deacetylase]]
#[[/Enzyme/Radical-SAM Enzyme|Radical-SAM Enzyme]]
##[[/Enzyme/FeMo Cofactor and FeFe-Hydrogenase|FeMo Cofactor and FeFe-Hydrogenase]]
#[[/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Summary|Summary]]
#[[/Membrane Traffic/]]
#[[/Cold-Adapted enzymes/]]
#[[/Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase/]]
#[[/Cytochrome b6f Complex/]]
#[[/Cytochrome P450 Enzyme/]]
#[[/Deaminase/]]
#[[/Drug metabolism enzymes/]]
#[[/MAO B enzyme/]]
#[[/Cyclooxygenase enzyme/]]
#[[/PLC enzyme/]]
#[[/Polynucleotide Kinase/Phosphatase enzyme/]]
#[[/NLR Sensors/]]
#[[/GTPase/]]
#[[/Palmitoyl Transferase/]]

===[[/Enzyme Regulation/]]===
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Feedback inhibition|Feedback Inhibition]]
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Isozymes|Isozymes]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Isoenzyme analysis|Enzyme Regulation/Isoenzyme Analysis]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Enzyme and Metabolite Interactions and Gene Regulation based on RNA/]]
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Reversible covalent modification|Reversible Covalent Modification]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Phosphorylation|Phosphorylation]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Ubiquitination|Ubiquitination]]
###[[/Enzyme Regulation/Multitasking With Ubiquitin Through Multivalent Interactions|Multitasking With Ubiquitin Through Multivalent Interactions]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Methylation|Methylation]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Acetylation|Acetylation]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Adenylation|Adenylation]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Myristoylation|Myristoylation]]
##[[/Enzyme Regulation/Protein Lysine Acetylation in metabolism|Protein Lysine Acetylation in metabolism]]
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Proteolytic activation|Proteolytic Activation]]
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Enzyme Cascades|Enzyme Cascades]]
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Transcription activation|Transcription Activation]]
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Cooperativity|Allosteric Control]]
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Cooperativity|Irreversible Inhibition]]
#[[/Enzyme Regulation/Amino Acid Sensing and Transporting|Amino Acid Sensing and Transporting]]

===[[/Hormones/]]===
#[[/Testosterone/]]
#[[/Estrogen/]]
#[[/Xenohormones/]]
##[[/Alkylphenols/]]
#[[/Human Chorionic Gonadotropins/]]
#[[/Pheromones/]]
#[[/Gastrin/]]
#[[/Epinephrine/]]
#[[/Human Placental Lactogen/]]

==Key Words==
# [[/General Terms/]]
#[[/Protein Terms/]]
#[[/Contentious Terms/]]
#[[/Carbohydrate Terms/]]
#[[/Lipids and Cell Membrane Terms/]]
#[[/DNA and RNA Terms/]]
#[[/Evolution and Bioinformatics Terms/]]
#[[/Enzyme Terms/]]
#[[/Apoptosis/]]

==Influential Structural Biochemists==
# [[/Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin/]]
# [[/Albert Claude/]]
# [[/Christian de Duve/]]
#[[/Venkatraman Ramakrishnan/]]
# [[/Roger D. Kornberg/]]
#[[/Elizabeth F. Neufeld/]]
#[[/Ivan Berkes/]]
#[[/James C. Wang/]]
#[[/Nobuhiko Katunuma/]]
#[[/Matthias W. Hentze/]]
#[[/Rosalind Franklin/]]
#[[/Shigeru Tsuiki/]]
#[[/Paul D. Boyer/]]
#[[/Maria Manasseina/]]
#[[/Frederick Sanger/]]
#[[/Edwin G. Krebs/]]
#[[/John C. Kendrew/]]
#[[/Selman A. Waksman/]]
#[[/William H. Stein/]]
#[[/Vaclaw L. Kretovich/]]
#[[/Linus Pauling/]]

==[[/Helpful Mnemonics/]]==

==[[/Natural Products/]]==
#[[/Carbon-Phosphorus Bond/]]

==[[/Taxis/]]==
#[[/Chemotaxis/]]

==[[/Biochemistry in Medicine/]]==
#[[/Carbon Monoxide: A Stealthy Killer/]]
#[[/Inherited Human Diseases Resulting from Abnormal Accumulations of Membrane Lipids/]]
#[[/Eat your Fruits and Veggies! How Vitamin C combats scurvy/]]
#[[/X-ray Crystallography/]]
#[[/Antibodies that target tumor cells/]]

==[[/Biochemistry in Animals/]]==
#[[/Vibrio fischeri: Let there be light//]]

==[[/Biochemical Role in Neuropsychiatric Disease/]]==
#[[/Schizophrenia/]]
#[[/Autism/]]
#[[/Bipolar/]]
#[[/Huntington's Disease/]]

==[[/Structural Biochemistry Paper Topics/]]==
#[[/The RNA recognition motif, a plastic RNA-binding platform to regulate post-transcriptional gene expression/]]
#[[/The Molecular Regulation of Programmed Necrotic Cell Injury/]]
#[[/Ribosome Mediated Translation Initiation for Vesicular Stomatitus Virus/]]
#[[/The MPS1 Family of Protein Kinases/]]
==References==

# The Free Dictionary. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th Edition. © 2009, Elsevier., 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/compartment+model.
# Zhang, Liangfang. &quot;Controlled Drug Delivery Systems.&quot; CENG 207 Lecture 9 “Pharmacokinetics of Drug Dispersion”. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla. 10 May 2012. Lecture.
# Dhillon, Soraya and Gill, Kiren. &quot;Basic Pharmacokinetics.&quot; 28 Oct. 2012. http://www.pharmpress.com/files/docs/clinical_pharmacokinetics_samplechapter.pdf

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      <comment>Corrected data and date.</comment>
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[[File:Sorbus torminalis Trunk and canopy.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]&lt;br /&gt;
Most of my wiki contributions are made to [[:species:Main Page|Wikispecies]] where I'm an administrator, bureaucrat and interface admin,&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist (verify)]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; as administrator and interface ditto at the Swedish version of [[wikivoyage:sv:Huvudsida|Wikivoyage]]&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://sv.wikivoyage.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and to the Swedish Wikimedia Chapter [[WMSE:|Wikimedia Sverige]], where I'm also an admin.&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://se.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Användare&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

I've made a total of [[:meta:Special:CentralAuth/Tommy_Kronkvist|394,100 edits]] to 153 different Wikimedia sister projects, since August 2008 when I first registered my user account. (Data per June 21, 2026.)

Swedish is my mother tongue&amp;nbsp;– even though I was born in Finland&amp;nbsp;– but I feel fairly comfortable speaking and writing English and some German as well. Odd as it may seem, unfortunately I can't speak any Finnish.

My family name consists of two parts: ''kron'' – a short form of the Swedish word ''krona'' meaning 'crown', as in coronation crown or tree crown – and ''kvist'', meaning 'bough' or 'twig'. Hence the name ''Kronkvist'' refers to a twig in the canopy of a forest. I'm the fourth generation of Kronkvist's. Before that our family name was ''Mattus'', dating back from at least 1637. I've lived all over Sweden (for example in Stockholm and in the Gothenburg area) but nowadays reside in Uppsala, the fourth biggest city and former capital of Sweden.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cultural Shifts in England/Marriage</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T08:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WereSpielChequers</username>
        <id>248949</id>
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      <comment>typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="19938" sha1="fwps9vtttm6jvhglvu1mtkpurh7ll73" xml:space="preserve">==Chapter II: The State of Marriage==

Prior to Christianity, marriage was a social controlling act to produce children, as much for the group, as the couple... most were either arranged, whilst others expected. It was not until much later that all weddings were performed ‘at the church door’, and then later still, the priest attended the ceremony... it took a further hundred years before the priest actually conducted the service. Marriage in the Middle Ages was mostly a practical affair with economic overtones. It took the French Revolution to introduce the compulsory civil marriage... leading towards a magistrate or civil official making the ceremony valid. If couples wanted a religious weddings this came after the civil ceremony. Parents lost their influence over the marital choice by the middle of the nineteenth century. Marriage now is a legal contract – as a governmental institution and changes the personal and social status of the participants. In 1950, a quarter of all future married couples met at the local dance hall. A further quarter met at some social event and fifteen per cent met at work. The vast majority admitted that they had been in love at the time of their marriage the remainder said they had not... many walk down the aisle full of doubt whether in love or not. A quarter of men and over half of all women were virgins... a quarter married the person they had first had sexual relations with. Marriage continued to be sustained as the most popular state for at least the next thirty years. Thereafter cohabitation began to erode the figures.

Marriage is a very natural act. To be married shows: conformity, optimism, and faith... Society believes the act provides stability and a safe environment for children... which should be a shared desire - as well as a universal longing for happiness and contentment. The marriage ceremony, church or civil, is a declaration of intent, before each other, each other's family, and wider society. This social act is prevalent throughout all societies... although the timing, preparedness and courting behavior differs... the union is entered into as a serious lifetime commitment. The majority of couples – taking part in the act of courting or forming a partnership, still hope to get married eventually... believing that the state of marriage to be a culmination of all their hopes and desires. Marriage is therefore an end to casualness and frivolity - a start to greater responsibility, home building and possible parenthood... perpetuating the belief that marriage is the key to social stability. Nursery rhymes, children's books, television programs, romantic novels, motion pictures, newspapers and magazines all speak of the marriage state: as a rite, a religious ceremony, an act of love, and a perspicuous act - to produce a new generation.

Taken from the Office for National Statistics for marriages the figures show there has been a quite rapid fall in the number of couples getting married. The plotted curve for all marriages, and first marriages, are almost identical. Of those marriages 67 per cent were civil marriages... showing a steady increase? Remarriages remain fairly consistent at just over a hundred thousand per annum. The graph shows a trend, that within ten years the curve for first marriages and remarriages will join... Even though these are depressing statistics individuals still believe the positive act something to strive for – perhaps as a romantic goal rather than an institutional necessity. In England and Wales, in 2007, it was recorded the lowest number of marriages since 1895. The long term picture of marriage is one of decline.

The reason why marriage declines is the emancipation of women - freedom from moral, intellectual and legal restraints. Equal rights, equal opportunities, equal pay, have all contributed to women seeking equal power in the workplace, freedom from mundane work, and greater rewards. Women have a choice when to start a family and how long they wish to be away from the: workplace, increase in salary scale, responsible position, and pension increase.The choice for women to engage a baby-minder, play school, and kindergarten - to allow them to return to work early, is relatively new. The long-term results from this are yet to be fully evaluated.

To help achieve a greater understanding about each other's hopes and fears prospective couples are encouraged to discuss their fill in a simple statement, in the form of a questionnaire. This joint statement [[Main page]] is not a legal undertaking but to serve as a prompt to help. To that end I have set out some questions that prospective partners can consider which might make the task that much easier... the completed questionnaire can be kept as a reminder, and updated when necessary. I accept that some couples may not want, or are unable to have, children. Fostering, caring or adopting can be a rewarding occupation - but equally demanding, making our questionnaire still relevant and worthwhile. No one could possibly imagine individuals not altering their wants and needs over time – there are so many choices; unforeseen natural events, unsolicited outside influences, and unmasked personal fears. These variables mean that everyone has to be flexible and adapt... It is to what degree we hope to unearth, and to help catch those changes as they occur.

2009 was not only a year of an election but a statistic downward curve in children's stable home life. There are ample statistics and research projects which tell us of the dire consequences of divorce on children. There are so many options for parents, particularly for mothers, to seek personal fulfillment. Having latchkey children is bad enough but parking them out in the first critical years is a disaster. Although a few are parented at home by the father it is the mother who is mentally, naturally and socially more fitting to take on this close parenting role. Divorce interrupts, interferes and upsets children's equilibrium; children drop out of school, become stressed, show distress symptoms, confront the law, and dabble with smoking and drugs. Their lives are not happy ones.

Without knowing intimately each and every case it is impossible to speculate what the damaged child would have been like had the parents not been divorced. There are as many types of parents as there are types of child. Within those numbers there are bound to be parents who are totally unfitting and those who have not bonded with their offspring. It is no good blaming individuals for the ills of society. The more individuals understand about relationships and parenting the better off they and society will be. The most intelligent person, the lucky billionaire and the professor's son can all be equally bad parents. Its about due regard - which is about compassion, patience – having a low irritation rate, displaying care, being concerned, and responsible, giving off positive vibrations by being in control.

This is a relatively modern approach to test out a relationship. It is considered a reasonable pre-marriage trial period. In reality cohabiting couples rarely stay together longer than a couple of years. It is seen as a stress free way to sleep with a partner without the binding act of promises before witnesses. It is clear that if couples had to suffer a very painful initiation ceremony before marriage, and later, a stringent financial penalty after - to end it, there would be fewer marriages. Research figures show a trend towards cohabitation... the act of marriage to come later... present marriage statistics show a trend towards delayed parenting. Couples splitting up results in lone parenting, adding to the high numbers of young girls raising a child alone; and those losing custody, usually the male, living alone. The average age for couples getting married is rising... maintaining the partnership figures. The figures for cohabitating couples are rising too, as are the numbers for dependant children. Cohabitation figures are expected to double by 2021.

The trend is for cohabitation couples to take two years to decide whether or not to get married... eventually 60 per cent of them do, the remainders split up, within ten years... those, now single, engage once again in cohabitation, which lasts a further five years. Statistics show that conventional marriage rates are falling and the birth rate dropping. Cohabitation, and lone parenting figures, are rising, and that all these figures, both rising and falling, are acting together – in unison... that one in six children will soon be experiencing life in a stepfamily. Slowly the figures for marriage are dropping...
 
These depressing figures make one wonder: ‘if couples are any more committed to the state of marriage than previous ages,’ even though there is ample evidence that the impact of divorce on children is of great concern. You might think that the rising age rate for first marriages would produce less family break up – that older couples would be more stable, committed and reliable. The overwhelming belief is still, [the older the person the more they believe this to be so] that marriage is the most fitting place for having and raising children... Therefore, society is still capable of relying on the act of marriage to: ‘offer all that it has ever done’. However, that the reality is not confirmed by the statistics does not change people's opinions. It follows therefore, that society's moral behaviour is weaker than its desires. Reviewing these statistics it would seem that there must be a method whereby couples can embark upon marriage with a greater degree of sureness – that what they are doing is right and lasting - that their partner is the right one for them. As the divorce figures are almost seventy per cent, and steadily rising... they ought to take more care - in their choice of partner. It is how this can be done that I write this account and offer a suggestion...

The aim of couples seeking to plan their family:
 
#	Choosing an appropriate time when the female can have time off work.
#	Plan when there is sufficient capital saved - to afford a reduction of income.
#	Choose a suitable period when the mother is fit and healthy.
#	Limit family size to accommodate the plans for child care.
#	Help overcome hereditary problems – give the new baby a better chance in life.
#	Improve environmental conditions – spacing out births.
#	Provide the correct, clothing, equipment, and furniture.

All responsible couples give the above matters considerable thought. One or more of the list may not be accomplished - believing that by the time the child is born they will be in place. However hard up for cash or however well heeled they can choose the time and place. The latest contraception methods ensure this to be so and at the same time take care of proper reproductive health-care systems to support the mother. If the parents believe they should not copulate unless they are ready for a hoped for pregnancy that is their choice, they will have talked this through before marriage. It is of course imperative that all these questions and others are thoroughly discussed by the couple before embarking on marriage. That takes us back to my original premise that all couple should have a preconceived idea of each other's hopes and fears in marriage.

Women want all the information they can possibly get about keeping control over what is happening to them, and to share in making decisions about having children with their partner. It is so important that she understands everything that is happening to her – to feel positive about the decisions made. Whether to have the baby at home and will all the necessary preparations are made on time. It is a stressful time. After the birth the mother watches every movement of the baby. Listening to each intake of breath, every twitch and turn, whimper and cry... this is a special psychological process that should not be interfered with... the mother and child's flow of communication... theory both need nurturing together and separately. Loving support from your partner or someone close is all important. The importance of ‘bonding’ is enormous. A warm, comfortable, loving environment is essential to make the mother feel secure – able to express her own emotions. Mothering grows with the realization of the enormity of the event ‘the act of birth’. Bonding is not just from the spiritual joy but from the pain of birth too. It is having the responsibility, commitment and maternal love to be you - to have given life... thereafter, continuing the bonding by breast feeding - to give strength and energy... an act which resonates throughout the mother's whole body.

Statistics show that cohabiting couples who have children do not stay together longer because they are tied to ‘the family’, but the reverse – it drives them apart. It seems that the results of a pregnancy, in all its forms, weaken the sexual desires of both partners and diverts their energies. The long-term vision – starting to form a family, doesn't draw the couple together to complete their desires for: the woman temporally loses her sexual vulnerability and looks, and the man no longer becomes necessary to impregnate her. The pressure of withholding sexual advances and the thought of losing wealth, and employment opportunities - of his partner, creates emotional problems... and can promote his physical punishment of his female partner.

Statistics record that cohabiting couples experience greater strains on their relationship than married couples, and that children from cohabiting couples suffer from emotional problems as a result of insecurity. Households with stepparents are considered unsafe for young children of both sexes. In times of stress and unhappiness both couples can resort to physical punishment of the child. In a cohabitating household the woman frequently comes off worse. The male quickly loses his emotional tie with the increasing strain associated with parenting and the household budget. Women with young children not only have less money to keep the household going but lose position in their previous employment pay structure. In many cases it comes down to exploitation as the male disappears out the door leaving the mother to provide care until the child is old enough the look after itself.

Children from single parent homes suffer from the problems of the parent – the parents: concerns, loneliness, anxiety, strains, depression, anger and sadness. These negativities are passed on to the child in many different guises... the child suffers from doubts – feels annoyed at the lack of support – loses confidence and sometimes cannot account why they feel so alone. Natural growth becomes stunted and misshapen. It may take many years before the guilt, resentments and hatreds subside sufficiently to enable the child to make a commitment towards another person. As for the children of that child, they too take on some of the anger of the parent. In many cases the child cannot explain why the parent is angry or recount the details surrounding the original case. Over the years some minor upset is magnified out of all proportion, to become an enormous mountain..., in the past, a vendetta.
 
Time does take away or mask the original cause allowing some repair to be made, allowing the formation of a proper relationship... but underneath the fire still smolders ready to break out at a moments notice. It takes a great deal of personal happiness to make the person forgive completely – for their positive thoughts to come to the fore. Unfortunately by that time others have become affected. Grudges are harbored and hardships remembered... errors and slip-ups put down to the parent's single status. In later life there is an urge to seek out the missing parent to either confront them, explain the pain they caused, or ease the pain of separation. Both the single parent and the child share the lack of the absent parent and whenever life becomes hard the absent parent gets the blame. This becomes a standard let out for all moments of stress and even if the absent parent did not cause the split-up in the first place they are made to feel, and shoulder, the blame.

The conventional married couple is a unit bound by vows of duty and honour – a union created - to secure a fit home for children. It takes regard for most eventualities including absence, illness or death of one of the partners. In some single parent homes, where a decision is made purposely to omit one parent  the possibility of total collapse, disruption or mental bruising, of the child or children, is considerable. These results in one or more helpers, friends or relatives, being permanently affected. The children from such homes carry around an inbuilt insecurity.

Pregnancy occurs two weeks after the prospective mother's period begins. The sperm travels along the fallopian tube uniting with the released mother's egg to fertilize – becoming a one-celled zygote. This zygote has number of chromosomes – half from the father and half from the mother determine sex and colour etc., still travels down the tube to the uterus, growing as it does so. This growth is now the multi-celled blast cyst having inner and outer cells. The inner the embryo and the outer the membrane sack which nourishes and protects the embryo. When the blast cyst reaches the uterus it burrows into the sidewall – the uterine wall, to obtain nourishment. The placenta – the membrane sack, also begins to grow.

We now reach the beginning of the embryonic period when the brain, and other organs, begins to form. The embryo has three layers: The top the ectoderm, the middle the mesoderm, and outer the peripheral. The brain develops along with the other systems. From the fifth week the brain makes links to the main organs and makes connections - that relate to learning, knowledge and awareness. The mother's diet, peace of mind, and settled state, is associated with her child's cognitive and neurological development - is part of the child's normal shaping of neurological connections in the early development of cognitive functioning. Neurological development of the child is firmly linked to a mother's healthy life style. A mother's depression, alcohol and nicotine intake, low education level, and negative lifestyle – including outside the home work levels, are significant factors of impaired cerebral development in the child.

The mother's happiness and well socialized state is transmitted to the unborn child. This is thought to start at the tenth week of pregnancy, or seventh week conception period. A calm voice, unhurried work level, and harmonious relationships with those around the mother are the beginning of the child's social skills. This continues through the pregnancy and birth, responding to others, engaging in discovering those things around him all the while the mother's bond to her child is reinforced... touching, cuddling, holding and stroking are all part of the process.

Continuing these positive features the child will enjoy playing whilst interacting with others. At first he will be possessive but in a short space of time will share and empathize with others, making friends.
You will become aware how fixed his attentions are and how direct his actions develop. His neurological understanding advances through visual perception, desires, beliefs, to making up imaginary situations – these stages are the basis of ‘The theory of mind development’. The pregnant women's diet is all important in the first two months. Put away all those pet hatreds for cabbage, curly kale, sprouts and spinach. This is just what you should have for they are rich in folic acid. Whole grain bread, become accustomed to muesli, and do eat an apple a day. Try and eat natural unprocessed meals.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Regular Expressions/POSIX Basic Regular Expressions</title>
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    <id>248859</id>
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      <id>4640818</id>
      <parentid>4424110</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T20:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35821-51</username>
        <id>3608659</id>
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      <comment>fix typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="9005" sha1="kixa5cp01vmfppj0dnw84b3aslsor4a" xml:space="preserve">The '''POSIX Basic Regular Expression''' (BRE) syntax provided extensions to achieve consistency between utility programs such as grep, sed and awk. These extensions are not supported by some traditional implementations of Unix tools.

=== History ===

Traditional Unix regular expression syntax followed common conventions that often differed from tool to tool. The POSIX Basic Regular Expressions syntax was developed by the IEEE, together with an extended variant called [[Regular Expressions/POSIX-Extended Regular Expressions|Extended Regular Expression]] syntax. These standards were designed mostly to provide backward compatibility with the traditional [[../Simple Regular Expressions/]] syntax, providing a common standard which has since been adopted as the default syntax of many Unix regular expression tools.

=== Syntax ===

In POSIX Basic Regular Expression syntax, most characters are treated as literals — they match only themselves (e.g., &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''a''&quot;). The exceptions, listed below, are called ''metacharacters'' or ''metasequences''.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Metacharacter
! Description
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt;
|Matches any single character (many applications exclude newlines, and exactly which characters are considered newlines is flavor, character encoding, and platform specific, but it is safe to assume that the line feed character is included). Within POSIX bracket expressions, the dot character matches a literal dot. For example, &lt;code&gt;a.c&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''abc''&quot;, etc., but &lt;code&gt;[a.c]&lt;/code&gt; matches only &quot;''a''&quot;, &quot;''.''&quot;, or &quot;''c''&quot;.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;code&gt;[&amp;nbsp;]&lt;/code&gt;
|A bracket expression. Matches a single character that is contained within the brackets. For example, &lt;code&gt;[abc]&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''a''&quot;, &quot;''b''&quot;, or &quot;''c''&quot;, and &lt;code&gt;[a-z]&lt;/code&gt; specifies a range which matches any lowercase letter from &quot;''a''&quot; to &quot;''z''&quot;. These forms can be mixed: &lt;code&gt;[abcx-z]&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''a''&quot;, &quot;''b''&quot;, &quot;''c''&quot;, &quot;''x''&quot;, &quot;''y''&quot;, or &quot;''z''&quot;, as does &lt;code&gt;[a-cx-z]&lt;/code&gt;.
The &lt;code&gt;-&lt;/code&gt; character is treated as a literal character if it is the last or the first character within the brackets: &lt;code&gt;[abc-]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;[-abc]&lt;/code&gt;.  The &lt;code&gt;]&lt;/code&gt; character can be included in a bracket expression if it is the first character: &lt;code&gt;[]abc]&lt;/code&gt;.  The bracket expression may also contain [[#Character classes|character classes]], [[#Equivalence classes|equivalence classes]], and [[#Collating symbols|collating characters]].
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;code&gt;[^&amp;nbsp;]&lt;/code&gt;
|Matches a single character that is not contained within the brackets. For example, &lt;code&gt;[^abc]&lt;/code&gt; matches any character other than &quot;''a''&quot;, &quot;''b''&quot;, or &quot;''c''&quot;, and &lt;code&gt;[^a-z]&lt;/code&gt; matches any single character that is not a lowercase letter from &quot;''a''&quot; to &quot;''z''&quot;. These forms can be mixed: &lt;code&gt;[^abcx-z]&lt;/code&gt; matches any character other than &quot;''a''&quot;, &quot;''b''&quot;, &quot;''c''&quot;, &quot;''x''&quot;, &quot;''y''&quot;, or &quot;''z''&quot;.
The &lt;code&gt;-&lt;/code&gt; character is treated as a literal character if it is the last character or the first character after &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;[^abc-]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;[^-abc]&lt;/code&gt;.  The &lt;code&gt;]&lt;/code&gt; character is treated as a literal character if it is the first character after &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;[^]abc]&lt;/code&gt;.  The expression may also contain [[#Character classes|character classes]], [[#Equivalence classes|equivalence classes]], and [[#Collating symbols|collating characters]].
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;
|Matches the starting position within the string, if it is the first character of the regular expression.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;
|Matches the ending position of the string, if it is the last character of the regular expression.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|&lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;
|Matches the preceding element zero or more times. For example, &lt;code&gt;ab*c&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''ac''&quot;, &quot;''abc''&quot;, &quot;''abbbc''&quot;, etc. &lt;code&gt;[xyz]*&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;&quot;, &quot;''x''&quot;, &quot;''y''&quot;, &quot;''z''&quot;, &quot;''zx''&quot;, &quot;''zyx''&quot;, &quot;''xyzzy''&quot;, and so on.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|{{nowrap|BRE: &lt;code&gt;\{''m''\}&lt;/code&gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|ERE: &lt;code&gt;{''m''}&lt;/code&gt;}}
|Matches the preceding element exactly ''m'' times. For example, &lt;code&gt;a\{3\}&lt;/code&gt; matches only &quot;''aaa''&quot;.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|{{nowrap|BRE: &lt;code&gt;\{''m'',\}&lt;/code&gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|ERE: &lt;code&gt;{''m'',}&lt;/code&gt;}}
|Matches the preceding element at least ''m'' times. For example, &lt;code&gt;a\{3,\}&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''aaa''&quot;, &quot;''aaaa''&quot;, &quot;''aaaaa''&quot;, &quot;''aaaaaa''&quot;, &quot;''aaaaaaa''&quot;, and so on.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|{{nowrap|BRE: &lt;code&gt;\{''m'',''n''\}&lt;/code&gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|ERE: &lt;code&gt;{''m'',''n''}&lt;/code&gt;}}
|Matches the preceding element at least ''m'' and not more than ''n'' times. For example, &lt;code&gt;a\{3,5\}&lt;/code&gt; matches only &quot;''aaa''&quot;, &quot;''aaaa''&quot;, and &quot;''aaaaa''&quot;. This is not found in a few older instances of regular expressions.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|{{nowrap|BRE: &lt;code&gt;\(&amp;nbsp;\)&lt;/code&gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|ERE: &lt;code&gt;(&amp;nbsp;)&lt;/code&gt;}}
|Defines a subexpression. It is treated as a single element. For example, &lt;code&gt;ab*&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''a''&quot;, &quot;''ab''&quot;, &quot;''abb''&quot; and so on, while &lt;code&gt;\(ab\)*&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;&quot;, &quot;''ab''&quot;, &quot;''abab''&quot;, &quot;''ababab''&quot;, and so on.  The string matched within the parentheses can be recalled later (see the next entry, &lt;code&gt;\''n''&lt;/code&gt;).  A subexpression is also called a marked subexpression, a block or a capturing group.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|{{nowrap|BRE only: &lt;code&gt;\''n''&lt;/code&gt;}} 
|Matches what the ''n''th marked subexpression matched, where ''n'' is a digit from 1 to 9. This construct is theoretically '''irregular''' (an expression with this construct does not obey the mathematical definition of regular expression), and was not adopted in the POSIX ERE syntax.
|-
|}

'''Examples:'''
*&lt;code&gt;.at&lt;/code&gt; matches any three-character string ending with &quot;at&quot;, including &quot;''hat''&quot;, &quot;''cat''&quot;, and &quot;''bat''&quot;.
*&lt;code&gt;[hc]at&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''hat''&quot; and &quot;''cat''&quot;.
*&lt;code&gt;[^b]at&lt;/code&gt; matches all strings matched by &lt;code&gt;.at&lt;/code&gt; except &quot;''bat''&quot;.
*&lt;code&gt;^[hc]at&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''hat''&quot; and &quot;''cat''&quot;, but only at the beginning of the string or line.
*&lt;code&gt;[hc]at$&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''hat''&quot; and &quot;''cat''&quot;, but only at the end of the string or line.
*&lt;code&gt;\[.\]&lt;/code&gt; matches any single character surrounded by &quot;[&quot; and &quot;]&quot; since the brackets are escaped, for example: &quot;''[a]''&quot; and &quot;''[b]''&quot;.

