Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 10945 4655903 3229135 2026-07-30T16:54:40Z SPQRobin 65999 wikitable 4655903 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |- ! Els dies de la setmana || Els mesos de l'any ! Les estacions de l'any || Els colors |- | <small>(Days of the week)</small> | <small>(Months of the year)</small> | <small>(Seasons)</small> || <small>(Colours)</small> |- | diumenge <small>(Sunday)</small> || gener || la primavera <small>(spring)</small> | style="background:#FF0000; color:#FFFFFF; padding:5px;" | vermell, roig |- | dilluns <small>(Monday)</small> || febrer | estiu <small>(summer)</small> | style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; padding:5px;" | blau |- | dimarts <small>(Tuesday)</small> || març | tardor <small>(autumn/fall)</small> | style="background:#00FF00; color:#000000; padding:5px;" | verd |- | dimecres <small>(Wednesday)</small> || abril | hivern <small>(winter)</small> | style="background:#FFFF00; color:#000000; padding:5px;" | groc |- | dijous <small>(Thursday)</small> || maig | | style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#000000; padding:5px;" | blanc |- | divendres <small>(Friday)</small> || juny | | style="background:#808080; color:#FFFFFF; padding:5px;" | gris |- | dissabte <small>(Saturday)</small> || juliol | | style="background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF; padding:5px;" | negre |- | || agost || | style="background:#FFA500; color:#000000; padding:5px;" | taronja |- | || setembre || | style="background:#DF00DF; color:#000000; padding:5px;" | rosa |- | || octubre || | style="background:#8B00FF; color:#000000; padding:5px;" | lila |- | || novembre || | style="background:#964B00; color:#FFFFFF; padding:5px;" | marró |- | || desembre || || |} {{BookCat}} 77oja3ml5e86e630kp4sgvzt86nrqpn 0 95456 4655935 3240455 2026-07-30T23:20:24Z Nasdn2 3595259 /* Overview */ period 4655935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic| name=Dissendium| type=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic#Spells|Spell]] (Charm)| features=| appearance=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Prisoner of Azkaban|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]|}} == Overview == '''''Dissendium''''' is a single-purpose spell; used on the statue of the hump-backed, one-eyed witch in the third-floor corridor at Hogwarts, it causes her hump to hinge open. == Extended Description == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}} When her hump is open, it reveals the end of a passageway that goes to the basement of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Honeyduke's_Sweetshop|Honeyduke's Sweetshop]] in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Hogsmeade|Hogsmeade]]. [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry]] uses this passageway to leave the castle without permission, in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Prisoner of Azkaban|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]; [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley|the twins]] have apparently been doing the same for years, as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marauders|the Marauders]] did many years before them; and it seems [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sirius Black|Sirius Black]] is also using this as a means of getting into the castle. == Analysis == A certain number of spells seem to have a single use at a single location, much like passwords; rather than being available for general use, they seem to be tied to specific locations or artifacts. '''Dissendium''' appears to be one such; similar to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Alohomora|Alohomora]], the unlocking spell, but tied to this one statue. The [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Marauder's Map|Marauder's Map]] is similarly opened and hidden with passwords that are not, strictly speaking, magical at all, though they have magical effects. == Questions == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}} == Greater Picture == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}} {{BookCat}} j8a98twlwy7m728kgpryh8phnjqd11z 0 129372 4655890 4504530 2026-07-30T12:50:19Z ~2026-42285-14 3618024 4655890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright}} ==Introduction== This is a brief description of the parameters recognized by Celestia in DSC files (Deep Space Catalogs). DSC Galaxy functionality underwent a substantial improvement in Celestia v1.4.1 when compared to the previous versions of Celestia. A DSC catalog file can be used to describe four classes of objects: '''OpenCluster''', '''Globular''' (i.e. Globular Cluster), '''Nebula''' or '''Galaxy'''. A DSC object definition consists of its class, a quoted name, and its parameters enclosed in braces: <i>'''Class''' </i> ''"'' { ...''parameters''... } Unlike STC and SSC files, DSC files don't support <code>Modify</code> and <code>Replace</code> directives, so to modify an object defined in a DSC file you have to edit the original file. ==List of Parameters== Class: * '''OpenCluster''' "''name''" * '''GlobularCluster''' "''name''" * '''Nebula''' " ''tarantula'' * '''Galaxy''' milky Way Location: 500, like years away from Earth * '''RA''' ''f'', '''Dec''' ''f'', '''Distance''' ''f'' or * '''Position''' [''f'' ''f'' ''f''] Orientation: * '''Axis''' [''f'' ''f'' ''f''] * '''Angle''' ''f'' Size: * '''Radius''' ''f'' Information: * '''InfoUrl''' "''URL''" Appearance: * '''Mesh''' "''filename''" * '''Type''' "''string''" * '''CustomTemplate''' "''filename''" * '''AbsMag''' ''f'' == OpenCluster "<i>name</i>" == <ul> "name" is the name of the object. Multiple names can be specified within the quotes if they're separated by colons (:). <b>OpenCluster</b> currently is used only to associate the specified "name" with a position in space. The members of an OpenCluster are defined separately in one or more [[Celestia/STC_File|.STC files]] or in [[Celestia/Binary_Star_File|stars.dat]]. The parameters used to define an OpenCluster are === placement === A deep space object's position can be defined either by specifying a single position vector or by specifying its three astronomical coordinates. <ul> <li><b>Position</b> <tt>[<i> f f f </i>]</tt> <br>The position vector's [x y z ] coordinates are in Light Years, specifying a position in Celestia's Ecliptic J2000 "Universal" coordinate system </li> or <li><b>Distance</b> <i>number</i> (default: 1.0) in LightYears </li><li><b>RA</b> <i>number</i> (default: 0.0) Right Ascension in fractional Hours (unlike [[Celestia/STC_File|STC catalogs]], which use fractional degrees) </li><li><b>Dec</b> <i>number</i> (default: 0.0) Declination in fractional degrees </li> </ul> === orientation (optional)=== <ul> <li><b>Axis</b> <i>3 vector</i> (default: [ 1.0 0.0 0.0] ) <br>a unit vector specifying the orientation of the object's axis in Celestia's Ecliptic J2000 "Universal" coordinate system </li><li><b>Angle</b> <i>number</i> (default: 0.0 degrees)<br>the amount the object is rotated around that Axis. </ul> === size === <ul> <li><b>Radius</b> <i>number</i> (default: 0.0) in Light Years. </li></ul> <P></P> === information (optional)=== <ul> <li><b>InfoUrl</b> <i>"string"</i> <br>"string" should be the URL of a web page describing the object. </li> </ul> </ul> == Globular "<i>name</i>" == <ul>Places a glowing spherical image of stars at the specified position. <br>Uses all of the parameters used for <b>OpenCluster</b> plus the following: === size === * '''Radius''' ''number'', in light-years. : The '''Radius''' specifies the size of the globular. Note that this does not affect the placement of sprites. It does, however, change the "bounding box". For a larger Radius, the red markers will be appear farther away from the center of the globular. The Radius parameter also controls how far you are from the center of the globular, when you select and go-to that object. === shape === * '''Detail''' ''number'' : '''Detail''' is a value between 0 and 1 that controls how many point sprites the globular has. The default value is 1, and this places the maximum amount of point sprites. A value of 0 creates a globular with no stars but a glowing central "core". Using a value greater than 1 or less than 0 is equivalent to using 1 or 0, respectively. * '''CoreRadius''' ''number'' * '''KingConcentration''' ''number'' === example === Globular "M 4:NGC 6121:GCl 41:C 1620-264" { RA 16.3931 # [hours] Dec -26.5253 # [degrees] Distance 7176 # [ly] Radius 37.57 # [ly], mu25 Isophote CoreRadius 0.83 # [arcmin] KingConcentration 1.59 # c = log10(r_t/r_c) AbsMag -7.2 # [V mags] Axis [ 0.1967 -0.6744 -0.7117] Angle 171.8 # [degrees] InfoURL "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?Ident=NGC+6121" } </ul> == Nebula "<i>name</i>" == <ul>Places a glowing model at the specified position and orientation. <br>If '''Name''' is an empty string, draws the model mesh but does not add an empty name to listings. This allows for a model to be constructed of multiple parts. A central part should have the '''Name''' parameter with the name string and a '''Type''' parameter. <br>Central stars are defined separately in one or more [[Celestia/STC_File|.STC files]]. <br>Uses all of the parameters used for <b>OpenCluster</b> plus the following: === shape === * '''Type''' "''string''" <ul>"string" should be one of: Emission, Reflection, Dark, Planetary, SupernovaRemnant, HII_Region, Protoplanetary, empty (undefined). :The '''Type''' is shown in Celestia's on-screen informational display. :If no '''Type''' is specified, it defaults to undefined. </ul> * '''Mesh''' "''filename''" (optional) :"''filename''" must be the name of a 3DS, CMS or CMOD model file which determines the Nebula's shape. :The model's internal material may require an associated PNG, JPG or DDS surface texture image file to be in the object's subdirectory <tt>/textures/medres</tt> to define the Nebula's coloration. :If '''Mesh''' is omitted, no object is drawn. === brightness === * '''AbsMag''' ''number'' === action === * '''Clickable''' ''boolean'' === example === '''Nebula "M16:Eagle Nebula" ''' '''{''' '''Type "Emission"''' '''Mesh "1995-44-a.3ds"''' '''Axis [0.205007 -0.737927 -0.642989]''' '''Angle 146.298''' '''RA 18.31404''' '''Dec -13.8311''' '''Distance 7002''' '''}''' </ul> == Galaxy "''name''" == <ul> Places a glowing image of a galaxy at the specified position and orientation <br>Uses all of the parameters used for <b>OpenCluster</b> plus the following: === shape === * '''Type''' "''string''" <ul>"string" should be one of: S0, Sa, Sb, Sc, SBa, SBb, SBc, E0, E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, Irr :The '''Type''' is shown in Celestia's on-screen informational display. It also determines which PNG image in Celestia's Models directory is used to define the shape of the '''Galaxy's''' image. :If no '''Type''' is specified, it defaults to "Irr". </ul> or * '''CustomTemplate''' "''filename''" (optional) <ul>"''filename''" must be a the name of a PNG image defining the shape of this Galaxy. The PNG image must be located in the ''main'' /models directory (where all the other custom template files are). </ul> === brightness === * '''AbsMag''' ''number'' </ul> {{BookCat}} 8c2cci055nrolh9vf1l0p6ka5d8j8m1 0 142013 4655906 4655859 2026-07-30T20:08:45Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle */ 4655906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} It is the tenth digit that gives you the model year for GM. I've been working at a Chevy dealer for years running codes/vins. For example (my examples only apply to 2001-2015 gm vehicles) Remember 10th digit from the beginning, (left to right). 2001... 1, 2002...2, 2003...3, etc., 2009...9. After 2009, the tenth digit was given a letter 2010... A, 2011...B, 2012...C, 2013...D, 2014...E, 2015...F, Etc... We have another 20 years worth of letters. Thanks for reading. You can always check your model year by looking in your drivers side door jamb and it will give you model year. If it was assembled in July or later, the model year is probably a year later than the calendar year of the manufacturing date listed. ==American GM== ===American VIN format 1981-1984 Passenger Car=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1981-1984|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984|Car Line & Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====American restraint types 1981-1984==== The restraint type is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Manual Seatbelts only - No Passive Restraint |} ====Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984==== The Car Line & Series Code is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Car Line & <br> Series Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=19|GM A platform - rear-wheel drive |T||Chevrolet Malibu 1981 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1981 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1981 |- |D||Pontiac LeMans 1981 |- |F||Pontiac Grand LeMans 1981 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1981 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1981 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1981 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass sedan, Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1981 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' wagon 1981 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1981 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1981 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe, Cutlass LS sedan 1981 |- |E||Buick Century wagon 1981 |- |H||Buick Century sedan, Estate wagon 1981 |- |J||Buick Regal 1981 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1981 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1981 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM A platform - front-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1982-1984 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1982-1984 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1982-1984 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1983-1984 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1982 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1982-1984, Cutlass Cruiser ''LS'' 1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=19|GM B platform |D||Chevrolet Bel Air 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Chevrolet Impala 1981-1984 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1981-1984 |- |F||Pontiac Laurentian 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac Catalina 1981, Parisienne 1984 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1981 |- |N||Pontiac Parisienne 1981, Parisienne Brougham 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1981 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1984 |- |L||Oldsmobile Delta 88 1981-1983 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1981-1984 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1981-1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1984 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1981-1984 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre 1981, Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1981-1984 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1981-1983 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - rear-wheel drive |G||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile 98 Luxury 1981 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1982-1983 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1981-1983 |- |R||Buick Electra Limited 1984 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1984 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1981-1983 |- |X||Buick Electra Limited 1981-1983 |- |B||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1981-1983 |- |D||Cadillac DeVille 1981-1983 |- |M||Cadillac DeVille 1984 |- |W||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM D platform - rear-wheel drive |F||Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=4|GM E platform |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1981-1984 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1981-1984 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1981-1984 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=7|GM F platform |P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1981-1984 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1981-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1981-1984 |- |T||Pontiac Firebird ''Esprit'' 1981 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula'' 1981 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1981-1984 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' Turbo Special Edition 1981, Firebird ''S/E'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=15|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1982, Malibu 1983 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1982-1984 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1982-1984 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1982-1983, Grand Prix LE 1984 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville G 1982-1984 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1982-1984 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville G Brougham 1982-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville G ''LE'' 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1982-1983 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1982-1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe & sedan 1982-1984 |- |J||Buick Regal 1982-1984 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1982, Regal ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM J platform |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1983-1984 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier 2-d/4-d/wagon 1982, Cavalier CS 1983-1984 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier 3-door hatchback 1982, Cavalier CS 3-door hatchback 1983, Cavalier Type 10 2-d/3-d/Convertible 1984 |- |B||Pontiac J2000 1982, 2000 1983, 2000 Sunbird 1984 |- |C||Pontiac J2000 LE 1982, 2000 LE 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE Convertible 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE 1984 |- |D||Pontiac J2000 SE 1982, 2000 SE 1983, 2000 Sunbird SE 1984 |- |E||Pontiac J2000 S 1982 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1982-1984, Firenza S 1982-1984 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1982-1984, Firenza SX 1982-1984 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1983-1984 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1982-1984 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1982-1984 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM K platform |S||Cadillac Seville 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=3|GM P platform ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1984 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1984 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1984 |- |rowspan=6|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |B||Chevrolet Chevette 1981-1983, Chevette CS 1984 |- |J||Chevrolet Chevette Scooter 1981-1983, Chevette 1984 |- |B||Pontiac Acadian 1981-1984 (Canada only) |- |J||Pontiac Acadian S 1981-1982, Pontiac Acadian Scooter 1983-1984 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac T1000 1982, 1000 1983-1984 |- |M||Pontiac T1000 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM X platform |H||Chevrolet Citation 2-door coupe 1982-1983, Citation II 2-door coupe 1984 |- |X||Chevrolet Citation hatchback 1981-1983, Citation II hatchback 1984 |- |T||Pontiac Phoenix SJ 1982-1983, Phoenix SE 1984 |- |Y||Pontiac Phoenix 1981-1984 |- |Z||Pontiac Phoenix LJ 1981-1983, Phoenix LE 1984 |- |B||Oldsmobile Omega 1981-1984 |- |E||Oldsmobile Omega Brougham 1981-1984 |- |B||Buick Skylark 1981-1982, Skylark Custom 1983-1984 |- |C||Buick Skylark Limited 1981-1984 |- |D||Buick Skylark Sport 1981-1982, Skylark T-Type 1983-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM Y platform |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 1981-1982, 1984 |} ===American VIN format 1985-1986 Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>W</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>Y</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====Body style codes 1981-1986==== The Body type is specified as characters 6 and 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars from 1981-1986. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |11,27,37,47,57,97||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |07,08,77,87||Two-Door Hatchback |- |67||Two-Door Convertible |- |19,69||Four-Door Sedan |- |68||Four-Door Hatchback |- |23||Four-Door Limousine, 8-passenger ("Limousine") |- |33||Four-Door Limousine w/Center Partition, 7-passenger ("Formal Limousine") |- |35||Four-Door Station Wagon |} ===American VIN format 1987- Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1987-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ===American VIN format 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 1981-1999]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2000-2009]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Body type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System |- |A||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic |- |B||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic |- |D||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic |- |F||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic |- |G||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic |- |H||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic |- |J||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic |- |K||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic |- |L||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic |} ====Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |B||Special Body Buick, Chevrolet |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, Sierra 2wd (C-series) '88-'99 |- |C||Chevy C10 Blazer 2wd ('81-'82), Tahoe 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC C1500 Jimmy 2wd ('81-'82), Yukon 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99) |- |D||Military Truck 4wd |- |E||'91-'97 Geo Tracker 2wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 2wd |- |E||'97-'98 Chevy S-10 EV |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans (Chevy Van, Sportvan, Express, GMC Vandura, Rally Van, Savana) |- |H||'93-'96 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD cutaway van |- |H||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '93-'96, Fwd DeVille '97-'99) |- |J||'89-'97 Geo Tracker 4wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 4wd |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, Sierra 4wd (K-series) '88-'99 |- |K||Chevy K10/K5 Blazer 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'94), Tahoe 4wd ('95-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC K1500 Jimmy 4wd ('81-'86), Yukon 4wd ('92-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99), '99 Cadillac Escalade 4wd |- |L||Chevy Luv 2wd '81-'82 |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '90-'99 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '85-'99 |- |P||Forward Control (includes Chevrolet Step-Van/GMC Value-Van, Chevy/GMC P-Series) |- |R||Chevy Luv 4wd '81-'82 |- |R||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('82-'99), S-10 Blazer 2wd ('83-'94), Blazer 2wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 2wd ('82-'90), Sonoma 2wd ('91-'99),<br> S-15 Jimmy 2wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 2wd ('92-'99), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('96-'99) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('83-'99), S-10 Blazer 4wd ('83-'94), Blazer 4wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 4wd ('83-'90), Sonoma 4wd ('91-'99), Syclone 4wd ('91),<br> S-15 Jimmy 4wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 4wd ('92-'99), Typhoon 4wd ('92-93), Envoy 4wd ('98-'99), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('91-'94, '96-'99),<br> Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('98-'99) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |- |V||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V10/V1500 Blazer 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V1500 Jimmy 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91 |- |W||'81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero |- |X||Extended length All-Purpose Vehicle ('97-'99 U-body fwd extended length minivans) |- |Z||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '81-'84, Fwd Fleetwood '85-'92) |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Pontiac Aztek 2wd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous 2wd '02-'07 |- |A||Chevrolet HHR '06-'09, HHR Panel '07-'09 |- |B||Pontiac Aztek Awd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous Awd '02-'06 |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '00, full-size chassis cabs 2wd (C3500HD) '01-'02, Silverado 2wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 2wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 2wd (C-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 2wd '00, '07 |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('00-'09), Suburban 2wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 2wd ('02-'09),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 2wd ('00-'09), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'09), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08-'09) |- |E||Chevrolet Tracker 2wd '00-'04 |- |E||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '04-'09 |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 2wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '00-09 |- |H||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 4wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '03-09 |- |H||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on Fwd DeVille '02-'05, DTS '06-'09) |- |H||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DeVille '00-'05, DTS '06-'07) |- |J||Chevrolet Tracker 4wd '00-'04 |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '00, Silverado 4wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 4wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 4wd (K-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 4wd '00, '07 |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('00-'09), Suburban 4wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 4wd ('00-'09),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('00, '02-'09), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'09), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'09) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DTS '08-'09) |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '00-'05 |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '05-'09, Pontiac Torrent 2wd & Awd '06-'09, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '08-'09 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '00-'05 |- |N||Hummer H2 '03-'09, H2 SUT '05-'09 |- |N||Hummer H3 '06-'09, H3T '09 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd, Saturn Outlook 2wd '07-'09, Buick Enclave 2wd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse 2wd '09 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('00-'03), Blazer 2wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03), Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00) |- |S||Chevy Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'09), SSR ('03-'06), GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04),<br> Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07), Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08) |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 2wd ('06-'08) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('00-'04), Blazer 4wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04), Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01, Canada only: '02-'05), Envoy 4wd ('00),<br> Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00) |- |T||Chevy Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('02-'04), Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'07),<br> Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08), Saab 9-7X 4wd ('05-'09) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 4wd ('06-'08) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander [US: '06-'08, Canada only: '05-'09], Pontiac Montana SV6 [Canada only: '05-'09]) |- |V||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('02-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length AWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana Extended length FWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander ['05-'08, Canada only: '09], Pontiac Montana SV6 ['05-'06, Canada only: '07-'09],<br> Buick Terraza ['05-'07], Saturn Relay ['05-'07]) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd, Saturn Outlook Awd '07-'09, Buick Enclave Awd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse Awd '09 |- |X||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length FWD) |- |X||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05-'06 Chevy Uplander AWD, Pontiac Montana SV6 AWD, Buick Terraza AWD, Saturn Relay AWD) |- |Z||Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '02-'07 |} ====Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||1/2 Ton (includes '96-'99 Isuzu Hombre) |- |2||3/4 Ton |- |3||1 Ton |- |8||1/2 Ton ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |9||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |} ====Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS ('06-'07) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('06-'07) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('07) |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/man. trans. ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 2LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN) |- |7 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN) |- |6 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/auto. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |7 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/man. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |8 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |9 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Base model 2wd ('05) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Cargo Van 2wd ('05-'08) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LS 2wd ('05-'08) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LT 2wd ('05-'08) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Chevrolet Uplander LT Awd ('05-'06) |- |1 <br> (following M)||Chevrolet Astro 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Astro Awd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |2 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: Chevrolet Express 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series LT 2wd ('01-'02) |- |1 <br> (following H)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series Awd ('03-'09) |- |2 <br> (following H)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series Awd ('03-'05) |- |1 <br> (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 2wd ('00-'04) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 2wd ('01-'04) |- |1 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 4wd ('00-'01, '04) |- |1 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SB (Preferred) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03) |- |2 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SA (Base) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03) |- |6 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 4wd ('01-'04) |- |7 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker ZR2 4wd ('01-'04) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS 2wd ('05-'09) |- |2 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS Awd ('05-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT 2wd ('05-'07) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT Awd ('05-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT 2wd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT 2wd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT Awd ('08-'09) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ 2wd ('08-'09) |- |8 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ Awd ('08-'09) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport 2wd ('08-'09) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport Awd ('08-'09) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LS Awd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LT Awd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ Awd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Blazer 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Blazer 4wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 2wd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 4wd ('02-'06) |- |3 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Limited 2wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Z71 4wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 2wd ('07-'09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 4wd ('07-'09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 2wd ('02-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 2wd ('02-'03) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 4wd ('02-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 4wd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet SSR 2wd ('03-'06) |- |6 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet SSR Signature Series 2wd ('03) <br> [All SSR Signature Series also have a 0 in the 12th pos. of VIN whereas all other SSRs have a 1 in the 12th pos. of VIN] |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet S-10 2wd ('00-'03) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet S-10 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Colorado 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Colorado 4wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA 2wd ('05) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB 2wd ('05) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA Awd ('05) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB Awd ('05) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('06) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 2wd ('06) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Awd ('06) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Pontiac Aztek 2wd ('01-'05) |- |0 <br> (following B)||Pontiac Aztek Awd ('01-'05) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent 2wd ('06-'07) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Awd ('06-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model 2wd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP 2wd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP Awd ('08-'09) |- |0 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('00, '03-'04), GLS 2wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere 2wd ('00-'04) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('01-'02) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GLS Awd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere Awd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza CX 2wd ('05-'07), CX Plus 2wd ('07) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza CXL 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Buick Terraza CX Awd ('05-'06) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Buick Terraza CXL Awd ('05-'06) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Buick Rendezvous 2wd ('02-'07) |- |0 <br> (following B)||Buick Rendezvous Awd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'06) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Buick Enclave CX 2wd ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Buick Enclave CXL 2wd ('08-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Buick Enclave CX Awd ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Buick Enclave CXL Awd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX ('04-'07) |- |2 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V8 ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V6 ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is 7: Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('08) |- |6 <br> (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is A: Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Early '00) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Platinum Edition 4wd ('08), Escalade ESV Platinum Edition 4wd ('08) |- |6 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'08), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08) |- |6 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Mid '00, '02-'08), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'08), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd Base model ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2wd Base model ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd Base model ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09),<br> Escalade EXT 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 4wd Base model ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd w/Sport Package ('09) |- |1 <br> (following M)||GMC Safari 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following L)||GMC Safari Awd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |2 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: GMC Savana 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series SLT 2wd ('01-'02) |- |1 <br> (following H)||GMC Savana 1500 series Awd ('03-'09) |- |2 <br> (following H)||GMC Savana 2500 series Awd ('03-'05) |- |1 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLE 2wd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 2wd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 2wd ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLE Awd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 Awd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 Awd ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01) |- |6 <br> (following S)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 2wd ('01) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01 & '02-'05 in Canada) |- |6 <br> (following T)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 4wd ('01) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 2wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05) |- |6 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 2wd ('05-'06) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 4wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 4wd ('04-'05) |- |6 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 4wd ('05-'06) |- |3 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy SLE 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy SLE 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy SLT 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy SLT 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon SLE 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon SLT 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon SLE 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon SLT 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Early '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Mid '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('01-'06) [GMT800] |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('08) [GMT900] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 2] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('08) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('01-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 2wd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 4wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 4wd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09) [8th pos. of VIN is 2] |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'07) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''2'' 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''3'' 2wd ('05-'07) |- |5 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''1'' 2wd ('07) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Saturn Relay ''3'' Awd ('05-'06) |- |2 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Man. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07) |- |3 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07) |- |4 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'05) |- |5 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('03-'07) |- |6 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Fwd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is C: Saturn Vue XR Fwd ('08-'09) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Early '08) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Mid '08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is D: Saturn Vue XR Awd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Fwd ('08-'09) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('08) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('08) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd w/Touring Package ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd w/Touring Package ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 ('06-'07) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Base model ('08) |- |3 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Adventure ('08) |- |4 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Luxury ('08) |- |5 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 X ('08) |- |6 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Alpha ('08) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T ('09) |- |2 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 ('03-'08), H2 SUT ('05-'08) |- |2 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Base model ('09), H2 SUT Base model ('09) |- |7 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Adventure ('09) |- |8 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Luxury ('09) |- |9 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Adventure ('09) |- |0 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Luxury ('09) |- |1 (following S)||Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00), Isuzu i280 2wd ('06), Isuzu i290 2wd ('07-'08), Isuzu i370 2wd ('07-'08) |- |2 (following S)||Isuzu i290 2wd w/Preferred Equip. Pkg. ('08), Isuzu i370 2wd w/Comfort Pkg. or upgrade model ('08) |- |1 (following T)||Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00), Isuzu i350 4wd ('06), Isuzu i370 4wd ('07-'08) |- |2 (following T)||Isuzu i370 4wd w/Comfort Pkg. ('08) |- |1 (following S)||Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08) |- |1 (following T)||Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08) |- |1 (following T)||Saab 9-7X ('05-'08: All, '09: 4.2i, 5.3i) |- |2 (following T)||Saab 9-7X Aero ('09) |} ====Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Body type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |0||Sedan Pickup/Pickup Delivery ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |0||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||Chassis Only |- |1||Cutaway Van |- |2||Forward Control ('81-'03) (includes '93-'95 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD) |- |2||Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('04-'09 Avalanche & Escalade EXT, '04-'05 Envoy XUV, '05-'09 Hummer H2 SUT) |- |3||Four-Door Cab pickup (Crew Cab) (includes '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Crew Cab, '09 Hummer H3T) |- |3||4-door Passenger Minivan ('97-'09 U-bodies) |- |3||4-door SUV or MPV ('06-'09 HHR) (also includes '02-'03 Avalanche & Escalade EXT) ('05-'09 Saab 9-7X) |- |4||Two-Door Cab pickup (includes '83-'87 S-10/S-15 extended cab pickups, '03-'06 Chevy SSR, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre Reg. Cab) |- |5||Van (Astro/Safari & full-size vans & '07-'09 HHR Panel) |- |6||Extended length 4-door SUV (Suburban, Yukon XL, Escalade ESV, Trailblazer EXT, Envoy XL, Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.) |- |6||3-door Passenger Minivan ('90-'99 U-bodies) |- |7||Motor Home Chassis ('81-'09) |- |8||Two-Door SUV (Utility) (2-d Tracker, S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy, Blazer, Jimmy, Tahoe, Yukon) |- |9||Stake (81-87) |- |9||Extended Cab pickup ('88-) (includes '97-'00 Isuzu Hombre Spacecab, '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Ext. Cab) |- |9||Extended length van ('90-) (Astro/Safari & full-size vans) |} ===American VIN format 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>R</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System !Body Style |- | ||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic|| |- | ||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic|| |- |A||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV or MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR Panel, '10-'26 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue,<br> '12-'15 Chevy Captiva Sport, '19-'24 Cadillac XT4, '24-'26 Buick Encore GX) |- |B||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||46: 4-door MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR) |- |J||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door, 4 window Hatchback ('18-'23 Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |D||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |E||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||75: Four-Door Wagon - High Roof Monocab (Canada only: '12-'14 Chevy Orlando) |- |M||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('20-'23 Buick Encore GX) |- |9||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('21-'26 Chevy Trailblazer) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||58: 4-door Utility Extended ('24-'26 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||76: 4-door SUV ('13-'22 Buick Encore, Canada only: '13-'14 Chevy Trax, US & Canada: '15-'22 Chevy Trax) |- |F||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10-'17 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue, '10-'16 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X,<br> '12-'13 Chevy Captiva Sport, '16-'26 Buick Envision, '17 Cadillac XT5, '19-'25 Cadillac XT4) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'24 Chevy Colorado, '15-'22 GMC Canyon) |- |K||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |T||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |7||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, Buick Enclave, Saturn Outlook) |- |K||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('11-'17 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '11-'23 GMC Acadia, '17 Acadia Limited,<br> '17-'26 Cadillac XT5, '19-'26 Chevy Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6, '23-'26 Cadillac Lyriq EV,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Blazer EV, '25-'26 Cadillac Optiq EV, '24-'26 Honda Prologue EV, '24 Acura ZDX EV A-Spec) |- |7||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 Chevy Equinox EV) |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('18-'26 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '24 Chevy Traverse Limited,<br> '24-'26 GMC Acadia |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Hummer H3) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'20 Chevy Tahoe Police Pursuit Vehicle 2wd) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-13 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra, Hummer H3T) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited, '16-'26 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |S||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited,<br> '16-'22 Chevy Colorado) |- |G||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |8||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |X||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('13-'19 Cadillac XTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'26 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |T||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-'13 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24 Acura ZDX EV Type S) |- |C||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Vistiq EV) |- |W||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |Y||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |9||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'13 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana,<br> '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |1||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '24-'25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 module battery pack,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Silverado EV, '25-'26 GMC Sierra EV) |- |5||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |B||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 GMC Hummer EV SUV) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |7||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22-'24 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/24 module battery pack, '25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 or 24 module battery pack, '26 GMC Hummer EV pickup, '24-'25 Chevy Silverado EV, GMC Sierra EV) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |5||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'18, '20-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('16-'19, '24-'26 Chevy Suburban 3500HD) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('22 BrightDrop EV600, '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |T||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('25-'26 GMC Hummer EV SUV, '25-'26 Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV]) |- |L||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Escalade IQL [EV]) |- |9||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- | ||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic|| |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Chevrolet HHR ('10-'11), HHR Panel ('10-'11) |- |A||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |B||Chevy Blazer 2wd & Awd '19-'26 |- |C||Chevy Silverado 2wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 2wd '19, Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd '19, GMC Sierra 2wd ('10) |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('10-'24), Suburban 2wd ('10-'24), Avalanche 2wd ('10-'13),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('10), Yukon XL 2wd ('10), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('10), Escalade ESV 2wd ('10) |- |D||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('22-'24) |- |D||Chevy Blazer EV ('24-'26), Chevy Equinox EV ('24-'26) |- |E||Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV] ('25-'26), Escalade IQL [EV] ('26-), GMC Hummer EV pickup ('26-), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('26-), GMC Sierra EV ('26-) |- |F||Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle ('18-'23) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Limousine & for Armored Vehicle (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Hearse (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Chevy Express 2wd ('10-'26), GMC Savana 2wd ('10) |- |H||Chevy Express 4wd ('10-'14), GMC Savana 4wd ('10) |- |H||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |H||Honda Prologue EV ('24-'26), Acura ZDX EV ('24) |- |J||Buick Encore 2wd & Awd ('13-'22), Chevy Trax 2wd & Awd (Canada: '13-'22, US: '15-'22) |- |J||BrightDrop EV600 ('22), BrightDrop Zevo 600 ('23-'24), BrightDrop Zevo 400 ('24), Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 ('25-'26) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 4wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 4wd ('19), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), GMC Sierra 4wd ('10) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('25-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban HD 4wd ('24-'26), Avalanche 4wd ('10-'13), GMC Yukon 4wd ('10), Yukon XL 4wd ('10),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('10), Escalade ESV 4wd ('10), Escalade EXT 4wd ('10) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |K||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Captiva Sport 2wd '12-'15, Captiva Sport Awd '12, GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '10 |- |L||GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |L||Buick Envista '24-'26, Chevy Trax '24-'26 |- |M||Buick Encore GX 2wd & Awd ('20-'26), Chevy Trailblazer 2wd & Awd ('21-'26) |- |N||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '10-'16, Saab 9-4X 2011 |- |N||GMC Acadia 2wd & Awd '17-'26, Cadillac XT5 2wd & Awd '17-'26 |- |N||Hummer H3, H3T 2010 |- |P||Chevy Orlando (Canada only: '12-'14) |- |P||Cadillac XT6 2wd & Awd '20-'25 |- |P||Cadillac Lyriq EV 2wd & Awd '23-'25 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd '10-'16, Acadia Limited 2wd '17, Saturn Outlook 2wd '10, Buick Enclave 2wd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse 2wd '10-'17 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse 2wd '18-'23 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse 2wd '24-'26 |- |S||Chevy Traverse Limited 2wd '24 |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 2wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 4wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Traverse Limited Awd '24 |- |U||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd '10-'16, Acadia Limited Awd '17, Saturn Outlook Awd '10, Buick Enclave Awd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse Awd '10-'17 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse Awd '18-'23 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse Awd '24-'26 |- |W||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 2wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |X||Buick Envision 2wd & Awd '16-'20, Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |Y||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 4wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |Z||Cadillac XT4 2wd & Awd '19-'25, Buick Envision 2wd '21-'23, Buick Envision Awd '21-'26 |- |1||GMC Sierra 2wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('19), Yukon 2wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 2wd ('11-'26) |- |1||GMC Canyon 2wd ('25-'26) |- |2||GMC Sierra 4wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), Yukon 4wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 4wd ('11-'26) |- |2||GMC Canyon 4wd ('25-'26) |- |3||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 2wd ('11-'24) |- |3||Cadillac Optiq EV ('25-), Cadillac Vistiq EV ('26-) |- |4||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade EXT 4wd ('11-'13) |- |5||GMC Canyon 2wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |5||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('25-'26), Suburban 2wd ('25-'26) |- |6||GMC Canyon 4wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |6||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('25-'26), Suburban 4wd ('25-'26) |- |7||GMC Savana 2wd ('11-'26) |- |8||GMC Savana 4wd ('11-'14) |- |8||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |8||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 2wd ('25-'26) |- |9||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |9||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 4wd ('25-'26) |- |0||GMC Hummer EV pickup ('22-'25), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('24-'25), Chevy Silverado EV ('24-'26), GMC Sierra EV ('24-'25) |} ====Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A (following L)||Saturn Vue XE 2wd ('10) |- |E (following L)||Saturn Vue XR V6 2wd ('10) |- |K (following L)||Saturn Vue XR-L V6 2wd ('10) |- |T (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('10) |- |U (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium 2wd ('10) |- |V (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L 2wd ('10) |- |W (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium 2wd ('10) |- |T (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('10) |- |U (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium Awd ('10) |- |V (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Awd ('10) |- |W (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium Awd ('10) |- |G (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Base model ('10) |- |H (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Adventure ('10) |- |J (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Luxury ('10) |- |K (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/cloth ('10) |- |L (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/Leather ('10) |- |P (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i 2wd ('11) |- |R (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Awd ('11) |- |S (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium 2wd ('11) |- |T (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium Awd ('11) |- |U (following N)||Saab 9-4X Aero Awd ('11) |} ===Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car=== GM used a lettered system of automobile platform codes for three decades. These letters were used as the 4th position of the VIN. Though today's GM platforms use Greek characters, they are still encoded with Latin characters in the 4th position. Position 5 encodes the specific model and trim level of the vehicle. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Platform<br>Code !Series<br>Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=14|GM A platform |rowspan=14|A||W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1985-1990 |- |E||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1986-1988 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1985-1988, 6000 ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1985-1989 |- |J||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1993-1994 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1985, Cutlass Ciera 1986-1989 & Cutlass Cruiser 1985-1989,<br /> Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Coupe 1986-1987, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' 1990-1991 & Cutlass Cruiser ''S'' 1990-1994, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' & Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1995, Ciera ''SL'' sedan & wagon 1996 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1990-1991, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1992 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1985-1988, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Coupe 1986-1989, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Sedan 1989-1993, Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' 1987-1988, Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1989-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''International Series'' 1988-1990 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1985-1986, Century ''Special'' 1991-1996 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1985-1995 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1985-1993, Century Estate Wagon 1986-1989 |- |rowspan=14|GM B platform |rowspan=14|B||L||Chevrolet Impala 1985, Caprice 1986-1992, Caprice Classic 1993-1996, Impala SS 1995-96 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1985-1992, Caprice Classic LS 1993-1994,<br /> Caprice Classic LTZ 1991-1993, Impala SS 1994 |- |U||Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brougham/Brougham LS 1987-1990 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1985-1986, Safari Wagon 1987-1989 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1985-1986 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1985 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1985-1992 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1985 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1985 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1985, Roadmaster sedan 1992-1996 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1985 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1985-1989, Estate Wagon 1990,<br /> Roadmaster Estate Wagon 1991-1996 |- |T||Buick Roadmaster ''Limited'' sedan 1992-1996 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1985-1989 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=13|C |V||Oldsmobile Touring Sedan 1988-1990, 98 Touring Sedan 1991-1993 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1985-1990, 98 Regency Elite 1991-1996 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1985-1990, 1992-1994 |- |F||Buick Electra T-Type 1985-1990 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue Ultra 1989-1990, Park Avenue Ultra 1991-1996 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1985-1990, Park Avenue 1991-1996 |- |X||Buick Electra 1985-1986, Electra Limited 1987-1990 |- |B||1985-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood, Fleetwood D'Elegance, 1993 Cadillac Sixty Special |- |D||1985-1993 Cadillac DeVille |- |G||1991-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |H||1985-1987 Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine |- |S||1987-1990 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |T||1991-1993 Cadillac DeVille Touring Sedan |- |rowspan=3|GM G platform (models formerly on C platform) |rowspan=3|C |- |U||Buick Park Avenue Ultra 1997-2005 |- |W||Buick Park Avenue 1997-2005 |- |rowspan=2|GM D platform |rowspan=2|D||W||1985-1986 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, 1987-1992 Cadillac Brougham |- |W||1993-1996 Cadillac Fleetwood |- |rowspan=31|GM Delta I platform |rowspan=31|A |- |A||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/manual trans. 2010 |- |B||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |C||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |D||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |E||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |F||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |G||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Turbo 2010 |- |H||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model w/XFE) 2010 |- |K||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model) 2005, Cobalt LS 2006-2008, Cobalt LS w/man. trans. 2009 |- |L||Chevrolet Cobalt LS 2005, Cobalt LT 2006-2008, Cobalt LT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |M||Chevrolet Cobalt SS 2006-2007, Cobalt Sport 2008 |- |P||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged 2005-2007, SS Turbo 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Cobalt LT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |Z||Chevrolet Cobalt LT 2005, Cobalt LTZ 2006-2007 |- |L||Pontiac G5 2007-2008, G5 w/manual trans. 2009 |- |N||Pontiac G5 GT 2007-2008, G5 GT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |S||Pontiac G5 w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Pontiac G5 GT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |F||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/manual trans. 2003-2005 |- |G||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/automatic trans. 2003-2005 |- |J||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |K||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |L||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |M||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |N||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |V||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |W||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |Y||Saturn Ion coupe Red Line 2004-2007 |- |Z||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |rowspan=9|GM E platform |rowspan=9|E |- |V||Oldsmobile Toronado Trofeo 1988-1992 |- |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1985-1986, Toronado 1987-1992 |- |C||Buick Reatta 1988-1991 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1985-1986 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1985-1993 |- |C||Cadillac Eldorado Collector Series 2002 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1985-2002 |- |T||Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe 1994-2002 |- |rowspan=26|GM Epsilon I platform |rowspan=26|Z||A||Chevrolet Malibu Fleet 2010-2012 |- |B||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2010-2012 |- |C||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2010-2012 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2010-2012 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2010-2011, Malibu 1LZ 2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 2008-2010, Malibu 3LT 2012 |- |G||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2008-2009, Malibu 2LZ 2012 |- |H||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2008-2009 |- |J||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2008-2009 |- |K||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Malibu 2004-2005, Malibu LS 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LS 2008 |- |T||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2004-2005, Malibu LT 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LT 2008 |- |U||Chevrolet Malibu LT 2004-2005, Malibu LTZ 2006-2007 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu SS 2006-2007 |- |A||Pontiac G6 Sedan 2010 |- |F||Pontiac G6 2.4L Sedan (Base model) 2006, G6 Value Leader (Base model w/1SV) 2007-2008 |- |G||Pontiac G6 3.5L Sedan (Base model) 2005-2006, G6 (Base model) 2007-2009 |- |H||Pontiac G6 GT 2005-2009 |- |J||Pontiac G6 (Base model) 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |K||Pontiac G6 GT 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |L||Pontiac G6 GXP 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |M||Pontiac G6 GTP 2006-2007, G6 GXP 2008-2009 |- |R||Saturn Aura Green Line 2007-2009 |- |S||Saturn Aura XE 2007-2009 |- |V||Saturn Aura XR 2007-2008, Aura XR 2.4L 2009 |- |X||Saturn Aura XR V6 2009 |- |rowspan=6|GM F platform |rowspan=6|F||P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1985-2002, Convertible 1987-1992, 1994-2002 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1985-2002, Firebird ''Formula'' 1987-1992 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula / Trans Am'' 1993-2002, Firebird ''Trans Am GT'' 1994 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1985-1992, Firebird ''Trans Am GTA'' 1987-1992 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''S/E'' 1985-1986 |- |rowspan=13|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=13|G||Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1985-1988 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1985-1987 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LE 1985-1987 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1985-1986 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1985-1987 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1985-1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon coupe 1985-1987 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1985-1987,<br /> Cutlass Supreme Classic ''Brougham'' 1988 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1985-1987, Cutlass Supreme Classic 1988 |- |J||Buick Regal 1985-1987 |- |K||Buick Regal T-Type 1985-1987 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=4|GM G platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|G||D||1995-1999 Buick Riviera |- |R||1995-1999 Oldsmobile Aurora |- |R||2001-2002 Oldsmobile Aurora 3.5 |- |S||2001-2003 Oldsmobile Aurora 4.0 |- |rowspan=9|GM H platform |rowspan=9|H||H||Buick Le Sabre 1987 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1986-1999 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1986-1999 |- |C||Oldsmobile Regency 1997-1998, Eighty Eight 50th Anniversary Edition 1999 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1986-1988, 88 Royale 1989-1995, Eighty Eight & Eighty Eight LS 1996-99 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1986-1988, 88 Royale Brougham 1989-91, Eighty Eight Royale LS 1992-1995, LSS 1996-1999 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville 1987, Bonneville LE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SE'' 1992-1999 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville SSE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1992-1993 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1987, Bonneville SE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSE'' 1992-1999, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1994-1999 |- |rowspan=17|GM G platform (models formerly on H platform or their successors) |rowspan=17|H||A||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2010-2011 |- |B||Buick Lucerne ''CX-2'' 2010 |- |C||Buick Lucerne ''CXL'' 2010-2011 |- |D||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V6'' 2006-2009, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition'' 2010 |- |E||Buick Lucerne ''CXS'' 2006-2008, Lucerne ''CXL-3'' 2010 |- |F||Buick Lucerne ''Super'' 2008-2009, Lucerne ''CXL-4'' 2010 |- |G||Buick Lucerne ''CXL-5'' 2010 |- |H||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1SP'' 2010 |- |J||Buick Lucerne ''CXL Premium'' 2010-2011 |- |K||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1XS'' 2010, Lucerne ''Super'' 2011 |- |P||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2006-2009 |- |R||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V8'' 2006-2007, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition V8'' 2008 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 2000-2005 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 2000-2005 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville ''SE'' 2000-2005 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville ''SLE'' 2000-2005 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville ''SSEi'' 2000-2003, Bonneville GXP 2004-2005 |- |rowspan=23|GM J platform |rowspan=23|J |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1985-1994, RS Convertible 1991-1994 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier CS 1985-1987 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier Type 10 1985, RS 1986-1988,<br /> Type 10 Convertible 1985, RS Convertible 1986-1987 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 1986-1994, Z24 Convertible 1988-1989, 1992-1994 |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1995-2005, Cavalier RS 1997-1999 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Sedan 1995-2005, LS Coupe 2003-2005, Z24 Coupe 1995-2001,<br /> LS Convertible 1995-1997, Z24 Convertible 1998-2000 |- |H||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 Coupe/Sedan 2002, LS Sport 2002-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Coupe 2002 |- |B||Pontiac Sunbird 1985-1989, Sunbird LE 1990-1991, Sunbird SE 1992-1993,<br /> Sunbird LE 1994 |- |C||Pontiac Sunbird LE 1985, Sunbird 1991, Sunbird LE 1992-1993 |- |D||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1985-1991, Sunbird GT 1992-1993 |- |L||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1994 |- |U||Pontiac Sunbird GT 1986-1991 |- |B||Pontiac Sunfire SE 1995-2002, Convertible 1995-2000, Sunfire 2003-2005 |- |D||Pontiac Sunfire GT 1995-2002 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1985-1987, Firenza S 1985-1987, Firenza 1988 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1985-1987, Firenza SX 1985, Firenza LC, GT 1986-1987 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1985-1986 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1985-1987, Skyhawk Sport 1986-1987, Skyhawk 1988-1989 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1985-1987 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1985-1988 |- |G, H||Toyota Cavalier (Japan only) |- |rowspan=8|GM2900 platform |rowspan=8|J||C||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.1 |- |D||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.2, 2005 Saturn L300 |- |L||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.3 |- |R||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/manual transmission '00/L100 w/manual transmission '01 |- |S||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/automatic transmission '00/L100 w/automatic transmission '01-'02 |- |T||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/manual transmission '00/L200 w/manual transmission '01-'03, LW200 w/manual trans. '02 |- |U||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/automatic transmission '00/L200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03,<br> Saturn LW1 w/automatic transmission '00/LW200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03 |- |W||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS2 '00, LW2 '00, L300 '01-'03, LW300 '01-'03 |- |rowspan=5|GM K platform |rowspan=5|K||D||Cadillac Deville 1994-1999 |- |E||Cadillac Deville D'Elegance 1997-1999 |- |F||Cadillac Deville Concours 1994-1999 |- |S||Cadillac Seville 1985-1993 / Cadillac Seville SLS 1994-1997 |- |Y||Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan / Cadillac Seville STS 1990-1997 |- |rowspan=9|GM G platform (models formerly on K platform) |rowspan=9|K||A||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS |- |D||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville, 