===Character classes===
The POSIX standard defines some classes or categories of characters as shown below. These classes are used within brackets.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- align=&quot;left&quot;
! POSIX class !! similar to !! meaning
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:upper:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[A-Z]&lt;/code&gt;
| uppercase letters
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:lower:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[a-z]&lt;/code&gt;
| lowercase letters
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:alpha:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[A-Za-z]&lt;/code&gt;
| upper- and lowercase letters
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:digit:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[0-9]&lt;/code&gt;
| digits
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:xdigit:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[0-9A-Fa-f]&lt;/code&gt;
| hexadecimal digits
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:alnum:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[A-Za-z0-9]&lt;/code&gt;
| digits, upper- and lowercase letters
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:punct:]&lt;/code&gt;
| 
| punctuation (all graphic characters except letters and digits)
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:blank:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[ \t]&lt;/code&gt;
| space and TAB characters only
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:space:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[ \t\n\r\f\v]&lt;/code&gt;
| blank (whitespace) characters
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:cntrl:]&lt;/code&gt;
|
| control characters
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:graph:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[^ [:cntrl:]]&lt;/code&gt;
| graphic characters (all characters which have graphic representation)
|-
| &lt;code&gt;[:print:]&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;[[:graph:] ]&lt;/code&gt;
| graphic characters and space
|}

For example, 
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;a[[:digit:]]b&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; matches &quot;''a0b''&quot;, &quot;''a1b''&quot;, ..., &quot;''a9b''&quot;.
* &lt;code&gt;a[:digit:]b&lt;/code&gt; is an error: character classes must be in brackets
* &lt;code&gt;[[:digit:]abc]&lt;/code&gt; matches any digit, &quot;''a''&quot;, &quot;''b''&quot;, and &quot;''c''&quot;.
* &lt;code&gt;[abc[:digit:]]&lt;/code&gt; is the same as above
* &lt;code&gt;[^ABZ[:lower:]]&lt;/code&gt; matches any character except lowercase letters, A, B, and Z.

===Collating symbols===

Collating symbols, like character classes, are used in brackets and have the form &lt;code&gt;[.ch.]&lt;/code&gt;. Here &lt;code&gt;ch&lt;/code&gt; is a digraph. Collating systems are defined by the locale.

===Equivalence classes===
Equivalence classes, like character classes and collating symbols, are used in brackets and have the form &lt;code&gt;[=a=]&lt;/code&gt;. They stand for any character which is equivalent to the given. According to the standard[http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696899/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_03_03],
&lt;blockquote&gt;For example, if 'a', 'à', and 'â' belong to the same equivalence class, then &quot;[[=a=]b]&quot;, &quot;[[=à=]b]&quot;, and &quot;[[=â=]b]&quot; are each equivalent to &quot;[aàâb]&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Equivalence classes, like collating symbols, are defined by the locale.

==External links==
* [https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap09.html IEEE Std 1003.1, 2018 Edition. Chapter 9, Regular Expressions.]

== Use in Tools==

Tools and languages that utilize this regular expression syntax include:

* [[W:TextPad]]
* [[W:Zabbix]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>kixa5cp01vmfppj0dnw84b3aslsor4a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Greenlandic/Introducing yourself</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>281789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4640821</id>
      <parentid>3217672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T23:36:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35906-60</username>
        <id>3608690</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Kalaallisut word &quot;Illimmi&quot; is spelled with two M's, not one.</comment>
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      <text bytes="397" sha1="3nxgnfsrvdsr7sdvsewbj6a5caecnzb" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!English!!Greenlandic
|-
|Hello (Informal)||Aluu
|-
|Hello (Formal)||Kutaa
|-
|What is your name?||Qanoq ateqarpit?
|-
|My name is [Name]||[Name](i)mik ateqarpunga
|-
|How are you?||Qanoq ippit?
|-
|I'm fine||Ajunngilanga
|-
|And how are you?||Illimmi qanoq ippit?
|-
|Where are you from?||Suminngaaneerpit?
|-
|I'm from [Location] ||[Location]minngaaneerpunga
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>3nxgnfsrvdsr7sdvsewbj6a5caecnzb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>HyperText Markup Language/Canvas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>366018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4640827</id>
      <parentid>3677280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T02:13:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SSCreader</username>
        <id>3427027</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4640827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="658" sha1="6dpelxt17bxca2rmugbuz5cncghamx3" xml:space="preserve">The &lt;canvas&gt; tag allows for scriptable rendering of 2D shapes. While a canvas is embedded in an HTML page, it can be rendered with JavaScript.

'''Rendering a Canvas:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html5&quot;&gt;
&lt;canvas id=&quot;e&quot;&gt;This text will be displayed if the browser does not support canvas.&lt;/canvas&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
''JavaScript''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
var Canvas=document.getElementById(&quot;e&quot;);
var context=Canvas.getContext(&quot;2d&quot;);
context.fillStyle=&quot;green&quot;;
context.fillRect(30,40,30,20);
context.strokeStyle=&quot;red&quot;;
context.strokeRect(30,40,30,20);
context.strokeText(&quot;Hello&quot;,30,40);
context.fillText(&quot;World&quot;,30,50);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6dpelxt17bxca2rmugbuz5cncghamx3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Informatics Practices for Class XI (CBSE)/More on DDL, DML and TCL</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>408478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4640803</id>
      <parentid>4109672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T13:05:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WereSpielChequers</username>
        <id>248949</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c/e</comment>
      <origin>4640803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="471" sha1="ar5zs2q1h3nn6e6kozvw1q18ei3600j" xml:space="preserve">{{stub}}
*Ddl(data definition language): Deals with the structure(create,remove,or modify) of databases and tables. E.g.  Create, Drop, alter.
*Dml(data manipulation language):use to manipulate data/values within table e.g. insert, delete, update.
*Dcl(data control language): use to control the access to the databases and tables e.g. Grant, revoke.
*Tcl(transaction control language): use to control and manage transaction. E.g. Commit, rollback, savepoint.
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ar5zs2q1h3nn6e6kozvw1q18ei3600j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in the Stanford Prison Experiment</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>422066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4640813</id>
      <parentid>4533056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T18:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dirk Hünniger</username>
        <id>343292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Case Study: The Stanford Prison Experiment */</comment>
      <origin>4640813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="11664" sha1="19ym3i5j5odad139p9fh6ahq48igggk" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction to Social Psychology: An interdisciplinary approach == 

[[Social psychology]] is the scientific study of the cognition and actions of individuals in social situations&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Murchinson |first1=Carl |title=A Handbook in Social Psychology |date=1935 |publisher=Clark University}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The field is dominated by research motivated by a positivist approach to uncovering the truth, but has become divided into separate areas with different research methodologies and practices &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=David |last2=Schafer |first2=Robert |year=1978 |title=Is Social Psychology Interdisciplinary? |publisher= Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=4 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/014616727800400408 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. The opposing approaches to truth discovery have created interdisciplinary tension between the psychological and sociological branches, each disregarding the others work, deeming it irrelevant. The successful integration of the disciplines is essential for finding a more objective truth within the discipline.

The chapter will look in depth at the different disciplinary truths and the need for integration, with focus on the Stanford Prison Experiment as a prime example of why interdisciplinary work is necessary.

== Case Study: The Stanford Prison Experiment ==

&lt;!--[[File:Guard and Prisoner in Stanford Prison Experiment.jpg|thumb|Guard and Prisoner in Stanford Prison Experiment]]--&gt;The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) was a social psychology experiment by Philip Zimbardo in the basement of Stanford University. The experiment took an inductive and constructivist approach to the truth and aimed to investigate whether sadistic behaviour is caused by individual personalities (dispositional), or their surroundings (situational). To do this, Zimbardo created an experimental set-up that simulated prison-life. The experiment was supposed to run for two weeks but was shut down after 6 days due to serious ethical issues concerning the well-being of the participants&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9463342/ |title=The Stanford Prison Experiment |author=Michael Stevens |date=19 December 2018 |accessdate=6 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The integrity of the experiment was questioned, with 'demand characteristics' (participants acting in a certain way because they think it's expected) being a contributing factor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bartels |first1=Jared |year=2019 |title=Revisiting the Stanford prison experiment, again: Examining demand characteristics in the guard orientation |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |publisher=Taylor and Francis Group |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=780-790 |doi=10.1080/00224545.2019.1596058 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, meaning the results were a biased, tampering with the 'truth'.

== Disciplinary Perspectives ==

==== Three Faces of Social Psychology ====
	
The idea of interdisciplinarity in the social psychology field is not new; the 25 years after WWII was named the 'Golden Age' of interdisciplinary social psychology as many training and research programmes were established in major US universities. Yet, by the mid-1960s these had mostly disappeared. The contributing factors to their disappearance are said to be the threat to the traditional departmental structure and a lack of funding and major breakthroughs. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sewell |first1=William H. |year=1989 |title=Some Reflections on the Golden Age of Interdisciplinary Social Psychology |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |publisher=Annual Reviews Inc. |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000245}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Approaches to truth in social psychology became marked by three separate divisions, described as 'three faces' by James House&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=House |first1=James |title=The Three Faces of Social Psychology |date=1977 |publisher=American Sociological Association |DOI=10.2307/3033519}}&lt;/ref&gt;. These divisions were psychological social psychology, symbolic interactionism and psychological sociology (sociological social psychology), all with new and different interpretations of the truth and different research methodologies. Psychological social psychology emphasised laboratory methods, symbolic interactionism focusses on informal interviewing methods and psychological sociology uses mostly survey methods&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

The continuous growing apart of these fields, resulting in academic ignorance, can be seen as the main contributing factor for the demise of the SPE. An interdisciplinary team from all divisions would have been able to avoid the countless ethical violations and would've produced a universal truth, helpful and applicable throughout multiple disciplines.

==== Psychology: Psychological Social Psychology ====

Psychology seeks to understand the truth behind human thought, feeling, and behaviour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://psychology.uq.edu.au/about/about-psychology |title=About Psychology |author=School of Psychology |date=24 January 2019 |publisher=The University of Queensland |accessdate=7 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Psychological social psychology is largely dominated by this pursuit of inductive truth through the scientific method (truth seeking through experiment and observation). The notable Stanford prison experiment (SPE), highlights how scientific methodologies are used in practice in psychological social psychology.

Firstly, a hypothesis is defined. Zimbardo, the researcher behind the SPE, wanted to test the hypothesis that it's the personalities of the guards that is the cause of abusive behaviour in prisons (dispositional)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://stanfordprisonexperimentproject.wordpress.com/2017/11/28/first-blog-post/ |title=What is the Stanford Prison Experiment? |author=Melise Douglas |date=28 November 2017 |accessdate=12 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The second step is designing an experiment for observation and evidence collection. Zimbardo created an experimental set-up simulating prison-life. 24 volunteers were randomly assigned, after psychological screening, to the role of either 'guard' or 'prisoner'. The screening processes accredited any aggressive behaviour to the environment (situational)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Zimbardo |first1=Phillip |title=Narration of the Stanford prison experiment |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

In following the scientific method, Zimbardo created a 'structured' system to seek truth in his experiment. However the lack of emotional empathy in the scientific method can mean the whole social picture isn't acknowledged- no objective truth.

The SPE relied solely on naturalistic observation for evidence collection; observing and recording behaviour as it occurs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jhangiani |first1=Dr. Rajiv |title=Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition |date=2014 |publisher=BC Campus}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Though common in social psychology, it is not a scientific method of measurement; unstructured observations are recorded qualitatively&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Salkind |first1=Neil J. |title=The Encyclopaedia of research design |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt;, causing interdisciplinary tension (especially in the SPE) due to its conflict with the scientific method. Experimental psychologists often argue that naturalistic observation produces a less objective 'truth'. They contend that the results are less reliable because it is harder to control variables, meaning the experiment is unrepeatable and therefore the conclusions cannot be tested. 

However, the interdisciplinary nature of social psychology means that it possesses a unique version of 'truth'. This means that though it extracts much of its methodology from psychology, there is value to be gained from integrating techniques from other disciplines, such as sociology. It is arguable that this value gained balances, or even outweighs, the value lost from not rigidly following the scientific method.

==== Sociology: Sociological Social Psychology ====

[[File:Prisoner Questionnaire- Stanford Prison Experiment.png|thumb|Prisoner Questionnaire conducted after Stanford Prison Experiment]]Sociology is the scientific study of human interaction and social relationships, looking at social processes and rules.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Basics of Sociology |last=Stolley |first=Kathy S |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-32387-9 |url=https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Kathy_S._Stolley_The_basics_of_sociology.pdf |access-date=11 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Specifically, sociological social psychology (psychological sociology) studies individual social psychological behaviour and its relation to social structures&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Psychological sociology emphasises survey research methodologies in identifying truth, taking a more qualitative approach than psychological social psychology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and focusing more on individuals experiences in social situations more empathetically- a factor missing from the SPE.

Post experiment, Zimbardo conducted a short survey of the prisoners, where they placed their emotions towards guards and prisoners on scales of different adjectives&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zimbardo |first1=Philip |year=1971 |title=Prisoner Questionnaire |publisher=Stanford University |url=https://purl.stanford.edu/jh136kp4208}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The sociological methods Zimbardo used were very simplistic and arguably lacked depth. By placing greater emphasis on psychological sociology in the SPE e.g. surveying the individuals throughout the experiment, the ethical issues could have been avoided and a more objective truth could have been reached.

However, the integration of a survey system into a scientific method set-up introduces two opposing evidence types, creating conflict. This could be seen as disrupting the variables in place, and, depending on the researchers discipline, one evidence type may be favoured, producing biased results and a 'subjective' truth.

== Conclusions ==
The Stanford prison experiment is a prime example of sociology and psychology interacting within social psychology. Expertise from both schools were required to create a realistic prison simulation. However, more co-operation and crossover was needed to eliminate bias and uncover a more accurate truth. 

Though it remains a frequently cited and influential experiment in psychology today, ambiguity and distrust in the results remain, much of this arising from ethical concerns, as well as interdisciplinary tensions between the sociological and psychological areas of social psychology. This is because there seems to be a shortfall in what are accepted as the necessary standards of measurement for the development of theories and production of ‘truth’. The SPE is often criticised for this very reason&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Blum |first1=Ben |title=The Lifespan of a Lie – Trust Issues |url=https://gen.medium.com/the-lifespan-of-a-lie-d869212b1f62 |website=Medium |access-date=12/12/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Despite this, it seems clear that the methodologies of both disciplines (sociology and psychology) bring something to the table and create a more universal truth; qualitative (sociological) measures such as survey and self-reporting are necessary to gage the participants individual emotional experiences, whereas quantitative (psychological) methods are needed to set up the experiment in a systematic way (scientific method) and track behaviour. This highlights the need for integration between the disciplines, to create universal truths that are accepted and beneficial across disciplines.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>19ym3i5j5odad139p9fh6ahq48igggk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4640814</id>
      <parentid>4640813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T18:04:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dirk Hünniger</username>
        <id>343292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sociology: Sociological Social Psychology */</comment>
      <origin>4640814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="11671" sha1="kjzlyjiiujyj268iiuu6v0w7fcuo9k4" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction to Social Psychology: An interdisciplinary approach == 

[[Social psychology]] is the scientific study of the cognition and actions of individuals in social situations&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Murchinson |first1=Carl |title=A Handbook in Social Psychology |date=1935 |publisher=Clark University}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The field is dominated by research motivated by a positivist approach to uncovering the truth, but has become divided into separate areas with different research methodologies and practices &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=David |last2=Schafer |first2=Robert |year=1978 |title=Is Social Psychology Interdisciplinary? |publisher= Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=4 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/014616727800400408 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. The opposing approaches to truth discovery have created interdisciplinary tension between the psychological and sociological branches, each disregarding the others work, deeming it irrelevant. The successful integration of the disciplines is essential for finding a more objective truth within the discipline.

The chapter will look in depth at the different disciplinary truths and the need for integration, with focus on the Stanford Prison Experiment as a prime example of why interdisciplinary work is necessary.

== Case Study: The Stanford Prison Experiment ==

&lt;!--[[File:Guard and Prisoner in Stanford Prison Experiment.jpg|thumb|Guard and Prisoner in Stanford Prison Experiment]]--&gt;The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) was a social psychology experiment by Philip Zimbardo in the basement of Stanford University. The experiment took an inductive and constructivist approach to the truth and aimed to investigate whether sadistic behaviour is caused by individual personalities (dispositional), or their surroundings (situational). To do this, Zimbardo created an experimental set-up that simulated prison-life. The experiment was supposed to run for two weeks but was shut down after 6 days due to serious ethical issues concerning the well-being of the participants&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9463342/ |title=The Stanford Prison Experiment |author=Michael Stevens |date=19 December 2018 |accessdate=6 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The integrity of the experiment was questioned, with 'demand characteristics' (participants acting in a certain way because they think it's expected) being a contributing factor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bartels |first1=Jared |year=2019 |title=Revisiting the Stanford prison experiment, again: Examining demand characteristics in the guard orientation |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |publisher=Taylor and Francis Group |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=780-790 |doi=10.1080/00224545.2019.1596058 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, meaning the results were a biased, tampering with the 'truth'.

== Disciplinary Perspectives ==

==== Three Faces of Social Psychology ====
	
The idea of interdisciplinarity in the social psychology field is not new; the 25 years after WWII was named the 'Golden Age' of interdisciplinary social psychology as many training and research programmes were established in major US universities. Yet, by the mid-1960s these had mostly disappeared. The contributing factors to their disappearance are said to be the threat to the traditional departmental structure and a lack of funding and major breakthroughs. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sewell |first1=William H. |year=1989 |title=Some Reflections on the Golden Age of Interdisciplinary Social Psychology |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |publisher=Annual Reviews Inc. |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000245}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Approaches to truth in social psychology became marked by three separate divisions, described as 'three faces' by James House&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=House |first1=James |title=The Three Faces of Social Psychology |date=1977 |publisher=American Sociological Association |DOI=10.2307/3033519}}&lt;/ref&gt;. These divisions were psychological social psychology, symbolic interactionism and psychological sociology (sociological social psychology), all with new and different interpretations of the truth and different research methodologies. Psychological social psychology emphasised laboratory methods, symbolic interactionism focusses on informal interviewing methods and psychological sociology uses mostly survey methods&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

The continuous growing apart of these fields, resulting in academic ignorance, can be seen as the main contributing factor for the demise of the SPE. An interdisciplinary team from all divisions would have been able to avoid the countless ethical violations and would've produced a universal truth, helpful and applicable throughout multiple disciplines.

==== Psychology: Psychological Social Psychology ====

Psychology seeks to understand the truth behind human thought, feeling, and behaviour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://psychology.uq.edu.au/about/about-psychology |title=About Psychology |author=School of Psychology |date=24 January 2019 |publisher=The University of Queensland |accessdate=7 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Psychological social psychology is largely dominated by this pursuit of inductive truth through the scientific method (truth seeking through experiment and observation). The notable Stanford prison experiment (SPE), highlights how scientific methodologies are used in practice in psychological social psychology.

Firstly, a hypothesis is defined. Zimbardo, the researcher behind the SPE, wanted to test the hypothesis that it's the personalities of the guards that is the cause of abusive behaviour in prisons (dispositional)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://stanfordprisonexperimentproject.wordpress.com/2017/11/28/first-blog-post/ |title=What is the Stanford Prison Experiment? |author=Melise Douglas |date=28 November 2017 |accessdate=12 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The second step is designing an experiment for observation and evidence collection. Zimbardo created an experimental set-up simulating prison-life. 24 volunteers were randomly assigned, after psychological screening, to the role of either 'guard' or 'prisoner'. The screening processes accredited any aggressive behaviour to the environment (situational)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Zimbardo |first1=Phillip |title=Narration of the Stanford prison experiment |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

In following the scientific method, Zimbardo created a 'structured' system to seek truth in his experiment. However the lack of emotional empathy in the scientific method can mean the whole social picture isn't acknowledged- no objective truth.

The SPE relied solely on naturalistic observation for evidence collection; observing and recording behaviour as it occurs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jhangiani |first1=Dr. Rajiv |title=Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition |date=2014 |publisher=BC Campus}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Though common in social psychology, it is not a scientific method of measurement; unstructured observations are recorded qualitatively&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Salkind |first1=Neil J. |title=The Encyclopaedia of research design |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt;, causing interdisciplinary tension (especially in the SPE) due to its conflict with the scientific method. Experimental psychologists often argue that naturalistic observation produces a less objective 'truth'. They contend that the results are less reliable because it is harder to control variables, meaning the experiment is unrepeatable and therefore the conclusions cannot be tested. 

However, the interdisciplinary nature of social psychology means that it possesses a unique version of 'truth'. This means that though it extracts much of its methodology from psychology, there is value to be gained from integrating techniques from other disciplines, such as sociology. It is arguable that this value gained balances, or even outweighs, the value lost from not rigidly following the scientific method.

==== Sociology: Sociological Social Psychology ====

&lt;!--[[File:Prisoner Questionnaire- Stanford Prison Experiment.png|thumb|Prisoner Questionnaire conducted after Stanford Prison Experiment]]--&gt;Sociology is the scientific study of human interaction and social relationships, looking at social processes and rules.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Basics of Sociology |last=Stolley |first=Kathy S |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-32387-9 |url=https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Kathy_S._Stolley_The_basics_of_sociology.pdf |access-date=11 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Specifically, sociological social psychology (psychological sociology) studies individual social psychological behaviour and its relation to social structures&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Psychological sociology emphasises survey research methodologies in identifying truth, taking a more qualitative approach than psychological social psychology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and focusing more on individuals experiences in social situations more empathetically- a factor missing from the SPE.

Post experiment, Zimbardo conducted a short survey of the prisoners, where they placed their emotions towards guards and prisoners on scales of different adjectives&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zimbardo |first1=Philip |year=1971 |title=Prisoner Questionnaire |publisher=Stanford University |url=https://purl.stanford.edu/jh136kp4208}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The sociological methods Zimbardo used were very simplistic and arguably lacked depth. By placing greater emphasis on psychological sociology in the SPE e.g. surveying the individuals throughout the experiment, the ethical issues could have been avoided and a more objective truth could have been reached.

However, the integration of a survey system into a scientific method set-up introduces two opposing evidence types, creating conflict. This could be seen as disrupting the variables in place, and, depending on the researchers discipline, one evidence type may be favoured, producing biased results and a 'subjective' truth.

== Conclusions ==
The Stanford prison experiment is a prime example of sociology and psychology interacting within social psychology. Expertise from both schools were required to create a realistic prison simulation. However, more co-operation and crossover was needed to eliminate bias and uncover a more accurate truth. 