2006-2009 Cadillac DTS, 2010-2011 DTS Luxury |- |E||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DHS |- |F||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DTS |- |H||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Premium |- |P||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Platinum |- |R||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Livery |- |S|| 1998-2004 Cadillac Seville SLS |- |Y|| 1998-2003 Cadillac Seville STS |- |rowspan=33|GM Kappa platform |rowspan=33|M||A||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice 2006-2007, Solstice w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |D||Pontiac Solstice w/manual transmission 2010 |- |E||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |G||Pontiac Solstice GXP 2007, Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |K||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |S||Pontiac Solstice SCCA SSB Championship Edition (2.4L) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice SCCA T2 Championship Edition (2.0L Turbo) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |Z||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky 2007, Sky w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |C||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |C||Saturn Sky Preferred w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |D||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |E||Saturn Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |F||Saturn Sky Preferred w/manual transmission 2010 |- |G||Saturn Sky Redline 2007, Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |H||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |L||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |P||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |R||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |T||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |V||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |X||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |G||Opel GT 2007-2010, Daewoo G2X 2007-2009 |- |rowspan=8|GM L platform |rowspan=8|L |- |D||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1994-1996 |- |T||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1987-1989, Corsica ''LT'' 1990-1993 |- |V||Chevrolet Beretta ''Base'' 1987-1996 |- |W||Chevrolet Beretta "GT" 1989-1993 (RPO Z21) & Beretta ''Z26'' 1994-1996 (RPO Z04) |- |Z||Chevrolet Corsica ''LTZ'' 1989-1990 (RPO Z54) |- |Z||Chevrolet Beretta "GTZ" 1990-1993 (RPO Z04) |- |T||Pontiac Tempest (Canada only) |- |rowspan=5|GM M platform |rowspan=5|M||R||Chevrolet Sprint |- |R||Geo Metro LSi, Metro |- |R||Pontiac Firefly (Canada only) |- |S||Chevrolet Sprint ER |- |S||Geo Metro, Metro XFi |- |rowspan=32|GM N platform |rowspan=32|N |- |B||Oldsmobile Cutlass 1997, Cutlass ''GL'' 1998-1999 |- |C||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1987-1991 |- |D||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1987-1989, Skylark 4-door ''Luxury Edition'' 1990-1991 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 1997-2003, Chevrolet Classic 2004-2005 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu ''LS'' 1997-2003 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am 1985-1988, Grand Am ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1992-2005 |- |F||Oldsmobile Calais 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais 1988, Cutlass Calais ''S'' 1989-1991 |- |F||Oldsmobile Achieva ''SL'' 1992-1994, Achieva ''SC'' 1994 |- |F||Oldsmobile Alero ''GLS'' 1999-2004 |- |F||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE1'' 2000-2004 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass ''GLS'' 1997-1999 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am 1991 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE2'' 2000, 2003-2004 |- |J||Buick Somerset Regal 1985, Somerset ''Custom'' 1986-1987, Skylark 2-door ''Custom'' 1988-91, Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1986 |- |J||Buick Skylark 1992, Skylark ''Limited'' 1993-1994, Skylark ''Custom'' 1996-1998,<br /> Skylark ''Limited'' & ''Gran Sport'' 1996-1997 |- |K||Buick Somerset ''T-Type'' 1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais ''International Series'' 1988-1991 |- |K||Oldsmobile Alero ''GX'' 1999-2004 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais 1989-1991 |- |L||Oldsmobile Achieva ''S'' 1992-1995, Achieva ''SL'' 1996-1998, Achieva ''SC'' 1996-1997 |- |L||Oldsmobile Alero ''GL'' 1999-2004 |- |M||Buick Somerset Regal ''Limited'' 1985, Somerset ''Limited'' 1986-'87, Skylark 2-door ''Limited'' '88-'89, Skylark 2-door ''Gran Sport'' 1990-1991, Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1986 |- |M||Buick Skylark ''Gran Sport'' 1992-1994 |- |T||Oldsmobile Calais ''Supreme'' 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais ''SL'' 1988-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark 1990-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark ''Custom'' 1993-1995, ''Limited'' 1995, ''Gran Sport'' 1995 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT1'' 2000-2005 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1986-1991 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT'' 1992-2005 |- |rowspan=5|GM P platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=5|P |- ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1985-1988 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1985-1987 |- ||G||Pontiac Fiero ''GT'' 1985-1988 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=1|GM P platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=1|P||X||General Motors EV1 1997, 1999 |- |rowspan=6|GM R platform |rowspan=6|R |- ||F||1985-1986 Chevrolet Spectrum |- ||F||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 3-door hatchback, 1989 Geo Spectrum 3-door hatchback |- ||F||1990-1993 Geo Storm |- ||G||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 4-door sedan, 1989 Geo Spectrum 4-door sedan |- ||T||1990-1993 Geo Storm GSi |- |rowspan=8|GM S platform |rowspan=8|S||K||1985-1988 Chevrolet Nova |- |K||1989-1997 Geo Prizm, 1998-2002 Chevrolet Prizm |- |L||1988 Chevrolet Nova Twin Cam, 1990-1992 Geo Prizm GSi |- |L||2003-2008 Pontiac Vibe, 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/manual transmission |- |M||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''AWD'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe AWD w/automatic transmission |- |N||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''GT'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/manual transmission |- |P||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/automatic transmission |- |R||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/automatic transmission |- |rowspan=32|GM Sigma platform |rowspan=32|D||A||Cadillac CTS Base model RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model RWD 2014 |- |B||Cadillac CTS Wagon Luxury Collection RWD 2014 |- |C||Cadillac CTS Base model AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection RWD 2014 |- |D||Cadillac CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection RWD 2014 |- |E||Cadillac CTS Luxury Collection RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model AWD 2014 |- |F||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Wagon Luxury Collection AWD 2014 |- |G||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection AWD 2014 |- |H||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection AWD 2014 |- |J||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection RWD 2010-2013 |- |K||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |L||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection AWD 2010-2013 |- |M||Cadillac CTS V6 2003-2004, CTS 2.8L 2005-2007, CTS Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |N||Cadillac CTS V-Series 2004-2007, 2009 |- |P||Cadillac CTS 3.6L 2005-2007, CTS Direct Inj. V6 Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |R||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2008 |- |S||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |T||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2009 |- |V||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS sedan V-Series 2010-2014, CTS Wagon V-Series 2011-2014, CTS Coupe V-Series 2011-2015 |- |0||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2010 |- |1||Cadillac CTS Eco Luxury Pkg. 2010 |- |2||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2011 |- |A||Cadillac STS V6 AWD 2008-2009 |- |B||Cadillac STS V8 AWD 2008-2009 |- |C||Cadillac STS V8 2005-2007, STS V8 RWD 2008-2009 |- |D||Cadillac STS V6 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |K||Cadillac STS V6 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |L||Cadillac STS V8 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac STS (all models) 2010, STS (Base model) 2011 |- |W||Cadillac STS V6 2005-2007, STS V6 RWD 2008-2009, STS Luxury 2011 |- |X||Cadillac STS V-Series 2006-2009, STS Luxury Performance 2011 |- |Z||Cadillac STS V8 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||B|| 1985-1987 Chevrolet Chevette CS |- |B||1985-1987 Pontiac Acadian (Canada only) |- |J||1985 Pontiac Acadian Scooter (Canada only) |- |L||1985-1987 Pontiac 1000 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||N|| Pontiac LeMans 1988, LeMans LE 1989-1991, LeMans SE 1992-1993 |- |R||1988-1989 Pontiac LeMans SE sedan |- |S||1988-1990 Pontiac LeMans GSE AeroCoupe |- |X||1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans VL AeroCoupe |- |rowspan=3|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=3|A |- |R||Saturn Astra XE (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |T||Saturn Astra XR (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |rowspan=4|Daewoo T200 platform |rowspan=4|T||D||Chevrolet Aveo Special Value 2004-2008, Base model 2004, LS 2005-2011, Aveo 1LT 2009-2011 |- |G||Chevrolet Aveo LT 2005-2008, Aveo 2LT 2009-2011 |- |J||Chevrolet Aveo LS 2004 |- |D||Pontiac G3 2009 |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1987-1992 Cadillac Allanté with standard removable hardtop |- |S||1990-1993 Cadillac Allanté |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |X||2004-2006 Pontiac GTO coupe |- |rowspan=49|GM W platform |rowspan=49|W |- |A||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LS'' 2014-2016 |- |B||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''LT'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LT'' 2014-2016 |- |C||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.9L 2006-2009, Impala ''LTZ'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LTZ'' 2014-2016 |- |D||Chevrolet Impala ''SS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''Police'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''Police'' 2014-2016 |- |E||Chevrolet Impala ''Taxi'' 2010-2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Impala 2000-2005, Impala ''LS'' Fleet (1FL) 2011-2013 |- |G||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' Fleet (2FL) 2011-2013 |- |H||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2000-2005 |- |J||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 2006-2007 |- |K||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.9L 2006, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2007 |- |L||Chevrolet Lumina 1990-2001, Lumina ''LS'' 1997-1999 |- |L||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2006-2007 |- |M||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2006 |- |N||Chevrolet Lumina ''Euro'' 1990-1994, Lumina ''LS'' 1995-1996, Lumina ''LTZ'' 1997-1999 |- |N||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LTZ'' 2006 |- |P||Chevrolet Lumina ''Z34'' 1991-1994, Impala ''SS'' 2004-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Impala ''Police'' 2006-2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.5L 2006-2009 |- |U||Chevrolet Impala ''LTZ'' 2006-2009 |- |V||Chevrolet Impala ''50th Anniversary Edition'' 2008 |- |W||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 1995-2005 |- |X||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''Z34'' 1995-1999, Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2000-2004, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 2005 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS Supercharged'' 2004-2005 |- |C||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GXP'' 2005-2008 |- |H||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1991-1993 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''LE'' 1990, Grand Prix ''SE'' 1991-2000 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''SE1'' 2000-2003 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix ''SE'' 1988-1990, Grand Prix ''GT'' 1991-1993, 1997-2003,<br /> Grand Prix ''GT1'' 2004, Grand Prix 2005-2008 |- |R||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GTP'' 1999-2005, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2006-2007 |- |S||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GT2'' 2004, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2005 |- |T||Pontiac Grand Prix ''STE'' 1990-1993 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1988-1991, Cutlass Supreme ''S'' 1992-1994,<br /> Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1995-1997, Intrigue 1998, Intrigue ''GX'' 1999-2002 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''International Series'' 1988-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1988-1991, Intrigue ''GL'' 1998-2002 |- |T||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Convertible 1990-1995 |- |X||Oldsmobile Intrigue ''GLS'' 1998-2002 |- |B||Buick Regal ''Custom'' 1988-1996, Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1995-1996, Regal ''LS'' 1997-2004 |- |C||Buick Lacrosse ''CX'' 2005-2009 |- |D||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1988-1996, Lacrosse ''CXL'' 2005-2009 |- |E||Buick Lacrosse ''CXS'' 2005-2008 |- |F||Buick Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1992-1994, Regal ''GS'' Sedan 1992-2004 |- |F||Buick Allure ''CX'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |H||Buick Allure ''CXS'' 2005-2008 (Canada only) |- |J||Buick Allure ''CXL'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |N||Buick Lacrosse ''Super'' 2008-2009 |- |P||Buick Allure ''Super'' 2008-2009 (Canada only) |- |S||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1997-2005 |- |Y||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1997-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM X platform |rowspan=3|X||B||1985 Buick Skylark Custom |- |C||1985 Buick Skylark Limited |- |X||1985 Chevrolet Citation II |- |rowspan=39|GM Y platform |rowspan=39|Y||V||2004-2009 Cadillac XLR |- |X||2006-2009 Cadillac XLR V-Series |- |Y||1985-2008 Chevrolet Corvette (all models except '90-'95 ZR-1) |- |Z||1990-1995 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1 |- |G||2009 Chevrolet Corvette GT1 Championship Edition (Base & Z06) |- |R||2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 (after early production) |- |Y||2009 Chevrolet Corvette (Base model, Early production Z06, Early production ZR1) |- |Z||2009 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (after early production) |- |A||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |B||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |C||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |D||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |E||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |F||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |G||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |H||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |J||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Standard 1LZ Man. Trans. |- |K||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Premium 2LZ Man. Trans. |- |L||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |M||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Standard 1ZR Man. Trans. |- |N||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |P||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |R||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |S||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |T||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |U||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |V||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |W||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |X||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |Y||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |Z||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |1||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |2||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |3||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |4||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |5||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |6||2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |7||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |8||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |rowspan=13|GM Z platform |rowspan=13|Z |- |E||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999 |- |F||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999, SL (manual transmission) 1991-02 |- |G||Saturn SC (manual transmission) 1991-1992, SC2 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-99,<br /> SL1 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW1 (manual transmission) 1993-1999 |- |H||Saturn SC (automatic transmission) 1991-92, SC2 (automatic transmission 2-Door) '93-'99,<br /> SL1 (automatic transmission) 1991-02, SW1 (automatic transmission LHD) '93-'99 |- |J||Saturn SL2 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (manual transmission) 1993-2001 |- |K||Saturn SL2 (automatic transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 1993-1999) |- |M||Saturn SW1 "Postal" [SWP] (automatic transmission RHD) 1999-2001 <br>(Made for US Postal Service rural route mail carriers) |- |N||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 2000-01) |- |P||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |R||Saturn SC2 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |S||Saturn SL Spring Special 2002 |- |Y||Saturn SC2 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM Zeta platform (VE) |rowspan=3|E||C||Pontiac G8 GT |- |P||Pontiac G8 GXP |- |R||Pontiac G8 (Base model) |- |rowspan=2|GM Zeta platform (VF) |rowspan=2|F||1||2014-2017 Chevrolet SS w/automatic transmission |- |2||2015-2017 Chevrolet SS w/manual transmission |- |GM Zeta platform (WM) |M||K||2011-2013 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |GM Zeta platform (WN) |N||S||2014-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |rowspan=19|GM Zeta platform (models formerly on F platform) |rowspan=19|F||A||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' automatic transmission 2010-2011, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2012-2014, ''LS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |B||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |C||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |D||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |E||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |G||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |H||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "J" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |K||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2015 |- |L||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2013-2014, ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2015 |- |M||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "W" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2014. Note: Must have "E" in 8th position of VIN. |- |T||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014 |- |Z||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2013-2014, ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2015 |- |} RHD= Right-Hand Drive ====Model Line 2010- Passenger Car (Using Vehicle Platforms introduced 2010 or later)==== The Model Line is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for Passenger Cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Cadillac ATS 2013-2019 |- |A||Cadillac CTS sedan 2014-2019, CTS V-Series sedan 2016-2019 |- |B||Chevrolet Cruze 2016-2019 |- |C||Chevrolet Spark 2013-2022, Spark EV 2014-2016 |- |D||Cadillac CT4 2020-2026 |- |D||Cadillac CT5 2020- |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro 2016-2024 |- |F||Chevrolet Bolt EV 2017-2023, Bolt EUV 2022-2023, Bolt 2027 |- |G||Buick LaCrosse 2010-2016 |- |G||Buick Regal 2011-2020, Buick Regal TourX 2018-2020 |- |J||Chevrolet Sonic 2016-2020 |- |K||Cadillac CT6 2016-2020 |- |M||Cadillac Celestiq EV 2025- |- |P||Buick Verano 2012-2017 |- |P||Chevrolet Cruze 2011-2015, Cruze Limited 2016 |- |R||Cadillac ELR 2014, 2016 |- |R||Chevrolet Volt 2011-2019 |- |W||Buick Cascada 2016-2019 |- |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 2014- |- |Z||Buick LaCrosse 2017-2019 |- |Z||Chevrolet Malibu 2016-2025 |- |1||Cadillac XTS 2013-2019 |- |1||Chevrolet Impala 2014-2020 |- |1||Chevrolet Malibu 2013-2015, Malibu Limited 2016 |- |} ===Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car=== The Body type is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |2||Two-Door Hatchback |- |3||Two-Door Convertible |- |4||Two-Door Wagon ('91-'92 Geo Storm Hatchback) |- |5||Four-Door Sedan |- |6||Four-Door Hatchback |- |7||Four-Door Hatchback ('89-'90 Geo Prizm hatchback) |- |8||Four-Door Station Wagon |- |9||Four-Door Station Wagon - High Roof Monocab |} ===American restraint types 1987-=== The restraint type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 1987-2009==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |1||Active (Manual) belts 1987-1996 |- |2||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1992-2005<br />(For '94-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix coupe: Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |3||Active (Manual) belts plus driver side front airbag 1988-1996 <br />(For '94 Geo Prizm: Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |4||Passive (Automatic) belts 1987-1996 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 1997-2005 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2006-2009 |- |5||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver side front airbag 1992-1996 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & driver-side side impact airbag 2000-2005 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |6||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1994-1996 |- |6||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & occupant sensor 2000-2009 |- |7||Active (Manual) belt driver & Passive (Automatic) belt passenger plus driver and passenger front airbags 1996 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & rear side airbags 2000-2005 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |8||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |9|| |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010- |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017, 2027 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2010 |- |G||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017 |- |N||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front knee airbags 2016-2019 |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2012- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2011- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain airbags 2011 |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2012-2017 |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2010 |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2011- |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2010 |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2011- |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010 |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2011- |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2010 |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010- |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2011-2015 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2016- |- |H||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver-side side-impact airbag & driver-side side curtain airbag 2023-2024 |- |K||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center airbags 2013- |- |L||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & driver-side knee airbags 2017-2023 |- |M||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & front knee airbags 2025- |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2017- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2013- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver- and passenger-side side-impact airbags & side curtain airbags 2023- |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2013-2019 |} ===American engine codes 1981-=== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: ====Engine codes for passenger cars==== Warning: Issues with decoding are related to year/model combinations. Each year has a different breakdown for each code along with plants and some model/trim breakdowns over years. Entry: 1985-1988 Pontiac Fiero has a 9 engine code for the 2.8L L44 V6. Entry: 1986-1990 Cadillac Brougham, Oldsmobile 307 Cu. In. V8 vin code Y. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !RPO !Size !Type !Fuel !Valvetrain !Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |A||LD5||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81 Chevy Camaro (CA), Pontiac Catalina, Firebird, LeMans, Buick Century,<br /> '81-'83 Chevy Malibu (CA), '81-'84 Monte Carlo, Caprice, Impala (CA), '81-'87 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '81-'85 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre,<br /> '81-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, '84 Parisienne |- |A||LG0||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 H.O. '89-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, '89-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'94 Achieva, '90 Cutlass Supreme, '90-'94 Chevy Beretta |- |A||LH2||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac XLR, '05-'10 Cadillac STS |- |A||LCV||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13 Chevy Malibu, '16 Malibu Limited, '16-'19 Impala,<br /> '13-'16 Cadillac ATS |- |A||LV7||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '16-'22 Chevy Spark. |- |B||LG2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '86 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera. |- |B||L26||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8.<br /> '91-'93 Cadillac Eldorado, Seville, '91-'95 DeVille, '91-'92 Fleetwood, '91-'93 Sixty Special |- |B||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy Cobalt, '06-'07 Saturn Ion, '06-'10 Pontiac G6, Solstice,<br /> '07-'08 Pontiac G5, '07-'10 Saturn Sky, '08-'09 Saturn Aura, '08-'10 Chevy Malibu |- |B||LUV||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. '12-'20 Chevy Sonic, '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited |- |C||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '82-'87 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000/1000 |- |C||LN3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800). '88-'90 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera, Reatta, <br /> '88-'91 Buick LeSabre, Oldsmobile Delta 88/Eighty Eight, Pontiac Bonneville |- |C||L47||4.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Oldsmobile Aurora V8 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Aurora '95-'99, Aurora 4.0 '01-'03 |- |C||LS4||5.3 L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management.<br /> Transversely mounted for FWD. '05-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP, '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo SS,<br /> '06-'09 Chevy Impala SS, '08-'09 Buick LaCrosse Super. |- |C||LAF||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick LaCrosse '10-'11, Regal '11. |- |C||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '12 Chevy Cruze |- |D||LJ5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Indirect injection Diesel||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4FB1 diesel engine imported from Japan. '81-'86 Chevy Chevette |- |D||LD2||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4. '88-'95 Pontiac Grand Am, '88-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'95 Achieva,<br /> '88-'91 &'95 Buick Skylark, '90-'91 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '95 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |D||LC3||4.4&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Premium V). '06-'09 Cadillac XLR V-Series, Cadillac STS V-Series |- |E||LK9||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra |- |E||LA1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '99-'05 Grand Am, '99-'04 Alero, '00-'05 Impala, Monte Carlo |- |E||L03||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (305 cu. in.). '88-'92 Camaro/Firebird, '89-'93 Chevy Caprice,<br /> '91 Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Cadillac Brougham. |- |E||LXV||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Family 1 Gen 3 engine. W/VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Aveo, '09 Pontiac G3 |- |E||LS7||7.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '06-'13 Corvette Z06, '13 Corvette 427, '14-'15 Camaro Z/28 |- |E||LH7||1.6&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '17-'19 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |F||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '81 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '00-'04 Saturn L-Series, '02-'05 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire, Grand Am,<br /> '02-'04 Oldsmobile Alero, '03-'06 Saturn Ion, '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Chevy Cobalt |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy Cobalt, Malibu, Pontiac G5, '07 Saturn Ion. |- |F||LB9||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.). '85-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |G||L46||1.8&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '82 J-cars. |- |G||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.)<br /> '84-'86 Camaro/Firebird, '84-'88 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |G||LM3||2.2&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '90-'91 Chevy Cavalier & Corsica/Beretta. |- |G||LS1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '97-'04 Corvette, '98-'02 Camaro/Firebird, '04 Pontiac GTO |- |G||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2010 Buick LaCrosse, Cadillac CTS |- |G||LWE||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. PZEV emissions.<br /> '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '13-'18 Sonic. |- |H||LG4||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 F-bodies, '81-'83 Chevy Malibu, '81-'85 Impala,<br /> '81-'88 Caprice, Monte Carlo, '83-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, Parisienne, '83-'87 Grand Prix |- |H||LE4||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '92-'94 Pontiac Sunbird. |- |H||LX5||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Oldsmobile "Shortstar" V6 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Intrigue '99-'02, Aurora 3.5 '01-'02. |- |H||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09 Chevy Cobalt, Pontiac G5. |- |H||LUW||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. '11-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '12-'18 Sonic. |- |J||L39||4.4&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-'82 Chevy Caprice, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo,<br /> '81 Chevy Camaro |- |J||LA5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '84-'86 Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk. |- |J||LT5||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Based on Chevy Small-Block V8. Designed with Lotus Engineering.<br /> Made by Mercury Marine. Aluminum Block & Heads. '90-'95 Corvette ZR-1 |- |J||LG8||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen III. 3100. '99-'03 Chevy Malibu, '99 Oldsmobile Cutlass, '00-'01 Chevy Lumina,<br /> '00-'03 Pontiac Grand Prix SE, '00-'05 Buick Century |- |J||L99||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. VVT. With Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '10-'15 Camaro SS (auto. trans.) |- |J||LTA||4.2&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Blackwing V8. VVT. '19-'20 Cadillac CT6 Platinum & V-series |- |K||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Malibu, Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '81 Camaro. |- |K||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '85 Chevrolet Spectrum. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'91 Pontiac Sunbird, '87-'88 Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Australia by Holden.<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac LeMans GSE Aerocoupe, '89 LeMans SE sedan |- |K||L36||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series II). '95-'05: Various W-, H-, C-, & G-body models. '95-'02 Camaro/Firebird. |- |K||LZE||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. Flex-Fuel E85 compatible.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'11 Chevy Impala, '09-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6 |- |K||LEA||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick Regal, Verano '12-'17 (except '13 Regal). |- |K||LSY||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19 Cadillac CT6, '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT5 |- |L||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br> '81 Camaro Z28 (only w/auto. trans. in US), '81-'82 Impala 9C1 Police, '81 Malibu 9C1 Police |- |L||LL1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 H.O. (longitudinally mounted). '83-'84 Pontiac Firebird. |- |L||LN7||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6. '85-'87 Pontiac Grand Am, '85-'88 Oldsmobile & Buick N-bodies,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre |- |L||L27||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Tuned port injection|TPI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '90-'95 Buick Regal, '91-'94 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Park Avenue, '91 Reatta, '91-'93 Riviera, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Toronado, '92-'95 Buick LeSabre, '92-'94 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 88 |- |L||LNK||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine. VVTL-i. '03-'06 Pontiac Vibe GT |- |L||LKW||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. VVL. '14-'15 Chevy Malibu, Impala |- |L||L3B||2.7L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT4-V |- |M||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '85 Chevrolet Sprint |- |M||LT3||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'90 Pontiac Sunbird, '87 Buick Skyhawk T-Type, '87-'89 Pontiac Grand Am SE. |- |M||L82||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen III. 3100. '93-'97 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '94-'98 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '94-'99 Pontiac Grand Prix,<br /> '94-'96 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Regal, '94-'99 Century,<br /> '95-'99 Chevy Lumina, Monte Carlo, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, Oldsmobile Cutlass |- |M||LY9||2.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). Euro-market Cadillac CTS '03-'04. |- |M||LGD||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Impala, Buick Lucerne |- |M||LE2||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'19 Chevy Cruze. |- |N||LF9||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81-'85 Chevy Caprice, Impala, '82-'83 Malibu, '82-'84 Monte Carlo,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville, '81 Catalina, '83-'85 Parisienne,<br /> '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98, '81-'85 Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Delta 88, Custom Cruiser, Toronado,<br /> '81-'83 Buick Electra, '81-'85 LeSabre, Electra Estate wagon, Riviera, '82-'83 Regal,<br /> '81-'84 Cadillac DeVille, '81-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville |- |N||LG7||3.3&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3300). '89-'93 Buick Century, Skylark, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, '89-'91 Cutlass Calais,<br /> '92-'93 Achieva, Pontiac Grand Am. |- |N||LA3||3.2&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '03-'04 Cadillac CTS |- |N||LZ4||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'10 Chevy Impala,<br /> '07-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6, '07-'08 Saturn Aura |- |N||LFR||3.6L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||(Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). GM High Feature V6. '15-'17 Chevy Impala Bi-Fuel |- |P||LQ5||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '83-'86 J-cars ('83-'84 for Pontiac). |- |P||LT1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Heads: '92-'96 Corvette, '93-'97 Camaro/Firebird.