Though it remains a frequently cited and influential experiment in psychology today, ambiguity and distrust in the results remain, much of this arising from ethical concerns, as well as interdisciplinary tensions between the sociological and psychological areas of social psychology. This is because there seems to be a shortfall in what are accepted as the necessary standards of measurement for the development of theories and production of ‘truth’. The SPE is often criticised for this very reason&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Blum |first1=Ben |title=The Lifespan of a Lie – Trust Issues |url=https://gen.medium.com/the-lifespan-of-a-lie-d869212b1f62 |website=Medium |access-date=12/12/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Despite this, it seems clear that the methodologies of both disciplines (sociology and psychology) bring something to the table and create a more universal truth; qualitative (sociological) measures such as survey and self-reporting are necessary to gage the participants individual emotional experiences, whereas quantitative (psychological) methods are needed to set up the experiment in a systematic way (scientific method) and track behaviour. This highlights the need for integration between the disciplines, to create universal truths that are accepted and beneficial across disciplines.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>kjzlyjiiujyj268iiuu6v0w7fcuo9k4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4640853</id>
      <parentid>4640814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T07:28:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dirk Hünniger</username>
        <id>343292</id>
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      <text bytes="11657" sha1="m5q3nspkob35j1tseg8ybpg8wpq3zhm" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction to Social Psychology: An interdisciplinary approach == 

[[Social psychology]] is the scientific study of the cognition and actions of individuals in social situations&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Murchinson |first1=Carl |title=A Handbook in Social Psychology |date=1935 |publisher=Clark University}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The field is dominated by research motivated by a positivist approach to uncovering the truth, but has become divided into separate areas with different research methodologies and practices &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=David |last2=Schafer |first2=Robert |year=1978 |title=Is Social Psychology Interdisciplinary? |publisher= Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=4 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/014616727800400408 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. The opposing approaches to truth discovery have created interdisciplinary tension between the psychological and sociological branches, each disregarding the others work, deeming it irrelevant. The successful integration of the disciplines is essential for finding a more objective truth within the discipline.

The chapter will look in depth at the different disciplinary truths and the need for integration, with focus on the Stanford Prison Experiment as a prime example of why interdisciplinary work is necessary.

== Case Study: The Stanford Prison Experiment ==

[[File:Guard and Prisoner in Stanford Prison Experiment.jpg|thumb|Guard and Prisoner in Stanford Prison Experiment]]The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) was a social psychology experiment by Philip Zimbardo in the basement of Stanford University. The experiment took an inductive and constructivist approach to the truth and aimed to investigate whether sadistic behaviour is caused by individual personalities (dispositional), or their surroundings (situational). To do this, Zimbardo created an experimental set-up that simulated prison-life. The experiment was supposed to run for two weeks but was shut down after 6 days due to serious ethical issues concerning the well-being of the participants&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9463342/ |title=The Stanford Prison Experiment |author=Michael Stevens |date=19 December 2018 |accessdate=6 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The integrity of the experiment was questioned, with 'demand characteristics' (participants acting in a certain way because they think it's expected) being a contributing factor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bartels |first1=Jared |year=2019 |title=Revisiting the Stanford prison experiment, again: Examining demand characteristics in the guard orientation |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |publisher=Taylor and Francis Group |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=780-790 |doi=10.1080/00224545.2019.1596058 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, meaning the results were a biased, tampering with the 'truth'.

== Disciplinary Perspectives ==

==== Three Faces of Social Psychology ====
	
The idea of interdisciplinarity in the social psychology field is not new; the 25 years after WWII was named the 'Golden Age' of interdisciplinary social psychology as many training and research programmes were established in major US universities. Yet, by the mid-1960s these had mostly disappeared. The contributing factors to their disappearance are said to be the threat to the traditional departmental structure and a lack of funding and major breakthroughs. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sewell |first1=William H. |year=1989 |title=Some Reflections on the Golden Age of Interdisciplinary Social Psychology |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |publisher=Annual Reviews Inc. |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000245}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Approaches to truth in social psychology became marked by three separate divisions, described as 'three faces' by James House&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=House |first1=James |title=The Three Faces of Social Psychology |date=1977 |publisher=American Sociological Association |DOI=10.2307/3033519}}&lt;/ref&gt;. These divisions were psychological social psychology, symbolic interactionism and psychological sociology (sociological social psychology), all with new and different interpretations of the truth and different research methodologies. Psychological social psychology emphasised laboratory methods, symbolic interactionism focusses on informal interviewing methods and psychological sociology uses mostly survey methods&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

The continuous growing apart of these fields, resulting in academic ignorance, can be seen as the main contributing factor for the demise of the SPE. An interdisciplinary team from all divisions would have been able to avoid the countless ethical violations and would've produced a universal truth, helpful and applicable throughout multiple disciplines.

==== Psychology: Psychological Social Psychology ====

Psychology seeks to understand the truth behind human thought, feeling, and behaviour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://psychology.uq.edu.au/about/about-psychology |title=About Psychology |author=School of Psychology |date=24 January 2019 |publisher=The University of Queensland |accessdate=7 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Psychological social psychology is largely dominated by this pursuit of inductive truth through the scientific method (truth seeking through experiment and observation). The notable Stanford prison experiment (SPE), highlights how scientific methodologies are used in practice in psychological social psychology.

Firstly, a hypothesis is defined. Zimbardo, the researcher behind the SPE, wanted to test the hypothesis that it's the personalities of the guards that is the cause of abusive behaviour in prisons (dispositional)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://stanfordprisonexperimentproject.wordpress.com/2017/11/28/first-blog-post/ |title=What is the Stanford Prison Experiment? |author=Melise Douglas |date=28 November 2017 |accessdate=12 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The second step is designing an experiment for observation and evidence collection. Zimbardo created an experimental set-up simulating prison-life. 24 volunteers were randomly assigned, after psychological screening, to the role of either 'guard' or 'prisoner'. The screening processes accredited any aggressive behaviour to the environment (situational)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Zimbardo |first1=Phillip |title=Narration of the Stanford prison experiment |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

In following the scientific method, Zimbardo created a 'structured' system to seek truth in his experiment. However the lack of emotional empathy in the scientific method can mean the whole social picture isn't acknowledged- no objective truth.

The SPE relied solely on naturalistic observation for evidence collection; observing and recording behaviour as it occurs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jhangiani |first1=Dr. Rajiv |title=Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition |date=2014 |publisher=BC Campus}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Though common in social psychology, it is not a scientific method of measurement; unstructured observations are recorded qualitatively&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Salkind |first1=Neil J. |title=The Encyclopaedia of research design |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt;, causing interdisciplinary tension (especially in the SPE) due to its conflict with the scientific method. Experimental psychologists often argue that naturalistic observation produces a less objective 'truth'. They contend that the results are less reliable because it is harder to control variables, meaning the experiment is unrepeatable and therefore the conclusions cannot be tested. 

However, the interdisciplinary nature of social psychology means that it possesses a unique version of 'truth'. This means that though it extracts much of its methodology from psychology, there is value to be gained from integrating techniques from other disciplines, such as sociology. It is arguable that this value gained balances, or even outweighs, the value lost from not rigidly following the scientific method.

==== Sociology: Sociological Social Psychology ====

[[File:Prisoner Questionnaire- Stanford Prison Experiment.png|thumb|Prisoner Questionnaire conducted after Stanford Prison Experiment]]Sociology is the scientific study of human interaction and social relationships, looking at social processes and rules.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Basics of Sociology |last=Stolley |first=Kathy S |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-32387-9 |url=https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Kathy_S._Stolley_The_basics_of_sociology.pdf |access-date=11 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Specifically, sociological social psychology (psychological sociology) studies individual social psychological behaviour and its relation to social structures&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Psychological sociology emphasises survey research methodologies in identifying truth, taking a more qualitative approach than psychological social psychology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and focusing more on individuals experiences in social situations more empathetically- a factor missing from the SPE.

Post experiment, Zimbardo conducted a short survey of the prisoners, where they placed their emotions towards guards and prisoners on scales of different adjectives&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zimbardo |first1=Philip |year=1971 |title=Prisoner Questionnaire |publisher=Stanford University |url=https://purl.stanford.edu/jh136kp4208}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The sociological methods Zimbardo used were very simplistic and arguably lacked depth. By placing greater emphasis on psychological sociology in the SPE e.g. surveying the individuals throughout the experiment, the ethical issues could have been avoided and a more objective truth could have been reached.

However, the integration of a survey system into a scientific method set-up introduces two opposing evidence types, creating conflict. This could be seen as disrupting the variables in place, and, depending on the researchers discipline, one evidence type may be favoured, producing biased results and a 'subjective' truth.

== Conclusions ==
The Stanford prison experiment is a prime example of sociology and psychology interacting within social psychology. Expertise from both schools were required to create a realistic prison simulation. However, more co-operation and crossover was needed to eliminate bias and uncover a more accurate truth. 

Though it remains a frequently cited and influential experiment in psychology today, ambiguity and distrust in the results remain, much of this arising from ethical concerns, as well as interdisciplinary tensions between the sociological and psychological areas of social psychology. This is because there seems to be a shortfall in what are accepted as the necessary standards of measurement for the development of theories and production of ‘truth’. The SPE is often criticised for this very reason&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Blum |first1=Ben |title=The Lifespan of a Lie – Trust Issues |url=https://gen.medium.com/the-lifespan-of-a-lie-d869212b1f62 |website=Medium |access-date=12/12/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Despite this, it seems clear that the methodologies of both disciplines (sociology and psychology) bring something to the table and create a more universal truth; qualitative (sociological) measures such as survey and self-reporting are necessary to gage the participants individual emotional experiences, whereas quantitative (psychological) methods are needed to set up the experiment in a systematic way (scientific method) and track behaviour. This highlights the need for integration between the disciplines, to create universal truths that are accepted and beneficial across disciplines.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

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      <text bytes="12551" sha1="4556dlx3klyl3jn3fmvki02gd63rgn7" xml:space="preserve">==Introduction==


[[w:Depression|Depression]] is a mental illness that causes a constant feeling of dejection and low mood, which will strongly influence the daily lives of those affected.&lt;ref&gt;Mayo Clinic, 2018. Depression (major depressive disorder). [Online]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007&lt;/ref&gt; Nearly 1 in 10 people suffer from it,&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;Parker C, Depression: clinical features and diagnosis. Clinical Pharmacist. 2012; 4(1): 222-226&lt;/ref&gt; and the number of people touched increased considerably during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;Robinson j. Mental health conditions Rate of depression in Great Britain doubled during COVID-19 pandemic, ONS figures reveal. The Pharmaceutical Journal. 2020[Online] Available from: https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/news/rate-of-depression-in-great-britain-doubled-during-covid-19-pandemic-ons-figures-reveal/20208279.article?firstPass=false &lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, it is an important societal issue that requires research to understand its causes and prescribe an effective treatment. To achieve this, one must understand the development of this disease: it can be triggered by many factors of different origins which vary from one person to another.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt;Thus, studying these evidences in the diagnosis of depression through the lens of different disciplines will allow us to obtain explanations on the implementation of the multiple treatments for this illness and to recognize how these evidences, while united, could result in a more accurate diagnosis.

==Disciplines Perspectives==

===Biology===

Biology as a discipline is concerned with the study of living organisms&lt;ref&gt;Rogers K., Britannica. [Online]. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/science/biology.&lt;/ref&gt;. From this perspective, evidence relating to depression is collected at different levels: the molecular level, as well as the circuitry in neural systems.&lt;ref&gt; Carter M., Jennifer c shieh. Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience.Academic Press; 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The study of depression concerning the circuity of neural systems often focus on the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus which are considered to be responsible for maintaining emotional stability.&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;&gt;Palazidou, E. The neurobiology of depression. British Medical Bulletin. 2012;101(1): 127–145.&lt;/ref&gt; Malfunctions within these areas are seen to be key to understanding the neurochemistry of depression. Quantitative evidence is collected with neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and functional fMRI.&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;/&gt; These techniques provide visualisations both anatomically and functionally,&lt;ref&gt;Wang J, Yang T, Thompson P, Ye J. Sparse models for imaging genetics. Machine learning and medical imaging. 2016:129-151.&lt;/ref&gt; allowing for the connection of the aforementioned brain sections factors towards depression. 

In regards to the study of molecular mechanisms, most have focused upon neurotransmitters, which act as chemical messengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;&gt;Nemade, R. Gracepoint Wellness. Biology of Depression-Neurotransmitters [Online]. Available from: https://www.gracepointwellness.org/5-depression-depression-related-conditions/article/12999-biology-of-depression-neurotransmitters &lt;/ref&gt; Depression has often been connected towards imbalances concerning these neurotransmitters.&lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;/&gt; Evidence for their study is largely quantitative, with methods ranging from the measurement of levels to advanced imaging techniques involving radiolabelling.&lt;ref&gt;Gryglewski, G, Lanzenberger, R, Kranz, G, Cumming, P. Meta-Analysis of Molecular Imaging of Serotonin Transporters in Major Depression. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism. 2014; 34(7).&lt;/ref&gt; 

In regards to treatment, techniques are not yet sophisticated enough to diagnose on an individual case basis.&lt;ref&gt;Saggar, M, Uddin, L. Pushing the Boundaries of Psychiatric Neuroimaging to Ground Diagnosis in Biology. ENeuro. 2019;6(6).&lt;/ref&gt; However, the study of neural interconnections has allowed for the creation of medical depression treatments.&lt;ref&gt;Harvard health publishing. What causes depression? [Online]. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression.&lt;/ref&gt;For example, antidepressant medications to treat depression are known to act upon neurotransmitters to alleviate depression.&lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;/&gt;

===Psychology===
&lt;!-- [[File:Beck test.png|thumb|Beck's depression questionnaire]] --&gt;
Psychology is the study of the human mind and how it influences the behaviour of a person.&lt;ref&gt; Oxford Learner's Dictionaries [Internet]. Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. 2020. Available from: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ &lt;/ref&gt; One of the approaches to collect evidences is through interviews based on open questions between a patient and a psychiatrist.&lt;ref&gt; Williams C., Rittman M., Boylstein C., Fairloth C., Haijing Q. Qualitative and quantitative measurement of depression in veterans recovering from stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Reasearch &amp; Development. 2005;42(3):277-290 &lt;/ref&gt; These qualitative evidences can then be used to build a coherent list of the depressive symptoms patients frequently exhibit. This list is found in the [[w:DSM-5|DSM-5]], a renowned classification used for current diagnosis and future research.&lt;ref&gt; Kupfer D, Regier D, Kuhl E. On the road to DSM-5 and ICD-11. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2008;258(5):2-6.&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[w:Beck Depression Inventory|Beck Depression Inventory]] will also be created from these evidences and the theory of [[w:cognitive distortion|cognitive distortion]]. It is a questionnaire of 21 questions that will measure the severity of a patient’s depression.&lt;ref&gt; Jackson-Koku G. Beck Depression Inventory. Occupational Medicine. 2016;66(2):174-175. &lt;/ref&gt;

To validate newly observed symptoms, studies are conducted comparing patients diagnosed with depression to a control group.&lt;ref&gt; Weingartner H, Cohen R, Murphy D, Martello J, Gerdt C. Cognitive Processes in Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1981;38(1):42.&lt;/ref&gt; The information generated from such studies can then be statistically analysed in order to provide quantitative evidence on the prevalence of particular symptoms but also psychological causes of depression, such as stress. &lt;ref&gt; Van Praag H. Can stress cause depression?. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2004;28(5):891-907.&lt;/ref&gt;This quantitative analysis is next combined with findings from the aforementioned forms of qualitative evidence. Connections are then made between the different forms of evidence. In turn, this enables the diagnosis of future patients to be done in a more accurate manner. 

These studies have also proven that the etiology of depression is largely defined by the [[w:diathesis–stress model|diathesis–stress model]]. Some people are thereby more susceptible than others to depression.&lt;ref&gt;Arnau-Soler A, Adams M, Clarke T. A validation of the diathesis-stress model for depression in Generation Scotland. Translational Psychiatry. 2019;9(25) &lt;/ref&gt;

===Sociology===
[[File:Oudewater waitress 2010-07-18.jpg|thumb|Sociologist conducting a study using participant observation]]

Sociology is a discipline which studies the interactions between individuals and their environment.&lt;ref&gt;Geneso. The Sociological Perspective. Sociology. [Online] Available from: https://www.geneseo.edu/sociology/about&lt;/ref&gt; According to the sociologist George Brown&lt;ref&gt;George W Brown. Depression — a sociologist's view. Trends in Neurosciences. 1979; 2(1): 253-256&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;depression is essentially a social phenomenon in the sense of being usually the result of a person's thoughts about his or her world&quot;. Thus, sociology is concerned with depression as a disease that can be explained with aspects of social life.
 
There are two types of sociological studies that are relevant to depression. The first examines the social elements that cause or enhances the probability of developing a mental illness, and the second looks at how society responds to these illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;Horwitz A. An Overview of Sociological Perspectives on the Definitions, Causes, and Responses to Mental Health and Illness. A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health.Cambridge University Press. 2012:6-19.&lt;/ref&gt; In the course of their studies, sociologists use several methods. To obtain quantitative evidence, in order to better understand the social conditions that favor the appearance of these diseases, they will identify specific groups of individuals and question them through interviews or surveys. In addition, sociologists can also go into the field to obtain qualitative evidence through observations or by interacting with the group studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;&gt;Course Lumenlearning. Research Methods. Introduction to Sociology. 2020[Online] Available from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/research-methods/&lt;/ref&gt; By analyzing the results, this will allow them to target social factors that are highly correlated with incidents of depression, and to know the responses of the population to depression, how they define the disease and whether they choose to be cured and in which ways, thereby, to be able to guide the search for treatments.&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;/&gt; According to the evidence gathered, the best way to fight depression for sociologists would be to put in place social policies to reduce the pressure on the individuals concerned and to provide more support.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;

==Evaluation of Evidences==
Given how severe depression is, the issue of its diagnosis extends beyond simply accurately diagnosing depression in a patient, due to the wide range of symptoms between patients and factors for the disorder. However, despite major studies being conducted on this subject, the diagnosis of depression is often misunderstood, with the need for more communication between related disciplines.

Biological evidence is crucial for diagnosis as well as the development of treatments. However this approach to depression includes several limits. Firstly, the existence of certain anomalies within the brain do not necessarily imply they were involved in the development of depression within patients. Therefore, it can be difficult to draw causal relationships between particular brain structures and incidents of depression. Moreover, there are multiple types of depression and levels of severity which are not distinguishable at the biological scale.&lt;ref&gt; Gotlib I, Hamilton J. Neuroimaging and Depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2008;17(2):159-163. &lt;/ref&gt;  The distinction between them can only result from a psychological approach. Nevertheless, the psychological studies are based on the patient’s word which can not be completely reliable and objective. Some people tend to self-diagnose, resulting in their responses to questionnaires being biased by their own interpretation of their condition.&lt;ref&gt;Kessler D, Lloyd K, Lewis G, Gray D, Heath I. Cross sectional study of symptom attribution and recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. BMJ. 1999;318(7181):436-440. &lt;/ref&gt;
Concerning quantitative evidences in psychology or sociology, an issue also lies in how they tend to result in wide spread generalisations which do not take account  the specificity of individual experiences within the area of mental health which can be a hindrance to the progress of research and diagnosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;

With each discipline having difficulties in tackling the diagnosis of depression, it is important for interdisciplinary dialogue to be conducted by combining the different forms of evidence within each discipline in order to build complex models to group biological and demographic parameters which can create diagnosis subjects and connect them to different treatments. For example, evidence of biological predispositions and demographic correlations are helpful in determining subtypes within depression. However, while these models have been attempted, there have been inadequate or unsuccessful replication studies.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlop, B, Mayberg, H. Neuroimaging Advances for Depression. Cerebrum : the Dana forum on brain science. 2017;1(1). &lt;/ref&gt; This can potentially be attributed to the different areas of focus within each discipline, making it hard to integrate all forms of evidence into one cohesive model.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

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      <text bytes="12542" sha1="pdctuifew6j3liebhgtp5fvgzmutu7n" xml:space="preserve">==Introduction==


[[w:Depression|Depression]] is a mental illness that causes a constant feeling of dejection and low mood, which will strongly influence the daily lives of those affected.&lt;ref&gt;Mayo Clinic, 2018. Depression (major depressive disorder). [Online]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007&lt;/ref&gt; Nearly 1 in 10 people suffer from it,&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;Parker C, Depression: clinical features and diagnosis. Clinical Pharmacist. 2012; 4(1): 222-226&lt;/ref&gt; and the number of people touched increased considerably during the [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;Robinson j. Mental health conditions Rate of depression in Great Britain doubled during COVID-19 pandemic, ONS figures reveal. The Pharmaceutical Journal. 2020[Online] Available from: https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/news/rate-of-depression-in-great-britain-doubled-during-covid-19-pandemic-ons-figures-reveal/20208279.article?firstPass=false &lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, it is an important societal issue that requires research to understand its causes and prescribe an effective treatment. To achieve this, one must understand the development of this disease: it can be triggered by many factors of different origins which vary from one person to another.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt;Thus, studying these evidences in the diagnosis of depression through the lens of different disciplines will allow us to obtain explanations on the implementation of the multiple treatments for this illness and to recognize how these evidences, while united, could result in a more accurate diagnosis.

==Disciplines Perspectives==

===Biology===

Biology as a discipline is concerned with the study of living organisms&lt;ref&gt;Rogers K., Britannica. [Online]. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/science/biology.&lt;/ref&gt;. From this perspective, evidence relating to depression is collected at different levels: the molecular level, as well as the circuitry in neural systems.&lt;ref&gt; Carter M., Jennifer c shieh. Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience.Academic Press; 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The study of depression concerning the circuity of neural systems often focus on the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus which are considered to be responsible for maintaining emotional stability.&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;&gt;Palazidou, E. The neurobiology of depression. British Medical Bulletin. 2012;101(1): 127–145.&lt;/ref&gt; Malfunctions within these areas are seen to be key to understanding the neurochemistry of depression. Quantitative evidence is collected with neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and functional fMRI.&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;/&gt; These techniques provide visualisations both anatomically and functionally,&lt;ref&gt;Wang J, Yang T, Thompson P, Ye J. Sparse models for imaging genetics. Machine learning and medical imaging. 2016:129-151.&lt;/ref&gt; allowing for the connection of the aforementioned brain sections factors towards depression. 

In regards to the study of molecular mechanisms, most have focused upon neurotransmitters, which act as chemical messengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;&gt;Nemade, R. Gracepoint Wellness. Biology of Depression-Neurotransmitters [Online]. Available from: https://www.gracepointwellness.org/5-depression-depression-related-conditions/article/12999-biology-of-depression-neurotransmitters &lt;/ref&gt; Depression has often been connected towards imbalances concerning these neurotransmitters.&lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;/&gt; Evidence for their study is largely quantitative, with methods ranging from the measurement of levels to advanced imaging techniques involving radiolabelling.&lt;ref&gt;Gryglewski, G, Lanzenberger, R, Kranz, G, Cumming, P. Meta-Analysis of Molecular Imaging of Serotonin Transporters in Major Depression. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism. 2014; 34(7).&lt;/ref&gt; 

In regards to treatment, techniques are not yet sophisticated enough to diagnose on an individual case basis.&lt;ref&gt;Saggar, M, Uddin, L. Pushing the Boundaries of Psychiatric Neuroimaging to Ground Diagnosis in Biology. ENeuro. 2019;6(6).&lt;/ref&gt; However, the study of neural interconnections has allowed for the creation of medical depression treatments.&lt;ref&gt;Harvard health publishing. What causes depression? [Online]. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression.&lt;/ref&gt;For example, antidepressant medications to treat depression are known to act upon neurotransmitters to alleviate depression.&lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;/&gt;

===Psychology===
[[File:Beck test.png|thumb|Beck's depression questionnaire]]
Psychology is the study of the human mind and how it influences the behaviour of a person.&lt;ref&gt; Oxford Learner's Dictionaries [Internet]. Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. 2020. Available from: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ &lt;/ref&gt; One of the approaches to collect evidences is through interviews based on open questions between a patient and a psychiatrist.&lt;ref&gt; Williams C., Rittman M., Boylstein C., Fairloth C., Haijing Q. Qualitative and quantitative measurement of depression in veterans recovering from stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Reasearch &amp; Development. 2005;42(3):277-290 &lt;/ref&gt; These qualitative evidences can then be used to build a coherent list of the depressive symptoms patients frequently exhibit. This list is found in the [[w:DSM-5|DSM-5]], a renowned classification used for current diagnosis and future research.&lt;ref&gt; Kupfer D, Regier D, Kuhl E. On the road to DSM-5 and ICD-11. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2008;258(5):2-6.&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[w:Beck Depression Inventory|Beck Depression Inventory]] will also be created from these evidences and the theory of [[w:cognitive distortion|cognitive distortion]]. It is a questionnaire of 21 questions that will measure the severity of a patient’s depression.&lt;ref&gt; Jackson-Koku G. Beck Depression Inventory. Occupational Medicine. 2016;66(2):174-175. &lt;/ref&gt;

To validate newly observed symptoms, studies are conducted comparing patients diagnosed with depression to a control group.&lt;ref&gt; Weingartner H, Cohen R, Murphy D, Martello J, Gerdt C. Cognitive Processes in Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1981;38(1):42.&lt;/ref&gt; The information generated from such studies can then be statistically analysed in order to provide quantitative evidence on the prevalence of particular symptoms but also psychological causes of depression, such as stress. &lt;ref&gt; Van Praag H. Can stress cause depression?. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2004;28(5):891-907.&lt;/ref&gt;This quantitative analysis is next combined with findings from the aforementioned forms of qualitative evidence. Connections are then made between the different forms of evidence. In turn, this enables the diagnosis of future patients to be done in a more accurate manner. 

These studies have also proven that the etiology of depression is largely defined by the [[w:diathesis–stress model|diathesis–stress model]]. Some people are thereby more susceptible than others to depression.&lt;ref&gt;Arnau-Soler A, Adams M, Clarke T. A validation of the diathesis-stress model for depression in Generation Scotland. Translational Psychiatry. 2019;9(25) &lt;/ref&gt;

===Sociology===
[[File:Oudewater waitress 2010-07-18.jpg|thumb|Sociologist conducting a study using participant observation]]

Sociology is a discipline which studies the interactions between individuals and their environment.&lt;ref&gt;Geneso. The Sociological Perspective. Sociology. [Online] Available from: https://www.geneseo.edu/sociology/about&lt;/ref&gt; According to the sociologist George Brown&lt;ref&gt;George W Brown. Depression — a sociologist's view. Trends in Neurosciences. 1979; 2(1): 253-256&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;depression is essentially a social phenomenon in the sense of being usually the result of a person's thoughts about his or her world&quot;. Thus, sociology is concerned with depression as a disease that can be explained with aspects of social life.
 
There are two types of sociological studies that are relevant to depression. The first examines the social elements that cause or enhances the probability of developing a mental illness, and the second looks at how society responds to these illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;Horwitz A. An Overview of Sociological Perspectives on the Definitions, Causes, and Responses to Mental Health and Illness. A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health.Cambridge University Press. 2012:6-19.&lt;/ref&gt; In the course of their studies, sociologists use several methods. To obtain quantitative evidence, in order to better understand the social conditions that favor the appearance of these diseases, they will identify specific groups of individuals and question them through interviews or surveys. In addition, sociologists can also go into the field to obtain qualitative evidence through observations or by interacting with the group studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;&gt;Course Lumenlearning. Research Methods. Introduction to Sociology. 2020[Online] Available from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/research-methods/&lt;/ref&gt; By analyzing the results, this will allow them to target social factors that are highly correlated with incidents of depression, and to know the responses of the population to depression, how they define the disease and whether they choose to be cured and in which ways, thereby, to be able to guide the search for treatments.&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;/&gt; According to the evidence gathered, the best way to fight depression for sociologists would be to put in place social policies to reduce the pressure on the individuals concerned and to provide more support.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;

==Evaluation of Evidences==
Given how severe depression is, the issue of its diagnosis extends beyond simply accurately diagnosing depression in a patient, due to the wide range of symptoms between patients and factors for the disorder. However, despite major studies being conducted on this subject, the diagnosis of depression is often misunderstood, with the need for more communication between related disciplines.

Biological evidence is crucial for diagnosis as well as the development of treatments. However this approach to depression includes several limits. Firstly, the existence of certain anomalies within the brain do not necessarily imply they were involved in the development of depression within patients. Therefore, it can be difficult to draw causal relationships between particular brain structures and incidents of depression. Moreover, there are multiple types of depression and levels of severity which are not distinguishable at the biological scale.&lt;ref&gt; Gotlib I, Hamilton J. Neuroimaging and Depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2008;17(2):159-163. &lt;/ref&gt;  The distinction between them can only result from a psychological approach. Nevertheless, the psychological studies are based on the patient’s word which can not be completely reliable and objective. Some people tend to self-diagnose, resulting in their responses to questionnaires being biased by their own interpretation of their condition.&lt;ref&gt;Kessler D, Lloyd K, Lewis G, Gray D, Heath I. Cross sectional study of symptom attribution and recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. BMJ. 1999;318(7181):436-440. &lt;/ref&gt;
Concerning quantitative evidences in psychology or sociology, an issue also lies in how they tend to result in wide spread generalisations which do not take account  the specificity of individual experiences within the area of mental health which can be a hindrance to the progress of research and diagnosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;

With each discipline having difficulties in tackling the diagnosis of depression, it is important for interdisciplinary dialogue to be conducted by combining the different forms of evidence within each discipline in order to build complex models to group biological and demographic parameters which can create diagnosis subjects and connect them to different treatments. For example, evidence of biological predispositions and demographic correlations are helpful in determining subtypes within depression. However, while these models have been attempted, there have been inadequate or unsuccessful replication studies.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlop, B, Mayberg, H. Neuroimaging Advances for Depression. Cerebrum : the Dana forum on brain science. 2017;1(1). &lt;/ref&gt; This can potentially be attributed to the different areas of focus within each discipline, making it hard to integrate all forms of evidence into one cohesive model.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4937" sha1="7sgpw7oi5m0tyrk6p4pv3f7tnpq5klw" xml:space="preserve">== Maxima Operators ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Standards are great! That's why there are so many of them, and they change so often.&quot;''


– Unknown&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Mathematical notation was conceived of by different contributors and adopted over a period of time until the present . So if there are standards for notation


.++.

'''There is no single, universally enforced standard that dictates mathematical notation across all branches of math'''. Instead, notation is decentralized, evolving organically and varying by '''discipline''', '''publisher''', and '''subfield'''. [1, 2, 3]

However, there are widely accepted conventions and formal frameworks that serve as references:

1. The ISO Standard

The closest thing to a universal style guide is the '''ISO 31-11''' (now succeeded by '''ISO 80000-2''').

* '''Who uses it:''' Primarily applied scientists, physicists, and engineering bodies. Pure mathematicians largely ignore it in favor of their own subfield traditions.
* '''Core Rule:''' It mandates the use of '''italic fonts for variables''' (e.g., $E = mc^2$) and '''upright (roman) fonts for mathematical constants''' (e.g., $e$ or $\pi$). [7, 8]

2. Disciplinary Conventions

Mathematical notation broadly divides into four categories depending on the context:

* '''Operational Symbols:''' e.g., $+$, $-$, $\times$, $\div$, $=$
* '''Set &amp; Logic Symbols:''' e.g., $\in$, $\notin$, $\forall$ (for all), $\exists$ (there exists)
* '''Functional Notation:''' e.g., $f(x)$, $\sin(\theta)$
* '''Structural/Relational Notation:''' e.g., $\sum$ (summation), $\int$ (integration), $\cup$, $\cap$ [2]

Within these categories, subfields develop distinct dialects. For example, a partial derivative might be written as $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$ in calculus, $f_x$ in differential equations, or $\partial_x f$ in differential geometry.

3. Practical Usage

Because notation evolves so quickly, papers and textbooks typically rely on '''context''' and explicit definitions rather than a rigid central authority. For typesetting, the international default for mathematical texts is '''LaTeX''', which establishes formatting norms but not the mathematical meaning itself. [1, 2, 9, 10]

To explore this topic further, the '''Wikipedia Mathematical Notation''' page provides a solid overview of common symbols and their regional variants. [7]

[1] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[2] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathematicsauthority.com/mathematical-notation-guide/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[3] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4738809/is-there-one-universal-standard-for-mathematical-notation&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[4] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[5] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[6] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/19089/why-does-mathematical-notation-and-terminology-stop-being-standard-after-calculu&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[7] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[8] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://nhigham.com/2016/01/28/typesetting-mathematics-according-to-the-iso-standard/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[9] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www2.cde.ca.gov/cacs/math?c0=14,8&amp;c1=5&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[10] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1202594/there-is-a-logical-or-mathematical-symbol-for-compatibility-incompatibility&lt;/nowiki&gt;

The definitive, encyclopedic reference for the history of mathematical symbols is &lt;mark&gt;Florian Cajori's ''A History of Mathematical Notations''&lt;/mark&gt;. This foundational text details the origin, evolution, and dissemination of virtually every mathematical symbol. You can access the full A History Of Mathematical Notations Vol I text online via the Internet Archive. [1, 2, 3]

For a quick, scannable breakdown of specific symbols, turn to the Wikipedia History of mathematical notation. This resource highlights major eras and the mathematicians who standardized our modern system. [1, 2, 3]

Key Resources by Topic

* Textbook Classic: Read or borrow Florian Cajori's unabridged work via Internet Archive for a deep dive into specific symbols. [1, 2]
* General Summary: Use the Wikipedia History of mathematical notation for a curated list of who invented specific operators. [1]
* Functions &amp; Operations: Visit the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, maintained by the University of St Andrews, to track individual symbols (e.g., \(+\), \(-\), \(\times \), \(\div \), and \(f(x)\)). [1, 2, 3]
* The Future of Notation: Read Stephen Wolfram's Mathematical Notation: Past and Future to learn how the history of notation shapes modern computation. [1]

If you have a specific symbol in mind (like the equals sign, the integral, or square root), let me know and I can share who invented it and when it first appeared.


&quot;=&quot; means syntactic equality. Check : is(equal(a,b))
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      <text bytes="4772" sha1="ol6o820deuduzp922v2dm0k0kc2bgj9" xml:space="preserve">== Maxima Operators ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Standards are great! That's why there are so many of them, and they change so often.&quot;''


– Unknown&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Mathematical notation was conceived of by different contributors and adopted over a period of time until the present . So if there are standards for notation


.++.

'''There is no single, universally enforced standard that dictates mathematical notation across all branches of math'''. Instead, notation is decentralized, evolving organically and varying by '''discipline''', '''publisher''', and '''subfield'''. [1, 2, 3]

However, there are widely accepted conventions and formal frameworks that serve as references:

1. The ISO Standard

The closest thing to a universal style guide is the '''ISO 31-11''' (now succeeded by '''ISO 80000-2''').

* '''Who uses it:''' Primarily applied scientists, physicists, and engineering bodies. Pure mathematicians largely ignore it in favor of their own subfield traditions.
* '''Core Rule:''' It mandates the use of '''italic fonts for variables''' (e.g., $E = mc^2$) and '''upright (roman) fonts for mathematical constants''' (e.g., $e$ or $\pi$). [7, 8]

2. Disciplinary Conventions

Mathematical notation broadly divides into four categories depending on the context:

* '''Operational Symbols:''' e.g., $+$, $-$, $\times$, $\div$, $=$
* '''Set &amp; Logic Symbols:''' e.g., $\in$, $\notin$, $\forall$ (for all), $\exists$ (there exists)
* '''Functional Notation:''' e.g., $f(x)$, $\sin(\theta)$
* '''Structural/Relational Notation:''' e.g., $\sum$ (summation), $\int$ (integration), $\cup$, $\cap$ [2]

Within these categories, subfields develop distinct dialects. For example, a partial derivative might be written as $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$ in calculus, $f_x$ in differential equations, or $\partial_x f$ in differential geometry.

3. Practical Usage

Because notation evolves so quickly, papers and textbooks typically rely on '''context''' and explicit definitions rather than a rigid central authority. For typesetting, the international default for mathematical texts is '''LaTeX''', which establishes formatting norms but not the mathematical meaning itself. [1, 2, 9, 10]

To explore this topic further, the '''Wikipedia Mathematical Notation''' page provides a solid overview of common symbols and their regional variants. [7]

[1] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[2] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathematicsauthority.com/mathematical-notation-guide/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[3] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4738809/is-there-one-universal-standard-for-mathematical-notation&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[4] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[5] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[6] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/19089/why-does-mathematical-notation-and-terminology-stop-being-standard-after-calculu&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[7] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[8] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://nhigham.com/2016/01/28/typesetting-mathematics-according-to-the-iso-standard/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[9] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www2.cde.ca.gov/cacs/math?c0=14,8&amp;c1=5&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[10] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1202594/there-is-a-logical-or-mathematical-symbol-for-compatibility-incompatibility&lt;/nowiki&gt;

The definitive, encyclopedic reference for the history of mathematical symbols is &lt;mark&gt;Florian Cajori's ''A History of Mathematical Notations''&lt;/mark&gt;. This foundational text details the origin, evolution, and dissemination of virtually every mathematical symbol. You can access the full A History Of Mathematical Notations Vol I text online via the Internet Archive. [1, 2, 3]

For a quick, scannable breakdown of specific symbols, turn to the Wikipedia History of mathematical notation. This resource highlights major eras and the mathematicians who standardized our modern system. [1, 2, 3]

Key Resources by Topic

* Textbook Classic: Read or borrow Florian Cajori's unabridged work via Internet Archive for a deep dive into specific symbols. [1, 2]
* General Summary: Use the Wikipedia History of mathematical notation for a curated list of who invented specific operators. [1]
* Functions &amp; Operations: Visit the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, maintained by the University of St Andrews, to track individual symbols (e.g., \(+\), \(-\), \(\times \), \(\div \), and \(f(x)\)). [1, 2, 3]
* The Future of Notation: Read Stephen Wolfram's Mathematical Notation: Past and Future to learn how the history of notation shapes modern computation. [1]


&quot;=&quot; means syntactic equality. Check : is(equal(a,b))
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      <text bytes="6144" sha1="fdsetjs2mt3bg3x6jze447b3od4aj37" xml:space="preserve">== Maxima Operators ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Standards are great! That's why there are so many of them, and they change so often.&quot;''


– Unknown&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Mathematical notation was conceived of by different contributors and adopted over a period of time until the present . So if there are standards for notation


.++.

'''There is no single, universally enforced standard that dictates mathematical notation across all branches of math'''. Instead, notation is decentralized, evolving organically and varying by '''discipline''', '''publisher''', and '''subfield'''. [1, 2, 3]

However, there are widely accepted conventions and formal frameworks that serve as references:

1. The ISO Standard

The closest thing to a universal style guide is the '''ISO 31-11''' (now succeeded by '''ISO 80000-2''').

* '''Who uses it:''' Primarily applied scientists, physicists, and engineering bodies. Pure mathematicians largely ignore it in favor of their own subfield traditions.
* '''Core Rule:''' It mandates the use of '''italic fonts for variables''' (e.g., $E = mc^2$) and '''upright (roman) fonts for mathematical constants''' (e.g., $e$ or $\pi$). [7, 8]

2. Disciplinary Conventions

Mathematical notation broadly divides into four categories depending on the context:

* '''Operational Symbols:''' e.g., $+$, $-$, $\times$, $\div$, $=$
* '''Set &amp; Logic Symbols:''' e.g., $\in$, $\notin$, $\forall$ (for all), $\exists$ (there exists)
* '''Functional Notation:''' e.g., $f(x)$, $\sin(\theta)$
* '''Structural/Relational Notation:''' e.g., $\sum$ (summation), $\int$ (integration), $\cup$, $\cap$ [2]

Within these categories, subfields develop distinct dialects. For example, a partial derivative might be written as $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$ in calculus, $f_x$ in differential equations, or $\partial_x f$ in differential geometry.

3. Practical Usage

Because notation evolves so quickly, papers and textbooks typically rely on '''context''' and explicit definitions rather than a rigid central authority. For typesetting, the international default for mathematical texts is '''LaTeX''', which establishes formatting norms but not the mathematical meaning itself. [1, 2, 9, 10]

To explore this topic further, the '''Wikipedia Mathematical Notation''' page provides a solid overview of common symbols and their regional variants. [7]

[1] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[2] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathematicsauthority.com/mathematical-notation-guide/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[3] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4738809/is-there-one-universal-standard-for-mathematical-notation&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[4] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[5] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://mathoverflow.net/questions/33152/is-there-a-reference-containing-standard-mathematical-notations&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[6] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/19089/why-does-mathematical-notation-and-terminology-stop-being-standard-after-calculu&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[7] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[8] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://nhigham.com/2016/01/28/typesetting-mathematics-according-to-the-iso-standard/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[9] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www2.cde.ca.gov/cacs/math?c0=14,8&amp;c1=5&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[10] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1202594/there-is-a-logical-or-mathematical-symbol-for-compatibility-incompatibility&lt;/nowiki&gt;

The definitive, encyclopedic reference for the history of mathematical symbols is &lt;mark&gt;Florian Cajori's ''A History of Mathematical Notations''&lt;/mark&gt;. This foundational text details the origin, evolution, and dissemination of virtually every mathematical symbol. You can access the full A History Of Mathematical Notations Vol I text online via the Internet Archive. [1, 2, 3]

For a quick, scannable breakdown of specific symbols, turn to the Wikipedia History of mathematical notation. This resource highlights major eras and the mathematicians who standardized our modern system. [1, 2, 3]

Key Resources by Topic

* Textbook Classic: Read or borrow Florian Cajori's unabridged work via Internet Archive for a deep dive into specific symbols. [1, 2]
* General Summary: Use the Wikipedia History of mathematical notation for a curated list of who invented specific operators. [1]
* Functions &amp; Operations: Visit the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, maintained by the University of St Andrews, to track individual symbols (e.g., \(+\), \(-\), \(\times \), \(\div \), and \(f(x)\)). [1, 2, 3]
* The Future of Notation: Read Stephen Wolfram's Mathematical Notation: Past and Future to learn how the history of notation shapes modern computation. [1]
&lt;blockquote&gt;
''&quot;Now I have to tell you that I had always assumed that mathematical notation was too haphazard to be used as any kind of thing that a computer could reasonably interpret in a rigorous way. But at the beginning of the 1990s we got interested in making Mathematica be able to interact with mathematical notation. And so we realized that we really had to figure out what was going on with mathematical notation.''

''Neil Soiffer had spent quite a number of years working on editing and interpreting mathematical notation, and when he joined our company in 1991, he started trying to convince me that one really could work with mathematical notation in a reasonable way, for both output and input.''

''The output side was pretty straightforward: after all, TROFF and TeX already did a moderately good job with that.''

''The issue was input.''

''Well, actually, one already learned something from output. One learned that at least at some level, a lot of mathematical notation could be represented in some kind of context-free form. Because one knew that in TeX, for instance, one could set things up in a tree of nested boxes.''

''But how about input? Well, one of the biggest things was something that always comes up in parsing: if you have a string of text, with operands and operators, how do you tell what groups with what?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;''

– Stephen Wolfram&lt;/blockquote&gt;&quot;=&quot; means syntactic equality. Check : is(equal(a,b))
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      <text bytes="30384" sha1="gfafpx3i4ws4c25iwhva3miocp84xrq" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information.
&lt;div id=&quot;VariantsTable&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&amp;CategoryNo=165&amp;No=830#contents Cyclone V GX].
| [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]&lt;!-- &lt;br&gt;by Udo M&amp;ouml;ller, 2023-25. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH]
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],&lt;br&gt;and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| Any system compatible with the included PAL library&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
| Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres].
|[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]].
|[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge].
|77px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]].
|[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]].
|README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].&lt;br&gt;
At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github].
|75px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|Any system compatible with the included PAL library.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
|Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|46px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|68px}}

==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- style=&quot;border-top: solid 2px&quot; --&gt; | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].&lt;br&gt;
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download  SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] 
|-
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha]
|-
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
|- &lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt; and [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
|-
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]
&lt;!-- | [[/BB/]] --&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download].
|-
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]
|-
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| align=&quot;center&quot; | various Oberon dialects
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github]
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|1=Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
|2=[[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon. [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon|Wikipedia]]&amp;#160;
|3=[https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/install|ETHZ, real diskettes]]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor with diskette images]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials at YouTube]&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|4=90px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible&amp;#160;OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge] and [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| 50px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt; including [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt].
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com, OpenVMS Alpha]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
| 45px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt;. [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]. [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]. [https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
| 65px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]].
| [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download].
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github]&lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
| 65px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] and [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual].
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ OfrontPlus at github] for various Oberon dialects. 
| 45px}}

==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]].
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
|-
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt].
|-
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2.
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2.
|-
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]].
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]].&lt;br&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]].
| [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|Contemporary instructions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
| 50px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]].
| [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt].
| 50px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2.
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]].
| Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2.
| 50px}}

==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| id=&quot;V5&quot; | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]],&lt;br&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth]&lt;br&gt;[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed]
|-
| id=&quot;RISCemu&quot; | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],&lt;br&gt;
[[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
|-
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --&gt;
|-
| &lt;span id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;&lt;span/&gt; | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | A. Pirklbauer&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. 
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] 
|-
| id=&quot;POL&quot; | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |P. Matthias --&gt;
|-
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
|-
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
|-
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --&gt;
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]] and [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia.
| [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth], [http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed].
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]], [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]] or [[w:Unix|Unix]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
| 70px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter]
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| A. Pirklbauer, [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt; and [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler].
| 90px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl].
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
| [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl].
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins]
| 67px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 95px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg]
| 67px}}

{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;&gt;The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;&gt;In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&amp;t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;&gt;Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;&gt;Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;&gt;PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 &amp; x64, Mac M1 &amp; x64 and Windows x86 &amp; x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;&gt;Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive.  In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;&gt;Also referred to as &quot;ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows&quot; and &quot;Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;&gt;A server at ftp&amp;#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;&gt;Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note &quot;Current state ... network not working.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;&gt;V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;&gt;olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;&gt;GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;&gt;During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;&gt;The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required.  GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;&gt;A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;&gt;Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;&gt;Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;&gt;The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>gfafpx3i4ws4c25iwhva3miocp84xrq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4640832</id>
      <parentid>4640831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T03:52:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeterEasthope</username>
        <id>660399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Source Texts in Active Oberon */ Added id=A2.</comment>
      <origin>4640832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30403" sha1="kbx3mma9glrwuuelqmj7oa8ug0g7ca9" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information.
&lt;div id=&quot;VariantsTable&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&amp;CategoryNo=165&amp;No=830#contents Cyclone V GX].
| [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]&lt;!-- &lt;br&gt;by Udo M&amp;ouml;ller, 2023-25. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH]
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],&lt;br&gt;and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| Any system compatible with the included PAL library&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
| Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres].
|[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]].
|[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge].
|77px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]].
|[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]].
|README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].&lt;br&gt;
At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github].
|75px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|Any system compatible with the included PAL library.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
|Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|46px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|68px}}

==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- style=&quot;border-top: solid 2px&quot; --&gt; | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].&lt;br&gt;
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download  SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] 
|-
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha]
|-
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
|- &lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt; and [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
|-
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]
&lt;!-- | [[/BB/]] --&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download].
|-
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]
|-
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| align=&quot;center&quot; | various Oberon dialects
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github]
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|1=Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
|2=[[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon. [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon|Wikipedia]]&amp;#160;
|3=[https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/install|ETHZ, real diskettes]]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor with diskette images]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials at YouTube]&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|4=90px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible&amp;#160;OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge] and [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| 50px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt; including [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt].
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com, OpenVMS Alpha]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
| 45px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt;. [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]. [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]. [https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
| 65px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]].
| [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download].
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github]&lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
| 65px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] and [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual].
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ OfrontPlus at github] for various Oberon dialects. 
| 45px}}

==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]].
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
|-
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt].
|-
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2.
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2.
|-
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]].
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]].&lt;br&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]].
| [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|Contemporary instructions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
| 50px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]].
| [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt].
| 50px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2.
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]].
| Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2.
| 50px}}

==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| id=&quot;V5&quot; | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]],&lt;br&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth]&lt;br&gt;[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed]
|-
| id=&quot;RISCemu&quot; | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],&lt;br&gt;
[[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
|-
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --&gt;
|-
| &lt;span id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;&lt;span/&gt; | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | A. Pirklbauer&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. 
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] 
|-
| id=&quot;POL&quot; | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |P. Matthias --&gt;
|-
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
|-
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
|-
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --&gt;
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]] and [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia.
| [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth], [http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed].
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]], [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]] or [[w:Unix|Unix]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
| 70px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter]
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| A. Pirklbauer, [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt; and [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler].
| 90px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl].
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
| [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl].
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins]
| 67px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 95px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg]
| 67px}}

{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;&gt;The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;&gt;In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&amp;t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;&gt;Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;&gt;Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;&gt;PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 &amp; x64, Mac M1 &amp; x64 and Windows x86 &amp; x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;&gt;Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive.  In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;&gt;Also referred to as &quot;ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows&quot; and &quot;Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;&gt;A server at ftp&amp;#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;&gt;Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note &quot;Current state ... network not working.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;&gt;V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;&gt;olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;&gt;GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;&gt;During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;&gt;The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required.  GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;&gt;A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;&gt;Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;&gt;Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;&gt;The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>kbx3mma9glrwuuelqmj7oa8ug0g7ca9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4640833</id>
      <parentid>4640832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T04:06:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeterEasthope</username>
        <id>660399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Source Texts in Oberon-07 */ Added id= to presentation as list of rows of boxes.</comment>
      <origin>4640833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30511" sha1="qdzw9usft17g9tt71lz93qh159gipvz" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information.
&lt;div id=&quot;VariantsTable&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&amp;CategoryNo=165&amp;No=830#contents Cyclone V GX].
| [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]&lt;!-- &lt;br&gt;by Udo M&amp;ouml;ller, 2023-25. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH]
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],&lt;br&gt;and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| Any system compatible with the included PAL library&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
| Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].&lt;br&gt;
[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres].
|[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]].
|[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge].
|77px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]].
|[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]].
|README.TXT for System&amp;#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].&lt;br&gt;
At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github].
|75px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|Any system compatible with the included PAL library.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;/&gt;
|Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&amp;#160;3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;/&gt;
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;/&gt;
|46px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|[[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] as in the [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspberry Pi 2B]].
|QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines.
|[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github].
|68px}}

==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- style=&quot;border-top: solid 2px&quot; --&gt; | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].&lt;br&gt;
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download  SourceForge]&lt;br /&gt;[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]
|-
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] 
|-
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha]
|-
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
|- &lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt; and [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]&lt;br&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
|-
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]
&lt;!-- | [[/BB/]] --&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download].
|-
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]
|-
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| align=&quot;center&quot; | various Oberon dialects
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github]
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;ETHO&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|1=Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;/&gt;
|2=[[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon. [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon|Wikipedia]]&amp;#160;
|3=[https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/install|ETHZ, real diskettes]]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor with diskette images]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials at YouTube]&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;/&gt;
|4=90px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible&amp;#160;OS]]
| DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;/&gt;
| [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge] and [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github]
| 50px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with MS Windows
| ETH Oberon for Windows&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;/&gt; including [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt].
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS
| [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com, OpenVMS Alpha]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86, ARM, ARMv7,&lt;br&gt;[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;/&gt;
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon]
| [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads
| 45px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;V4&quot;&gt;{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with various operating systems&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;/&gt;
| [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]]
| [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;/&gt;. [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]. [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]. [https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]
| 65px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine
| [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]].
| [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download].
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github]&lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
| 65px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;/&gt; 
| [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] &lt;br&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org]
| 45px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]]
| Ofront Oberon to C translator  
| Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github]
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite]
| [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] and [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual].
| 25px}}

{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Subsystem for Blackbox
| Ofront+ Oberon to C translator  
| [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ OfrontPlus at github] for various Oberon dialects. 
| 45px}}

==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|- &lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]].
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
|-
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann].
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt].
|-
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2.
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2.
|-
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;A2&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]].
| [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]].&lt;br&gt;[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]].
| [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].&lt;br&gt;[[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|Contemporary instructions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;/&gt;
| 50px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with Solaris,&lt;br&gt;Linux or MacOSX (Darwin).
| [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]].
| [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt].
| 50px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2.
| [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]].
| Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2.
| 50px}}

==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]==
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Presentation as a table&amp;#160;
|-
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Host Environment&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Software
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;archive
! style=&quot;width: 15em&quot; | Installation&lt;br&gt;Instructions
|-
| id=&quot;V5&quot; | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]],&lt;br&gt;[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth]&lt;br&gt;[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed]
|-
| id=&quot;RISCemu&quot; | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],&lt;br&gt;
[[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
|-
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --&gt;
|-
| &lt;span id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;&lt;span/&gt; | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | A. Pirklbauer&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. 
|-
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] 
|-
| id=&quot;POL&quot; | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |P. Matthias --&gt;
|-
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
|-
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
|-
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
|-
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
&lt;!-- | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --&gt;
|}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
|'''Host Environment'''&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;/&gt;
|'''Software'''
|'''Installation'''
|25px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;V5&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]]
| [[Oberon/V5|V5]] and [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia.
| [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&amp;#160;Wirth], [http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&amp;#160;Reed].
| 25px}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;RISCemu&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]], [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]] or [[w:Unix|Unix]] on a wide variety of machines&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;/&gt;
| RISC Emulator written in C.
| [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter]
| 70px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Unix command line
| Norebo&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter]
| 25px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;ExtendedOberon&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]]
| A. Pirklbauer, [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;/&gt; and [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler].
| 90px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]].
| [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl].
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]]
| Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]].
| [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl].
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]]
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]].
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins]
| 67px}}

&lt;div id=&quot;POL&quot;&gt;{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. 
[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit.
| Project Oberon Linux, POL;&lt;br&gt;Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions.
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 95px}}&lt;/div&gt;

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso
| [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
| [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;/&gt;
| [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Any system capable of running QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU
| [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins].
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder]
| Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2.
| [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev]
| 45px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg]
| 25px}}

{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes
| [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine.
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv]
| [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg]
| 67px}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberon&quot;&gt;The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;HostEnvironment&quot;&gt;In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;VCFE2024&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&amp;t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres&quot;&gt;Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon&quot;&gt;Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PAL&quot;&gt;PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 &amp; x64, Mac M1 &amp; x64 and Windows x86 &amp; x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmeta&quot;&gt;Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive.  In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Windows&quot;&gt;Also referred to as &quot;ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows&quot; and &quot;Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Win95NT&quot;&gt;A server at ftp&amp;#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR&quot;&gt;Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note &quot;Current state ... network not working.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Linz&quot;&gt;V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;olymp&quot;&gt;olymp.idle.at has verion 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GPCP&quot;&gt;GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;portability&quot;&gt;During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;RISCemuRequirements&quot;&gt;The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required.  GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;norebo&quot;&gt;A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonFootnote&quot;&gt;Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ExtOberonName&quot;&gt;Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeRules&quot;&gt;The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Naming|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Naming&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Licenses|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Licenses &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oberon/Beginning as a Novice</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8239" sha1="qkk0i2ah3teh7wjy9217qitdnouyl7g" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Historical_Perspective|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Historical Perspective&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Glossary|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Glossary &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
[[File:OberonScreen.PNG|thumb|OberonScreen]]
The user interface of the Oberon System is quite surprising on the first sight.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAOjWJ9EIm8 Video Tutorial 2], produced by Andres Ramos, illustrates salient features of the interface in a readily digestible manner.&lt;/ref&gt; It is a so called [[w:Text-based_user_interface#Oberon|text based user interface (TUI)]] and combines the point-and-click convenience of a [[w:graphical user interface|graphical user interface (GUI)]] with the linguistic strength of a [[w:command line interface|command line interface (CLI)]]. It is closely tied to the naming conventions of the Oberon language. Any text appearing (almost) anywhere on the screen can be edited and can be used as command input. Commands are activated by a [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|mouse-middle, MM, click]] on a text fragment of the form '''''Module.Command''''' (optionally followed by parameters, which are terminated by ~). A command is defined by a procedure, which has an empty argument list. Parameters to the command have to be defined before executing the middle click and must be explicitly scanned and retrieved by the procedure. There are no checks nor any questions asked during command execution. 