<br /> Iron Heads: '94-'96 Chevy Caprice, Impala SS, Buick Roadmaster, Cadillac Fleetwood. |- |P||LSJ||2.0&nbsp;L||SC Straight-4|I4 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential central point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> '04-'07 Saturn Ion Red Line, '05-'07 Chevy Cobalt SS Supercharged. |- |P||LSA||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> Cadillac CTS V-Series '09-'15, Camaro ZL1 '12-'15 |- |P||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing '22+ |- |R||LR8||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '82-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'90 Chevy Celebrity, '82-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '82-'92 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '84-'88 Pontiac Fiero, '90-'92 Chevy Lumina |- |R||L81||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '97-'01 Cadillac Catera, '00-'05 Saturn L-Series |- |R||LZ8||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '07 Chevy Impala |- |R||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '09 Corvette ZR1. |- |R||LUK||2.4L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, Regal eAssist,<br /> '13-'14 Chevy Malibu Eco, '14 Chevy Impala Eco |- |S||LS5||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 265 cu. in.<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, Firebird, Grand Prix, LeMans, Buick Century, Regal. |- |S||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '83 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |S||LB8||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '85-'89 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||L32||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '93-'95 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||LS6||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '01-'04 Corvette Z06, '04-'05 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |S||LGX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac ATS, CTS, '16-'20 CT6, '16-'24 Chevrolet Camaro, '17-'19 Buick LaCrosse, '18–'20 Buick Regal GS |- |T||LU8||4.9&nbsp;L||V8 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird Formula & Trans Am. |- |T||LT7||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '82-'85 GM A-bodies. |- |T||LS2||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '85 GM C-bodies. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '90-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen II. '88-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '89-'93 Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '90-'94 Chevy Cavalier, Lumina,<br /> '91-'94 Pontiac Sunbird, '90-'93 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '90 Celebrity |- |T||LD9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("2.4 Twin Cam"). '96-'01 Pontiac Grand Am, '96-'97 Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '99-'01 Oldsmobile Alero, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, '96-'02 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |T||LP1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '05-'07 Cadillac CTS |- |T||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '10-'13 Corvette ZR1. |- |T||LFV||1.5L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'25 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||L68||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '85-'91 N-bodies |- |U||LS2||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Corvette, '05-'06 Pontiac GTO, '06-'07 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |U||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2011-12 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||LKN||1.8L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Full Hybrid. GM Medium Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br> '16-'19 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |V||LT6||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. RWD version.<br /> '82-'83 Chevy Malibu, Monte Carlo, '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |V||LG5||3.1&nbsp;L||V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen II. Intercooled. (ASC/McLaren modified).<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo coupe, '90 Grand Prix STE Turbo sedan |- |V||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '08-'11 Cadillac CTS, STS, '10-'11 Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse |- |V||LHU||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel (N/A on Regal GS). GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> Buick Regal '11-'13, Verano '13-'16. |- |W||L37||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird, LeMans Safari wagon. |- |W||LB6||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen I/II Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '85-'89 Chevy Cavalier, Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, '85-'88 Cadillac Cimarron,<br /> '85-'87 Oldsmobile Firenza, '86-'89 Cutlass Ciera, '87-'88 Buick Century, '87-'89 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '88-'89 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |W||L64||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Flex-fuel: Gas/M85 or Gas/E85 (2 versions). Gen II Chevrolet 60° V6. '93 Chevy Lumina VFV |- |W||L99||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '94-'96 Chevy Caprice. |- |W||LS3||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'13 Corvette, '10-'15 Camaro SS (man. trans.), '09 Pontiac G8 GXP, '14-'17 Chevy SS |- |W||LGY||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT5, CT5-V |- |X||LE2||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '81-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'86 Chevy Celebrity, Pontiac 6000,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century |- |X||LQ1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Chevrolet 60° V6 ("Twin Dual Cam V6"). '91-'97 Chevy Lumina, '95-'97 Chevy Monte Carlo,<br /> '91-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme |- |X||LNF||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> '07-'10 Pontiac Solstice GXP, Saturn Sky Red Line, '08-'10 Chevy Cobalt SS Turbo. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13-'22 Chevy Malibu, '13-'19 Cadillac ATS, '14-'20 Buick Regal,<br /> '14-'19 Cadillac CTS, '16-'23 Chevy Camaro, '16-'18 Cadillac CT6. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Plug-in hybrid. GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '17-'18 Cadillac CT6 PHEV. (VIN starts with LRE) |- |Y||LV2||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) '86-'90 Chevy Caprice wagon, '87 Caprice sedan (Can.),<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, '86 Parisienne, '87-'89 Safari wagon, '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98,<br /> '81-'85 Delta 88, Toronado, '81-'90 Custom Cruiser, '81 Cutlass Cruiser, '82-'87 Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '88 Cutlass Supreme Classic, '81-'84 Buick Electra, '85-'89 Electra Estate wagon,<br /> '81-'85 LeSabre, Riviera, '86-'89 LeSabre Estate wagon, '90 Estate wagon, '86-'87 Regal,<br /> '86 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, '87-'90 Brougham |- |Y||LD8||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado,<br /> '94-'04 Cadillac Seville SLS, '94-'05 Cadillac DeVille, '06-'11 Cadillac DTS,<br /> '04-'05 Pontiac Bonneville GXP, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |Y||L76||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '08-'09 Pontiac G8 GT. |- |Y||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2011 Cadillac CTS |- |Y||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac ATS-V '16-'19 |- |Z||LH7||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '81-'84 Chevy Citation, '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega ES, Buick Skylark, '83-'84 Pontiac 6000 STE, '84 Chevy Celebrity |- |Z||LB4||4.3L||V6||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85 Chevy Impala, '85-'90 Caprice,<br /> '92-'93 Caprice 9C6 taxi, '85-'88 Monte Carlo, '85-'86 Pontiac Parisienne, '86-'87 Grand Prix,<br> '86 Bonneville. |- |Z||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |Z||LUZ||2.0&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family B Diesel (Based on Fiat JTD engine). Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> Iron Block, Aluminum Heads. '14-'15 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |1||LC1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '82-'84 Camaro/Firebird. |- |1||LL8||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '87-'89 Chevy/Olds/Buick J-cars & Chevy L-cars. |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series I). '91-'95 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '92-'95 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 98, '95 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series II). '96-'05 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '96-'99 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS, '96-'03 Pontiac Bonneville, '97-'03 Grand Prix,<br /> '97-'04 Buick Regal, '04-'05 Chevy Impala SS, Monte Carlo SS Supercharged |- |1||LZ9||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Malibu SS, '06-'09 Pontiac G6, '06 Chevy Monte Carlo, Impala, '09-'10 Buick Lucerne |- |1||2H0||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '08 (& '09 in Canada) Saturn Astra |- |1||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '11 & some '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |- |2||LQ9||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Longitudinally mounted. '82-'85 Camaro/Firebird. |- |2||LS3||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo |- |2||LY8||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G13BB engine. '98-'01 Chevrolet Metro |- |2||L26||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series III). '04-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix, '05-'09 Buick LaCrosse, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |2||L77||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> E85 Flex Fuel. '11-'17 Chevy Caprice PPV. |- |3||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. 231 cu. in. '81-'82 Buick Regal, Riviera, '81 Chevy Monte Carlo. |- |3||LG3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MFI/SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'88 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 & '87 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra,<br /> '86-'88 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre, '87 Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera,<br /> '87-'88 Pontiac Bonneville. |- |3||LW2||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '90 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |3||L40||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("Quad OHC"). '92-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark |- |3||LZG||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08 Chevy Impala |- |3||LFX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse, '12-'15 Chevrolet Camaro, Cadillac CTS, '12-'17 Chevrolet Caprice PPV,<br /> '12-'20 Chevrolet Impala, '14-'16 Chevrolet Impala Limited, '13-'15 Cadillac ATS, '13-'19 Cadillac XTS |- |3||LT6||5.5&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Z06 '23+. |- |4||LC4||4.1&nbsp;L||V6|V6||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '81-'84 Buick LeSabre, Electra, Riviera, Oldsmobile Toronado, '81-'82 Cadillac DeVille, Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville, '81-'83 Oldsmobile 98, '82-'84 Buick Regal,<br /> '82 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville G |- |4||LC9||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Toyota 4A-C engine. '85-'88 Chevy Nova |- |4||LN2||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MPI/SFI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '92-'02 Cavalier, '95-'02 Sunfire, '92-'96 Corsica/Beretta, '93 Lumina,<br /> '93-'96 Cutlass Ciera, Century. |- |4||L32||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series III). '04-'07 Pontiac Grand Prix |- |4||LUU||1.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11-'15 Chevy Volt, '14 & '16 Cadillac ELR. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray '20+. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette E-Ray '24+. |- |5||LW9||2.5L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke engine. '81 Chevy Citation, Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, Buick Skylark. |- |5||LR6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '88-'89 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |5||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '86 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LM9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-GE engine. '88 Chevy Nova Twin Cam, '90-'92 Geo Prizm GSi |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-UW engine. '90-'91 Geo Storm GSi |- |5||LT4||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '96 Corvette (man. trans.) |- |5||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Aura Green Line, '08-'09 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |5||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Cobalt. |- |5||LFW||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '12-'13 Cadillac CTS, '14 CTS wagon |- |5||L3A||1.5L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). '16-'19 Chevy Volt. |- |5||LWC||1.6L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Gasoline Engine, H.O. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '16-'19 Buick Cascada |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray, Grand Sport '27+. |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Grand Sport X '27+. |- |6||L81||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '81 Corvette |- |6||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '83-'85 Impala 9C1 Police, '86-'88 Caprice 9C1 Police |- |6||L73||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family 1 engine. Made in South Korea by Daewoo. '88-'93 Pontiac LeMans |- |6||LP2||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '89-'97 Geo Metro, '98-'00 Chevrolet Metro |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-FE engine. '89-'97 Geo Prizm base/LSi |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-V engine. '90-'93 Geo Storm (base model) |- |6||L42||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I (Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). '03-'04 Chevy Cavalier |- |6||L91||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '04-'07 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LXT||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '08 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LGW||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac CT6 |- |6||LT4||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '15-'19 Corvette Z06, '17-'24 Camaro ZL1, '16-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Series,<br /> '22+ Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing |- |7||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '82 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |7||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.). '83 F-cars, '83 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |7||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '86-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum, '89 Geo Spectrum. |- |7||LC2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Intercooled. Buick V6. '86-'87 Buick Regal. '89 Pontiac 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am |- |7||LC7||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '87-'88 Cadillac Allante. |- |7||L05||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '89-'93 Chevy Caprice (police only for '89-'91),<br /> '92-'93 Buick Roadmaster, '92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, '90-'92 Cadillac Brougham, '93 Fleetwood. |- |7||LL0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |7||LY7||3.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '04-'09 Cadillac CTS, '05-'07 STS, '05-'08 Buick LaCrosse,<br /> '07-'09 Pontiac G6, Saturn Aura, '08-'09 Pontiac G8, '08-'12 Chevy Malibu |- |7||LT1||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '14-'19 Corvette, '16-'24 Camaro SS |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1 '25+. (1,064 hp) |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Full Hybrid. Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1X '26+. (1,250 hp) |- |8||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '82 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |8||LT8||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '82-'87 Cadillac DeVille, Eldorado, Seville, '82-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, '85-'87 Fleetwood, '87 Fleetwood Sixty Special. |- |8||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '83 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |8||L83||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '82, '84 Corvette. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. 1st fuel injected Corvette since 1965. |- |8||L98||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '85-'91 Corvette, '87-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |8||LQ6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '89-'92 Cadillac Allante. |- |8||L24||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '95-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |8||LX9||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Pontiac G6 |- |8||LF3||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '14-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Sport, XTS V-Sport |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XF1 engine. '92-'93 Geo Storm GSi. |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 7A-FE engine. '93-'97 Geo Prizm |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. VVT-i from '00. '98-'02 Chevrolet Prizm, '03-'08 Pontiac Vibe |- |8||LAY||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Dual VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |9||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '81 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000 |- |9||L62||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. V8-6-4 cylinder deactivation.<br /> '81 Cadillacs, '82-'84 Fleetwood Limousine. |- |9||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83 Malibu, '83-'84 Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '83 Pontiac Parisienne. |- |9||LG8||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) H.O. '83-'84 Hurst/Olds, '85-'87 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442 |- |9||LM9||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'85 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |9||L44||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '85-'88 Pontiac Fiero |- |9||LC0||1.5&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1-T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum Turbo |- |9||LK0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'94 Saturn S-Series |- |9||L37||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V). '93 Cadillac Allanté,<br /> '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe, '93-'04 Cadillac Seville STS, '96-'05 Cadillac DeVille,<br /> '06-'11 Cadillac DTS, '08-'11 Buick Lucerne Super |- |9||L72||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve ||Suzuki G13BA engine. '95-'97 Geo Metro |- |9||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11 Chevy Cruze |- |9||LL0||1.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Daewoo S-TEC II engine (1249 cc). VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '13-'15 Chevy Spark. |- |9||LT5||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. '19 Corvette ZR1. |- |0||LH8||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '82-'86 Pontiac J2000/2000/Sunbird, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |0||LAX||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |0||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2010 Chevy Malibu. |- |0||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. Most '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |} H.O.=High Output, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift ====Motor codes for electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | 5 ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97, '99 General Motors EV1 |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '14-'16 Chevrolet Spark EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '17-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '22-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EUV |- |} ====Motor codes for LFP-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Pack <br /> RPO code !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | V ||P9D (HPB)|| 1 || EJW || Electricity || Front || '27 Chevrolet Bolt |} LFP=Lithium Iron Phosphate ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | 1 ||X0E|| 2 || EXN || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq |- | 2 ||X0E|| 2 || EHT || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq <br> (Battery Module RPO code EHT is Configuration B) |} ====Engine codes for light trucks==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A ||LD5|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (CA emissions). |- | A ||LR1|| 1.9L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G200 engine imported from Japan.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | A ||L38|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. '91-'93 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma. |- | A ||LH2|| 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||SFI. Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac SRX |- | A ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'13 GMT900 pickups, '10-'14 Express/Savana |- | A ||LCV|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT. '15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon,<br /> '17-'20 Buick Envision, '17-'21 GMC Acadia, '19-'21 Chevy Blazer |- | B ||LR2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 60° V6.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | B ||LU2|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '90-'91 Astro/Safari higher output engine option. |- | B ||L81|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||SFI. Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '02-'03 Saturn Vue |- | B ||L33|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300 H.O. 310hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Silverado/Sierra 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed. |- | B ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09-'10 Chevy HHR |- | B ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel (Also Gas/LPG in Express/Savana). SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT. '11-'20 Express/Savana, '13-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD. |- | B ||LUV|| 1.4L ||I4 Turbo|| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. SFI. VVT.<br /> '13-'21 Buick Encore, '15-'21 Chevy Trax (also '13-'14 Trax in Canada) |- | C ||LH6|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | C ||L34|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki J20A engine. MFI. '99-'03 Chevrolet Tracker |- | C ||LY2|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 GMT900 pickups, '07-'09 Tahoe/Yukon, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | C ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '11. |- | C ||L83|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management<br /> '14-'19 K2XX pickups, '15-'20 K2XX SUVs. |- | C ||L2R|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax") - Detuned version. Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '23-'24 Chevy Colorado. |- | D ||LE3|| 4.1L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6.<br /> '81-'84 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy |- | D ||LG6|| 3.1L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '90-'95 U-body minivans. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen I. '02-'07 Saturn Vue, '06 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||LLT|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. '09-'16 GMC Acadia, '17 GMC Acadia Limited,<br /> '09-'17 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave, '09-'10 Saturn Outlook |- | D ||LBZ|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD & '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD |- | D ||L84|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Dynamic Fuel Management<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL. |- | E ||LN8|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine.<br /> '85-'90 Chevy/GMC S-10/S-15, Astro/Safari Cargo Van, '85-'88 S-10 Blazer/S-15 Jimmy. |- | E ||LLR|| 3.7L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-370, '07-'10 Hummer H3, '09-'10 Hummer H3T |- | E ||LA1|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '96 GMT199 (U-body) minivans, '97-'05 GMT200 (U-body) minivans,<br /> '01-'05 Pontiac Aztek, '02-'05 Buick Rendezvous |- | F ||LF3|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy.<br /> CA emissions version of LE9 5.0 V8. |- | F ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '92-'02,<br /> Chevy/GMC Suburban 1500/2500 '94-'99, over-8,500 lb. GVWR Express/Savana '96-'02 |- | F ||LNJ|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Made in China by SAIC-GM. '05-'09 Chevy Equinox, '06-'09 Pontiac Torrent. |- | F ||L94|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'14 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | F ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '15-'17 Express/Savana |- | F ||L82|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Active Fuel Management<br /> '19-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500 (T1XX). |- | G ||LG9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, full-size van |- | G ||L18|| 8.1L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MFI. Vortec 8100. Gen VII Chevrolet Big-Block V8. '01-'02 C3500HD, '01-'06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD, '01-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '02-'06 Avalanche 2500, '01-'02 Express/Savana |- | G ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '10-'13 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '16-'19 Suburban 3500,<br /> '10-'20 Express/Savana. |- | G ||LSD|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '23+ Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | H ||LG4|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | H ||LE9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, full-size vans |- | H ||L03|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '87 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban. |- | H ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '03 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma |- | H ||LS2|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Chevy SSR '05-'06, Trailblazer SS '06-'09, Saab 9-7X Aero '08-'09. |- | H ||LV3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '14-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500/GMC Sierra 1500. |- | J ||L39|| 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | J ||LL4|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87-'91 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | J ||L29|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| MFI. Vortec 7400. Gen VI Chevrolet Big-Block V8.<br /> '96-'00 C/K, Sierra pickups, Express/Savana, '96-'99 Suburban 2500 |- | J ||LY5|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, Avalanche |- | J ||LZ1|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'13 Tahoe Hybrid, Yukon Hybrid, Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid, Sierra Hybrid |- | J ||L86|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. <br /> '14-18 Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500,<br /> '18-20 Chevy Tahoe Premier, '19-'20 Chevy Suburban Premier, GMC Yukon/Yukon XL SLT,<br /> '15-'20 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | K ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions) |- | K ||L05|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '87-'94 Blazer, '95 Tahoe, '87-'91 Jimmy, '92-'95 Yukon, '87-'95 Suburban. |- | K ||LY6|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07-'09 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | K ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '12-'17,<br /> Chevy Captiva Sport '12-'14, Chevy Orlando '14. |- | K ||L3B|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax"). Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, '23+ Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | L ||LS9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks, vans, Suburban, Blazer/Jimmy (CA) '81-'86. |- | L ||L27|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '92-'95 U-body minivans |- | L ||LX9|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. SFI. '05-'06 GMT201 minivans, '06-'07 Buick Rendezvous |- | L ||LH8|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'09 Hummer H3 Alpha, '09 Colorado/Canyon, Hummer H3T Alpha |- | L ||LGH|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '10-'16 Express/Savana, '11-'12 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs |- | L ||L87|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Dynamic Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL,<br /> Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | L ||L3T|| 1.3L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '20+ Buick Encore GX, '21+ Chevy Trailblazer. |- | M ||LT9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br /> For over-8,500 lb. GVWR C/K trucks, full-size vans, Suburban '81-'86, full-size van cutaway '81-'88.<br /> '88 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | M ||L30|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5000. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'02 Express/Savana |- | M ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. 2010 Chevy HHR SS. |- | M ||LH6|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'06 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.), '05-'07 Buick Rainier,<br /> '05-'09 GMC Envoy Denali, Saab 9-7X, '06-'08 Chevy Trailblazer, '05 GMC Envoy XUV,<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500 |- | M ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '12. |- | M ||LE2|| 1.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '16-'19 & '21-'22 Buick Encore, '21-'22 Chevy Trax. |- | N ||L10|| 1.8L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G180Z engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV |- | N ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '83-'84 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero. |- | N ||LB1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '85 Astro/Safari, '85-'86 C/K pickups & full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '87-'90 R/V pickups, Suburban 2500, '88-'90 C/K, Sierra pickups, full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '91 R/V pickups, '91-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, Suburban 2500, full-size vans. '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | N ||LZ4|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. SFI. VVT. '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | N ||LQ9|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 6000 H.O. or VortecMAX. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. 345 hp.<br /> '02-'06 Cadillac Escalade, '03-'06 Cadillac Escalade ESV, '03-'06 Chevy Silverado SS, '05-'06 GMC Sierra Denali. |- | N ||LGZ|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | P ||L49|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks & full-size vans '94-'95 |- | P ||LM4|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300. 290hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '03-'04 Chevy SSR, '03-'04 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.),<br /> '04 Buick Rainier, GMC Envoy XUV |- | P ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy HHR, '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | P ||LH9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '10 Hummer H3 Alpha, H3T Alpha |- | P ||LV1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '18+ Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | P ||LBP|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Flex Fuel. GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '25+ Buick Encore GX, Chevy Trailblazer, '25- Chevy Trax, Buick Envista. |- | R ||LL2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '86-'93 Chevy S-10, GMC S-15/Sonoma,<br /> '86-'89 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | R ||L31|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5700. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'99 Chevy Tahoe/GMC Yukon, Chevy/GMC Suburban, '99-'00 GMC Yukon Denali, Cadillac Escalade, '00 Chevy Tahoe Limited/Z71, '96-'02 Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | R ||L8B|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Mild Hybrid. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'18 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500. |- | S ||LQ7|| 2.2L || I4 || Diesel ||OHV||Isuzu C220 engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV, '84-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15 |- | S ||L56|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '94-'99,<br /> Chevy Blazer '94, Chevy Tahoe 2-d '95-'99, GMC Yukon 2-d '94-'97 |- | S ||LL8|| 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Atlas I6. SFI. VVT. '02-'09 GMT360/370 SUVs (Chevy Trailblazer, GMC Envoy, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, Saab 9-7X) |- | S ||LGX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17+ Cadillac XT5, '17-'23 GMC Acadia, '19+ Chevrolet Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6. |- | S ||LK0|| 2.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||L3B engine family. Direct Injection. VVT. '24- Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, '25- Buick Enclave |- | T ||L25|| 4.8L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||1-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, '88 R/V pickups |- | T ||LM7|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 270/285/295hp.<br /> '99-'07 GMT800 pickups & SUVs including '02-'05 Escalade 2wd, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | T ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '13. |- | T ||LM2|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads. '20-'22 Silverado/Sierra 1500, '21-'24 Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL, Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | U ||LS5|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Suzuki G16A engine. TBI. '89-'95 Geo Tracker |- | U ||LQ4|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads (Iron Heads in '99-'00).<br /> '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '00-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '01-'06 Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali,<br> '06 Suburban LTZ, '03-'07 Express/Savana, '03-'07 Hummer H2. |- | U ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2011 Chevy HHR |- | U ||LH7|| 1.6L ||I4 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '18-'19 Chevy Equinox & GMC Terrain Diesel. |- | V ||LR4|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. '99-'06 GMT800 pickups,<br /> '00-'06 Tahoe/Yukon, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | V ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2009-2010 Chevy HHR |- | V ||LYX|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '18-'22 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | W ||LE8|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. 4bbl carb. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Suburban.