The interface is sometimes described as a &quot;non-modal&quot; [[w:user interface|user interface (UI)]]. Nothing like a [[w:Command-line interface#Command prompt|command prompt]] is required. Although radically different from a command line, the TUI is very efficient and powerful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | last = Franz | first = Michael | title = Oberon - The Overlooked Jewel | citeseerx = 10.1.1.90.7173 | editor1-first = Lászlo | editor1-last = Böszörmény | editor2-first = Jürg | editor2-last = Gutknecht | editor3-first = Gustav | editor3-last = Pomberger | encyclopedia = The School Niklaus Wirth - The Art of Simplicity | publisher = Morgan Kaufmann Publishers | year = 2000 | pages = 41–53 | isbn = 1-55860-723-4 | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d48b/ecdaf5c3d962e2778f804e8c64d292de408b.pdf | accessdate=2017-12-14  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Active elements can be embedded in Oberon texts: a clock showing the current time, push buttons, or graphical elements visualizing data. Most user interface elements are realized with the help of documents. 

[[File:XO.A2.Oberon.jpg|thumb|The Oberon subsystem in UnixAos on an XO-1.5.]] A steep ascent in the early learning curve can be somewhat challenging. No questions are asked: this is a deliberate design decision, which needs getting used to. For example, most familiar editors ask the user when closing a modified text: this is not the case in the Oberon System. 

The usage of the [[w:text user interface#Other uses|TUI]] and programming interface is fully documented in Martin Reiser's book &quot;The Oberon System&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;OS&quot;&gt;Reiser, Martin: &quot;The Oberon System - User Guide and Programmer's Manual&quot; - Out-of-print - Addison-Wesley/ACM Press (1991) {{ISBN|0-201-54422-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; A short introduction to the user interface can be found on [[w:Niklaus Wirth|Niklaus Wirth]]'s home [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/UsingOberon.pdf page].&lt;!-- ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/UsingOberon.pdf|title = How to use the Oberon System|date = 2015|access-date = 24 November 2016|last = Wirth|first = Niklaus}}&lt;/ref --&gt; The later Versions of System Oberon, ''Oberon V4'' (or V4 in short, sometimes also referred to as Linz-Oberon)  and ''ETH-Oberon'' (sometimes also called Oberon System 3, S3 or Spirit of Oberon), enhanced the basic interface with different but incompatible implementations for buttons, drop down menus, and other active elements. V4 used for that purpose a dedicated control character embedded in normal text in contrast to System 3, which extended the kernel by introducing persistent objects. Both extensions include a large set of user interface elements.

Mastering the Oberon user interface, both the purely textual and also the so called Gadgets System (under ETH Oberon), is absolutely non-trivial. Therefore it is recommended to proceed after a successful installation of ETH Oberon to André Fischer's [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial|Oberon System 3 (ETH Oberon) Tutorial]]. An expanded version of this tutorial is [[Oberon/Bibliography#FiM98|published as a book]],&lt;ref&gt;André Fischer &amp; Hannes Marais: The Oberon Companion. A Guide to Using and Programming Oberon System 3. vdf Hochschulverlag AG (1997). {{ISBN|978-3728124937}}, out of print, for a personal copy, see notes in text&lt;/ref&gt; which is now out of print. Although the book has a standard copyright, it is available in electronic form under a single user license in every installed version of System 3 (Windows, Linux or Native, i.e. also with the Gadgets toolkit of OLR&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oberon.wikidot.com/|title=Oberon Linux Revival|last=Matthias|first=Peter|access-date=31 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;). If you try to read it in System 3, you are confronted with the classical [[w:Chicken or the egg|chicken and egg]] problem: You have to master the user interface to have access to the documentation of the user interface. Read on.

[[File:Oberon.Book.Tool1.png|thumb|A screen shot of Book.Tool in Oberon.]] After a successful installation of the Oberon System, detailed instructions for reading &quot;The Oberon Companion&quot; – can be found by opening the file Book.Tool with the command Desktops.OpenDoc. If this command is not present in any of the windows/viewers, which are opened by default when you start the Oberon System, you can click anywhere with the left-mouse button (ML) in any viewer and type the command &lt;code&gt;Desktops.OpenDoc Book.Tool ~&lt;/code&gt;. Then move the mouse over &lt;code&gt;Desktops.OpenDoc&lt;/code&gt; and do a middle-mouse button (MM) click. This will open an new viewer with a table of contents of &quot;The Oberon Companion&quot;. 

All lines with blue text are hyperlinks to the chapters of the book, which in turn can be clicked with the MM button so that the chapter will open in a new viewer. The license in Book.Tool gives the user the right to print a single copy for personal use. Good results in printing were obtained with a [[w:GhostScript|GhostScript]] based free [http://www.bullzip.com/products/pdf/info.php PDF converter] under MS Windows using PluginOberon but that should not be a prerequisite. If you want to print an open document in Oberon, i.e., the contents of a window (or viewer in Oberon terminology), you have to set the star shaped mark by hitting the F1 key (see [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse#Marker|Tutorial]]) and then issue the command &lt;code&gt;Desktops.PrintDoc Default * ~ &lt;/code&gt; by a MM click on &lt;code&gt;Desktops.PrintDoc&lt;/code&gt;. In an Oberon command the * is not a wildcard, but symbolizes the  marked viewer.
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Historical_Perspective|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Historical Perspective&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Glossary|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Glossary &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T05:53:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeterEasthope</username>
        <id>660399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Corrected a few anchors.</comment>
      <origin>4640835</origin>
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      <text bytes="8239" sha1="2vuzyawq4bw5nt9rgblvkv8p9ei4nex" xml:space="preserve">{{center|[[Oberon/Historical_Perspective|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Historical Perspective&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Glossary|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Glossary &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}
&lt;br&gt;
[[File:OberonScreen.PNG|thumb|OberonScreen]]
The user interface of the Oberon System is quite surprising on the first sight.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAOjWJ9EIm8 Video Tutorial 2], produced by Andres Ramos, illustrates salient features of the interface in a readily digestible manner.&lt;/ref&gt; It is a so called [[w:Text-based_user_interface#Oberon|text based user interface (TUI)]] and combines the point-and-click convenience of a [[w:Graphical user interface|graphical user interface (GUI)]] with the linguistic strength of a [[w:Command line interface|command line interface (CLI)]]. It is closely tied to the naming conventions of the Oberon language. Any text appearing (almost) anywhere on the screen can be edited and can be used as command input. Commands are activated by a [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|mouse-middle, MM, click]] on a text fragment of the form '''''Module.Command''''' (optionally followed by parameters, which are terminated by ~). A command is defined by a procedure, which has an empty argument list. Parameters to the command have to be defined before executing the middle click and must be explicitly scanned and retrieved by the procedure. There are no checks nor any questions asked during command execution. 

The interface is sometimes described as a &quot;non-modal&quot; [[w:User interface|user interface (UI)]]. Nothing like a [[w:Command-line interface#Command prompt|command prompt]] is required. Although radically different from a command line, the TUI is very efficient and powerful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | last = Franz | first = Michael | title = Oberon - The Overlooked Jewel | citeseerx = 10.1.1.90.7173 | editor1-first = Lászlo | editor1-last = Böszörmény | editor2-first = Jürg | editor2-last = Gutknecht | editor3-first = Gustav | editor3-last = Pomberger | encyclopedia = The School Niklaus Wirth - The Art of Simplicity | publisher = Morgan Kaufmann Publishers | year = 2000 | pages = 41–53 | isbn = 1-55860-723-4 | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d48b/ecdaf5c3d962e2778f804e8c64d292de408b.pdf | accessdate=2017-12-14  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Active elements can be embedded in Oberon texts: a clock showing the current time, push buttons, or graphical elements visualizing data. Most user interface elements are realized with the help of documents. 

[[File:XO.A2.Oberon.jpg|thumb|The Oberon subsystem in UnixAos on an XO-1.5.]] A steep ascent in the early learning curve can be somewhat challenging. No questions are asked: this is a deliberate design decision, which needs getting used to. For example, most familiar editors ask the user when closing a modified text: this is not the case in the Oberon System. 

The usage of the [[w:Text_user_interface#Other uses|TUI]] and programming interface is fully documented in Martin Reiser's book &quot;The Oberon System&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;OS&quot;&gt;Reiser, Martin: &quot;The Oberon System - User Guide and Programmer's Manual&quot; - Out-of-print - Addison-Wesley/ACM Press (1991) {{ISBN|0-201-54422-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; A short introduction to the user interface can be found on [[w:Niklaus Wirth|Niklaus Wirth]]'s home [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/UsingOberon.pdf page].&lt;!-- ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/UsingOberon.pdf|title = How to use the Oberon System|date = 2015|access-date = 24 November 2016|last = Wirth|first = Niklaus}}&lt;/ref --&gt; The later Versions of System Oberon, ''Oberon V4'' (or V4 in short, sometimes also referred to as Linz-Oberon)  and ''ETH-Oberon'' (sometimes also called Oberon System 3, S3 or Spirit of Oberon), enhanced the basic interface with different but incompatible implementations for buttons, drop down menus, and other active elements. V4 used for that purpose a dedicated control character embedded in normal text in contrast to System 3, which extended the kernel by introducing persistent objects. Both extensions include a large set of user interface elements.

Mastering the Oberon user interface, both the purely textual and also the so called Gadgets System (under ETH Oberon), is absolutely non-trivial. Therefore it is recommended to proceed after a successful installation of ETH Oberon to André Fischer's [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial|Oberon System 3 (ETH Oberon) Tutorial]]. An expanded version of this tutorial is [[Oberon/Bibliography#FiM98|published as a book]],&lt;ref&gt;André Fischer &amp; Hannes Marais: The Oberon Companion. A Guide to Using and Programming Oberon System 3. vdf Hochschulverlag AG (1997). {{ISBN|978-3728124937}}, out of print, for a personal copy, see notes in text&lt;/ref&gt; which is now out of print. Although the book has a standard copyright, it is available in electronic form under a single user license in every installed version of System 3 (Windows, Linux or Native, i.e. also with the Gadgets toolkit of OLR&lt;ref name=&quot;OLR2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oberon.wikidot.com/|title=Oberon Linux Revival|last=Matthias|first=Peter|access-date=31 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;). If you try to read it in System 3, you are confronted with the classical [[w:Chicken or the egg|chicken and egg]] problem: You have to master the user interface to have access to the documentation of the user interface. Read on.

[[File:Oberon.Book.Tool1.png|thumb|A screen shot of Book.Tool in Oberon.]] After a successful installation of the Oberon System, detailed instructions for reading &quot;The Oberon Companion&quot; – can be found by opening the file Book.Tool with the command Desktops.OpenDoc. If this command is not present in any of the windows/viewers, which are opened by default when you start the Oberon System, you can click anywhere with the left-mouse button (ML) in any viewer and type the command &lt;code&gt;Desktops.OpenDoc Book.Tool ~&lt;/code&gt;. Then move the mouse over &lt;code&gt;Desktops.OpenDoc&lt;/code&gt; and do a middle-mouse button (MM) click. This will open an new viewer with a table of contents of &quot;The Oberon Companion&quot;. 

All lines with blue text are hyperlinks to the chapters of the book, which in turn can be clicked with the MM button so that the chapter will open in a new viewer. The license in Book.Tool gives the user the right to print a single copy for personal use. Good results in printing were obtained with a [[w:GhostScript|GhostScript]] based free [http://www.bullzip.com/products/pdf/info.php PDF converter] under MS Windows using PluginOberon but that should not be a prerequisite. If you want to print an open document in Oberon, i.e., the contents of a window (or viewer in Oberon terminology), you have to set the star shaped mark by hitting the F1 key (see [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse#Marker|Tutorial]]) and then issue the command &lt;code&gt;Desktops.PrintDoc Default * ~ &lt;/code&gt; by a MM click on &lt;code&gt;Desktops.PrintDoc&lt;/code&gt;. In an Oberon command the * is not a wildcard, but symbolizes the  marked viewer.
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{center|[[Oberon/Historical_Perspective|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2190; Historical Perspective&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2191; Oberon front page&lt;/span&gt;]] [[Oberon/Glossary|&lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button&quot; style=&quot;border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 14em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;&quot;&gt;Glossary &amp;#x2192;&lt;/span&gt;]]}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Wikibooks:GUS2Wiki</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alexis Jazz</username>
        <id>470964</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updating gadget usage statistics from [[Special:GadgetUsage]] ([[phab:T121049]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="2012" sha1="ezicx28zr9ms8610rmy6wi8rnlaf5uq" xml:space="preserve">{{#ifexist:Project:GUS2Wiki/top|{{/top}}|This page provides a historical record of [[Special:GadgetUsage]] through its page history. To get the data in CSV format, see wikitext. To customize this message or add categories, create [[/top]].}}
The following data is cached, and was last updated 2026-06-19T08:04:22Z. A maximum of {{PLURAL:5000|one result is|5000 results are}} available in the cache.
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|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
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* [[Special:GadgetUsage]]
* [[m:Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]]
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  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:The Elements/Rare Elements</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>457423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4640811</id>
      <parentid>4440552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T17:02:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="50034" sha1="37g5moap88v8p1aavbwjc95cpq8uuli" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;__TOC__&lt;/noinclude&gt;

&lt;br&gt;

Here all elements are listed alphabetically, together with a short description, which did not have their own chapter.

==A==
===Actinium===
[[File:Uraninite-48277.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Actinium has been detected in pitchblende.]]
[[File:Stamps_of_Germany_(BRD)_1964,_MiNr_441.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Actinium is produced in nuclear reactors.]]
The word actinium comes from the Greek word for ray (&quot;aktis&quot;). It emits so much light that you can see a blue glow in the dark.

The half-life is the time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay. The shorter the half-life, the more it radiates. longest-lived radium isotope &lt;sup&gt;226&lt;/sup&gt;Ra has a half-life of 1600 years, the longest-lived actinium isotope &lt;sup&gt;227&lt;/sup&gt;Ac has a half-life of 22 years. This time is long enough to make small batches of the substance. The Actinium obtained radiates very strongly.
(Isotopes that only have a half-life of one second cannot be produced in large quantities.)

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt; {{clear}}

===Americium===
[[File:Americium_microscope.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.6|left|Americium]]
[[File:Americio-alarma.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|The smoke detector contains Americium.]]

Americium is produced in nuclear power plants. (Few kilograms so far.) It is a radioactive and fissile element.

The longest-lived Americium isotope &lt;sup&gt;243&lt;/sup&gt;Am has a half-life of 7370 years.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt; {{clear}}

===Astatine===
[[File:DIMendeleevCab.jpg|thumb|DIMendeleevCab|right|This element was drawn in Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table.]]
[[File:Bismuth-20700.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left| If you bombard bismuth (picture) with helium nuclei, astatine is formed.]]
Astatine looks metallic.
Astatine was synthesized by Dale Corson, Kenneth MacKenzie, and Emilio Gino Segrè at the University of California in 1940. In 1943 Berta Karlik and Traude Bernert discovered its natural occurrence. Greek means ἀστατέω = &quot;to be unstable&quot;.

It is estimated that there are only 25 grams of astatine in the entire earth's crust. It is one of the rarest elements on earth.

In medicine (nuclear medicine) it is used, among other things, to treat malignant tumors.
Astatine is radioactive and can be dangerous in significant amounts.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==B==
===Barium===
[[File:2006_Fireworks_1.JPG|thumb|portrait=0.7|left|barium fireworks]]
[[File:Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Some minerals fluoresce.]]
The element barium (from the Greek word for heavy) was extracted from the mineral barite. Barium containing minerals were discovered by an Italian shoemaker in 1602. This shoemaker, by the name of Vincenzo Casciarolo, studied nature alongside his work. He discovered that some stones glow after being left in the sun for a while.
Water-soluble barium compounds are essential to life in small amounts and toxic in larger amounts.
Barium nitrate is used for green fireworks and barium carbonate as a rat poison.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
Image: GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg|Warning
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Berkelium===
[[File:Berkelium_metal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|1.7 micrograms of berkelium]]
[[File:Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.8|right|University of California, Berkeley]]

Berkelium is made in nuclear reactors. It's a very radioactive element.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt; {{clear}}

===Bismuth===
[[File:Bi-crystal.jpg|thumb|vertical=1.1|left|Bismuth]]
[[File:Paracelsus-03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, also called Paracelsus.]]

Bismuth (formerly also called bismuth) was described by Paracelsus (1493-1541) and shortly afterwards by Georgius Agricola (1494-1555).
Some bismuth compounds were and are used in medicine: Against the pathogen that causes gastric ulcers, against bad breath and as a wound powder and skin ointment against inflammation, to stop bleeding and other things.

With the help of bismuth one can produce an alloy that melts at 70°C (Wood's metal). It is used in sprinklers for fire extinguishing. 

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
&lt;/gallery&gt; {{clear}}

===Bohrium===
[[File:Electron_shell_107_bohrium.png|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Bohr atomic model of bohrium]]
[[File:Niels_Bohr.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|right|Niels Bohr]]

This artificial element was named after Niels Bohr.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt; {{clear}}

===Bromine===
[[File:Brom_amp.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.5|left|Brom]]
[[File:Bastille 2007-05-06 anti Sarkozy 487645695 abe4befd12 o.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|right|tear gas]]
Bromine means something like &quot;stench&quot; (Greek). Bromine is a liquid, orange nonmetal that emits corrosive fumes at room temperature. There are significant amounts of (harmless) bromine salt in seawater. These salts are used as plant fertilizers. Photo plates are coated with silver bromide.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-skull.svg|acutely toxic
Image:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg|corrosive
Image: GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg|Environment
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==C==
===Cadmium===
[[File:NiCd_various.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Batteries contain cadmium (Cd)]]
[[File:Minolta_View_Meter_9.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The light meter contains cadmium.]]
The word cadmium is an old word for zinc ore that was partly used in medieval and ancient times. It was made in 1817 independently by Friedrich Stromeyer and Carl Samuel Hermann from different zinc ores. It is used for solar cells, semiconductors, for nickel-cadmium batteries and also for the construction of control rods in nuclear power plants. Cadmium and cadmium compounds are highly toxic. Therefore, many applications are banned in the EU.
From the 1950s, zinc mines in Japan discharged their wastewater into rivers that were used to irrigate rice paddies. The rice farmers fell ill. They experienced severe pain. Kidney failure and bone softening often led to death. Because of the severe pain, it was called &quot;Aua-Aua disease&quot; (Japanese &quot;Itai-Itai disease&quot;).

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;80px&quot; heights=&quot;80px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
Image: GHS-pictogram-skull.svg|acutely toxic
Image: GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg|Environment
Image: GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg|Health hazard
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Californium===
[[File:Californium.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.8|left|Californium]]
[[File:CfShield.JPG|thumb|portrait=0.6|right| 1g californium is transported in this 50t container.]]

Californium is a radioactive element that is produced in nuclear reactors.
The californium isotope &lt;sup&gt;252&lt;/sup&gt;Cf emits neutrons when it decays. These neutrons are used in cancer treatments, for industrial material studies, in the search for oil, in nuclear reactors and for the construction of atomic bombs.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Caesium===
[[File:Cesium.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Cesium is stored under airtight conditions.]]
[[File:Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Caesium indicates the beat of the atomic clock.]]
Cesium has special properties:
* It is the most reactive metal. It burns explosively when exposed to air.
* It is the softest metal.
* It is the heaviest stable alkali metal.
* It is one of the few gold colored metals.
* It has the second lowest melting point of any metal, after mercury.
* It is the &quot;most punctual&quot; ;-) element. Cesium is used in atomic clocks. The second is determined with cesium clocks.

Cesium was discovered in spring water in 1861 by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff based on its blue spectral lines. They named the element after the Latin word for sky blue (&quot;caesius&quot;). Carl Setterberg was the first to produce pure cesium in 1881.
Cesium is used in rocket ion engines.

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Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
Image:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg|corrosive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Cerium===
[[File:CE2k2g.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Cer]]
[[File:Feuerzeug_Funken.jpg|thumb|vertical=0.7|right|rain of sparks]]
This element was discovered in parallel by different scientists in 1803. (Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Wilhelm von Hisinger, Martin Heinrich Klaproth). Carl Gustav Mosander produced pure cerium for the first time in 1825.

The word Cer, like the recently discovered planet Ceres, comes from the Roman goddess of agriculture and fertility, Ceres. Cerium generates sparks easily when rubbed, which can ignite smaller cerium crumbs. It is therefore used for lighters and also in films to produce an impressive shower of sparks. Iron alloys containing cerium are very ductile.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
Image: GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg|Warning
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

=== Copernicium ===
[[File:De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Page from Copernicus' manuscript on &quot;The Earth Orbits the Sun&quot;.]]
[[File:Copernicus-Boissard.gif|thumb|portrait=0.6|right|Nicholas Copernicus (1473–1543]]


Named after Nicolaus Copernicus, this element was artificially produced and researched.


&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}
===Chromium===

Chrome is a hard, malleable metal and is lustrous silver in color.
[[Image:Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Chrome car rim.]]
In 1779, Louis-Nicolas Vauqueli extracted the metal chromium from the mineral crocoite.
[[Image:Crocoite-360746.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Crocoite]]

The name chrome comes from the Greek word chrṓma (χρώμα), which means color. (The &quot;color&quot; of the tones, i.e. their sound, was also described in this way.)

Dyes can many dyes be made from chromium.
A human body contains chromium.
Most chrome ore is found in South Africa.

[[Image:Mh postbriefkasten.jpeg|thumb|right|150px|post yellow]]
Chromium compounds are used in the manufacture of dyes. Commonly used: postal yellow and chrome green.
Bicycle handlebars and car bumpers are coated with the silvery chrome. They look great and won't rust.
Chromium is particularly important for steel production. Chrome vanadium steel does not rust and is very strong.
Chromium salts are also used to tan leather.

Chromium itself is non-toxic, but some chromium compounds (e.g. the chromates) are toxic and carcinogenic.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg|Environment
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{clear}}

===Curium===
[[File:Curium spectrum visible.png|thumb|left|Curium spectrum visible]]
[[File:Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.8|right|Pierre and Marie Curie]]

Curium is an artificial element made in nuclear reactors. It is radioactive and fissile.

This element was named after Pierre and Marie Curie. We have the two scientists to thank for many insights into the structure of our matter.


&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==D==
===Darmstadtium===
[[File:Isotopes_and_half-life.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|nuclide map with color-coded scale of half-life]]
[[File:Peter_Stehlik_2010.04.05_012.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|right|congress center darmstadtium]]


Darmstadtium is an artificial element that was created in Darmstadt in 1994.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}


===Dubnium===
[[File:257Db_decay_scheme.png|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Dubnium decay scheme]]
[[File:Dubna.house_of_scientiests.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.5|right|The House of Scientists in Dubna]]
Dubnium/Db is artificially created by shooting atomic nuclei together. There are several ways to make dubnium:

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{{}^{243}_{\ 95}Am + {}^{22}_{10}Ne \rightarrow 5\, {}^1_0n + {}^{260}_{105}Db}&lt;/math&gt;
 
:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{{}^{243}_{\ 95}Am + {}^{22}_{10}Ne \rightarrow 4\, {}^1_0n + {}^{261}_{105}Db}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{{}^{249}_{\ 98}Cf + {}^{15}_{\ 7}N \rightarrow 4\, {}^1_0n + {}^{260}_{105}Db}&lt;/math&gt;
 
:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{{}^{250}_{\ 98}Cf + {}^{15}_{\ 7}N \rightarrow 4\, {}^1_0n + {}^{261}_{105}Db}&lt;/math&gt;
 
:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{{}^{249}_{\ 97}Bk + {}^{16}_{\ 8}O \rightarrow 4\, {}^1_0n + {}^{261}_{105}Db}&lt;/math&gt;
 
:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{{}^{249}_{\ 97}Bk + {}^{18}_{\ 8}O \rightarrow 5\, {}^1_0n + {}^{262}_{105}Db}&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Dysprosium===
[[File:Dysprosium.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Dysprosium]]
[[File:SIMSDY.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|right|spectrum of dysprosium]]
This element was named after the Greek word for difficult to access (dysprósitos). This has the following reason: Dysprosium belongs to the rare earths. The rare earths react chemically in a very similar way. In nature, they are usually found mixed together. It's hard to separate them. The discoverer of this element, Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, found dysprosium in 1886 using spectral analysis. But he only caught the light that this element emits, he couldn't get it pure. It was only in 1906 that Georges Urbain was able to obtain the element.
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==E==
===Einsteinium===
[[File:Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Einsteinium iodide transmits light.]]
[[File:Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.8|right|Albert Einstein, 1921]]

Einsteinium is formed in nuclear power plants and when hydrogen bombs explode.
This element was named after Albert Einstein, the developer of the theory of relativity.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Erbium===
[[File:Erbium.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.6|left|Erbium]]
[[File:ErOPulver.jpg|thumb|right|erbium oxide]]
Like some other rare earths, erbium oxide is used to color glass and ceramics.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Europium===
[[File:Eu-Block.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Europium]]
[[File:050euro-uv.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|The euro note glows in UV light.]]

Appropriately, europium is used to protect against counterfeiting in euro banknotes. It fluoresces in UV light. Europium was also used in screens and mercury vapor lamps.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==F==
===Fermium===
[[File:Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Traces of fermium are in the cloud from the hydrogen bomb detonated in 1952.]]
[[File:Elutionskurven Fm Es Cf Bk Cm Am.png|thumb|right|Elutionskurven Fm Es Cf Bk Cm Am]]
Fermium is radioactive and its isotopes have a short half-life (maximum 100 days). Fermium was created in atomic bomb explosions, in nuclear power plants, and in the laboratory.

Small atoms can be made into larger atoms by adding particles (neutrons). This process takes place in nature in stars and especially in stellar explosions (-&gt;supernova). This is how the other elements were formed from the small hydrogen atoms.

This process can be reproduced in the laboratory. Up to the element fermium, the atoms can absorb neutrons and grow larger. The heavier elements decay immediately when neutrons are added. Even heavier elements can only be produced by shooting two atomic nuclei at each other.


&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Flerovium===
[[File:RUSMARKA-1660.jpg|thumb|Russian stamp]]
Only a few atoms of flerovium have been produced. It was named after Georgi Nikolayevich Fleorov.


&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Francium===
[[File:Uraninite-39029.jpg|thumb|upright=0.4|left|Uranite contains traces of Francium]]
[[File:Electron shell 087 Francium.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|electron shells of Francium]]
Francium has an electron on the outer shell and is therefore an alkali metal. Its properties can therefore be predicted, but are difficult to verify since only tiny amounts of this element exist.


&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==G==
===Gadolinium===
[[File:Gadolinium.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Gadolinium]]
[[File:Lepersonnite-(Gd)-Studtite-Curite-201137.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Lepersonnite forms yellow crystals.]]
Gadolinium is a rare element. The mineral lepersonnite-(Gd) contains this element. This mineral has a complex chemical composition:
Ca(Gd,Dy)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(UO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;24&lt;/sub&gt;(SiO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;(OH)&lt;sub&gt;24&lt;/sub&gt; 48 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Gallium===
[[File:Gallium_crystals.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Gallium.]]
[[File:Blue LED and Reflection.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|LEDs (light-emitting diodes) contain gallium.]]
Gallium is a rare, silvery-white metal. About 100 tons of it are produced per year. It is used for the production of light emitting diodes and solar cells.
Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran first produced this element in 1875. When naming it, he killed two birds with one stone: he named the fabric both after his country and after himself: both &quot;France&quot; (Gaul) and &quot;Lecoq&quot; (rooster) are called &quot;Gallus&quot; in Latin. This metal can also be used to make a teaspoon that melts in a cup of hot tea.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg|corrosive
Image: GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg| Danger
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Germanium===
[[File:Ge,32.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.8|left|Germanium made by Winkler]]
[[File:Germanium.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right| germanium]]
The semi-metal germanium is used in the construction of transistors. In 1886, the German chemist Clemens Winkler produced germanium at the Bergakademie in Freiberg. He named it after the Latin name of his native country. Attention: Germanium powder burns.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==H==
===Hafnium===
[[File:Hafnium_ebeam_remelted.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Hafnium]]
[[File:SS-571-Nautilus-trials.gif|thumb|portrait=0.8|right|Nautilus, the first nuclear submarine]]
Hafnium burns with a very bright light and is used in special flash lamps. Hafnium electrodes are used for welding. Some hafnium compounds are very hard.

Hafnium is used in large quantities in nuclear reactor control rods for nuclear submarines.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Hassium===
[[File:2008-Z6-Targetkammer GSI-Darmstadt.JPG|thumb|left|GSI-Darmstadt]]
[[File:GSI-Darmstadt-Südbau.jpg|thumb|right|GSI]]

Hassium is a man-made element.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Holmium===
[[File:Holmium_1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Holmium]]
[[File:Holmium oxide lamellar particles.png|thumb|right|Holmium oxide]]
Holmium is used for high-power magnets, in lasers, and for control rods in breeder reactors.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==I==
===Indium===
[[File:Indium_wire.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|indium wire.]]
[[File:Uvled_highres_macro.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|right| LED contains indium]]
Indium emits light with a blue, indigo spectral line. It was discovered by Ferdinand Reich and Theodor Richter in 1863. With few known indium deposits and much indium being consumed, it is the metal that may be the first to become depleted. It is used in aircraft, nuclear power plants and transistors. The metal does not burn, the powder is combustible. Indium can cause growth disorders in embryos.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
Image: GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg|Warning
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Iridium===
[[File:Iridium pellet.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Iridium]]
[[File:Various_dinosaurs.png|thumb|portrait=1.2|right|Dinosaur skeletons]]

Iridium is heavy and is therefore found in the Earth's core and in some meteorites. At the end of the Cretaceous period, dinosaurs and many other creatures became extinct. The deposits of the sedimentary layer that marks the end of the Cretaceous are rich in iridium. An indication of a massive meteorite impact. The impact crater is in Mexico.

Iridium takes its name from the Greek word for rainbow (iris). It is used in alloys that need to be particularly hard, such as the ball of a ballpoint pen. It is also used in spark plugs, jewelry, as a catalyst, and in the UV coating of sunglasses.
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==K==
===Krypton===
[[File:Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|lamp contains krypton]]
[[File:Geiger_counter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|The Geiger counter contains krypton]]
Krypton (atomic number 26) is one of the rarest elements and could only be obtained in tiny amounts with great effort. The explorers Ramsay and Travers therefore named it after the Greek word kryptós, which means &quot;hidden&quot;. Krypton is used in halogen lamps. Although krypton is a noble gas, it can form compounds (krypton difluoride).

Kryptonite, dangerous for Superman, is made from a made-up element called kryptonium (atomic number 126).
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg| gas bottle
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==L==
===Lanthanum===
[[File:Lanthan_1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|Lanthan]]
[[File:Cereisenstein.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|These flints contain lanthanum]]
Lanthanum (Greek λανθάνειν, lanthanein, &quot;to be hidden&quot;) was discovered in 1839 by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander. He grew crystals from cerium nitrate in 1839. To his surprise, another crystal form formed. Another element was obviously hidden in the cerium nitrate. Mosander named it lanthanum after the Greek word for &quot;hidden&quot;. It is used in glasses and in flints. &lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg|flammable
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Lawrencium===
[[File:Cyclotron_at_CSI.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|Zyclotron]]
[[File:LawrenceCyclotronMagnet.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Magnet for a cyclotron]]

Lawrencium, named after the inventor of the cyclotron, is made by colliding atomic nuclei in a cyclotron.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Livermorium===
Only a few atoms of livermorium were produced. The element was named after the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LLNL) in California, USA.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Lutetium===
[[File:Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Lutetium]]
[[File:Lutetium-phthalocyanine-from-xtal-view-1-3D-bs-17-25.png|thumb|Lutetium-phthalocyanine]]
Lutetium is difficult to obtain and therefore expensive. It is not used on a large scale but mostly only for scientific experiments.
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==M==
===Meitnerium===
[[File:Nova Laserdisk inside A315 amplifier.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|PHELIX-Laser]]
[[File:Lise_Meitner_(1878-1968),_lecturing_at_Catholic_University,_Washington,_D.C.,_1946.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.5|right|Lise Meitner 1946]]

Meitnerium is a man-made element.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Medelevium===
[[File:Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left| Medelevium was made in this cyclotron.]]
[[File:Zyklotron Prinzipskizze02.svg|miniatur|vertical=0.8|right|This drawing shows how a cyclotron works.]]

Mendelevium, named after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, is made by colliding atomic nuclei. For this, Einsteinium&lt;sup&gt;253&lt;/sup&gt;Es is bombarded in a cyclotron with accelerated helium nuclei&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He. This creates Mendelevium&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;Md and a neutron.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Molybdenum===
[[File:Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|molybdenum]]
[[File:MoCo-prokaryotes.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|This biocatalyst contains molybdenum.]]
Molybdenum was named after the Greek name for lead. Molybdenum tolerates high temperatures and is used for steel alloys. It is used as a catalyst in the petroleum industry. Many living things also use molybdenum in bio-catalysts. Some bacteria produce fertilizer from atmospheric nitrogen. For this you need molybdenum (formula Mo). (see picture) Pieces of metal do not burn, but powder burns easily.
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===Moscovium===
[[File:RedSquare2019.jpg|thumb|Moscow]]
Only a few atoms of moscovium were produced. The element was named after the city of Moscow.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==N==
===Neodymium===
[[File:Neodym_1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Neodym]]
[[File:NdCl3 hood.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right| neodymium compound]]
Neodymium - the &quot;New Twin&quot; - is one of several chemisch similar substances. Neodymium, like its twins, can be used for magnets. Neodymium powder burns.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
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Image: GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg|Warning
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Neptunium===
[[File:Np_sphere.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|neptunium (shiny) in uranium shells (tarnished black).]]
[[File:PIA02224-browse.jpg|thumb|portrait=1.1|right|Image of Voyager 2 from the planet Neptune.]]

Neptunium is created in nuclear reactors and can be used as fuel in nuclear reactors and also in the construction of atomic bombs.
There are about 20 different neptunium isotopes. The longest-lived isotope is &lt;sup&gt;237&lt;/sup&gt;Np with a half-life of 2.144 million years.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Nihonium===
[[File:Kosuke Morita and Hiroshi Matsumoto cropped Hideto Enyo Kosuke Morita Koji Morimoto and Hiroshi Matsumoto 20161201.jpg|thumb|Kosuke Morita and Hiroshi Matsumoto]]

A few atoms of nihonium were artificially produced.
Nihon means &quot;Japan&quot; (Japan) in Japanese.

After the discovery, the element was first given the systematic name ununtrium (chemical symbol Uut), a formation from Latin unum for 'one' and Latin tria for 'three', corresponding to atomic number 113. It was also called eka-thallium, composed of Sanskrit eka for 'one' and thallium, with reference to its classification in the periodic table 'a place below thallium'.

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Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Niobium===
[[File:25_Euro_Österreich_2012_Bionik_a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|The middle contains niobium.]]
[[File:Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|The nozzle contains niobium.]]
The elements niobium and tantalum always occur together in ores. This element was named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus. This element was independently studied and given different names by two chemists: Charles Hatchett (1801) Heinrich Rose (1844). The IUPAC is responsible for naming the elements. It was not until 1950 that the name niobium was agreed upon.
Niobium serves as a steel alloy and is used in jewelry and coins. Niobium does not burn, but niobium powder is combustible.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Nobelium===
[[File:27-inch_cyclotron.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.8|left|Nobelium is created in a cyclotron.]]
[[File:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.5|right|Alfred Nobel]]

Only a few thousand atoms of the element nobelium have been produced to date.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==O==

===Oganesson===
[[File:Yuri Oganesyan.png|thumb|Yuri Oganesyan]]
Only a few atoms were made of the element oganesson. It was named after Yuri Zolakovich Oganesian.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image:Radiation warning symbol.svg|radioactive
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Osmium===
[[File:Osmium_cluster.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Osmium]]
[[File:Prosthetic Cardiac Ball Valves.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.6|right|Artificial Heart Valves]]
Osmium is durable, hard and heat resistant, but also quite expensive.
Some artificial heart valves contain an osmium alloy. Like tungsten, it used to be used in light bulbs.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;

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Image: GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg|Warning
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==P==
===Palladium===
[[File:Palladium 1-noReflection.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Palladium]]
[[File:Pot_catalytique_vue_de_la_structure.jpg|thumb|portrait=1.1|right| autocatalyst]]
Palladium was named after the recently discovered asteroid Pallas, which in turn was named after the Greek goddess Pallas Athena. William Hyde Wollaston, who gave the name, extracted the element from platinum ore in 1803.
Palladium is used as a catalyst. So it destroys toxic gases in the exhaust of the car. Good white gold alloys contain palladium in addition to gold. White gold is used for coins, dental crowns and jewellery.

Amazingly, the solid metal palladium has cavities inside. Hydrogen gas can therefore flow through hot palladium sheets as if through a sieve and thus be separated from other gases. If you put a piece of palladium in a compressed gas bottle and fill it with hydrogen, the palladium absorbs the hydrogen like a sponge. One liter of palladium solutions can store three thousand liters of hydrogen. (Tank for hydrogen cars.)
Chunks of palladium do not burn, but powder burns easily.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Polonium===
[[File:Pitchblende_schlema-alberoda.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|The mineral pitchblende contains polonium.]]
[[File:Physicist Studying Alpha Rays GPN-2000-000381.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.8|right|Polonium in a cloud chamber. The radioactive radiation creates fog trails.]]
Radioactive elements turn into other, lighter elements. They emit radiation. In some mines, miners breathe in the radioactive gas radon. When radon decays, it turns into the metal polonium. Polonium can cause lung cancer.
It was used as a neutron source in the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Praseodymium===
[[File:Praseodymium(III)-chloride-heptahydrate.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Praseodymium - compound]]
[[File:Praseodym_1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|right|Praseodym]]
&quot;Leek Green Twin&quot; is the translation of the name of this element. If you look at the pictured praseodymium compound, the designation leek green (Greek: prásinos) becomes clear. But what is the meaning of the word twin (Greek: didymos)?
In 1874, Per Teodor Cleve recognized that the substance obtained by Carl Gustav Mosander was two different substances that resembled each other almost like twins.

Praseodymium is used to build powerful magnets.
Praseodymium powder burns.
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Promethium===
[[File:Heracles freeing Prometheus, relief from the Temple of Aphrodite at Aphrodisias.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Prometheus brought the fire of the gods to mankind. As punishment he was chained but, as shown here, freed by Heracles.]]
[[File:A-Bomb Dome close-up.jpg|thumb|portrait=1.1|right|Image of the Hiroshima dome.]]
Promethium is formed through the radioactive decay of other elements such as uranium. There is about 570g of promethium, finely distributed, all over the world. (The amount was not actually found, but only determined by calculation.) In recent decades, enough promethium has been produced in nuclear power plants that chemical experiments could be carried out with it. Promethium is a silvery heavy metal that reacts similarly to neodymium.

Some atomic bomb builders saw themselves in the role of Prometheus: they brought nuclear fire to mankind. (Read at Richard P. Feynman.)

The discoverers of this element, on the other hand, had a different intention: They named the element after Prometheus as a warning against the nuclear arms race.
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Protacinium===
[[File:Uraninite-179869.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|uranite]]
[[File:Otto_Hahn_und_Lise_Meitner.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.6|right|Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner, 1913]]

In the mineral uranium, the element uranium decays and the element protacinium (&lt;sup&gt;234''m''&lt;/sup&gt;Pa) is formed for a short time, which quickly (half-life: 1.17 minutes) decays into actinium. This isotope was discovered by Kasimir Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring in 1913.
A long-lived isotope of the element protacinium (&lt;sup&gt;231&lt;/sup&gt;Pa) was discovered by Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner in 1918. (Half-life: 32,760 years)

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==R==
===Radium===
[[File:Uraninite-225146.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Uranite contains radium.]]
[[File:Radium-palp.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|In 1925 there were cosmetics containing radium]]
Radium comes from the Latin word for ray (&quot;radius&quot;). The element radium decays, emitting alpha rays (helium nuclei), beta rays (electrons), and gamma rays (X-rays). All elements that emit such rays are called radioactive.
Radium was first used as a medicine and in cosmetics. It took several years before the dangers of radioactive radiation were recognized and almost thirty years before radium was no longer used for it.
Radium was discovered by Henri Becquerel and studied in detail by Marie and Pierre Curie. (They died as a result of the radiation.)

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Rhenium===
[[File:Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Rhenium]]
[[File:TurbineBlades.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|turbine blades]]
Rhenium, from the Latin word for the river Rhine (rhenus), is added to alloys to improve them. Due to the high forces, turbine blades can deform (technical term: &quot;creep&quot;) or even break (technical term: &quot;fatigue&quot;).
Thermocouples are made from an alloy of platinum and rhenium. With them you can withstand high temperatures (up to 2200°C) measure. It is also used for heating wires and incandescent lamps.

Rhenium metal does not burn, but rhenium powder does.
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===Rhodium===
[[File:Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Rhodium powder is combustible.]]
[[File:White-gold--rhodium-plated.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|right| White gold ring with rhodium plating]]
Platinum ores often contain chemically similar elements. In 1803, William Hyde Wollaston extracted rhodium from platinum ore. It is used as a catalyst and as a coating for jewelry. A thin layer of rhodium prevents metals from tarnishing and gives it a silvery sheen. Rhodium can also be used to make mirrors. Pieces of metal do not burn, but powder burns easily.
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Roentgenium===
[[File:Part_of_UNILAC_GSI.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|original part of the 120 meter long UNILAC]]
[[File:Wilhelm_Conrad_Röntgen-cropped.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|right|Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]

Roentgenium is a man-made element. It was named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Rubidium===
[[File:Rubidium amp.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Rubidium is stored in an oxygen-free environment.]]
[[File:Kirchhoff Bunsen Roscoe.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Kirchhoff Bunsen Roscoe 1862 (from left)]]
All atoms emit a light that is typical for them. Rubidium emits a purple-red light. Using this light, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861. Bunsen then extracted 9 g of rubidium salt from 44,200 l of spring water. (The Latin word for red is &quot;rubidus&quot;. This is also where the gemstone ruby got its name.)
Rubidium is used for a few applications such as some vacuum tubes.
Rubidium burns in air and explodes when quenched with water.
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Ruthenium===
[[File:Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Ruthenium]]
[[File:3_Resistors.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|These resistors contain ruthenium.]]
Ruthenium was named by the element's discoverer, Karl Ernst Claus, after the Latin name for Russia (ruthenia). Tiny amounts of this substance improve the quality of steel alloys and protect them from rusting. Ruthenium is also used to make hard drives and as a catalyst. Pieces of metal do not burn, but powder burns easily.
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===Rutherfordium===
[[File:Electron_shell_104_rutherfordium.png|thumb|portrait=0.5|left|Atomic model of Rutherfordium]]

Rutherfordium is a man-made element that has a short half-life. It was named after Ernest Rutherford, who provided an impetus for the development of other atomic models with a simple atomic model.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

==S==
===Samarium===
[[File:Samarium_1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Samarium]]

Samarium is extracted from the mineral samarskite. This mineral was named in 1847 after the mining engineer who discovered it. Elements were often named after Greek and Roman deities in the past. This element was the first to be named after a human.

The mineral samarskite contains uranium and has therefore been mined in significant quantities. The by-product samarium is used in lasers, magnets and as a catalyst.
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===Seaborgium===
[[File:ElementeAlchemisten.svg|thumb|vertical=0.6|left|Alchemists' element symbols]]
[[File:Seaborg in lab.jpeg|thumb|portrait=0.6|right|Glenn T. Seaborg]]

This man-made item was nach named Glenn T. Seaborg. Seaborg succeeded in producing gold atoms in 1980. The alchemists were already pursuing this goal.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Selenium===
[[File:Selen_1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|selenium (black, gray, red]]
[[File:Selenium rectifier.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|right| selenium rectifier]]
Selenium is a metalloid and comes in three forms (modifications): There is silver-grey metallic selenium, black non-metallic selenium and red non-metallic selenium. It was discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1817. The word &quot;selenium&quot; comes from the Greek name of the moon &quot;Selene&quot;. It is used for building semiconductors and for exposure meters. In small traces, selenium is essential for life, in larger amounts it is acutely poisonous. Selenium can also cause significant organ damage (liver, heart).
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Image: GHS-pictogram-skull.svg|acutely toxic
Image: GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg|Health hazard
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===Strontium===
[[File:Strontium destilled crystals.jpg|thumb|left|Strontium destilled crystals]]
[[File:Firework by alchimista.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Strontium colors flames red.]]
A strontium-bearing mineral was discovered and studied by Adair Crawford in Strontian (Scotland) in 1790. Strontium salt is used in the aluminum industry and to make fireworks. It is sometimes found in anti-inflammatory toothpaste. Strontium is also used in some vacuum tubes. About 500,000 tons of strontium salt are mined every year.

Strontium fires cannot be extinguished with either water or carbon dioxide.
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==T==
===Tantalum===
[[File:Tantalum_single_crystal_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Tantal]]
[[File:Tantal-Elko-Bauformen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Tantal capacitors]]
Tantalum hardly reacts, it is largely chemically inert. Tantalum oxide does not react with water or acids. Figuratively speaking, tantalum oxide is incapable of quenching its thirst. In Greek mythology, the evil Tantalus could not quench his thirst as punishment for his misdeeds. This element was therefore named after him.

Tantalum powder burns.
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===Technetium===
[[File:UraniumUSGOV.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Uranium ore contains technetium.]]
[[File:Brennelement-Kernkraftwerk.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|Technetium is produced in the fuel element.]]
This element was discovered in minerals in 1925. Technetium is the first (1937) man-made element and got its name from the Greek word for artificial (τεχνητός / technētós). In nuclear power plants, technetium forms as radioactive waste. Approximately 80 t of technetium have accumulated to date. Some of its isotopes have a half-life of around 200,000 years. In small amounts it is used in nuclear medicine.
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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Tellurium===
[[File:Tellur_Typmaterial.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Tellur]]
[[File:Nalleja.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right| Some detonators contain tellurium.]]
Tellurium comes from the Latin word &quot;tellus&quot; which means earth. It was made in 1782 by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein. It is used as an additive to alloys and the oxide as a glass.
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===Tennessine===
[[File:Seal of Tennessee.svg|thumb|Seal of Tennessee]]
Only a few atoms were made of the element tennessine. It was named after Tennessee, USA.

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Terbium===
[[File:Terbium.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|Terbium]]
[[File:MonaziteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Terbium is extracted from monazite sand.]]
Terbium is used in magnets and to dope semiconductors.
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===Thallium===
[[File:Thallium pieces in ampoule.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Thallium reacts easily with air and corrodes.]]
[[File:&quot;Kill The Rat... The Most Destructive and Dangerous of Animal Pests... Poison Rats. Trap Rats. Never let one go...&quot; - NARA - 512723.jpg|thumb|Pat Poision]]

Thallium is used for lenses in photocopiers and photocells.

Thallium is highly toxic. Possible course of poisoning in humans:

2nd-3rd Day: Alternating diarrhea and constipation.

2nd week: hair loss

2nd-3rd week: blurred vision, excessive pain perception, abnormal heart rhythm, muscle weakness (can result in death)
After the vPoisoning often results in permanent damage to health: disturbed reflexes, muscle atrophy.
Even chronic poisoning with small amounts poses a significant health risk!

A thallium compound was previously used as a rat poison because it has a delayed effect and the rats do not realize that the baits are poisoned. (Young rats have to eat something as &quot;tasters&quot;. If they get sick, no other rat will eat it.)

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Image: GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg|Health hazard
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===Thorium===
[[File:Monazite_-_Rostadheia,_Iveland,_Norvegia_01.jpg|thumb|vertical=0.8|left|Monazite contains thorium.]]
[[File:Jöns_Jakob_Berzelius.jpeg|thumb|portrait=0.6|right|Jöns Jakob Berzelius]]

Elements can have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. They are called isotopes. Chemically, they react in the same way, but they have different lifespans. (The half-life is how long it takes for half of the substance present to decay.) To the chemist, isotopes with a very, very long half-life are no different from normal, stable elements. You can find ores, extract them and experiment with them.


Thorium was discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1829. It's a radioactive element. Its longest-lived isotope &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th has a half-life of 14,050,000,000 years. Because of its long half-life, it is also found in the earth and because of its long half-life, this thorium isotope emits very little (low dose rate).

Therefore, the danger of thorium was misjudged. The harmfulness of the radioactive radiation was not recognized at first and then it took several years until the radioactive substances were no longer used in everyday goods.
Thorium was used in mantles, welding electrodes, glow electrodes. Thorium glass lenses have special optical properties.
Thorium dioxide was even used as an X-ray contrast medium: the contrast medium containing approx. 5g thorium was injected into the patient's veins before the X-ray was taken. Many patients developed cancer after 30-35 years. (The thorium is stored in the body. It takes 22 years for half of the stored thorium to leave the body: biological half-life.)

Thorium is also suitable for use in nuclear power plants. In the nuclear power plant, the thorium isotope &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th is irradiated with neutrons &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;n and turns into the thorium isotope &lt;sup&gt;233&lt;/sup&gt;Th. (Calculation: 232+1=233). This highly radioactive thorium isotope has a half-life of 22 minutes and decays to fissile uranium in two steps. Nuclear power plants that use thorium generate a lot of nuclear waste and facilitate the construction of nuclear bombs (technical term: proliferation).

However, it is also possible to use thorium to destroy nuclear-grade plutonium (keyword: MOX fuel element).