<br /> '88-'89 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| CPI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '92-'95 Sonoma, S-10 Blazer/Jimmy, Astro/Safari, '94-'95 S-10, '92-'94 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| SFI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '96-'02 S-10/Sonoma, Blazer/Jimmy, Express/Savana, C/K, Silverado, Sierra, '96-'01 Bravada, Astro/Safari, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | W ||LGD|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '07-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | W ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '10. |- | W ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. 2011 Chevy HHR. |- | W ||LFY|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection.<br> '18-'23 Chevrolet Traverse, '24 Chevrolet Traverse Limited, '18-'24 Buick Enclave. |- | X ||LF6|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '96-'99 S-10/Sonoma, '97-'99 Isuzu Hombre. |- | X ||LU3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '03-'04 S-10/Sonoma,<br /> '03-'05 Blazer/Jimmy, '02-'05 Astro/Safari, '03-'14 Express/Savana, '03-'13 Silverado/Sierra |- | X ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. '08-'09 Chevy HHR SS. |- | X ||LTG|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Buick Envision, '18-'20 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '18-'19 Chevy Traverse RS |- | Y ||LQ2|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet "122" engine.<br /> '83-'84 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'84 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | Y ||L57|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR full-size vans '94-'95 & '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | Y ||L76|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra, Suburban/Yukon XL, Chevy Avalanche |- | Y ||LF1|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '10-'11 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X, '10 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | Y ||L5P|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '17+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD. Engine updated in '24. |- | Z ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81 Chevy C10/GMC C1500 full-size pickups. |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85-'87 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero,<br /> '86-'94 Astro/Safari, '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K & Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans & <br /> '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '88-'95 S-10, S-15/Sonoma, '88-'94 S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy,<br /> '91-'92 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||OHV|| MPI. For GMC Syclone & Typhoon. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived) |- | Z ||L59|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 285/295hp.<br /> '02-'07 GMT800 pickups, '02-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL, Avalanche. |- | Z ||LAT|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Vue Green Line |- | 1 ||LZ9|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '06-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | 1 ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Saturn Vue. |- | 1 ||LB7|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. First version of the Duramax V8. '01-Mid '04 Silverado HD/Sierra HD |- | 1 ||LWN|| 2.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Based on VM Motori A428 engine. Made by GM Powertrain Thailand 2016-2020. Made in Brazil for '22. '16-'22 Colorado/Canyon, '17-'22 Express/Savana. |- | 2 ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '04-Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '06-Mid '07 Express/Savana |- | 2 ||L9H|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '09-'13 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, Sierra Denali 1500,<br /> '09 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> Hummer H2 |- | 2 ||LIH|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '20-'24 Buick Encore GX, '21-'24 Chevy Trailblazer, '24 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista,<br> '25 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista (Canada only). |- | 3 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '07-'11 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, '07-'09 & '11 Avalanche |- | 3 ||LFX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Cadillac SRX, '13-'17 Chevrolet Equinox, GMC Terrain, '15-'16 Colorado/Canyon |- | 4 ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||MFI (94-95). SFI (96-00). Chevrolet "122" engine. '94-'00 S-10/Sonoma, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 4 ||LE8|| 2.5L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Suzuki H25A engine. MFI. '01-'04 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 4 ||L66|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Honda J35S1 V6. VTEC. '04-'07 Saturn Vue |- | 4 ||LMF|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '08-'14 Express/Savana 1500 |- | 4 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '10 Cadillac SRX |- | 4 ||LSY|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19-'25 Cadillac XT4, '20+ Chevy Blazer, Cadillac XT5, '20-'23 GMC Acadia,<br /> '21+ Buick Envision, '21-'25 Cadillac XT6 |- | 5 ||L43|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '00-'02 S-10/Sonoma, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 5 ||LFA|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08-'09 Tahoe Hybrid/Yukon Hybrid, '09 Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid/Sierra Hybrid |- | 5 ||LFW|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. '11-'12 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain,<br /> '12 Chevy Captiva Sport |- | 6 ||L01|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G16B engine. MFI. '94-'97 Geo Tracker, '98-'00 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 6 ||L52|| 3.5L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-350, '06 Hummer H3 |- | 6 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '11 Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X |- | 6 ||LMM|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '07-'10 Silverado HD/Sierra HD (GMT900), Mid '07-Mid '10 Express/Savana |- | 7 ||LY7|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '04-'06 Buick Rendezvous, '04-'09 Cadillac SRX,<br /> '07-'08 GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, '08 Buick Enclave, '08-'10 Saturn Vue |- | 7 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '12-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '12-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500 |- | 7 ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '20+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '21+ Express/Savana |- | 8 ||LK5|| 2.8L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-280. |- | 8 ||L92|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'08 GMC Sierra Denali, Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> '08 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, Hummer H2. |- | 8 ||LML|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> '11-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD pickups, '13-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs. |- | 8 ||LZ0|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br> '23+ Silverado/Sierra 1500, '24+ Suburban HD, '25+ Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL. |- | 9 ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions). |- | 9 ||LLV|| 2.9L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-290. |- | 9 ||LT4|| 6.2L ||V8 Supercharged|| Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Direct injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '23+ Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV V-Series. |- | 0 ||LMG|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10.<br /> Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '07-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500. |} H.O.=High Output, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift, GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane Autogas) ====Motor codes for electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | H ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97-'98 Chevrolet S-10 Electric. |- |} ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | A ||XRL|| 3 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '22- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | B ||XRL|| 3 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | C ||XRL|| 3 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 3X |- | D ||XRJ|| 2 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 3WT, '25- Silverado EV 5WT, 3LT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (2SP), '26- Silverado EV Trail Boss (2TR),<br> '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 2X, '25- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SC,<br> '26- Sierra EV Elevation 3SC, AT4 4SC |- | E ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 2X |- | G ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '23 BrightDrop Zevo 600 |- | H ||XRJ|| 2 || EWX || 14 || Electricity || All ||'26- Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, 2LT,<br> '26- GMC Sierra EV Elevation 3SB, Denali 5SB |- | J ||X0C|| 2 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS AWD,<br> '25- Chevy Blazer EV 4LT, 3RS AWD, '24-'26 Honda Prologue AWD |- | K ||X0D|| 1 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || Rear || '23- Cadillac Lyriq RWD, '24-'25 Chevrolet Blazer EV 2RS RWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec RWD |- | L ||X0E|| 2 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || All || '23- Cadillac Lyriq AWD, '24- Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV AWD,<br> '25- Chevrolet Blazer EV SS AWD, '26- Cadillac Vistiq AWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec, Type S AWD |- | L ||XRJ|| 2 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, RST (3SP), '25- Silverado EV 8WT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (3SP), '26- Silverado EV 4LT, Trail Boss (3TR),<br> '24- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SD, '26- Sierra EV AT4 4SD,<br> '25- Cadillac Escalade IQ, '26- Cadillac Escalade IQL |- | M ||X0B|| 1 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24-'26 Honda Prologue FWD, '25- Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS FWD |- | P ||X0B|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV FWD |- | R ||X0C|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV AWD, '25 Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | Y ||XRJ|| 2 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | Z ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | 4 ||X0E|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '26- Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | 5 ||X0D|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Rear|| '26- Cadillac Optiq RWD |- | 6 ||XRM|| 1 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || Front || '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 FWD |- | 7 ||XRJ|| 2 || EWU || 14 || Electricity || All || '26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 600 AWD |} SB=Standard Range, SC=Extended Range, SD=Max Range ====Engine codes for medium duty trucks 2016-==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | B ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | C ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG or<br>Gas/LPG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | D ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '21-'23 Chevy LCF 3500/4500, '24- Chevy LCF 3500HG/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG. |- | F ||LCB|| 6.7L || I6 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Cummins B Series ISB engine. '22- Chevy LCF 6500XD, '23- Chevy LCF 7500XD. |- | 6 ||I1B|| 5.2L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4HK1-TC engine. '17- Chevy LCF 4500HD/XD, 5500XD, '17-'24 Chevy LCF 5500HD,<br /> '18-'21 Chevy LCF 6500XD. |- | 7 ||IZ3|| 3.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4JJ1-TC engine. '16-'18 Chevy LCF 3500HD. |- |} ====Engine codes for AM General-built Hummer H1 2000-2006==== AM General encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | F || || 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GEP (General Engine Products), a subsidiary of AM General.<br> '01-'04 Hummer H1 & '06 H1 Fleet models. |- | P ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '06 Hummer H1 Alpha. |- | Z ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GM. '00-'01 Hummer H1. |- |} ====Engine codes for Nissan-built vans==== Nissan encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | 3 ||L0A|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Nissan MR20DE engine. SFI. VVT. For the '15-'18 Chevrolet City Express. |- |} ====Engine codes for Navistar-built medium-duty trucks==== Navistar encodes the engine type in character 6 & 7 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | PV ||L5D|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. For the Chevy Silverado Medium Duty '19+. |- |} ==GM factories supplying North America== ===North American GM factories=== [[w:List_of_General_Motors_factories | List of GM Factories]] {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Notes |- |A |Lakewood Assembly (Lakewood Heights, Atlanta, Georgia) |through 1990 model year |- |A |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |From 2026 model year. Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing "Curated by Cadillac" program only. |- |B |Baltimore Assembly (Baltimore, Maryland) |through 2005 model year |- |B |Reatta Craft Centre/Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |1988-2006 model year (except GM EV1) |- |B |GM Defense-Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC) (Concord, North Carolina) |From 2024 model year. Chevrolet Suburban HD (a.k.a. HD SUV) (for US govt. only). |- |C |South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California) |through 1982 model year |- |C |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |South assembly line 1985-2004 model year |- |D |Doraville Assembly (Doraville, Georgia) |through 2009 model year |- |E |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |through 1991 model year |- |E |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |1988-2009 model year |- |E |AM General Military plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |1992-2006 Hummer H1 |- |F |Flint Truck Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |since 1953 |- |F |Fairfax II Assembly (Kansas City, Kansas) |since 1988 model year |- |G |Framingham Assembly (Framingham, Massachusetts) |through 1989 model year |- |G |Silao Assembly (Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico) |since 1995 model year |- |H |Buick City Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |H |AM General Commercial plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |2003-2009 Hummer H2 |- |H |Navistar Springfield plant (Main Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2019- Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty (4500HD/5500HD/6500HD) |- |J |Janesville Assembly (Janesville, Wisconsin) |through 2009 model year |- |J |Lansing Delta Township Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2007 model year |- |K |Leeds Assembly (Leeds, Kansas City, Missouri) |through 1988 model year |- |K |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |from 1994-2005 model year |- |K |Nissan plant (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) |2015-2018 Chevrolet City Express |- |L |Van Nuys Assembly (Van Nuys, California) |through 1992 model year |- |L |San Luis Potosí Assembly (San Luis Potosí, Mexico) |since 2009 model year |- |M |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |through 1984 model year, North assembly line 1985-2005 model year |- |M |Toluca Assembly (Toluca, Mexico state, Mexico) |through 2008 model year |- |N |Norwood Assembly (Norwood, Ohio) |through 1987 model year |- |N |Navistar Springfield plant (Secondary Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2017- Chevrolet Express cutaway, GMC Savana cutaway |- |P |Pontiac Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1988 model year |- |R |Arlington Assembly (Arlington, Texas) |since 1965 [all GM brands]. (R plant code used only by Chevrolet in 1963-64) |- |S |St. Louis Assembly (St. Louis, Missouri) |through 1987 model year |- |S |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |2002-2007 Saturn Vue & 2009-2010 Chevrolet Traverse only |- |S |Spartan Motors/Shyft Group plant (Charlotte, Michigan) |2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/3500HG/4500/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG/6500XD/7500XD |- |S |Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico) |since 1982 |- |T |Tarrytown Assembly (North Tarrytown, New York) |through 1996 model year |- |U |Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly (Factory Zero) <br /> (Detroit & Hamtramck, Michigan) |since 1986 model year |- |U |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |From 2025 model year. Cadillac Celestiq only. |- |V |Pontiac Central Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1991 model year |- |V |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1985 model year |- |W |Willow Run Assembly (Ypsilanti Township, Michigan) |through 1993 model year |- |X |Fairfax Assembly (Fairfax I) (Kansas City, Kansas) |through 1987 model year |- |Y |Wilmington Assembly (Wilmington, Delaware) |through 2010 model year |- |Z |Fremont Assembly (Fremont, California) |through 1982 model year |- |Z |NUMMI (Fremont, California) |1985-2010 model year |- |Z |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |since 1991 model year (except Vue & Traverse) |- |Z |Fort Wayne Assembly (Roanoke, Indiana) |since 1988 model year |- |0 |Pontiac West Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1994 model year |- |0 |Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |GM EV1 only |- |0 |Lansing Grand River Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2003 model year |- |0 |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |2024 Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing 20th Anniversary Edition where the final eight digits of the VIN are R0912004 through R0912024 or R0962004 through R0962024 |- |1 |Wentzville Assembly (Wentzville, Missouri) |since 1985 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1967-1983 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line) (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2019 model year; switched to pickup trucks for 2019 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |Silverado pickup trucks since 2022 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Truck Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada) |through 2002 model year |- |3 |Detroit Truck & Bus plant (Piquette Ave., Detroit, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |3 |Saint-Eustache Bus Plant (Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada) |through 1987 model year |- |4 |Orion Assembly (Orion Township, Michigan) |since 1985 model year |- |4 |Scarborough Van Assembly (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) |through 1993 model year |- |5 |Bowling Green Assembly (Bowling Green, Kentucky) |since 1981 model year |- |6 |Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) |through 2006 model year |- |6 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |1990-2022 model year |- |7 |Lordstown Assembly (Warren, Ohio) |from 1979-2019 model year |- |8 |Shreveport Assembly (Shreveport, Louisiana) |through 2012 model year |- |9 |Detroit Assembly (Clark Street, Detroit, Michigan)<br> (Cadillac plant) |from 1979-1988 model year |- |9 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)<br> (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2020 model year |- |9 |KUKA plant (Livonia, Michigan) |2022 model year only (BrightDrop Zevo 600) |- |9 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |2023-2026 model year (BrightDrop Zevo/Chevrolet BrightDrop) |} ===Non-North American GM factories supplying North America=== {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Models Sourced |- |A |SAIC-GM plant: Jinqiao, Pudong district, Shanghai, China |2017-2018 Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid |- |B |Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Bupyeong, South Korea |1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans, 2004-2011 Chevrolet Aveo, 2005-2010 Pontiac Wave/G3, 2004-2006 Chevrolet <br /> Epica (Canada), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Trax, Buick Encore, 2021- Chevrolet Trailblazer, 2020- Buick Encore GX, 2024- Buick Envista |- |C |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Changwon, South Korea |2003-2010 Pontiac Matiz/Matiz G2 (Mexico), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Spark, 2024- Chevrolet Trax |- |D |SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors plant: Yantai, Shandong province, China |2016- Buick Envision, 2019-2023 Chevrolet Aveo (Mexico), 2023- Chevrolet Onix (Mexico) |- |G |Opel plant: Gliwice, Poland |2016-2019 Buick Cascada |- |K |Suzuki plant: Kosai, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1985-1988 Chevrolet Sprint, 1989-1990 Geo Metro hatchback, 1990-1993 Geo Metro convertible, 1985-1990 Pontiac Firefly (Canada), 1991 & 1994 Pontiac Firefly convertible & sedan (Canada) |- |K |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Kunsan, South Korea |2004-2007 Chevrolet Optra (Canada), 2012-2014 Chevrolet Orlando (Canada) |- |L |Holden plant: Elizabeth, South Australia, Australia |2004-2006 Pontiac GTO, 2008-2009 Pontiac G8, 2011-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV, 2014-2017 Chevrolet SS |- |R |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |T |GM India plant: Talegaon, Maharashtra, India |2017-2021 Chevrolet Spark Classic/Beat (Mexico) |- |V |SAIC-GM Wuhan plant: Wuhan, Hubei province, China |2018-2021 Chevrolet Cavalier (Mexico), 2022- Chevrolet Cavalier Turbo (Mexico) |- |W |Suzuki plant: Iwata, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1989-1990 Geo Tracker |- |1 |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |2011, 2018-2020 Buick Regal |- |3 |Isuzu plant: Kawasaki, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1987-1998 Chevrolet/GMC W5, 1989-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W6, 1984-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W7 |- |5 |Opel plant: Antwerp, Belgium |2008-2009 Saturn Astra |- |7 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1988 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1988 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada), 1989 Geo Spectrum, 1990-1993 Geo Storm,<br /> 1999-2008 Chevrolet/GMC W3500, 1988-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W4, 1999-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W5,<br /> 2000-2004 Chevrolet/GMC WT5500,<br /> 2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500HD/4500HD/4500XD/5500HD/5500XD |- |8 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1981-1982 Chevrolet LUV, 1985-1987 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1985-1987 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada),<br /> 1986-1987 Chevrolet/GMC W4 |} ==GM WMIs== {| class=wikitable !WMI !Marque !Country |- |1G1||rowspan=57|Chevrolet||United States |- |1G8||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GA||United States (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |1GB||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GC||United States (truck) |- |1GN||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1HA||United States (Express incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1HT||United States ([[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version_(4500HD,_5500HD,_6500HD,_and_International_CV)|Silverado Medium Duty]] incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1Y1||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1998-2011) |- |2G1||Canada |- |2G5||Canada (truck - Chevrolet BrightDrop '25) |- |2G8||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GA||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |2GB||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GC||Canada (truck - includes Chevrolet BrightDrop '26) |- |2GN||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |3G1||Mexico |- |3GC||Mexico (truck) |- |3GN||Mexico (MPV) |- |3N6||Mexico (Truck - City Express made by Nissan) |- |4G1||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |4KB||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4W1||United States (MPV - Chevrolet Suburban HD made for US govt. in Concord, NC) |- |54D||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group) |- |6G1||Australia (2011-2013 Caprice PPV) |- |6G3||Australia (2014-2017 Caprice PPV & SS performance sedan) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |J81||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |J8B||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |J8Z||Japan (LUV pickup made by Isuzu) |- |JAL||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - 2016+) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL1||South Korea (car) |- |KL7||South Korea (MPV - 2012+) |- |KL8||South Korea (Spark) |- |LSF||China (S-10 Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LSG||China (SAIC-GM) |- |LSH||China (Express Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LZW||China (SAIC-GM-Wuling) |- |MA6||India |- |MJB||Indonesia (GM Indonesia) |- |MK3||Indonesia (SGMW Motor Indonesia) |- |MMM||Thailand |- |XUF||Russia (GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XUU||Russia (Chevrolet Korea models made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |XWB||Uzbekistan (GM Uzbekistan, UzAuto Motors) |- |XWF||Russia (Chevrolet Tahoe & Trailblazer [GMT360] made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |X9L||Russia (GM-AvtoVAZ) |- |8AG||Argentina |- |8GG||Chile |- |8LD||Ecuador |- |8Z1||Venezuela |- |9BG||Brazil |- |93C||Brazil |- |9GC||Colombia |- |J81||rowspan=6|Geo||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |JGC||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki) |- |1Y1||United States (car made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1990-1997) |- |KLA||rowspan=3|GM Daewoo/<br />GM Korea||South Korea (Bupyeong & Kunsan plants) |- |KLY||South Korea (Changwon plant) |- |5GD||United States (G2X) |- |1G2||rowspan=12|Pontiac||United States |- |1G5||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '89-'90 Turbo Grand Prix by ASC/McLaren & '03-'05 Montana Mobility, '06 Montana SV6 Mobility) |- |1GM||United States (MPV) |- |2CK||Canada (2006-2009 Torrent made by CAMI) |- |2G2||Canada |- |2G7||Canada (US market 1983 Pontiac Parisienne) |- |3G2||Mexico |- |3G7||Mexico (MPV: 2001-2005 Aztek) |- |4G2||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |5Y2||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |6G2||Australia |- |KL2||South Korea (made by Daewoo/GM Daewoo) |- |1G7||rowspan=6|Pontiac<br />(Canada only)||United States |- |2C7||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |2G7||Canada |- |J87||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG7||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL7||Passport<br />(Canada only)||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |J87||rowspan=3|Asüna<br />(Canada only)||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |KL7||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |1G3||rowspan=3|Oldsmobile||United States |- |1GH||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |2G3||Canada |- |1G4||rowspan=9|Buick||United States |- |2G4||Canada |- |3G4||Mexico |- |3G5||Mexico (MPV) |- |4GL||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |5GA||United States (MPV) |- |KL4||South Korea (MPV) |- |LRB||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W04||Germany & Poland |- |KLA||Alpheon||South Korea (2011-2015) |- |1G6||rowspan=10|Cadillac||United States |- |1GE||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GY||United States (SUV) |- |2G6||Canada |- |2GE||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |3GY||Mexico (SUV) |- |LRE||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W06||Germany |- |XWF||Russia (made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |YSC||Sweden |- |1G8||rowspan=4|Saturn||United States |- |3GS||Mexico (SUV) |- |5GZ||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |W08||Belgium |- |1G0||rowspan=22|GMC||United States (bus 1981-1986) |- |1G5||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GD||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GJ||United States (bus 1987-) |- |1GK||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1GT||United States (truck) |- |2CK||Canada (1990-1991 Tracker made by CAMI - Canada only) |- |2CT||Canada (2010-2011 Terrain made by CAMI) |- |2G0||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1981-1986) |- |2G5||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GD||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GH||Canada (transit bus) |- |2GJ||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1987-) |- |2GK||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |2GT||Canada (truck) |- |3GK||Mexico (SUV) |- |3GT||Mexico (truck) |- |4KD||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |7GZ||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |J8D||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |JGT||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki - Canada only) |- |KL6||South Korea (Middle East market Terrain '08-'10) |- |4GD||WhiteGMC||United States (1988-1989 Brigadier made by GM) |- |137||rowspan=6|Hummer||United States (H1 made by AM General) |- |5GN||United States (H3T) |- |5GR||United States (H2 made by AM General) |- |5GT||United States (H3) |- |ADM||South Africa (H3) |- |XWF||Russia (H2 & H3 made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |4G5||General Motors||United States (EV1) |- |2G5||rowspan=2|BrightDrop||Canada (Truck 2023-2024) |- |5G5||United States (Truck made by Kuka AG - 2022 only) |- |5G2||rowspan=2|Cruise||United States (car) (Cruise AV) |- |5G3||United States (MPV) (Cruise Origin AV) |- |YS3||rowspan=4|Saab||Sweden |- |JF4||Japan (9-2X made by Subaru) |- |3G0||Mexico (9-4X) |- |5S3||United States (9-7X) |- |W0L||rowspan=19|Opel/Vauxhall||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018 and later) & Opel Ampera-e Mid-2017 - 2019 |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0L||when plant code is 0: South Korea (Antara) or B: South Korea (Antara, Mokka A, Mokka X [A]) |- |W0L||when plant code is C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |W0V||when plant code is B: South Korea (Mokka X [A]) or C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |SCC||UK (Opel Lotus Omega made by Lotus) |- |SED||UK (made by IBC Vehicles) |- |TW8||Portugal |- |VF1||France (Arena made by Renault) |- |VN1||France (Movano A made by Renault at SOVAB plant in Batilly, France) |- |VSX||Spain |- |XUF||Russia (Opel made by GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XWF||Russia (Opel made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |1G0||United States (Opel GT, Opel/Vauxhall Ampera, Opel Ampera-e Early - Mid-2017) |- |4GD||United States (Sintra) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |JAA||Japan (Opel Campo made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |SKA||rowspan=4|Vauxhall Motors||UK |- |SCC||UK (Vauxhall Lotus Carlton made by Lotus) |- |6G1||Australia (Vauxhall Monaro & VXR8 made by Holden) |- |JAA||Japan (Vauxhall Brava made by Isuzu) |- |SKF||rowspan=2|Bedford Vehicles||UK |- |JAA||Japan (Bedford Brava made by Isuzu) |- |6G1||rowspan=18|Holden||Australia (2003-2017) |- |6H8||Australia (1989-2002) |- |JAA||Japan (Rodeo pickup [TF] made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |JSA||Japan (YG Cruze made by Suzuki) |- |KL3||South Korea |- |MMM||Thailand ('09-'11 Colorado pickup [RC] made by GM Thailand) |- |MMU||Thailand ('13-'20 Colorado pickup [RG], '13-'16 Colorado 7, '17-'20 Trailblazer made by GM Thailand) |- |MPA||Thailand ('04-'08 Rodeo pickup [RA] made by Isuzu Thailand) |- |SED||UK (1st gen. Frontera made by IBC Vehicles) |- |W0L||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018-2020) |- |1GH||United States (Acadia) |- |3G0||Mexico (Equinox) |- |3GM||Mexico (Suburban) |- |4S2||United States (2nd gen. Frontera made by [[w:Subaru Isuzu Automotive|SIA]]) |- |5G8||United States (Volt) |- |1GG||rowspan=4|Isuzu||United States (Truck - Hombre & i-Series made by GM) |- |4GT||United States (H-Series & T-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4KL||United States (N-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4NU||United States (MPV/SUV - Ascender made by GM) |- |W0L||Subaru||Thailand [plant code H] (Traviq made by GM Thailand for export to Japan) |- |4G3||Toyota||United States (Cavalier made by GM for export to Japan) |- |3GP||Honda||Mexico (MPV/SUV: 2024-2026 Prologue made by GM) |- |4W5||Acura||United States (MPV/SUV: 2024 ZDX EV made by GM) |} {{BookCat}} eczyrhwg79c3lth8olwd9d4slzn44ex 4655931 4655906 2026-07-30T22:29:31Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle */ 4655931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} It is the tenth digit that gives you the model year for GM. I've been working at a Chevy dealer for years running codes/vins. For example (my examples only apply to 2001-2015 gm vehicles) Remember 10th digit from the beginning, (left to right). 2001... 