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&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Thulium===
[[File:Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Thulium]]
[[File:Direct-reading_dosimeter.jpg|thumb|portrait=0.9|right|dosimeter]]
Thulium is named after the island of Thule. This island was discovered far to the north in ancient times and later associated with many myths.

Thulium is used in dosimeters to measure radioactive emissions. It is also used in scintillators and lasers.
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Image: GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg|Warning
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==X==
===Xenon===
[[File:Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Xenon lamp]]
[[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ion Engine with Xenon.]]

Xenon can be used as a fill gas in lamps to increase the life of the tungsten filaments and also the luminous efficacy. There is also an application in headlights, which, in contrast to incandescent lamps, have a higher light output with lower energy requirements. Xenon is used in excimer lasers.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;70px&quot; heights=&quot;70px&quot;&gt;
Image: GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg| gas bottle
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{clear}}

===Ytterbium===
[[File:Ytterbium-3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ytterbium]]
[[File:Galissard_de_Marignac.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|right|Galissard de Marignac discovered ytterbium in 1878.]]
Ytterbium is used in specialty steel, lasers, and magnets. The best permanent magnets contain ytterbium.

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==Y==
===Yttrium===
[[File:Yttrium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Yttrium]]
[[File:Gadolinitas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Yttrium mineral]]
In 1794, Johan Gadolin found an ore in the Ytterby mine in Sweden, from which yttrium was extracted. In 1824, Friedrich Wöhler extracted the element yttrium from it.
Yttrium is one of the rare earths (which are not that rare). It is used for magnets, fuel cells and spark plugs. Yttrium powder can build up in the lungs and damage them. Pieces of metal do not burn, but powder burns easily.
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==Z==
===Zirconium===
[[File:Zirconium crystal bar and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Zirconium]]
[[File:Zircon-49506.jpg|thumb|portrait=1.1|right|Zircon]]
The zircon gemstone can have many colors due to the addition of other elements: colourless, red, yellow, green, blue, brown or black. This gemstone has been used since ancient times. It can easily be confused with the diamond and is sometimes sold by scammers as a &quot;real&quot; diamond. Experts can easily tell them apart, as zircon is not nearly as hard as diamond.
Zirconium is used for steel alloys and in nuclear power plants. Pieces of metal do not burn, but powder burns easily.
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{{bookcat}}</text>
      <sha1>37g5moap88v8p1aavbwjc95cpq8uuli</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4/2...f5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>463321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4640822</id>
      <parentid>4628461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T01:08:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36079-61</username>
        <id>3608707</id>
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      <comment>grammar fix</comment>
      <origin>4640822</origin>
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      <text bytes="1945" sha1="6aggqz5agk6yvm730wxafdujprii7ec" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Position|Pepsi Countergambit|eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A00]]|parent=[[../|Grob's Attack, Coca-Cola Gambit]]|responses=&lt;br&gt;
* [[/3. e4|3. e4 - Sprite Countergambit]]|
   |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pd|pd|  |  |  |  |  |  |pl|pl|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl}}

== Pepsi Countergambit ==

This Pepsi Countergambit is a rare &quot;meme&quot; opening which mirrors its parent, the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4|Coca-Cola Gambit]], in it's boldness and aggression:

'''1.g4 g5 2.f4? f5?'''

Although it's technical value is dubious at best and it hasn't been seen in any formal 'over the board' high level tournaments, it has been played online, with it's popularity highest in bullet chess.

It's doubled mirrored pawn structure is similar to the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...d5|Beyer Gambit of the Centre Game]] or the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/1. c4/1...c5|Austrian Defence to the Queen's Gambit]].

=== History ===
Like the Coca-Cola Gambit, the origins of the name 'Pepsi Countergambit' are uncertain, with one of the first online mentions of its name on a chess.com forum post from 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weird opening names - Chess Forums |url=https://www.chess.com/forum/view/fun-with-chess/weird-opening-names |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260329023143/https://www.chess.com/forum/view/fun-with-chess/weird-opening-names |archive-date=2026-03-29 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later mentions in various spheres of chess fandom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pepsi Countergambit |url=https://chess.fandom.com/wiki/Pepsi_Countergambit |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Chess Wiki |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260329025023/https://chess.fandom.com/wiki/Pepsi_Countergambit|archive-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...g6/3. c4</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T20:14:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WereSpielChequers</username>
        <id>248949</id>
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      <comment>c/e</comment>
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      <text bytes="1703" sha1="miox0s5palv3umzymot0ubs9h2hmh9v" xml:space="preserve">= Sicilian - Hyper-Accelerated Dragon, Maróczy Bind =

The Maróczy Bind Variation of the Hyper-Accelerated Dragon is a variation where white advances the c4 before playing Nc3, this also helps controlling the d5 square, after black fianchettos the bishop on g7, white will play Nc3 and d4, build a big and stable center, Similar to the Staunton-Cochrane Sicilian where white play e4, c4, and aims for d4.

=== Possible moves for black ===
After the move c4, black can decide on many moves but the most popular ones include:

3... Bg7

Possibly the most common one, the whole idea of the move g6 is to play fianchetto the bishop in the g7 square, after that move, white has mainly two great options, d4, immediately striking at the center, or, a slower move, which is Nc3, white can alternatively play the move d3, guarding both pawns, but the pawn on d3 will be an weakness for white as well as giving play time to develop both knights and then play d6, which wont be a weakness since they didn't commit the e-pawn forward.

3... Nc6

This is a possible transportion to the accelerated dragon, since after 4. d4 cxd4 5. Nxd4 and Bg7, the position is the same as if had committed the c-pawn after the move Nc6 instead of Bg7,white can choose not to transpose with the move Nc3, but the position will not be as great, according to modern-day engines like Stockfish.


{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Sicilian - Hyper-Accelerated Dragon, Maróczy Bind|

   |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
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   |  |  |pl|  |pl|  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  |=
   |pl|pl|  |pl|  |pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl|=
||
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    <title>History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Chapter 4</title>
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      <text bytes="3619" sha1="oqao3zl2shwh2tbtk30sp9df7v6p8jv" xml:space="preserve">==Chapter 4: Alexander in Egypt==

Alexander and his army began marching toward Egypt. This country was also part of the Persian Empire. City after city on the way to Egypt surrendered to him. They didn’t put up a fight. The first to resist was Tyre, a city in what is today {{w|Lebanon}}. The people of Tyre thought they were safe. Their city was on an island, about quarter of a mile from the coast. How could Alexander attack the island? There was no beach for a ship to land. And the harbors were well defended. 

Alexander came up with a clever plan. For months, he made his men dump tons of stones into the sea between the coast and Tyre. Then they poured earth on top of the stones and made it level. What were they doing? They were building a road through the water … all the way to Tyre! And ever since then, Tyre has been joined to the mainland. 

Alexander brought siege engines up to the walls of Tyre. Some were catapults, like giant slingshots used to hurl huge stones. Some were giant crossbows. Others were towers so that soldiers could shoot down at the walls of Tyre. He even put one tower on a ship to attack the city from the sea as well. He had battering rams to smash the city gates and break holes in the walls. The people inside Tyre fought back, and threw down rocks and burning-hot sand on the attackers. That didn’t stop Alexander’s men. In the end they broke through. The city was destroyed. 

Alexander had sent a clear message: ''Do not dare to resist me!'' And so he continued down the coast toward Egypt.

The Egyptians were proud of their history. For many centuries, they had been ruled by kings called '''pharaohs.''' They were unhappy under Persian rule. So the Egyptians welcomed Alexander’s arrival in the fall of 332 BC. They chose to be part of Alexander’s new empire. Alexander became their new pharaoh. 

Alexander made plans to build a new capital city for Egypt. He did this to show that Egypt was his. He called it '''Alexandria,''' another Alexander-town! It became one of the most important cities in the world at that time. It is still there, on the north coast of Egypt.

{{Robox|title=Alexandria}}

One part of the city of Alexandria was designated for Greeks and Macedonians. Another was for Egyptians, and then everyone else (mainly Jews) lived in the third part. The city was, for many centuries, a center for trade. The most splendid part was where the Greeks lived. It was right next to the harbor. Ships sailing into the harbor were greeted by some of the most magnificent buildings in the world. 

Close to the royal palace was '''{{w|Lighthouse of Alexandria|the Great Lighthouse}}.''' It was one of the '''Seven Wonders of the World.''' There were marble temples filled with beautiful statues of the gods and of Alexandria.

One of the most famous buildings was '''{{w|Library of Alexandria|The Museum}}.''' ''Museum'' means ''temple of the Muses,'' who were the goddesses of the arts and sciences. People came there to study and work together. The Museum of Alexandria held the world’s first library. The priests there tried to collect every book that had ever been written in Greek, and every important book in other languages, too. The museum was often damaged by fire and was finally destroyed in 640 A.D., almost a thousand years after it was built. The lighthouse lasted even longer. Its ruins were pulled down in the fifteenth century.

{{Robox/Close}}

Deep in the Egyptian desert, there was an oasis town called '''Siwah.''' (An ''oasis'' is a place in the desert where there is freshwater.) Siwah had a very famous temple.


{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <comment>Changed redirect target from [[The Geoguide]] to [[The Linguide]]</comment>
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This is the linguide</text>
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      <text bytes="25510" sha1="4botkpruhfhk9l3hzv6ink079qky1cm" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Action Verbs ==
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* wola = to grow
* xaari = to growl at
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* havácha = to swell
* waaya = to swim
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* muváay = to wash the face
* chaayi = to winnow

== Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
* tuutuva = above all
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* waam 'eechi = far above
* tuwíilangay = from above
* muyuk = much
* neshkin = near
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Common Words ==

=== Common Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs ===
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

=== Common Verbs ===
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* mon = to come
* tápi = to finish
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* yí'yi = to play
* ya = to say
* toow = to see or watch
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* téetila = to talk
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* mon = to walk
* wukála = to walk
*'owó'a = to work
* 'uwó'u = to work

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25489" sha1="okcplcjo79zhgwiq0zfak0shyd83jab" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Action Verbs ==
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* wola = to grow
* xaari = to growl at
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* havácha = to swell
* waaya = to swim
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* muváay = to wash the face
* chaayi = to winnow

== Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
* tuutuva = above all
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* waam 'eechi = far above
* tuwíilangay = from above
* muyuk = much
* neshkin = near
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Common Words ==

=== Common Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs ===
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

=== Common Verbs ===
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* mon = to come
* tápi = to finish
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* yí'yi = to play
* ya = to say
* toow = to see or watch
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* téetila = to talk
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* mon = to walk
* wukála = to walk
*'owó'a = to work
* 'uwó'u = to work

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25511" sha1="1w6vfe8euqvpzq464740vmklyeny70i" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Action Verbs ==
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* wola = to grow
* xaari = to growl at
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* havácha = to swell
* waaya = to swim
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* muváay = to wash the face
* chaayi = to winnow

== Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
* tuutuva = above all
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* waam 'eechi = far above
* tuwíilangay = from above
* muyuk = much
* neshkin = near
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Bodily Actions ==

== Common Words ==

=== Common Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs ===
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

=== Common Verbs ===
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* mon = to come
* tápi = to finish
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* yí'yi = to play
* ya = to say
* toow = to see or watch
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* téetila = to talk
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* mon = to walk
* wukála = to walk
*'owó'a = to work
* 'uwó'u = to work

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25543" sha1="6wmvzvuvxjn9skql31pizig8q07zizg" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Action Verbs ==
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* wola = to grow
* xaari = to growl at
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* havácha = to swell
* waaya = to swim
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* muváay = to wash the face
* chaayi = to winnow

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Positions ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* neshkin = near

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Bodily Actions ==

== Common Words ==

=== Common Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs ===
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

=== Common Verbs ===
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* mon = to come
* tápi = to finish
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* yí'yi = to play
* ya = to say
* toow = to see or watch
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* téetila = to talk
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* mon = to walk
* wukála = to walk
*'owó'a = to work
* 'uwó'u = to work

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25617" sha1="5tu85zn9fntz7wz4ffh3nzs9h2odtsz" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Action Verbs ==

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* wola = to grow
* xaari = to growl at
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* havácha = to swell
* waaya = to swim
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* chaayi = to winnow

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face
*

=== Non-Physical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

=== Physical Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Positions ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* neshkin = near

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Common Words ==

=== Common Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs ===
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

=== Common Verbs ===
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* mon = to come
* tápi = to finish
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* yí'yi = to play
* ya = to say
* toow = to see or watch
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* téetila = to talk
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* mon = to walk
* wukála = to walk
*'owó'a = to work
* 'uwó'u = to work

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25634" sha1="5byalgh5aavzzor55im6sqg8qidycda" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* chaayi = to winnow

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* havácha = to swell

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Positions ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* neshkin = near

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Common Words ==

=== Common Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs ===
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

=== Common Verbs ===
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* mon = to come
* tápi = to finish
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* yí'yi = to play
* ya = to say
* toow = to see or watch
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* téetila = to talk
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* mon = to walk
* wukála = to walk
*'owó'a = to work
* 'uwó'u = to work

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25551" sha1="kjx87rrmsx4bgh7xu0xjryfdt3oj1g5" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* ya = to say
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Positions ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* neshkin = near

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25551" sha1="po1zzeexrb5betfxafjtjwu7hpeivkv" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* ya = to say
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Positions ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* neshkin = near

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
Convert these into proper citations.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4640844</id>
      <parentid>4640843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T06:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SnappyDragonPennyroyal</username>
        <id>3463904</id>
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      <comment>/* Action Verbs */</comment>
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      <text bytes="25551" sha1="4p2sgd46dnwqglgg8ksy87cu14undnx" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* 'ayáli = to know
* 'onáni = to know
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two verbal actions)
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* ya = to say
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== Positions ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* neshkin = near

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25912" sha1="icagnf1rrotvcgxkahetf7uasdh4b91" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* piláchitaax = to get to know one another
* qay tetlavi = to know (be acquainted with)
* 'ayáli/'onáni = to know (fact)
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* 'onáni/tetlavi = to meet or get to know someone
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* ku$ána(i) = to acquire (one object)
* 'ayána(i) = to acquire (multiple objects)
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
** naawa(i) = to cut across
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* ya = to say
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositional Phrases, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== General Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Positional Adverbs ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* wunáx = across
* neshkin = near

=== Prepositional Phrases ===

* hax poyáqala = according to

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two actions)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
Convert these into proper citations.</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>4640845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T06:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SnappyDragonPennyroyal</username>
        <id>3463904</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Action Verbs */</comment>
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      <text bytes="25929" sha1="mgipfdmyqwe23q9wg8kn6q6b365kt4f" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* piláchitaax = to get to know one another
* qay tetlavi = to know (be acquainted with)
* 'ayáli/'onáni = to know (fact)
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* 'onáni/tetlavi = to meet or get to know someone
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* ku$ána(i) = to acquire (one object)
* 'ayána(i) = to acquire (multiple objects)
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
** naawa(i) = to cut across
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

=== Speech ===

* ya = to say
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositional Phrases, Pronouns, and Sentence Words ==

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== General Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Positional Adverbs ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* wunáx = across
* neshkin = near

=== Prepositional Phrases ===

* hax poyáqala = according to

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two actions)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable) 
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25934" sha1="nm36m2zh1i8w26ro73wabh22iwa4auw" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* piláchitaax = to get to know one another
* qay tetlavi = to know (be acquainted with)
* 'ayáli/'onáni = to know (fact)
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* 'onáni/tetlavi = to meet or get to know someone
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* ku$ána(i) = to acquire (one object)
* 'ayána(i) = to acquire (multiple objects)
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
** naawa(i) = to cut across
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

=== Speech ===

* ya = to say
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositional Phrases, and Sentence Words ==

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== General Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Positional Adverbs ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* wunáx = across
* neshkin = near

=== Prepositional Phrases ===

* hax poyáqala = according to

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two actions)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable)
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe (with a direct object, transitive)

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="25955" sha1="irp441igyl0lrdamn983li4j7gdz14p" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* piláchitaax = to get to know one another
* qay tetlavi = to know (be acquainted with)
* 'ayáli/'onáni = to know (fact)
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* 'onáni/tetlavi = to meet or get to know someone
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* ku$ána(i) = to acquire (one object)
* 'ayána(i) = to acquire (multiple objects)
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
** naawa(i) = to cut across
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

=== Speech ===

* ya = to say
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositional Phrases, and Sentence Words ==

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== General Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Positional Adverbs ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* wunáx = across
* neshkin = near

=== Prepositional Phrases ===

* hax poyáqala = according to

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two actions)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable)
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* kihúutsamal = baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
Convert these into proper citations.</text>
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      <text bytes="26225" sha1="fw99qmy05mhl6mbbazwuvlnoutrp509" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

CREATE MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIZATION

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* 'a$úun/'ayóngax = reality, actual things
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* $oovini = to act pompously
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* piláchi-taax = to get to know one another
* qay tetlavi = to know (be acquainted with)
* 'ayáli/'onáni = to know (fact)
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* 'onáni/tetlavi = to meet or get to know someone
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* ku$ána(i) = to acquire (one object)
* 'ayána(i) = to acquire (multiple objects)
* 'owó'ina(i)/hiqwina(i) = to activate
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
** naawa(i) = to cut across
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

=== Speech ===

* ya = to say
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositional Phrases, and Sentence Words ==

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== General Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Positional Adverbs ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* wunáx = across
* neshkin = near

=== Prepositional Phrases ===

* hax poyáqala = according to

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two actions)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable)
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
** taaxa(i) = to hurt acutely, for a short amount of time
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* loo'ikat = actor or actress
* kihúutsamal = baby
** piika = to act like a baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* kuláchi-taax = to act like a fool
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="26285" sha1="s0r3jfb1mwcfllqqp4vc86okzl96fe4" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* 'a$úun/'ayóngax = reality, actual things
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* $oovini = to act pompously
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* piláchi-taax = to get to know one another
* qay tetlavi = to know (be acquainted with)
* 'ayáli/'onáni = to know (fact)
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* 'onáni/tetlavi = to meet or get to know someone
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* ku$ána(i) = to acquire (one object)
* 'ayána(i) = to acquire (multiple objects)
* 'owó'ina(i)/hiqwina(i) = to activate
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
** naawa(i) = to cut across
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

=== Speech ===

* ya = to say
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositional Phrases, and Sentence Words ==

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== General Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wo'taanti = ad infinitum, ad nauseum, constantly
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Positional Adverbs ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* wunáx = across
* neshkin = near

=== Prepositional Phrases ===

* hax poyáqala = according to

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two actions)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== Numbers ==
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* moolilash/pavkunish/pavkunla = Adam's apple
* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable)
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
** taaxa(i) = to hurt acutely, for a short amount of time
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* loo'ikat = actor or actress
* kihúutsamal = baby
** piika = to act like a baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* kuláchi-taax = to act like a fool
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="26339" sha1="1ezkyhgwkhvbsghp6sfppygpjuewy1z" xml:space="preserve">This is a dictionary of the Chamteela language organized into different categories. Verbs with an (i) added to their ending indicates that they are intransitive by default, but can transform into transitive verbs by replacing the final -a with -i.

== Abstract Concepts ==

=== Abstract Nouns ===
* huu'iwut = ability
* ma'nish = abstaining
* toowaxat = accent
** 'awóonganwinga ('ayá'yinga) teetila = to speak with an accent
* hax poyáqala = according to (functions as a noun)
* teela = language (same word as &quot;prayer&quot;)
* tungla = name
* 'a$úun/'ayóngax = reality, actual things
* humáhmash = something absurd
* muuyaat = something abundant
* 'apiláchax = state of being accustomed to
* 'aa'alvish = story (same word as &quot;book&quot;)
* teelamal = word

=== Abstract Verbs ===
* hoha(i)/ku$ána(i) = to accept
* neshkinlu = to accept (someone as a relative)
* yulócha(i) = to accommodate
* 'ayáalinik loví'i/tapi = to accomplish
* churó'a(i)/loví'a(i)/tapa(i) = to accomplish
* yulú'i = to accuse (intransitive)
* na'yawun = to accuse (transitive)
* $oovini = to act pompously
* michá' 'axána = to be able to do
* 'o'na = to be able to tell
* 'aláxwi = to be bad
* 'ichi = to clear from obligation or get even (same word as &quot;to fish&quot;)
* tápi = to finish
* piláchi-taax = to get to know one another
* qay tetlavi = to know (be acquainted with)
* 'ayáli/'onáni = to know (fact)
* 'o'na = to know or be knowledgeable
* piláchi = to learn
* 'onáni/tetlavi = to meet or get to know someone
* woy'a = to think

== Action Verbs ==

=== Bodily Actions ===

* matiy = to abolish (one object)
* wichiy = to abolish (multiple objects)
* huuhuki/ngináala(i) = to abuse
* ku$ána(i) = to acquire (one object)
* 'ayána(i) = to acquire (multiple objects)
* 'owó'ina(i)/hiqwina(i) = to activate
* puxi = to blow
* pithi = to break
* hilála(i) = to climb
* woki = to cut
** naawa(i) = to cut across
* heeya(i) = to dig (with a direct object, transitive)
* hulúka(i) = to fall
* moyóoni = to feed
* neqpi = to fight
* noonomi = to follow
* 'oovi = to give
* xaari = to growl at
* wola = to grow
* naqma = to hear or listen
* máamayu = to help
* heli = to hide
* kopa(i) = to hit
* yaaw = to hold
* 'ari = to kick
* moknu = to kill
* howa = to lie down
* heda(i) = to open or uncover
* yí'yi = to play
* paqa(i) = to pound, beat
* núuli = to push
* $okapa(i) = to scratch
* toow = to see or watch
* mu'án = to shoot
* tawa = to sit
* kup = to sleep or take a nap
* hu$i = to smell
* chuxi = to spit
* pava(i) = to split
* yona(i) = to squeeze
* pora(i) = to stab, pierce
* wiita = to stand
* 'uyootu = to steal
* hiipa(i) = to suck
* waaka(i) = to sweep
* waaya = to swim
* kwaavichu = to take care of
* hata(i) = to throw
* chaqálaqi = to tickle
* pona(i) = to tie or fasten
* moma(i) = to turn
* mon/wukála = to walk
* chaayi = to winnow
* 'owó'a/'uwó'u = to work

=== Hygiene ===

* 'a$ni = to give a bath to someone (transitive)
* 'aa$ = to bathe or for there to be a ring around the Sun or Moon
* muváay = to wash the face

=== Movement ===
* qamí'a(i) = to abandon (a place)
* noliy = to abandon (loved ones)
* miili/wukáli pominik = to accelerate, to make someone or something move faster
* hatíila = to accompany
* 'éesh ngee = to accompany with leave
* mon = to come
* havácha = to swell

=== Nonphysical Actions ===

* ma'ni/ngiina = to abstain
* nginá'ni-taax = to be abstinent

=== Speech ===

* ya = to say
* téetila = to talk
* aa'alvi = to tell history

== Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositional Phrases, and Sentence Words ==

=== Conjunctions ===

* pi' = and
* tee = if

=== General Adverbs ===
* pilék = absolutely
* pominik = abundantly
* neshkin = accessible
* wo'taanti = ad infinitum, ad nauseum, constantly
* wehmali = a little
* yu'pan = again
* muyuk = much
* wehkun = twice/two times

=== Positional Adverbs ===

* 'eechi/pa'áq = above
** tuutuva = above all
** waam 'eechi = far above
** tuwíilangay = from above
* wunáx = across
* neshkin = near

=== Prepositional Phrases ===

* hax poyáqala = according to

=== Sentence Words ===

* aaashisha = an untranslatable exclamation of joy or surprise
* miiyu = hello (to one person)
* miiyuyam = hello (to multiple people)
* suláaqaxam = welcome
* 'ohóo = yes
*qay = no, not, never
*tee = maybe

=== Question Words ===

== Colors ==

=== Color Adjectives ===

* yuváttaat = black
* malómlush = blue
* toxótxush = brown
* yuváttaat = dark colored (added to modify other color words)
* qwayaqwyish = dark red or gold
* piwípwish = gray
* xwayáxwyish = gray or faded
* konóknish = green (same as the word for bruised)
* pixépxish = light blue or steel blue
* 'a$ó'$ush yuváttaat = orange
* 'av'aat = red
* qwayáqwyash = red
* 'avá'vash = pink
* ngaxlul = purple (same word for &quot;graphite&quot;)
* sisínnaval = silver
* qaasimal = violet
* xwayyaat = white
* 'a$ó'$ush = yellow

=== Color Verbs ===
Color verbs take on the meaning of &quot;to make or paint this color&quot; when transitive.