1, 2002...2, 2003...3, etc., 2009...9. After 2009, the tenth digit was given a letter 2010... A, 2011...B, 2012...C, 2013...D, 2014...E, 2015...F, Etc... We have another 20 years worth of letters. Thanks for reading. You can always check your model year by looking in your drivers side door jamb and it will give you model year. If it was assembled in July or later, the model year is probably a year later than the calendar year of the manufacturing date listed. ==American GM== ===American VIN format 1981-1984 Passenger Car=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1981-1984|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984|Car Line & Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====American restraint types 1981-1984==== The restraint type is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Manual Seatbelts only - No Passive Restraint |} ====Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984==== The Car Line & Series Code is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Car Line & <br> Series Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=19|GM A platform - rear-wheel drive |T||Chevrolet Malibu 1981 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1981 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1981 |- |D||Pontiac LeMans 1981 |- |F||Pontiac Grand LeMans 1981 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1981 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1981 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1981 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass sedan, Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1981 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' wagon 1981 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1981 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1981 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe, Cutlass LS sedan 1981 |- |E||Buick Century wagon 1981 |- |H||Buick Century sedan, Estate wagon 1981 |- |J||Buick Regal 1981 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1981 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1981 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM A platform - front-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1982-1984 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1982-1984 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1982-1984 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1983-1984 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1982 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1982-1984, Cutlass Cruiser ''LS'' 1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=19|GM B platform |D||Chevrolet Bel Air 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Chevrolet Impala 1981-1984 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1981-1984 |- |F||Pontiac Laurentian 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac Catalina 1981, Parisienne 1984 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1981 |- |N||Pontiac Parisienne 1981, Parisienne Brougham 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1981 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1984 |- |L||Oldsmobile Delta 88 1981-1983 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1981-1984 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1981-1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1984 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1981-1984 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre 1981, Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1981-1984 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1981-1983 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - rear-wheel drive |G||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile 98 Luxury 1981 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1982-1983 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1981-1983 |- |R||Buick Electra Limited 1984 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1984 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1981-1983 |- |X||Buick Electra Limited 1981-1983 |- |B||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1981-1983 |- |D||Cadillac DeVille 1981-1983 |- |M||Cadillac DeVille 1984 |- |W||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM D platform - rear-wheel drive |F||Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=4|GM E platform |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1981-1984 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1981-1984 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1981-1984 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=7|GM F platform |P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1981-1984 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1981-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1981-1984 |- |T||Pontiac Firebird ''Esprit'' 1981 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula'' 1981 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1981-1984 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' Turbo Special Edition 1981, Firebird ''S/E'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=15|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1982, Malibu 1983 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1982-1984 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1982-1984 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1982-1983, Grand Prix LE 1984 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville G 1982-1984 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1982-1984 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville G Brougham 1982-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville G ''LE'' 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1982-1983 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1982-1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe & sedan 1982-1984 |- |J||Buick Regal 1982-1984 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1982, Regal ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM J platform |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1983-1984 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier 2-d/4-d/wagon 1982, Cavalier CS 1983-1984 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier 3-door hatchback 1982, Cavalier CS 3-door hatchback 1983, Cavalier Type 10 2-d/3-d/Convertible 1984 |- |B||Pontiac J2000 1982, 2000 1983, 2000 Sunbird 1984 |- |C||Pontiac J2000 LE 1982, 2000 LE 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE Convertible 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE 1984 |- |D||Pontiac J2000 SE 1982, 2000 SE 1983, 2000 Sunbird SE 1984 |- |E||Pontiac J2000 S 1982 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1982-1984, Firenza S 1982-1984 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1982-1984, Firenza SX 1982-1984 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1983-1984 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1982-1984 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1982-1984 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM K platform |S||Cadillac Seville 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=3|GM P platform ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1984 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1984 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1984 |- |rowspan=6|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |B||Chevrolet Chevette 1981-1983, Chevette CS 1984 |- |J||Chevrolet Chevette Scooter 1981-1983, Chevette 1984 |- |B||Pontiac Acadian 1981-1984 (Canada only) |- |J||Pontiac Acadian S 1981-1982, Pontiac Acadian Scooter 1983-1984 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac T1000 1982, 1000 1983-1984 |- |M||Pontiac T1000 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM X platform |H||Chevrolet Citation 2-door coupe 1982-1983, Citation II 2-door coupe 1984 |- |X||Chevrolet Citation hatchback 1981-1983, Citation II hatchback 1984 |- |T||Pontiac Phoenix SJ 1982-1983, Phoenix SE 1984 |- |Y||Pontiac Phoenix 1981-1984 |- |Z||Pontiac Phoenix LJ 1981-1983, Phoenix LE 1984 |- |B||Oldsmobile Omega 1981-1984 |- |E||Oldsmobile Omega Brougham 1981-1984 |- |B||Buick Skylark 1981-1982, Skylark Custom 1983-1984 |- |C||Buick Skylark Limited 1981-1984 |- |D||Buick Skylark Sport 1981-1982, Skylark T-Type 1983-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM Y platform |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 1981-1982, 1984 |} ===American VIN format 1985-1986 Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>W</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>Y</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====Body style codes 1981-1986==== The Body type is specified as characters 6 and 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars from 1981-1986. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |11,27,37,47,57,97||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |07,08,77,87||Two-Door Hatchback |- |67||Two-Door Convertible |- |19,69||Four-Door Sedan |- |68||Four-Door Hatchback |- |23||Four-Door Limousine, 8-passenger ("Limousine") |- |33||Four-Door Limousine w/Center Partition, 7-passenger ("Formal Limousine") |- |35||Four-Door Station Wagon |} ===American VIN format 1987- Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1987-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ===American VIN format 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 1981-1999]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2000-2009]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Body type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System |- |A||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic |- |B||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic |- |D||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic |- |F||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic |- |G||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic |- |H||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic |- |J||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic |- |K||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic |- |L||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic |} ====Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |B||Special Body Buick, Chevrolet |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, Sierra 2wd (C-series) '88-'99 |- |C||Chevy C10 Blazer 2wd ('81-'82), Tahoe 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC C1500 Jimmy 2wd ('81-'82), Yukon 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99) |- |D||Military Truck 4wd |- |E||'91-'97 Geo Tracker 2wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 2wd |- |E||'97-'98 Chevy S-10 EV |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans (Chevy Van, Sportvan, Express, GMC Vandura, Rally Van, Savana) |- |H||'93-'96 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD cutaway van |- |H||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '93-'96, Fwd DeVille '97-'99) |- |J||'89-'97 Geo Tracker 4wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 4wd |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, Sierra 4wd (K-series) '88-'99 |- |K||Chevy K10/K5 Blazer 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'94), Tahoe 4wd ('95-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC K1500 Jimmy 4wd ('81-'86), Yukon 4wd ('92-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99), '99 Cadillac Escalade 4wd |- |L||Chevy Luv 2wd '81-'82 |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '90-'99 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '85-'99 |- |P||Forward Control (includes Chevrolet Step-Van/GMC Value-Van, Chevy/GMC P-Series) |- |R||Chevy Luv 4wd '81-'82 |- |R||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('82-'99), S-10 Blazer 2wd ('83-'94), Blazer 2wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 2wd ('82-'90), Sonoma 2wd ('91-'99),<br> S-15 Jimmy 2wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 2wd ('92-'99), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('96-'99) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('83-'99), S-10 Blazer 4wd ('83-'94), Blazer 4wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 4wd ('83-'90), Sonoma 4wd ('91-'99), Syclone 4wd ('91),<br> S-15 Jimmy 4wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 4wd ('92-'99), Typhoon 4wd ('92-93), Envoy 4wd ('98-'99), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('91-'94, '96-'99),<br> Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('98-'99) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |- |V||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V10/V1500 Blazer 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V1500 Jimmy 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91 |- |W||'81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero |- |X||Extended length All-Purpose Vehicle ('97-'99 U-body fwd extended length minivans) |- |Z||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '81-'84, Fwd Fleetwood '85-'92) |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Pontiac Aztek 2wd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous 2wd '02-'07 |- |A||Chevrolet HHR '06-'09, HHR Panel '07-'09 |- |B||Pontiac Aztek Awd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous Awd '02-'06 |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '00, full-size chassis cabs 2wd (C3500HD) '01-'02, Silverado 2wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 2wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 2wd (C-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 2wd '00, '07 |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('00-'09), Suburban 2wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 2wd ('02-'09),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 2wd ('00-'09), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'09), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08-'09) |- |E||Chevrolet Tracker 2wd '00-'04 |- |E||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '04-'09 |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 2wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '00-09 |- |H||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 4wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '03-09 |- |H||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on Fwd DeVille '02-'05, DTS '06-'09) |- |H||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DeVille '00-'05, DTS '06-'07) |- |J||Chevrolet Tracker 4wd '00-'04 |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '00, Silverado 4wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 4wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 4wd (K-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 4wd '00, '07 |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('00-'09), Suburban 4wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 4wd ('00-'09),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('00, '02-'09), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'09), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'09) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DTS '08-'09) |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '00-'05 |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '05-'09, Pontiac Torrent 2wd & Awd '06-'09, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '08-'09 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '00-'05 |- |N||Hummer H2 '03-'09, H2 SUT '05-'09 |- |N||Hummer H3 '06-'09, H3T '09 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd, Saturn Outlook 2wd '07-'09, Buick Enclave 2wd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse 2wd '09 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('00-'03), Blazer 2wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03), Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00) |- |S||Chevy Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'09), SSR ('03-'06), GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04),<br> Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07), Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08) |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 2wd ('06-'08) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('00-'04), Blazer 4wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04), Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01, Canada only: '02-'05), Envoy 4wd ('00),<br> Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00) |- |T||Chevy Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('02-'04), Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'07),<br> Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08), Saab 9-7X 4wd ('05-'09) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 4wd ('06-'08) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander [US: '06-'08, Canada only: '05-'09], Pontiac Montana SV6 [Canada only: '05-'09]) |- |V||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('02-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length AWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana Extended length FWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander ['05-'08, Canada only: '09], Pontiac Montana SV6 ['05-'06, Canada only: '07-'09],<br> Buick Terraza ['05-'07], Saturn Relay ['05-'07]) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd, Saturn Outlook Awd '07-'09, Buick Enclave Awd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse Awd '09 |- |X||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length FWD) |- |X||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05-'06 Chevy Uplander AWD, Pontiac Montana SV6 AWD, Buick Terraza AWD, Saturn Relay AWD) |- |Z||Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '02-'07 |} ====Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||1/2 Ton (includes '96-'99 Isuzu Hombre) |- |2||3/4 Ton |- |3||1 Ton |- |8||1/2 Ton ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |9||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |} ====Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS ('06-'07) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('06-'07) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('07) |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/man. trans. ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 2LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN) |- |7 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN) |- |6 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/auto. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |7 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/man. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |8 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |9 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |2 <br> (following U)||Chevrolet Uplander LS SWB 2wd ('06-'08) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Base model 2wd ('05) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Cargo Van 2wd ('05-'08) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LS 2wd ('05-'08) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LT 2wd ('05-'08) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Chevrolet Uplander LT Awd ('05-'06) |- |1 <br> (following M)||Chevrolet Astro 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Astro Awd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |2 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: Chevrolet Express 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series LT 2wd ('01-'02) |- |1 <br> (following H)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series Awd ('03-'09) |- |2 <br> (following H)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series Awd ('03-'05) |- |1 <br> (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 2wd ('00-'04) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 2wd ('01-'04) |- |1 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 4wd ('00-'01, '04) |- |1 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SB (Preferred) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03) |- |2 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SA (Base) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03) |- |6 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 4wd ('01-'04) |- |7 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker ZR2 4wd ('01-'04) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS 2wd ('05-'09) |- |2 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS Awd ('05-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT 2wd ('05-'07) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT Awd ('05-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT 2wd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT 2wd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT Awd ('08-'09) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ 2wd ('08-'09) |- |8 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ Awd ('08-'09) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport 2wd ('08-'09) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport Awd ('08-'09) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LS Awd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LT Awd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ Awd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Blazer 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Blazer 4wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 2wd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 4wd ('02-'06) |- |3 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Limited 2wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Z71 4wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 2wd ('07-'09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 4wd ('07-'09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 2wd ('02-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 2wd ('02-'03) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 4wd ('02-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 4wd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet SSR 2wd ('03-'06) |- |6 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet SSR Signature Series 2wd ('03) <br> [All SSR Signature Series also have a 0 in the 12th pos. of VIN whereas all other SSRs have a 1 in the 12th pos. of VIN] |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet S-10 2wd ('00-'03) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet S-10 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Colorado 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Colorado 4wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA 2wd ('05) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB 2wd ('05) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA Awd ('05) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB Awd ('05) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('06) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 2wd ('06) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Awd ('06) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Pontiac Aztek 2wd ('01-'05) |- |0 <br> (following B)||Pontiac Aztek Awd ('01-'05) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent 2wd ('06-'07) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Awd ('06-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model 2wd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP 2wd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP Awd ('08-'09) |- |0 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('00, '03-'04), GLS 2wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere 2wd ('00-'04) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('01-'02) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GLS Awd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere Awd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza CX 2wd ('05-'07), CX Plus 2wd ('07) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza CXL 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Buick Terraza CX Awd ('05-'06) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Buick Terraza CXL Awd ('05-'06) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Buick Rendezvous 2wd ('02-'07) |- |0 <br> (following B)||Buick Rendezvous Awd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'06) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Buick Enclave CX 2wd ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Buick Enclave CXL 2wd ('08-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Buick Enclave CX Awd ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Buick Enclave CXL Awd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX ('04-'07) |- |2 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V8 ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V6 ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is 7: Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('08) |- |6 <br> (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is A: Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Early '00) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Platinum Edition 4wd ('08), Escalade ESV Platinum Edition 4wd ('08) |- |6 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'08), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08) |- |6 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Mid '00, '02-'08), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'08), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd Base model ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2wd Base model ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd Base model ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09),<br> Escalade EXT 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 4wd Base model ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd w/Sport Package ('09) |- |1 <br> (following M)||GMC Safari 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following L)||GMC Safari Awd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |2 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: GMC Savana 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series SLT 2wd ('01-'02) |- |1 <br> (following H)||GMC Savana 1500 series Awd ('03-'09) |- |2 <br> (following H)||GMC Savana 2500 series Awd ('03-'05) |- |1 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLE 2wd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 2wd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 2wd ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLE Awd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 Awd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 Awd ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01) |- |6 <br> (following S)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 2wd ('01) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01 & '02-'05 in Canada) |- |6 <br> (following T)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 4wd ('01) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 2wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05) |- |6 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 2wd ('05-'06) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 4wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 4wd ('04-'05) |- |6 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 4wd ('05-'06) |- |3 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy SLE 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy SLE 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy SLT 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy SLT 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon SLE 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon SLT 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon SLE 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon SLT 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Early '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Mid '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('01-'06) [GMT800] |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('08) [GMT900] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 2] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('08) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('01-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 2wd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 4wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 4wd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09) [8th pos. of VIN is 2] |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'07) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''2'' 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''3'' 2wd ('05-'07) |- |5 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''1'' 2wd ('07) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Saturn Relay ''3'' Awd ('05-'06) |- |2 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Man. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07) |- |3 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07) |- |4 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'05) |- |5 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('03-'07) |- |6 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Fwd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is C: Saturn Vue XR Fwd ('08-'09) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Early '08) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Mid '08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is D: Saturn Vue XR Awd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Fwd ('08-'09) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('08) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('08) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd w/Touring Package ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd w/Touring Package ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 ('06-'07) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Base model ('08) |- |3 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Adventure ('08) |- |4 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Luxury ('08) |- |5 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 X ('08) |- |6 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Alpha ('08) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T ('09) |- |2 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 ('03-'08), H2 SUT ('05-'08) |- |2 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Base model ('09), H2 SUT Base model ('09) |- |7 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Adventure ('09) |- |8 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Luxury ('09) |- |9 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Adventure ('09) |- |0 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Luxury ('09) |- |1 (following S)||Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00), Isuzu i280 2wd ('06), Isuzu i290 2wd ('07-'08), Isuzu i370 2wd ('07-'08) |- |2 (following S)||Isuzu i290 2wd w/Preferred Equip. Pkg. ('08), Isuzu i370 2wd w/Comfort Pkg. or upgrade model ('08) |- |1 (following T)||Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00), Isuzu i350 4wd ('06), Isuzu i370 4wd ('07-'08) |- |2 (following T)||Isuzu i370 4wd w/Comfort Pkg. ('08) |- |1 (following S)||Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08) |- |1 (following T)||Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08) |- |1 (following T)||Saab 9-7X ('05-'08: All, '09: 4.2i, 5.3i) |- |2 (following T)||Saab 9-7X Aero ('09) |} ====Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Body type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |0||Sedan Pickup/Pickup Delivery ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |0||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||Chassis Only |- |1||Cutaway Van |- |2||Forward Control ('81-'03) (includes '93-'95 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD) |- |2||Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('04-'09 Avalanche & Escalade EXT, '04-'05 Envoy XUV, '05-'09 Hummer H2 SUT) |- |3||Four-Door Cab pickup (Crew Cab) (includes '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Crew Cab, '09 Hummer H3T) |- |3||4-door Passenger Minivan ('97-'09 U-bodies) |- |3||4-door SUV or MPV ('06-'09 HHR) (also includes '02-'03 Avalanche & Escalade EXT) ('05-'09 Saab 9-7X) |- |4||Two-Door Cab pickup (includes '83-'87 S-10/S-15 extended cab pickups, '03-'06 Chevy SSR, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre Reg. Cab) |- |5||Van (Astro/Safari & full-size vans & '07-'09 HHR Panel) |- |6||Extended length 4-door SUV (Suburban, Yukon XL, Escalade ESV, Trailblazer EXT, Envoy XL, Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.) |- |6||3-door Passenger Minivan ('90-'99 U-bodies) |- |7||Motor Home Chassis ('81-'09) |- |8||Two-Door SUV (Utility) (2-d Tracker, S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy, Blazer, Jimmy, Tahoe, Yukon) |- |9||Stake (81-87) |- |9||Extended Cab pickup ('88-) (includes '97-'00 Isuzu Hombre Spacecab, '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Ext. Cab) |- |9||Extended length van ('90-) (Astro/Safari & full-size vans) |} ===American VIN format 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>R</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System !Body Style |- | ||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic|| |- | ||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic|| |- |A||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV or MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR Panel, '10-'26 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue,<br> '12-'15 Chevy Captiva Sport, '19-'24 Cadillac XT4, '24-'26 Buick Encore GX) |- |B||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||46: 4-door MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR) |- |J||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door, 4 window Hatchback ('18-'23 Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |D||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |E||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||75: Four-Door Wagon - High Roof Monocab (Canada only: '12-'14 Chevy Orlando) |- |M||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('20-'23 Buick Encore GX) |- |9||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('21-'26 Chevy Trailblazer) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||58: 4-door Utility Extended ('24-'26 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||76: 4-door SUV ('13-'22 Buick Encore, Canada only: '13-'14 Chevy Trax, US & Canada: '15-'22 Chevy Trax) |- |F||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10-'17 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue, '10-'16 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X,<br> '12-'13 Chevy Captiva Sport, '16-'26 Buick Envision, '17 Cadillac XT5, '19-'25 Cadillac XT4) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'24 Chevy Colorado, '15-'22 GMC Canyon) |- |K||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |T||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |7||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, Buick Enclave, Saturn Outlook) |- |K||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('11-'17 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '11-'23 GMC Acadia, '17 Acadia Limited,<br> '17-'26 Cadillac XT5, '19-'26 Chevy Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6, '23-'26 Cadillac Lyriq EV,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Blazer EV, '25-'26 Cadillac Optiq EV, '24-'26 Honda Prologue EV, '24 Acura ZDX EV A-Spec) |- |7||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 Chevy Equinox EV) |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('18-'26 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '24 Chevy Traverse Limited,<br> '24-'26 GMC Acadia |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Hummer H3) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'20 Chevy Tahoe Police Pursuit Vehicle 2wd) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-13 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra, Hummer H3T) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited, '16-'26 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |S||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited,<br> '16-'22 Chevy Colorado) |- |G||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |8||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |X||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('13-'19 Cadillac XTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'26 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |T||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-'13 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24 Acura ZDX EV Type S) |- |C||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Vistiq EV) |- |W||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |Y||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |9||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'13 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana,<br> '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |1||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '24-'25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 module battery pack,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Silverado EV, '25-'26 GMC Sierra EV) |- |5||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |B||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 GMC Hummer EV SUV) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |7||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22-'24 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/24 module battery pack, '25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 or 24 module battery pack, '26 GMC Hummer EV pickup, '24-'25 Chevy Silverado EV, GMC Sierra EV) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |5||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'18, '20-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('16-'19, '24-'26 Chevy Suburban 3500HD) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('22 BrightDrop EV600, '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |T||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('25-'26 GMC Hummer EV SUV, '25-'26 Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV]) |- |L||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Escalade IQL [EV]) |- |9||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- | ||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic|| |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Chevrolet HHR ('10-'11), HHR Panel ('10-'11) |- |A||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |B||Chevy Blazer 2wd & Awd '19-'26 |- |C||Chevy Silverado 2wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 2wd '19, Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd '19, GMC Sierra 2wd ('10) |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('10-'24), Suburban 2wd ('10-'24), Avalanche 2wd ('10-'13),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('10), Yukon XL 2wd ('10), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('10), Escalade ESV 2wd ('10) |- |D||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('22-'24) |- |D||Chevy Blazer EV ('24-'26), Chevy Equinox EV ('24-'26) |- |E||Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV] ('25-'26), Escalade IQL [EV] ('26-), GMC Hummer EV pickup ('26-), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('26-), GMC Sierra EV ('26-) |- |F||Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle ('18-'23) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Limousine & for Armored Vehicle (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Hearse (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Chevy Express 2wd ('10-'26), GMC Savana 2wd ('10) |- |H||Chevy Express 4wd ('10-'14), GMC Savana 4wd ('10) |- |H||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |H||Honda Prologue EV ('24-'26), Acura ZDX EV ('24) |- |J||Buick Encore 2wd & Awd ('13-'22), Chevy Trax 2wd & Awd (Canada: '13-'22, US: '15-'22) |- |J||BrightDrop EV600 ('22), BrightDrop Zevo 600 ('23-'24), BrightDrop Zevo 400 ('24), Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 ('25-'26) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 4wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 4wd ('19), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), GMC Sierra 4wd ('10) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('25-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban HD 4wd ('24-'26), Avalanche 4wd ('10-'13), GMC Yukon 4wd ('10), Yukon XL 4wd ('10),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('10), Escalade ESV 4wd ('10), Escalade EXT 4wd ('10) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |K||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Captiva Sport 2wd '12-'15, Captiva Sport Awd '12, GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '10 |- |L||GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |L||Buick Envista '24-'26, Chevy Trax '24-'26 |- |M||Buick Encore GX 2wd & Awd ('20-'26), Chevy Trailblazer 2wd & Awd ('21-'26) |- |N||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '10-'16, Saab 9-4X 2011 |- |N||GMC Acadia 2wd & Awd '17-'26, Cadillac XT5 2wd & Awd '17-'26 |- |N||Hummer H3, H3T 2010 |- |P||Chevy Orlando (Canada only: '12-'14) |- |P||Cadillac XT6 2wd & Awd '20-'25 |- |P||Cadillac Lyriq EV 2wd & Awd '23-'25 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd '10-'16, Acadia Limited 2wd '17, Saturn Outlook 2wd '10, Buick Enclave 2wd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse 2wd '10-'17 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse 2wd '18-'23 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse 2wd '24-'26 |- |S||Chevy Traverse Limited 2wd '24 |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 2wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 4wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Traverse Limited Awd '24 |- |U||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd '10-'16, Acadia Limited Awd '17, Saturn Outlook Awd '10, Buick Enclave Awd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse Awd '10-'17 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse Awd '18-'23 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse Awd '24-'26 |- |W||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 2wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |X||Buick Envision 2wd & Awd '16-'20, Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |Y||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 4wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |Z||Cadillac XT4 2wd & Awd '19-'25, Buick Envision 2wd '21-'23, Buick Envision Awd '21-'26 |- |1||GMC Sierra 2wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('19), Yukon 2wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 2wd ('11-'26) |- |1||GMC Canyon 2wd ('25-'26) |- |2||GMC Sierra 4wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), Yukon 4wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 4wd ('11-'26) |- |2||GMC Canyon 4wd ('25-'26) |- |3||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 2wd ('11-'24) |- |3||Cadillac Optiq EV ('25-), Cadillac Vistiq EV ('26-) |- |4||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade EXT 4wd ('11-'13) |- |5||GMC Canyon 2wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |5||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('25-'26), Suburban 2wd ('25-'26) |- |6||GMC Canyon 4wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |6||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('25-'26), Suburban 4wd ('25-'26) |- |7||GMC Savana 2wd ('11-'26) |- |8||GMC Savana 4wd ('11-'14) |- |8||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |8||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 2wd ('25-'26) |- |9||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |9||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 4wd ('25-'26) |- |0||GMC Hummer EV pickup ('22-'25), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('24-'25), Chevy Silverado EV ('24-'26), GMC Sierra EV ('24-'25) |} ====Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A (following L)||Saturn Vue XE 2wd ('10) |- |E (following L)||Saturn Vue XR V6 2wd ('10) |- |K (following L)||Saturn Vue XR-L V6 2wd ('10) |- |T (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('10) |- |U (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium 2wd ('10) |- |V (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L 2wd ('10) |- |W (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium 2wd ('10) |- |T (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('10) |- |U (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium Awd ('10) |- |V (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Awd ('10) |- |W (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium Awd ('10) |- |G (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Base model ('10) |- |H (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Adventure ('10) |- |J (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Luxury ('10) |- |K (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/cloth ('10) |- |L (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/Leather ('10) |- |P (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i 2wd ('11) |- |R (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Awd ('11) |- |S (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium 2wd ('11) |- |T (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium Awd ('11) |- |U (following N)||Saab 9-4X Aero Awd ('11) |} ===Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car=== GM used a lettered system of automobile platform codes for three decades. These letters were used as the 4th position of the VIN. Though today's GM platforms use Greek characters, they are still encoded with Latin characters in the 4th position. Position 5 encodes the specific model and trim level of the vehicle. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Platform<br>Code !Series<br>Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=14|GM A platform |rowspan=14|A||W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1985-1990 |- |E||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1986-1988 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1985-1988, 6000 ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1985-1989 |- |J||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1993-1994 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1985, Cutlass Ciera 1986-1989 & Cutlass Cruiser 1985-1989,<br /> Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Coupe 1986-1987, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' 1990-1991 & Cutlass Cruiser ''S'' 1990-1994, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' & Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1995, Ciera ''SL'' sedan & wagon 1996 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1990-1991, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1992 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1985-1988, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Coupe 1986-1989, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Sedan 1989-1993, Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' 1987-1988, Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1989-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''International Series'' 1988-1990 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1985-1986, Century ''Special'' 1991-1996 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1985-1995 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1985-1993, Century Estate Wagon 1986-1989 |- |rowspan=14|GM B platform |rowspan=14|B||L||Chevrolet Impala 1985, Caprice 1986-1992, Caprice Classic 1993-1996, Impala SS 1995-96 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1985-1992, Caprice Classic LS 1993-1994,<br /> Caprice Classic LTZ 1991-1993, Impala SS 1994 |- |U||Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brougham/Brougham LS 1987-1990 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1985-1986, Safari Wagon 1987-1989 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1985-1986 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1985 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1985-1992 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1985 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1985 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1985, Roadmaster sedan 1992-1996 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1985 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1985-1989, Estate Wagon 1990,<br /> Roadmaster Estate Wagon 1991-1996 |- |T||Buick Roadmaster ''Limited'' sedan 1992-1996 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1985-1989 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=13|C |V||Oldsmobile Touring Sedan 1988-1990, 98 Touring Sedan 1991-1993 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1985-1990, 98 Regency Elite 1991-1996 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1985-1990, 1992-1994 |- |F||Buick Electra T-Type 1985-1990 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue Ultra 1989-1990, Park Avenue Ultra 1991-1996 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1985-1990, Park Avenue 1991-1996 |- |X||Buick Electra 1985-1986, Electra Limited 1987-1990 |- |B||1985-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood, Fleetwood D'Elegance, 1993 Cadillac Sixty Special |- |D||1985-1993 Cadillac DeVille |- |G||1991-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |H||1985-1987 Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine |- |S||1987-1990 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |T||1991-1993 Cadillac DeVille Touring Sedan |- |rowspan=3|GM G platform (models formerly on C platform) |rowspan=3|C |- |U||Buick Park Avenue Ultra 1997-2005 |- |W||Buick Park Avenue 1997-2005 |- |rowspan=2|GM D platform |rowspan=2|D||W||1985-1986 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, 1987-1992 Cadillac Brougham |- |W||1993-1996 Cadillac Fleetwood |- |rowspan=31|GM Delta I platform |rowspan=31|A |- |A||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/manual trans. 2010 |- |B||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |C||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |D||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |E||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |F||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |G||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Turbo 2010 |- |H||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model w/XFE) 2010 |- |K||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model) 2005, Cobalt LS 2006-2008, Cobalt LS w/man. trans. 2009 |- |L||Chevrolet Cobalt LS 2005, Cobalt LT 2006-2008, Cobalt LT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |M||Chevrolet Cobalt SS 2006-2007, Cobalt Sport 2008 |- |P||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged 2005-2007, SS Turbo 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Cobalt LT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |Z||Chevrolet Cobalt LT 2005, Cobalt LTZ 2006-2007 |- |L||Pontiac G5 2007-2008, G5 w/manual trans. 2009 |- |N||Pontiac G5 GT 2007-2008, G5 GT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |S||Pontiac G5 w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Pontiac G5 GT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |F||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/manual trans. 2003-2005 |- |G||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/automatic trans. 2003-2005 |- |J||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |K||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |L||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |M||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |N||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |V||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |W||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |Y||Saturn Ion coupe Red Line 2004-2007 |- |Z||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |rowspan=9|GM E platform |rowspan=9|E |- |V||Oldsmobile Toronado Trofeo 1988-1992 |- |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1985-1986, Toronado 1987-1992 |- |C||Buick Reatta 1988-1991 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1985-1986 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1985-1993 |- |C||Cadillac Eldorado Collector Series 2002 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1985-2002 |- |T||Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe 1994-2002 |- |rowspan=26|GM Epsilon I platform |rowspan=26|Z||A||Chevrolet Malibu Fleet 2010-2012 |- |B||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2010-2012 |- |C||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2010-2012 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2010-2012 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2010-2011, Malibu 1LZ 2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 2008-2010, Malibu 3LT 2012 |- |G||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2008-2009, Malibu 2LZ 2012 |- |H||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2008-2009 |- |J||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2008-2009 |- |K||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Malibu 2004-2005, Malibu LS 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LS 2008 |- |T||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2004-2005, Malibu LT 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LT 2008 |- |U||Chevrolet Malibu LT 2004-2005, Malibu LTZ 2006-2007 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu SS 2006-2007 |- |A||Pontiac G6 Sedan 2010 |- |F||Pontiac G6 2.4L Sedan (Base model) 2006, G6 Value Leader (Base model w/1SV) 2007-2008 |- |G||Pontiac G6 3.5L Sedan (Base model) 2005-2006, G6 (Base model) 2007-2009 |- |H||Pontiac G6 GT 2005-2009 |- |J||Pontiac G6 (Base model) 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |K||Pontiac G6 GT 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |L||Pontiac G6 GXP 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |M||Pontiac G6 GTP 2006-2007, G6 GXP 2008-2009 |- |R||Saturn Aura Green Line 2007-2009 |- |S||Saturn Aura XE 2007-2009 |- |V||Saturn Aura XR 2007-2008, Aura XR 2.4L 2009 |- |X||Saturn Aura XR V6 2009 |- |rowspan=6|GM F platform |rowspan=6|F||P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1985-2002, Convertible 1987-1992, 1994-2002 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1985-2002, Firebird ''Formula'' 1987-1992 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula / Trans Am'' 1993-2002, Firebird ''Trans Am GT'' 1994 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1985-1992, Firebird ''Trans Am GTA'' 1987-1992 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''S/E'' 1985-1986 |- |rowspan=13|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=13|G||Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1985-1988 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1985-1987 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LE 1985-1987 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1985-1986 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1985-1987 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1985-1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon coupe 1985-1987 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1985-1987,<br /> Cutlass Supreme Classic ''Brougham'' 1988 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1985-1987, Cutlass Supreme Classic 1988 |- |J||Buick Regal 1985-1987 |- |K||Buick Regal T-Type 1985-1987 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=4|GM G platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|G||D||1995-1999 Buick Riviera |- |R||1995-1999 Oldsmobile Aurora |- |R||2001-2002 Oldsmobile Aurora 3.5 |- |S||2001-2003 Oldsmobile Aurora 4.0 |- |rowspan=9|GM H platform |rowspan=9|H||H||Buick Le Sabre 1987 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1986-1999 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1986-1999 |- |C||Oldsmobile Regency 1997-1998, Eighty Eight 50th Anniversary Edition 1999 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1986-1988, 88 Royale 1989-1995, Eighty Eight & Eighty Eight LS 1996-99 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1986-1988, 88 Royale Brougham 1989-91, Eighty Eight Royale LS 1992-1995, LSS 1996-1999 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville 1987, Bonneville LE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SE'' 1992-1999 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville SSE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1992-1993 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1987, Bonneville SE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSE'' 1992-1999, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1994-1999 |- |rowspan=17|GM G platform (models formerly on H platform or their successors) |rowspan=17|H||A||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2010-2011 |- |B||Buick Lucerne ''CX-2'' 2010 |- |C||Buick Lucerne ''CXL'' 2010-2011 |- |D||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V6'' 2006-2009, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition'' 2010 |- |E||Buick Lucerne ''CXS'' 2006-2008, Lucerne ''CXL-3'' 2010 |- |F||Buick Lucerne ''Super'' 2008-2009, Lucerne ''CXL-4'' 2010 |- |G||Buick Lucerne ''CXL-5'' 2010 |- |H||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1SP'' 2010 |- |J||Buick Lucerne ''CXL Premium'' 2010-2011 |- |K||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1XS'' 2010, Lucerne ''Super'' 2011 |- |P||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2006-2009 |- |R||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V8'' 2006-2007, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition V8'' 2008 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 2000-2005 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 2000-2005 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville ''SE'' 2000-2005 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville ''SLE'' 2000-2005 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville ''SSEi'' 2000-2003, Bonneville GXP 2004-2005 |- |rowspan=23|GM J platform |rowspan=23|J |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1985-1994, RS Convertible 1991-1994 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier CS 1985-1987 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier Type 10 1985, RS 1986-1988,<br /> Type 10 Convertible 1985, RS Convertible 1986-1987 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 1986-1994, Z24 Convertible 1988-1989, 1992-1994 |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1995-2005, Cavalier RS 1997-1999 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Sedan 1995-2005, LS Coupe 2003-2005, Z24 Coupe 1995-2001,<br /> LS Convertible 1995-1997, Z24 Convertible 1998-2000 |- |H||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 Coupe/Sedan 2002, LS Sport 2002-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Coupe 2002 |- |B||Pontiac Sunbird 1985-1989, Sunbird LE 1990-1991, Sunbird SE 1992-1993,<br /> Sunbird LE 1994 |- |C||Pontiac Sunbird LE 1985, Sunbird 1991, Sunbird LE 1992-1993 |- |D||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1985-1991, Sunbird GT 1992-1993 |- |L||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1994 |- |U||Pontiac Sunbird GT 1986-1991 |- |B||Pontiac Sunfire SE 1995-2002, Convertible 1995-2000, Sunfire 2003-2005 |- |D||Pontiac Sunfire GT 1995-2002 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1985-1987, Firenza S 1985-1987, Firenza 1988 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1985-1987, Firenza SX 1985, Firenza LC, GT 1986-1987 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1985-1986 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1985-1987, Skyhawk Sport 1986-1987, Skyhawk 1988-1989 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1985-1987 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1985-1988 |- |G, H||Toyota Cavalier (Japan only) |- |rowspan=8|GM2900 platform |rowspan=8|J||C||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.1 |- |D||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.2, 2005 Saturn L300 |- |L||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.3 |- |R||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/manual transmission '00/L100 w/manual transmission '01 |- |S||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/automatic transmission '00/L100 w/automatic transmission '01-'02 |- |T||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/manual transmission '00/L200 w/manual transmission '01-'03, LW200 w/manual trans. '02 |- |U||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/automatic transmission '00/L200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03,<br> Saturn LW1 w/automatic transmission '00/LW200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03 |- |W||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS2 '00, LW2 '00, L300 '01-'03, LW300 '01-'03 |- |rowspan=5|GM K platform |rowspan=5|K||D||Cadillac Deville 1994-1999 |- |E||Cadillac Deville D'Elegance 1997-1999 |- |F||Cadillac Deville Concours 1994-1999 |- |S||Cadillac Seville 1985-1993 / Cadillac Seville SLS 1994-1997 |- |Y||Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan / Cadillac Seville STS 1990-1997 |- |rowspan=9|GM G platform (models formerly on K platform) |rowspan=9|K||A||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS |- |D||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville, 2006-2009 Cadillac DTS, 2010-2011 DTS Luxury |- |E||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DHS |- |F||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DTS |- |H||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Premium |- |P||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Platinum |- |R||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Livery |- |S|| 1998-2004 Cadillac Seville SLS |- |Y|| 1998-2003 Cadillac Seville STS |- |rowspan=33|GM Kappa platform |rowspan=33|M||A||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice 2006-2007, Solstice w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |D||Pontiac Solstice w/manual transmission 2010 |- |E||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |G||Pontiac Solstice GXP 2007, Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |K||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |S||Pontiac Solstice SCCA SSB Championship Edition (2.4L) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice SCCA T2 Championship Edition (2.0L Turbo) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |Z||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky 2007, Sky w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |C||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |C||Saturn Sky Preferred w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |D||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |E||Saturn Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |F||Saturn Sky Preferred w/manual transmission 2010 |- |G||Saturn Sky Redline 2007, Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |H||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |L||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |P||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |R||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |T||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |V||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |X||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |G||Opel GT 2007-2010, Daewoo G2X 2007-2009 |- |rowspan=8|GM L platform |rowspan=8|L |- |D||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1994-1996 |- |T||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1987-1989, Corsica ''LT'' 1990-1993 |- |V||Chevrolet Beretta ''Base'' 1987-1996 |- |W||Chevrolet Beretta "GT" 1989-1993 (RPO Z21) & Beretta ''Z26'' 1994-1996 (RPO Z04) |- |Z||Chevrolet Corsica ''LTZ'' 1989-1990 (RPO Z54) |- |Z||Chevrolet Beretta "GTZ" 1990-1993 (RPO Z04) |- |T||Pontiac Tempest (Canada only) |- |rowspan=5|GM M platform |rowspan=5|M||R||Chevrolet Sprint |- |R||Geo Metro LSi, Metro |- |R||Pontiac Firefly (Canada only) |- |S||Chevrolet Sprint ER |- |S||Geo Metro, Metro XFi |- |rowspan=32|GM N platform |rowspan=32|N |- |B||Oldsmobile Cutlass 1997, Cutlass ''GL'' 1998-1999 |- |C||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1987-1991 |- |D||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1987-1989, Skylark 4-door ''Luxury Edition'' 1990-1991 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 1997-2003, Chevrolet Classic 2004-2005 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu ''LS'' 1997-2003 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am 1985-1988, Grand Am ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1992-2005 |- |F||Oldsmobile Calais 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais 1988, Cutlass Calais ''S'' 1989-1991 |- |F||Oldsmobile Achieva ''SL'' 1992-1994, Achieva ''SC'' 1994 |- |F||Oldsmobile Alero ''GLS'' 1999-2004 |- |F||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE1'' 2000-2004 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass ''GLS'' 1997-1999 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am 1991 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE2'' 2000, 2003-2004 |- |J||Buick Somerset Regal 1985, Somerset ''Custom'' 1986-1987, Skylark 2-door ''Custom'' 1988-91, Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1986 |- |J||Buick Skylark 1992, Skylark ''Limited'' 1993-1994, Skylark ''Custom'' 1996-1998,<br /> Skylark ''Limited'' & ''Gran Sport'' 1996-1997 |- |K||Buick Somerset ''T-Type'' 1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais ''International Series'' 1988-1991 |- |K||Oldsmobile Alero ''GX'' 1999-2004 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais 1989-1991 |- |L||Oldsmobile Achieva ''S'' 1992-1995, Achieva ''SL'' 1996-1998, Achieva ''SC'' 1996-1997 |- |L||Oldsmobile Alero ''GL'' 1999-2004 |- |M||Buick Somerset Regal ''Limited'' 1985, Somerset ''Limited'' 1986-'87, Skylark 2-door ''Limited'' '88-'89, Skylark 2-door ''Gran Sport'' 1990-1991, Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1986 |- |M||Buick Skylark ''Gran Sport'' 1992-1994 |- |T||Oldsmobile Calais ''Supreme'' 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais ''SL'' 1988-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark 1990-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark ''Custom'' 1993-1995, ''Limited'' 1995, ''Gran Sport'' 1995 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT1'' 2000-2005 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1986-1991 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT'' 1992-2005 |- |rowspan=5|GM P platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=5|P |- ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1985-1988 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1985-1987 |- ||G||Pontiac Fiero ''GT'' 1985-1988 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=1|GM P platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=1|P||X||General Motors EV1 1997, 1999 |- |rowspan=6|GM R platform |rowspan=6|R |- ||F||1985-1986 Chevrolet Spectrum |- ||F||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 3-door hatchback, 1989 Geo Spectrum 3-door hatchback |- ||F||1990-1993 Geo Storm |- ||G||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 4-door sedan, 1989 Geo Spectrum 4-door sedan |- ||T||1990-1993 Geo Storm GSi |- |rowspan=8|GM S platform |rowspan=8|S||K||1985-1988 Chevrolet Nova |- |K||1989-1997 Geo Prizm, 1998-2002 Chevrolet Prizm |- |L||1988 Chevrolet Nova Twin Cam, 1990-1992 Geo Prizm GSi |- |L||2003-2008 Pontiac Vibe, 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/manual transmission |- |M||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''AWD'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe AWD w/automatic transmission |- |N||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''GT'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/manual transmission |- |P||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/automatic transmission |- |R||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/automatic transmission |- |rowspan=32|GM Sigma platform |rowspan=32|D||A||Cadillac CTS Base model RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model RWD 2014 |- |B||Cadillac CTS Wagon Luxury Collection RWD 2014 |- |C||Cadillac CTS Base model AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection RWD 2014 |- |D||Cadillac CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection RWD 2014 |- |E||Cadillac CTS Luxury Collection RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model AWD 2014 |- |F||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Wagon Luxury Collection AWD 2014 |- |G||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection AWD 2014 |- |H||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection AWD 2014 |- |J||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection RWD 2010-2013 |- |K||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |L||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection AWD 2010-2013 |- |M||Cadillac CTS V6 2003-2004, CTS 2.8L 2005-2007, CTS Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |N||Cadillac CTS V-Series 2004-2007, 2009 |- |P||Cadillac CTS 3.6L 2005-2007, CTS Direct Inj. V6 Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |R||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2008 |- |S||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |T||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2009 |- |V||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS sedan V-Series 2010-2014, CTS Wagon V-Series 2011-2014, CTS Coupe V-Series 2011-2015 |- |0||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2010 |- |1||Cadillac CTS Eco Luxury Pkg. 2010 |- |2||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2011 |- |A||Cadillac STS V6 AWD 2008-2009 |- |B||Cadillac STS V8 AWD 2008-2009 |- |C||Cadillac STS V8 2005-2007, STS V8 RWD 2008-2009 |- |D||Cadillac STS V6 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |K||Cadillac STS V6 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |L||Cadillac STS V8 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac STS (all models) 2010, STS (Base model) 2011 |- |W||Cadillac STS V6 2005-2007, STS V6 RWD 2008-2009, STS Luxury 2011 |- |X||Cadillac STS V-Series 2006-2009, STS Luxury Performance 2011 |- |Z||Cadillac STS V8 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||B|| 1985-1987 Chevrolet Chevette CS |- |B||1985-1987 Pontiac Acadian (Canada only) |- |J||1985 Pontiac Acadian Scooter (Canada only) |- |L||1985-1987 Pontiac 1000 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||N|| Pontiac LeMans 1988, LeMans LE 1989-1991, LeMans SE 1992-1993 |- |R||1988-1989 Pontiac LeMans SE sedan |- |S||1988-1990 Pontiac LeMans GSE AeroCoupe |- |X||1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans VL AeroCoupe |- |rowspan=3|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=3|A |- |R||Saturn Astra XE (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |T||Saturn Astra XR (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |rowspan=4|Daewoo T200 platform |rowspan=4|T||D||Chevrolet Aveo Special Value 2004-2008, Base model 2004, LS 2005-2011, Aveo 1LT 2009-2011 |- |G||Chevrolet Aveo LT 2005-2008, Aveo 2LT 2009-2011 |- |J||Chevrolet Aveo LS 2004 |- |D||Pontiac G3 2009 |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1987-1992 Cadillac Allanté with standard removable hardtop |- |S||1990-1993 Cadillac Allanté |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |X||2004-2006 Pontiac GTO coupe |- |rowspan=49|GM W platform |rowspan=49|W |- |A||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LS'' 2014-2016 |- |B||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''LT'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LT'' 2014-2016 |- |C||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.9L 2006-2009, Impala ''LTZ'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LTZ'' 2014-2016 |- |D||Chevrolet Impala ''SS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''Police'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''Police'' 2014-2016 |- |E||Chevrolet Impala ''Taxi'' 2010-2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Impala 2000-2005, Impala ''LS'' Fleet (1FL) 2011-2013 |- |G||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' Fleet (2FL) 2011-2013 |- |H||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2000-2005 |- |J||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 2006-2007 |- |K||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.9L 2006, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2007 |- |L||Chevrolet Lumina 1990-2001, Lumina ''LS'' 1997-1999 |- |L||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2006-2007 |- |M||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2006 |- |N||Chevrolet Lumina ''Euro'' 1990-1994, Lumina ''LS'' 1995-1996, Lumina ''LTZ'' 1997-1999 |- |N||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LTZ'' 2006 |- |P||Chevrolet Lumina ''Z34'' 1991-1994, Impala ''SS'' 2004-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Impala ''Police'' 2006-2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.5L 2006-2009 |- |U||Chevrolet Impala ''LTZ'' 2006-2009 |- |V||Chevrolet Impala ''50th Anniversary Edition'' 2008 |- |W||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 1995-2005 |- |X||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''Z34'' 1995-1999, Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2000-2004, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 2005 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS Supercharged'' 2004-2005 |- |C||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GXP'' 2005-2008 |- |H||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1991-1993 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''LE'' 1990, Grand Prix ''SE'' 1991-2000 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''SE1'' 2000-2003 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix ''SE'' 1988-1990, Grand Prix ''GT'' 1991-1993, 1997-2003,<br /> Grand Prix ''GT1'' 2004, Grand Prix 2005-2008 |- |R||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GTP'' 1999-2005, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2006-2007 |- |S||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GT2'' 2004, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2005 |- |T||Pontiac Grand Prix ''STE'' 1990-1993 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1988-1991, Cutlass Supreme ''S'' 1992-1994,<br /> Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1995-1997, Intrigue 1998, Intrigue ''GX'' 1999-2002 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''International Series'' 1988-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1988-1991, Intrigue ''GL'' 1998-2002 |- |T||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Convertible 1990-1995 |- |X||Oldsmobile Intrigue ''GLS'' 1998-2002 |- |B||Buick Regal ''Custom'' 1988-1996, Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1995-1996, Regal ''LS'' 1997-2004 |- |C||Buick Lacrosse ''CX'' 2005-2009 |- |D||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1988-1996, Lacrosse ''CXL'' 2005-2009 |- |E||Buick Lacrosse ''CXS'' 2005-2008 |- |F||Buick Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1992-1994, Regal ''GS'' Sedan 1992-2004 |- |F||Buick Allure ''CX'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |H||Buick Allure ''CXS'' 2005-2008 (Canada only) |- |J||Buick Allure ''CXL'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |N||Buick Lacrosse ''Super'' 2008-2009 |- |P||Buick Allure ''Super'' 2008-2009 (Canada only) |- |S||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1997-2005 |- |Y||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1997-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM X platform |rowspan=3|X||B||1985 Buick Skylark Custom |- |C||1985 