* yuváta(i) = to be black
* piwwa(i) = to be or turn gray, to be nervous before a speech, or to dust with flour
* 'av'a(i) = to blush or be red (without a direct object, intransitive)
* xwayya(i) = to brighten, turn white, or bleach (without a direct object, intransitive)

== Days and Seasons ==

=== Days of the Week ===
* Luunis = Monday
* Powéhlo = Tuesday
* Popáahaylo = Wednesday
* Powasá&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ilo = Thursday
* Pomháarilo = Friday
* Saavatha = Saturday
* Miisish = Sunday

=== Seasons ===
* qay pitóowili $uvóowut = fall
* ta$pa = spring
* tawpash = summer
* $uvóowut = winter

=== Units of Time ===
* pitóo = now, today
* 'exngay = tomorrow
* waxáam = yesterday

== Descriptive Adjectives ==
* loovi = to be accurate
* wehmal = a few, a little bit
* choo'un = all
* yawáywish = beautiful
* toongax = below
* yot = big
* navúnvush = blunt, dull
* konóknish = bruised
* neshkin = close, near
* 'iitaat = cold
* puráara = to be cold
* 'a$uun = correct, true (literally &quot;its heart;&quot; stress on the second syllable)
* axaxunat = delicious
* wimaat = difficult, hard
* kwila(i) = to be or make dirty
* waxa = dry
* waam = far
* $uwó$wush = frightening, scary, or dangerous
* 'ayáalinik = good
* polóov = good, nice
* wima(i) = to be heavy
* tavulvush (singular), taatalvish (plural) = long
* 'iipit = new
* 'anxa = old
* hethi = open
* 'awoo = other
* $owa(i) = to be sharp
* kapákpamal = short
* 'alú'mal = small
* tupútpush (singular), tupútpish (plural) = thick
* 'alú'mal = thin
* paamuwish = wet

== Environment ==

=== Buildings and Constructed World ===
* 'oma = to be abroad or absent
* napilash = cemetery
* chuyi = to cremate
* taaxanash = grave
* kiicha = house
* naachaxanlash = restaurant
* pet = road, path
* piláchilash = school
* ha$lash = sweathouse
* pweevlo = town
* $uyvish = trash (same word as &quot;stinger&quot;)

=== Natural World ===
* $oomawish = abloom landscape
* woolaqat = abyss
* tuvíi' = to accumulate (of clouds)
* chuya(i) = to burn
* tuvíicha = cloud
* xwaayamal = dawn
* toowut = dust
* 'exla = earth, soil
* ngiinish = earthquake
* kut = fire
* ya' = to flow
* mesmal = fog
* ngaxlul = graphite (same word as &quot;purple&quot;)
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* paala = lake
* pokwóoyaqala = lake
* 'exla = land, ground, or soil
* $iwári = to flash of lightning
* qawíicha = mountain
* moomat = ocean, sea, large body of water, or beach
* pisát = outdoors or outside world
* 'axíllax = rain (noun)
* xila(i) = to rain
* 'a$óonax = rainbow
* kwiimawish = region abundant in acorns
* 'engla = salt
* 'exval = sand
* tuupash = sky
* kuumit = smoke
* toota = stone
* toomawut = thunder/thundercloud
* 'alóomax = wave (on the ocean)
* paala = water
* hungla = wind or air

=== Astronomy ===
* Yungauish = Altair
* Nukulish = Antares
* piwíish = Milky Way (same word as &quot;headband&quot;)
* moyla = Moon
* tukva = night or evening
* tuukumit = night
* tukmit = night sky
* Hulaish = Orion
* Chehaiyan = Pleiades
* Tukmishwut = Polaris
* Yungauish poma = right hand of Altair
* $u'la = star
* temét = Sun, day, time, or weather
* naanat = sunshine or warmth of the Sun
* aylucha = Venus

== Flora and Fauna ==

=== Animal Parts and Generic Animal Terms ===

* pe' = feather (inalienable)
* wiila = to fly
* qwq'pish = game animal
* $uyvish = stinger (same word as &quot;trash&quot;)
* kawít = wing

=== Aquatic Animals and Amphibians ===
* 'ayla = abalone
* 'anámat = fish
* kiyúul = fish
* waxáw'kila = frog
* chaláka = horned toad
* momngawish = marine, from the sea
* waaxal = mussel
* $awvish = olive snail
* qap$ut = pismo clam
* selwamal = rainbow trout
* qexla = red abalone
* paa'ila momngawish = sea turtle
* tukval = sea otter
* waxáawut = toad
* paa'ila = turtle
* 'oymal = Washington clam
* koyóowut = whale

=== Arthropods and Mollusks ===
* 'aanat = ant
* lamáqata = ant
* 'ánmal = ant (small and black variety that often enters houses)
* $isqila = beetle
* kuyxingish = black widow spider
* 'avélaka = butterfly, moth
* $iválaka = cabbage looper
* $akíshla = caterpillar
* chilíkmay = cricket
* kamaríwthi = dragonfly
* mokwáchish = flea
* ku'áal = fly
* wi'ét = grasshopper
* $akíshla = hairy caterpillar
* keekila = Jerusalem cricket (potato bug)
* 'ulát = louse
* lukú'chish = mosquito
* xuvóoviqat = moth
* 'aanat = red ant
* $uyla = scorpion
* muvíllaqa = snail
* kuyxingish = spider
* $isqila = stink bug
* 'amácha = tick
* $aa$angla = yellow jacket

=== Birds ===
* paam'ush = bald eagle
* mixéevawut = band-tailed pidgeon
* 'ehéngmay = bird
* 'ihéngmal = bird
* chachaláaka = blue grouse
* 'aláawaka = buzzard
* yungáavaywut = California condor
* wi'kasmal = California jay
* $oola = California woodpecker
* qaxaavaywut = chicken
* pal'vismal = cliff swallow
* $ayla = coot
* 'alwut = crow
* mixéel = dove, pigeon
* qaatqat = duck
* táavish = flicker bird
* 'a$wut = golden eagle
* muuta = great horned owl
* tishla = hummingbird
* tishmal = hummingbird
* pepnash = junco
* tamáawut = mockingbird
* qaxáawut = mountain quail
* chaa'ish = pinyon jay
* qaxáal = quail
* paaxingish = red-shouldered blackbird
* kwa'la = red-tailed hawk
* puypuy = roadrunner
* yunúqwut = ruddy duck
* kolókolokamay = sparrow hawk
* waxolóoti = turkey
* yungáavish = turkey vulture
* qaxáal = valley quail
* 'aláawaka = vulture
* la'la = Western Canada goose
* atáal = white pelican
* $oola = woodpecker

=== Mammals ===
* tonla = antelope
* huunal = badger
* taválalakmal = bat
* tavállalakmay = bat
* hunwut = bear
* paa'at = bighorn sheep
* $u'ish = black-tail jackrabbit
* tuukut = bobcat/lynx
* toovit = brush rabbit
* tuukut kingawish = cat
* gaato/gatu = cat (synonym borrowed from Spanish)
* wiskun = chipmunk
* too$axit = cottontail rabbit
* 'anó' = coyote
* $uukat = deer
* 'awáal = dog
* 'iswut = dingo or wolf
* paa$ukat = elk/horse
* qewéewish = fox
* yuula = fur
* qeengish = gray ground squirrel
* $ukáawut = gray tree squirrel
* hunwut = grizzly bear
* muu$ikat = goat (same as the word for bearded person)
* moota = gopher
* kaváayu = horse
* 'ixí'wumal = lamb
* tukwut = mountain lion/cougar
* tapáshmal = mouse
* 'ashla = pet, domesticated animal, or livestock
* 'inú'nish = pig
* moota = pocket gopher
* pa'yamal = racoon
* 'ixí'wut = sheep
* paalukut = skunk
* tukyaspal = spotted skunk
* qeengish = squirrel
* $ukáawut = tree squirrel or flying squirrel
* tuukut = wildcat
* qawla = wood rat

=== Plant Parts ===

* $oo' = flower (inalienable)
* pavlash = leaf
* towla = root
* choochavish = thistle
* kulaawut = wood

=== Reptiles ===
* $ithí' = bull snake, gopher snake
* qiqéngla = king snake
* qa$ílla = lizard
* qa$íla = scaly lizard
* 'avétkala = small brown lizard
* piiqwala = snake
* $oowut = rattlesnake

=== Small Plants and Fungi ===

* pikwla = blackberry
* kanvut = black sage
* patumkut = blue eyed grass
* sikimona = branching phaciela
* puchaklala = Brewer's redmaids
* kaukat = bush mallow
* pankla = bush sunflower
* hulakul = California buckwheat
* wuláqla = California buckwheat
* ashla = California golden violet
* 'atóo$anat = California poppy
* hulvul = California sagebrush
* 'u'utt = chamise
* paa$al = chia
* kutápish = corn
* náqtumush = datura, jimsonweed
* makiyal = desert dandelion
* wiicha = dogbane
* takovschich = Douglas' nightshade
* kuuta = elderberry
* panáa'al = foothills yucca
* puchakla = fringed redmaids
* chachwomal = gilia
* wu$óochish = gooseberry
* $aamut = grass, weeds, or hay
* shakishla = hoary nettle
* pavivut = Indian tobacco
* mawut = lupine
* paatamkat = milkweed
* tokmat = milkweed
* towish popa'kwa = miner's lettuce
* $aqáapish = oyster mushroom
* 'iyáala = poison oak
* ataushanut = poppy
* $ooval = skunkbush
* qeenat = soaproot
* $oyla = southwestern spiny rush
* $akíshla = stinging nettle
* ko$aat = sugarcane
* sawvel = sumac
* palit = thistle sage
* solisal = tidy tips
* piivat = tobacco
* paalaxwish = toxic mushroom
* aatchawut = toyon
* pivée$ash = tule
* $aaxish = wheat
* kawá'wal = white chaparral currant
* quaashil = white sage
* 'enwish = wild cucumber
* tokapish = wild hyacinth
* nanukuish = wild four o'clock
* makwit = wild grapevine
* 'urúush = wild oats or wild rice
* 'ushla = wild rose
* paa'akal = wild sunflower
* paukla = wild sunflower
* chevnish = yerba mansa
* palwut = yerba santa
* panáa'al = yucca whipplei

=== Trees ===
* sashet = Arroyo willow
* kwiila = black oak
* wiat = canyon oak
* wi'áa$al = coast live oak
* avahut = cottonwood
* 'aváaxat = cottonwood
* wixétut = digger pine
* tovashal = Engleman oak
* ahanish = holly leaf cherry
* tovat = incense cedar
* waa'at = juniper
* koolul = manzanita
* hunúuvat = Mojave yucca
* tuvát = pinyon pine
* l'mushla = scrub oak
* yoela = singleleaf pinyon
* kuláawut = tree
* kwiila = valley oak
* 'u'úumal = white fir
* chaamish = wild cherry
* $axát = willow

== Food and Drink ==
* kwiila = acorn
** xeexat = acorn (as food)
** $aawokish = acorn bread
** puutash = acorn cap
** pa$kash/pa$kush = acorn dough
** maaxish = acorn flour
** wasáaya = acorn flour cooked into a ball
** siwvol = acorn hull
** wiiwish = acorn porridge
*** wiwxalash = old acorn porridge
*** paamumal po$íchi = vulgar term for acorn porridge literally meaning &quot;seagull spew&quot;
** maaxpish = acorns ready for pounding into flour
** mawpish = acorn on a tree
** $ii'awish = acorn without shell
** moochaynit = basket for storing acorns
** kuuya(i) = to beat down acorns
** wiwlash = bowl for acorn porridge
** wiw = to cook acorn porridge
** pe' = to eat acorn porridge
** xeexat = gathered acorns
** 'okwóp$a = to gather acorns
** toomo = first acorns of the season
** tamúuchish = hard part of acorns
** maawa(i)/wata(i) = to knock off acorns
** pa$ka = to leach acorns
** paqilish = mortar for acorns
** paqlash = pestle for acorns
** $iwáqa(i) = to pick acorns from cracked shells
** huukap$i = to pick acorns from tree bark
** maavakash = piece of wood used to dry acorns
** suypish = point of an acorn
** mawlaxpish = pole for knocking down acorns
** moyi = to put acorns into holes
** kaawish = sack used to carry acorns
** siwvol = shelled acorn
** tovxani = to spoil (of acorns)
** wiwmawish = something filled with acorn porridge
** kwiimawish = something filled with acorns
** maa'avish = tool for hulling acorns
* paa'kilash = alcohol
* ko'i = to bite
* ko$$aat = candy or cookie
* meecha(i) = to chew
* lo'xa = to cook
* qwa$o'i = to cook or make ripen
* ko'cha(i) = to cook or barbecue
* 'engmawish = cracker (saltine)
* paa'i = to drink
* kwa' = to eat
* naachaxan = to eat dinner (or less commonly several other meals)
* naachaxanlo = to eat lunch
* paanil = egg
* wi' = fat, grease (inalienable)
* moyóoni = to feed
* 'ichi = to fish (same word as &quot;clear from obligation or get even&quot;)
* naachaxanish = food or meal
* pushla = fruit
* paaw = to get water
* $a$angla po'aw = honey
* 'aamo = to hunt
* waa'ish = meat
* pooyish = pinole
* meewa(i) = to roast vegetables
* pisá'a = to rot
* engla = salt
* 'engmawish = salty
* ko$aat = sugar
* paala = water

== Locations ==
* Awa' = Aguanga
* Taakwi = Cahuilla Mountain
* Kachikchi = Cuyamaca Mountain
* Paisvi = Iron Spring
* Pavala = Kuka and Portreo encampment during acorn season
* Yangi’wana = Mesa Grande
* Katukto = Morrow hill near Fallbrook
* Pala = Pala
* Shoau = Pala encampment during acorn gathering season
* Paauw = Palomar Mountain
** Wikyo = Highest Peak on Palomar Mountain
** Chakúuli = gathering place of La Jolla people on Palomar Mountain
* Wavam = Pauma encampment on mountain during acorn gathering season
* Tawish Poshapilia= rocky peak east of Wikyo
* Woshha = Rincon
** Ahuya = Old village above Rincon on Road to Potrero
* Pewipwi = San Bernardino Mountain
* Yamiwa = San Jacinto Mountain
* Topamai = Village at Santa Margarita Ranch near ranch house
* I’pax = Highest Peak on Volcan Mountain
* Shautushma = Yapicha encampment during acorn season

== Mathematics ==

=== Mathematical Operations ===

=== Numbers ===
* qay haaya = to abound
* woy'a(i) = to count
* supúl = one (but can also be used as an optional indefinite article with the meaning of a/an)
* weh = two
* paahey = three
* wasá' = four
* maháar = five
* paváahay = six
* kavíkvish = seven
* $iwlash = eight
* nomaawasá' = nine
* tappaat = ten

== Modern Objects and Concepts ==

=== Bathroom ===
* 'a$lash = bathtub, shower, or bathroom with one of these two fixtures
* muváaylash = sink, washbasin, or bathroom with sink (but not a toilet or bathtub)
* pisáangalash = toilet

=== Bedroom, Living Room, and Office ===
* kuplash = bed
* kupú'ilash = bedroom
* taanat = blanket
* 'áa'alvish = book/story
* táwwilash = chair
* kut = lamp
* yukkavish = pillow
* nooli = to read
* laméesa = table
* waam tiiwilash = television

=== Currency ===
* purú'a(i) = to accumulate (money)
* samsa = to buy or sell (the sentence needs to designate &quot;from&quot; or &quot;to&quot; because this word is used for two actions)
* sinnaval chooraat = coin
* sisínnaval = money (same word as &quot;money&quot; and &quot;silver&quot;)
* sinnaval = money or cash

=== Kitchen ===
* pakápkish = fork
* naachaxanish lo'xalash = kitchen
* wokkilash = knife
* 'iitaat = refridgerator
* ko'chilash = stove or oven
* peshlish = plate or bowl
* 'iival = spoon

=== Machines ===
* toomawumal = battery
* qa$lapish = clapper
* toomawutal = electric/electronic

=== Stationery ===
* naawilash = pen, marker, or keyboard
* piwípwilash = pencil
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe

=== Substances ===
* chiivut/ko$ólaxat = acid
* chiivní'i = to acidify
* sisínnaval qwayáqwyish = copper or gold
* sisínnaval = metal or silver (same word as &quot;money&quot;)

=== Transport ===
* kwaatilash = school bus

=== Tools ===
* waakilash = broom or brush
* heyyilash = shovel

=== Weapons ===
* patkilash = gun

== People and Bodies ==

=== Bodily Functions ===
* qay pitóowili choxaqati mokna = to abort a child
* hakwís = to breathe
* pi'muk = to die or be dead
* puti' = to dream about
* 'aaw = to live or be alive
* kup = to sleep
* xula = to sweat
* haaqwi = to yawn
* haka = to yawn

=== Bodily Substances ===

* 'owla = blood
* $aa'ish = feces

=== Body Parts ===

* moolilash/pavkunish/pavkunla = Adam's apple
* 'iyé'iyish = ankle
* maa = arm, hand
* qwalma = armpit
* maachat = back
* qli = back of the neck (inalienable)
* muu$il = beard
* tee'la = belly
* taaxaw = body (inalienable)
* kulaawut = bone
* pit = breast
* 'aal = chest (inalienable)
* 'ooyi = chin (inalienable)
* toowish = corpse
* naq = ear (inalienable)
* naqla = ear
* pushla = eye
* push = face, eye (inalienable)
* $ulát = fingernail or claw
* 'et = foot (inalienable)
* qwi = forehead (inalienable)
* piwíila = gray hair
* yu'/yuula = hair, head
* mat = hand
* no$úun = heart
* chíi'a = hip (inalienable)
* $ii = intestines
* 'echvash = left hand
* 'e' = leg, foot (inalienable)
* nooma = liver
* savásvash = lung
* tamát = mouth
* tma = mouth, teeth
* qalát = nape
* qelát = neck
* muuvi = nose (inalienable)
* muuvil = nose or nasal passages
* pli = right hand (inalienable)
* yuutush = scalp or wig
* $ooka = shoulder
* taavash = skin
* tee' = stomach (inalienable)
* qasíivish = tail
* xaara = throat (inalienable)
* xaarash = throat
* weeya/weeyi = tongue (inalienable)
* tamát = tooth

=== Diseases and Injuries ===
* muukil 'iyáxwimawish = abscess or purulent wound
* xeva = to have acne
* hulúka = to have an accident
* to'mivini = to hurt someone by accident
* muukil = boil or pimple
* naq taaxa = to have an earache
* kuma(i) = to have an earache or headache
* tiwa(i)/ya$á$a(i) = to hurt, ache
** taaxa(i) = to hurt acutely, for a short amount of time
* $uyi = to itch
* taaxa(i) = to have a sideache
* $uypish = sting or bugbite
* koona(i)/poróvora (intransitive)/$angáwi (transitive)/tee' tiwa (intransitive) = to have a stomachache
* tamát tiwish = toothache
* tmay ku'áal qwa' = to have a toothache (literally &quot;to eat a maggot&quot;)
* muyi = to vomit

=== Emotional States ===
* putii'ish = dream
* naala = fear

=== Emotional Verbs ===
* $ala = to abhore, hate
* $owóo' = to be afraid
* $ala = to be unable to stand
* ngaa = to cry
* $uwóo' = to fear or be afraid of
* $ukka(i) = to be frightened or startled (intransitive) or to frighten or startle a person (transitive)
* tooya = to laugh
* hamooya = to be shy

=== Family Members ===
* keeka = aunt
* yuku = cousin (inalienable)
* $waamay = daughter (inalienable)
* kiiyam = family (inalienable)
* na' = father (inalienable)
* kwa' = maternal grandfather (inalienable)
* tu' = maternal grandmother (inalienable)
* yo' = mother (inalienable)
* 'alimay = nephew or niece (inalienable)
* paa'a$ = older brother (inalienable)
* qee'es = older sister (inalienable)
* ka' = paternal grandparent (inalienable)
* kaamay = son (inalienable)
* nukmu = uncle
* $ungaaki = wife
* peet = younger brother (inalienable)
* piit = younger sister (inalienable)

=== Types of People ===
* 'ahíichu = abandoned person
* qamí'i-nóotuy = to abdicate
* 'uví'vish = absentminded person
* loo'ikat = actor or actress
* kihúutsamal = baby
** piika = to act like a baby
* muu$ikat = bearded person (same as the word for goat)
* hengéemal = boy
* noot = chief, leader
* kihaat = child
* 'ashkat = cowboy or rancher
* tengalkat = doctor
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* kuláchi-taax = to act like a fool
* nawítmal = girl
* hamú'wish = indigenous person
* hamúulawish = indigenous person
* ya'ásh = man
* 'ahíichu = orphan
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* 'atáax = person
* to$ngukat = police officer, commander, director, or principal
* momngawish = sailor (same word as &quot;marine&quot; (adj))
* puula = shaman
* heelikat = singer
* neqpikat = soldier
* huu'unikat = teacher
* $ungáal = woman

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

== Religion and Spirituality ==
* 'ina(i) = to absolve (a sin)
* tolmul = afterlife
* yuungawish = deity or powerful spirit
* taaxku = fire-tender (a ceremonial leader who drank water used to wash the clothes of a deceased person)
* namkuqwat kwiil = performer of a ceremony to make acorns grow
* teela = prayer (same word as &quot;language&quot;)
* toowish = spirit or ghost of deceased person

== Suffixes ==

* -oto = according to (functions as a suffix added to nouns)
* -mal = little/dear (diminutive)
* -kat = one who has or does
* -ma = should have, would have, or every day
* -kun = times/instances
* -lash = tool or instrument used to perform the function

== Traditional Objects and Concepts ==

=== Abstract Culture ===

* qapúta = to abbreviate
* pelaxish = to dance
* pélla = to dance
* pumi = to initiate a boy into manhood
* wiqeni  = to initiate a girl into womanhood
* tungla = name or title
* héela = to sing
* heelaxish = song
* teelat = spoken word or language

=== Clothing and Jewelry ===

* yumpish = basketry hat
* miyxanish = clothing
* paaxwichat = earring
* cheeyat = feather headband
* yumpish = hat
* piwíish = headband (same word for &quot;Milky Way&quot;)
* tóonav = to make baskets
* qenxat = necklace
* wiiru = to play a flute
* wachxat = shoes
* olval = skirt

=== Objects ===
* $avárvash = abrasive (noun)
* chuunga(i) = to absorb
* chuungkawut = absorbent (noun)
* huula = arrow
* yoowlash = arrow straightener
* teelingish = ash
* kunla = bag, sack
* ichilash kaarawut = bait
* waw'kish = ball game
* tukmal = basket
* pavyut = bead
* ngaw'lash = bed, mat for sleeping
* taanat = blanket, buckskin, or rug
* kutapish = bow
* nemeexát = bow (sinew-backed)
* pawxit = canoe
* iikat = carrying net
* wotilash = club (tool)
* qeepish = cradleboard
* nax'a = digging stick
* icháqilash = drinking cup
* moorilash = fire drill (a stick to start a fire, not an emergency preparation event)
* kut pochuyila = fireplace
* kulaawut = firewood
* iiqish = fish hook
* hunuuvat = fishing line
* wiirulash = flute
* $aanat = glue
* neexwut = gourd rattle
* malaal = grinding stone
* pikát = knife
* tengalish = medicine
* toopal = mortar
* eevish = needle, awl
* navyót = ochre
* wotilish = paddle, oar
* toopawut = pestle
* $aanut = pitch, tar
* peshlish = pot
* taavalkwash = quiver
* páveut = sacred pointed stone used on the tip of ceremonial staffs
* tamish = sacred stone bowl 
* washpish = seed beater
* apmal = small basket
* huu$i = smoke
* $e'lalash = spear
* iival = stirring stick
* sinaval = string of shells used as currency
* paa'ayat = rattle
* paa'isval = red paint
* toota = rock
* wiichut = rope, string
* kotlash = thatch, roof
* waakat = throwing strick
* piveesash = tobacco pipe
* orilash = trap, snare
* $uyvish = trash
* wixét = tule boat
* wixee'et = tule boat
* paayut = turtle rattle
* toovish = white paint
* naawa(i) = to write, record, paint, draw, or inscribe

== References ==

* https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/3
* https://quizlet.com/503767900/an-introduction-to-the-luiseno-language-nouns-1-flash-cards/
* https://www.instagram.com/paumaimls/
* Luiseño Word Builder (incomplete)
* https://asimplenature.com/local-legends-myths/luiseno/
* https://newsfromnativecalifornia.com/in-our-languages-luiseno/
* A Partial Grammar of Simplex and Complex Sentences In Luiseño by Davis, John Frederick (use for question words and conjunctions)
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      <text bytes="180" sha1="09ghu9v9fvxak2hfgyq6ktmv3d7xual" xml:space="preserve">= ''The Linguide'' =
On ''The Linguide,'' you will get to learn bunches of cool words, ranging from expiditously to indubitably, all in alphabetical order---a true linguists dream!</text>
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    <title>History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Chapter 5</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;==Chapter 5: Showdown!==  In the spring of 331 BC, Alexander left Egypt. It was time for the final showdown with Darius. Asia Minor now belonged to Alexander. So did Syria and Egypt. But there was still the rest of the Persian Empire, which stretched all the way to where Pakistan is today. The Persian king was waiting for Alexander in the country that is now Iraq. His army was camped near a village called '''Gaugamela''' (say: Gow-ga-MAY-la).   Alexander reached Gaugamel...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1635" sha1="91b1eq6mwcp5vd6lq1q30q32x1exdpl" xml:space="preserve">==Chapter 5: Showdown!==

In the spring of 331 BC, Alexander left Egypt. It was time for the final showdown with Darius. Asia Minor now belonged to Alexander. So did Syria and Egypt. But there was still the rest of the Persian Empire, which stretched all the way to where Pakistan is today. The Persian king was waiting for Alexander in the country that is now Iraq. His army was camped near a village called '''Gaugamela''' (say: Gow-ga-MAY-la). 

Alexander reached Gaugamela late in September. It had been a long march. He set up camp in some low hills and let his men rest for several days.

From his camp, Alexander could see the Persian army. Darius had chosen a smart spot for a battle.

There were hills on one side of the Persians and a river on the other side. That meant that Alexander’s men could not get behind them. They could not attack them from the rear or the front. Alexander knew he had only one hope. The Persians had to make a mistake during the battle.

Alexander’s generals advised him to attack during the night. But Alexander refused. He said that he was not a thief. He wouldn’t steal victory. Darius, however, was '''expecting''' a night attack. He kept his men awake. By morning, Alexander’s men were rested and the Persians were very tired. That was when Alexander led his army down from the hills. The two armies met on a great plain. 

Darius sent his war chariots forward. These chariots had long, sharp blades sticking out of their wheels. Their job was to break up the Macedonian lines. But Alexander’s bowmen shot down the charioteers. Few of the chariots even reached the Macedonian lines.</text>
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      <text bytes="1648" sha1="szsx8lpy8z8xj3lukts8gcvh6u3404l" xml:space="preserve">==Chapter 5: Showdown!==

In the spring of 331 BC, Alexander left Egypt. It was time for the final showdown with Darius. Asia Minor now belonged to Alexander. So did Syria and Egypt. But there was still the rest of the Persian Empire, which stretched all the way to where Pakistan is today. The Persian king was waiting for Alexander in the country that is now Iraq. His army was camped near a village called '''Gaugamela''' (say: Gow-ga-MAY-la). 

Alexander reached Gaugamela late in September. It had been a long march. He set up camp in some low hills and let his men rest for several days.

From his camp, Alexander could see the Persian army. Darius had chosen a smart spot for a battle.

There were hills on one side of the Persians and a river on the other side. That meant that Alexander’s men could not get behind them. They could not attack them from the rear or the front. Alexander knew he had only one hope. The Persians had to make a mistake during the battle.

Alexander’s generals advised him to attack during the night. But Alexander refused. He said that he was not a thief. He wouldn’t steal victory. Darius, however, was '''expecting''' a night attack. He kept his men awake. By morning, Alexander’s men were rested and the Persians were very tired. That was when Alexander led his army down from the hills. The two armies met on a great plain. 

Darius sent his war chariots forward. These chariots had long, sharp blades sticking out of their wheels. Their job was to break up the Macedonian lines. But Alexander’s bowmen shot down the charioteers. Few of the chariots even reached the Macedonian lines.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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