Buick Skylark Limited |- |X||1985 Chevrolet Citation II |- |rowspan=39|GM Y platform |rowspan=39|Y||V||2004-2009 Cadillac XLR |- |X||2006-2009 Cadillac XLR V-Series |- |Y||1985-2008 Chevrolet Corvette (all models except '90-'95 ZR-1) |- |Z||1990-1995 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1 |- |G||2009 Chevrolet Corvette GT1 Championship Edition (Base & Z06) |- |R||2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 (after early production) |- |Y||2009 Chevrolet Corvette (Base model, Early production Z06, Early production ZR1) |- |Z||2009 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (after early production) |- |A||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |B||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |C||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |D||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |E||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |F||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |G||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |H||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |J||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Standard 1LZ Man. Trans. |- |K||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Premium 2LZ Man. Trans. |- |L||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |M||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Standard 1ZR Man. Trans. |- |N||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |P||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |R||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |S||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |T||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |U||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |V||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |W||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |X||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |Y||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |Z||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |1||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |2||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |3||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |4||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |5||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |6||2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |7||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |8||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |rowspan=13|GM Z platform |rowspan=13|Z |- |E||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999 |- |F||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999, SL (manual transmission) 1991-02 |- |G||Saturn SC (manual transmission) 1991-1992, SC2 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-99,<br /> SL1 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW1 (manual transmission) 1993-1999 |- |H||Saturn SC (automatic transmission) 1991-92, SC2 (automatic transmission 2-Door) '93-'99,<br /> SL1 (automatic transmission) 1991-02, SW1 (automatic transmission LHD) '93-'99 |- |J||Saturn SL2 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (manual transmission) 1993-2001 |- |K||Saturn SL2 (automatic transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 1993-1999) |- |M||Saturn SW1 "Postal" [SWP] (automatic transmission RHD) 1999-2001 <br>(Made for US Postal Service rural route mail carriers) |- |N||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 2000-01) |- |P||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |R||Saturn SC2 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |S||Saturn SL Spring Special 2002 |- |Y||Saturn SC2 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM Zeta platform (VE) |rowspan=3|E||C||Pontiac G8 GT |- |P||Pontiac G8 GXP |- |R||Pontiac G8 (Base model) |- |rowspan=2|GM Zeta platform (VF) |rowspan=2|F||1||2014-2017 Chevrolet SS w/automatic transmission |- |2||2015-2017 Chevrolet SS w/manual transmission |- |GM Zeta platform (WM) |M||K||2011-2013 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |GM Zeta platform (WN) |N||S||2014-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |rowspan=19|GM Zeta platform (models formerly on F platform) |rowspan=19|F||A||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' automatic transmission 2010-2011, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2012-2014, ''LS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |B||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |C||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |D||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |E||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |G||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |H||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "J" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |K||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2015 |- |L||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2013-2014, ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2015 |- |M||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "W" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2014. Note: Must have "E" in 8th position of VIN. |- |T||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014 |- |Z||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2013-2014, ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2015 |- |} RHD= Right-Hand Drive ====Model Line 2010- Passenger Car (Using Vehicle Platforms introduced 2010 or later)==== The Model Line is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for Passenger Cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Cadillac ATS 2013-2019 |- |A||Cadillac CTS sedan 2014-2019, CTS V-Series sedan 2016-2019 |- |B||Chevrolet Cruze 2016-2019 |- |C||Chevrolet Spark 2013-2022, Spark EV 2014-2016 |- |D||Cadillac CT4 2020-2026 |- |D||Cadillac CT5 2020- |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro 2016-2024 |- |F||Chevrolet Bolt EV 2017-2023, Bolt EUV 2022-2023, Bolt 2027 |- |G||Buick LaCrosse 2010-2016 |- |G||Buick Regal 2011-2020, Buick Regal TourX 2018-2020 |- |J||Chevrolet Sonic 2016-2020 |- |K||Cadillac CT6 2016-2020 |- |M||Cadillac Celestiq EV 2025- |- |P||Buick Verano 2012-2017 |- |P||Chevrolet Cruze 2011-2015, Cruze Limited 2016 |- |R||Cadillac ELR 2014, 2016 |- |R||Chevrolet Volt 2011-2019 |- |W||Buick Cascada 2016-2019 |- |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 2014- |- |Z||Buick LaCrosse 2017-2019 |- |Z||Chevrolet Malibu 2016-2025 |- |1||Cadillac XTS 2013-2019 |- |1||Chevrolet Impala 2014-2020 |- |1||Chevrolet Malibu 2013-2015, Malibu Limited 2016 |- |} ===Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car=== The Body type is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |2||Two-Door Hatchback |- |3||Two-Door Convertible |- |4||Two-Door Wagon ('91-'92 Geo Storm Hatchback) |- |5||Four-Door Sedan |- |6||Four-Door Hatchback |- |7||Four-Door Hatchback ('89-'90 Geo Prizm hatchback) |- |8||Four-Door Station Wagon |- |9||Four-Door Station Wagon - High Roof Monocab |} ===American restraint types 1987-=== The restraint type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 1987-2009==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |1||Active (Manual) belts 1987-1996 |- |2||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1992-2005<br />(For '94-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix coupe: Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |3||Active (Manual) belts plus driver side front airbag 1988-1996 <br />(For '94 Geo Prizm: Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |4||Passive (Automatic) belts 1987-1996 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 1997-2005 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2006-2009 |- |5||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver side front airbag 1992-1996 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & driver-side side impact airbag 2000-2005 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |6||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1994-1996 |- |6||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & occupant sensor 2000-2009 |- |7||Active (Manual) belt driver & Passive (Automatic) belt passenger plus driver and passenger front airbags 1996 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & rear side airbags 2000-2005 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |8||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |9|| |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010- |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017, 2027 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2010 |- |G||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017 |- |N||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front knee airbags 2016-2019 |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2012- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2011- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain airbags 2011 |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2012-2017 |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2010 |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2011- |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2010 |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2011- |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010 |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2011- |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2010 |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010- |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2011-2015 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2016- |- |H||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver-side side-impact airbag & driver-side side curtain airbag 2023-2024 |- |K||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center airbags 2013- |- |L||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & driver-side knee airbags 2017-2023 |- |M||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & front knee airbags 2025- |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2017- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2013- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver- and passenger-side side-impact airbags & side curtain airbags 2023- |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2013-2019 |} ===American engine codes 1981-=== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: ====Engine codes for passenger cars==== Warning: Issues with decoding are related to year/model combinations. Each year has a different breakdown for each code along with plants and some model/trim breakdowns over years. Entry: 1985-1988 Pontiac Fiero has a 9 engine code for the 2.8L L44 V6. Entry: 1986-1990 Cadillac Brougham, Oldsmobile 307 Cu. In. V8 vin code Y. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !RPO !Size !Type !Fuel !Valvetrain !Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |A||LD5||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81 Chevy Camaro (CA), Pontiac Catalina, Firebird, LeMans, Buick Century,<br /> '81-'83 Chevy Malibu (CA), '81-'84 Monte Carlo, Caprice, Impala (CA), '81-'87 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '81-'85 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre,<br /> '81-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, '84 Parisienne |- |A||LG0||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 H.O. '89-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, '89-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'94 Achieva, '90 Cutlass Supreme, '90-'94 Chevy Beretta |- |A||LH2||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac XLR, '05-'10 Cadillac STS |- |A||LCV||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13 Chevy Malibu, '16 Malibu Limited, '16-'19 Impala,<br /> '13-'16 Cadillac ATS |- |A||LV7||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '16-'22 Chevy Spark. |- |B||LG2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '86 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera. |- |B||L26||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8.<br /> '91-'93 Cadillac Eldorado, Seville, '91-'95 DeVille, '91-'92 Fleetwood, '91-'93 Sixty Special |- |B||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy Cobalt, '06-'07 Saturn Ion, '06-'10 Pontiac G6, Solstice,<br /> '07-'08 Pontiac G5, '07-'10 Saturn Sky, '08-'09 Saturn Aura, '08-'10 Chevy Malibu |- |B||LUV||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. '12-'20 Chevy Sonic, '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited |- |C||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '82-'87 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000/1000 |- |C||LN3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800). '88-'90 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera, Reatta, <br /> '88-'91 Buick LeSabre, Oldsmobile Delta 88/Eighty Eight, Pontiac Bonneville |- |C||L47||4.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Oldsmobile Aurora V8 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Aurora '95-'99, Aurora 4.0 '01-'03 |- |C||LS4||5.3 L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management.<br /> Transversely mounted for FWD. '05-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP, '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo SS,<br /> '06-'09 Chevy Impala SS, '08-'09 Buick LaCrosse Super. |- |C||LAF||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick LaCrosse '10-'11, Regal '11. |- |C||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '12 Chevy Cruze |- |D||LJ5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Indirect injection Diesel||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4FB1 diesel engine imported from Japan. '81-'86 Chevy Chevette |- |D||LD2||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4. '88-'95 Pontiac Grand Am, '88-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'95 Achieva,<br /> '88-'91 &'95 Buick Skylark, '90-'91 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '95 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |D||LC3||4.4&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Premium V). '06-'09 Cadillac XLR V-Series, Cadillac STS V-Series |- |E||LK9||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra |- |E||LA1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '99-'05 Grand Am, '99-'04 Alero, '00-'05 Impala, Monte Carlo |- |E||L03||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (305 cu. in.). '88-'92 Camaro/Firebird, '89-'93 Chevy Caprice,<br /> '91 Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Cadillac Brougham. |- |E||LXV||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Family 1 Gen 3 engine. W/VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Aveo, '09 Pontiac G3 |- |E||LS7||7.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '06-'13 Corvette Z06, '13 Corvette 427, '14-'15 Camaro Z/28 |- |E||LH7||1.6&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '17-'19 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |F||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '81 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '00-'04 Saturn L-Series, '02-'05 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire, Grand Am,<br /> '02-'04 Oldsmobile Alero, '03-'06 Saturn Ion, '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Chevy Cobalt |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy Cobalt, Malibu, Pontiac G5, '07 Saturn Ion. |- |F||LB9||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.). '85-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |G||L46||1.8&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '82 J-cars. |- |G||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.)<br /> '84-'86 Camaro/Firebird, '84-'88 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |G||LM3||2.2&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '90-'91 Chevy Cavalier & Corsica/Beretta. |- |G||LS1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '97-'04 Corvette, '98-'02 Camaro/Firebird, '04 Pontiac GTO |- |G||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2010 Buick LaCrosse, Cadillac CTS |- |G||LWE||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. PZEV emissions.<br /> '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '13-'18 Sonic. |- |H||LG4||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 F-bodies, '81-'83 Chevy Malibu, '81-'85 Impala,<br /> '81-'88 Caprice, Monte Carlo, '83-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, Parisienne, '83-'87 Grand Prix |- |H||LE4||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '92-'94 Pontiac Sunbird. |- |H||LX5||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Oldsmobile "Shortstar" V6 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Intrigue '99-'02, Aurora 3.5 '01-'02. |- |H||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09 Chevy Cobalt, Pontiac G5. |- |H||LUW||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. '11-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '12-'18 Sonic. |- |J||L39||4.4&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-'82 Chevy Caprice, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo,<br /> '81 Chevy Camaro |- |J||LA5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '84-'86 Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk. |- |J||LT5||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Based on Chevy Small-Block V8. Designed with Lotus Engineering.<br /> Made by Mercury Marine. Aluminum Block & Heads. '90-'95 Corvette ZR-1 |- |J||LG8||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen III. 3100. '99-'03 Chevy Malibu, '99 Oldsmobile Cutlass, '00-'01 Chevy Lumina,<br /> '00-'03 Pontiac Grand Prix SE, '00-'05 Buick Century |- |J||L99||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. VVT. With Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '10-'15 Camaro SS (auto. trans.) |- |J||LTA||4.2&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Blackwing V8. VVT. '19-'20 Cadillac CT6 Platinum & V-series |- |K||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Malibu, Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '81 Camaro. |- |K||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '85 Chevrolet Spectrum. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'91 Pontiac Sunbird, '87-'88 Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Australia by Holden.<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac LeMans GSE Aerocoupe, '89 LeMans SE sedan |- |K||L36||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series II). '95-'05: Various W-, H-, C-, & G-body models. '95-'02 Camaro/Firebird. |- |K||LZE||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. Flex-Fuel E85 compatible.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'11 Chevy Impala, '09-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6 |- |K||LEA||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick Regal, Verano '12-'17 (except '13 Regal). |- |K||LSY||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19 Cadillac CT6, '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT5 |- |L||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br> '81 Camaro Z28 (only w/auto. trans. in US), '81-'82 Impala 9C1 Police, '81 Malibu 9C1 Police |- |L||LL1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 H.O. (longitudinally mounted). '83-'84 Pontiac Firebird. |- |L||LN7||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6. '85-'87 Pontiac Grand Am, '85-'88 Oldsmobile & Buick N-bodies,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre |- |L||L27||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Tuned port injection|TPI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '90-'95 Buick Regal, '91-'94 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Park Avenue, '91 Reatta, '91-'93 Riviera, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Toronado, '92-'95 Buick LeSabre, '92-'94 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 88 |- |L||LNK||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine. VVTL-i. '03-'06 Pontiac Vibe GT |- |L||LKW||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. VVL. '14-'15 Chevy Malibu, Impala |- |L||L3B||2.7L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT4-V |- |M||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '85 Chevrolet Sprint |- |M||LT3||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'90 Pontiac Sunbird, '87 Buick Skyhawk T-Type, '87-'89 Pontiac Grand Am SE. |- |M||L82||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen III. 3100. '93-'97 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '94-'98 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '94-'99 Pontiac Grand Prix,<br /> '94-'96 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Regal, '94-'99 Century,<br /> '95-'99 Chevy Lumina, Monte Carlo, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, Oldsmobile Cutlass |- |M||LY9||2.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). Euro-market Cadillac CTS '03-'04. |- |M||LGD||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Impala, Buick Lucerne |- |M||LE2||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'19 Chevy Cruze. |- |N||LF9||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81-'85 Chevy Caprice, Impala, '82-'83 Malibu, '82-'84 Monte Carlo,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville, '81 Catalina, '83-'85 Parisienne,<br /> '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98, '81-'85 Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Delta 88, Custom Cruiser, Toronado,<br /> '81-'83 Buick Electra, '81-'85 LeSabre, Electra Estate wagon, Riviera, '82-'83 Regal,<br /> '81-'84 Cadillac DeVille, '81-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville |- |N||LG7||3.3&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3300). '89-'93 Buick Century, Skylark, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, '89-'91 Cutlass Calais,<br /> '92-'93 Achieva, Pontiac Grand Am. |- |N||LA3||3.2&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '03-'04 Cadillac CTS |- |N||LZ4||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'10 Chevy Impala,<br /> '07-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6, '07-'08 Saturn Aura |- |N||LFR||3.6L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||(Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). GM High Feature V6. '15-'17 Chevy Impala Bi-Fuel |- |P||LQ5||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '83-'86 J-cars ('83-'84 for Pontiac). |- |P||LT1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Heads: '92-'96 Corvette, '93-'97 Camaro/Firebird.<br /> Iron Heads: '94-'96 Chevy Caprice, Impala SS, Buick Roadmaster, Cadillac Fleetwood. |- |P||LSJ||2.0&nbsp;L||SC Straight-4|I4 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential central point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> '04-'07 Saturn Ion Red Line, '05-'07 Chevy Cobalt SS Supercharged. |- |P||LSA||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> Cadillac CTS V-Series '09-'15, Camaro ZL1 '12-'15 |- |P||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing '22+ |- |R||LR8||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '82-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'90 Chevy Celebrity, '82-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '82-'92 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '84-'88 Pontiac Fiero, '90-'92 Chevy Lumina |- |R||L81||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '97-'01 Cadillac Catera, '00-'05 Saturn L-Series |- |R||LZ8||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '07 Chevy Impala |- |R||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '09 Corvette ZR1. |- |R||LUK||2.4L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, Regal eAssist,<br /> '13-'14 Chevy Malibu Eco, '14 Chevy Impala Eco |- |S||LS5||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 265 cu. in.<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, Firebird, Grand Prix, LeMans, Buick Century, Regal. |- |S||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '83 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |S||LB8||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '85-'89 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||L32||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '93-'95 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||LS6||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '01-'04 Corvette Z06, '04-'05 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |S||LGX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac ATS, CTS, '16-'20 CT6, '16-'24 Chevrolet Camaro, '17-'19 Buick LaCrosse, '18–'20 Buick Regal GS |- |T||LU8||4.9&nbsp;L||V8 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird Formula & Trans Am. |- |T||LT7||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '82-'85 GM A-bodies. |- |T||LS2||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '85 GM C-bodies. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '90-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen II. '88-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '89-'93 Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '90-'94 Chevy Cavalier, Lumina,<br /> '91-'94 Pontiac Sunbird, '90-'93 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '90 Celebrity |- |T||LD9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("2.4 Twin Cam"). '96-'01 Pontiac Grand Am, '96-'97 Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '99-'01 Oldsmobile Alero, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, '96-'02 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |T||LP1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '05-'07 Cadillac CTS |- |T||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '10-'13 Corvette ZR1. |- |T||LFV||1.5L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'25 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||L68||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '85-'91 N-bodies |- |U||LS2||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Corvette, '05-'06 Pontiac GTO, '06-'07 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |U||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2011-12 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||LKN||1.8L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Full Hybrid. GM Medium Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br> '16-'19 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |V||LT6||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. RWD version.<br /> '82-'83 Chevy Malibu, Monte Carlo, '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |V||LG5||3.1&nbsp;L||V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen II. Intercooled. (ASC/McLaren modified).<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo coupe, '90 Grand Prix STE Turbo sedan |- |V||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '08-'11 Cadillac CTS, STS, '10-'11 Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse |- |V||LHU||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel (N/A on Regal GS). GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> Buick Regal '11-'13, Verano '13-'16. |- |W||L37||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird, LeMans Safari wagon. |- |W||LB6||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen I/II Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '85-'89 Chevy Cavalier, Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, '85-'88 Cadillac Cimarron,<br /> '85-'87 Oldsmobile Firenza, '86-'89 Cutlass Ciera, '87-'88 Buick Century, '87-'89 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '88-'89 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |W||L64||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Flex-fuel: Gas/M85 or Gas/E85 (2 versions). Gen II Chevrolet 60° V6. '93 Chevy Lumina VFV |- |W||L99||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '94-'96 Chevy Caprice. |- |W||LS3||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'13 Corvette, '10-'15 Camaro SS (man. trans.), '09 Pontiac G8 GXP, '14-'17 Chevy SS |- |W||LGY||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT5, CT5-V |- |X||LE2||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '81-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'86 Chevy Celebrity, Pontiac 6000,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century |- |X||LQ1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Chevrolet 60° V6 ("Twin Dual Cam V6"). '91-'97 Chevy Lumina, '95-'97 Chevy Monte Carlo,<br /> '91-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme |- |X||LNF||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> '07-'10 Pontiac Solstice GXP, Saturn Sky Red Line, '08-'10 Chevy Cobalt SS Turbo. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13-'22 Chevy Malibu, '13-'19 Cadillac ATS, '14-'20 Buick Regal,<br /> '14-'19 Cadillac CTS, '16-'23 Chevy Camaro, '16-'18 Cadillac CT6. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Plug-in hybrid. GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '17-'18 Cadillac CT6 PHEV. (VIN starts with LRE) |- |Y||LV2||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) '86-'90 Chevy Caprice wagon, '87 Caprice sedan (Can.),<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, '86 Parisienne, '87-'89 Safari wagon, '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98,<br /> '81-'85 Delta 88, Toronado, '81-'90 Custom Cruiser, '81 Cutlass Cruiser, '82-'87 Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '88 Cutlass Supreme Classic, '81-'84 Buick Electra, '85-'89 Electra Estate wagon,<br /> '81-'85 LeSabre, Riviera, '86-'89 LeSabre Estate wagon, '90 Estate wagon, '86-'87 Regal,<br /> '86 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, '87-'90 Brougham |- |Y||LD8||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado,<br /> '94-'04 Cadillac Seville SLS, '94-'05 Cadillac DeVille, '06-'11 Cadillac DTS,<br /> '04-'05 Pontiac Bonneville GXP, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |Y||L76||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '08-'09 Pontiac G8 GT. |- |Y||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2011 Cadillac CTS |- |Y||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac ATS-V '16-'19 |- |Z||LH7||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '81-'84 Chevy Citation, '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega ES, Buick Skylark, '83-'84 Pontiac 6000 STE, '84 Chevy Celebrity |- |Z||LB4||4.3L||V6||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85 Chevy Impala, '85-'90 Caprice,<br /> '92-'93 Caprice 9C6 taxi, '85-'88 Monte Carlo, '85-'86 Pontiac Parisienne, '86-'87 Grand Prix,<br> '86 Bonneville. |- |Z||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |Z||LUZ||2.0&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family B Diesel (Based on Fiat JTD engine). Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> Iron Block, Aluminum Heads. '14-'15 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |1||LC1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '82-'84 Camaro/Firebird. |- |1||LL8||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '87-'89 Chevy/Olds/Buick J-cars & Chevy L-cars. |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series I). '91-'95 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '92-'95 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 98, '95 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series II). '96-'05 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '96-'99 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS, '96-'03 Pontiac Bonneville, '97-'03 Grand Prix,<br /> '97-'04 Buick Regal, '04-'05 Chevy Impala SS, Monte Carlo SS Supercharged |- |1||LZ9||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Malibu SS, '06-'09 Pontiac G6, '06 Chevy Monte Carlo, Impala, '09-'10 Buick Lucerne |- |1||2H0||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '08 (& '09 in Canada) Saturn Astra |- |1||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '11 & some '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |- |2||LQ9||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Longitudinally mounted. '82-'85 Camaro/Firebird. |- |2||LS3||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo |- |2||LY8||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G13BB engine. '98-'01 Chevrolet Metro |- |2||L26||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series III). '04-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix, '05-'09 Buick LaCrosse, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |2||L77||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> E85 Flex Fuel. '11-'17 Chevy Caprice PPV. |- |3||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. 231 cu. in. '81-'82 Buick Regal, Riviera, '81 Chevy Monte Carlo. |- |3||LG3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MFI/SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'88 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 & '87 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra,<br /> '86-'88 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre, '87 Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera,<br /> '87-'88 Pontiac Bonneville. |- |3||LW2||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '90 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |3||L40||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("Quad OHC"). '92-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark |- |3||LZG||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08 Chevy Impala |- |3||LFX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse, '12-'15 Chevrolet Camaro, Cadillac CTS, '12-'17 Chevrolet Caprice PPV,<br /> '12-'20 Chevrolet Impala, '14-'16 Chevrolet Impala Limited, '13-'15 Cadillac ATS, '13-'19 Cadillac XTS |- |3||LT6||5.5&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Z06 '23+. |- |4||LC4||4.1&nbsp;L||V6|V6||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '81-'84 Buick LeSabre, Electra, Riviera, Oldsmobile Toronado, '81-'82 Cadillac DeVille, Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville, '81-'83 Oldsmobile 98, '82-'84 Buick Regal,<br /> '82 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville G |- |4||LC9||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Toyota 4A-C engine. '85-'88 Chevy Nova |- |4||LN2||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MPI/SFI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '92-'02 Cavalier, '95-'02 Sunfire, '92-'96 Corsica/Beretta, '93 Lumina,<br /> '93-'96 Cutlass Ciera, Century. |- |4||L32||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series III). '04-'07 Pontiac Grand Prix |- |4||LUU||1.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11-'15 Chevy Volt, '14 & '16 Cadillac ELR. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray '20+. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette E-Ray '24+. |- |5||LW9||2.5L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke engine. '81 Chevy Citation, Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, Buick Skylark. |- |5||LR6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '88-'89 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |5||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '86 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LM9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-GE engine. '88 Chevy Nova Twin Cam, '90-'92 Geo Prizm GSi |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-UW engine. '90-'91 Geo Storm GSi |- |5||LT4||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '96 Corvette (man. trans.) |- |5||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Aura Green Line, '08-'09 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |5||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Cobalt. |- |5||LFW||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '12-'13 Cadillac CTS, '14 CTS wagon |- |5||L3A||1.5L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). '16-'19 Chevy Volt. |- |5||LWC||1.6L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Gasoline Engine, H.O. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '16-'19 Buick Cascada |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray, Grand Sport '27+. |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Grand Sport X '27+. |- |6||L81||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '81 Corvette |- |6||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '83-'85 Impala 9C1 Police, '86-'88 Caprice 9C1 Police |- |6||L73||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family 1 engine. Made in South Korea by Daewoo. '88-'93 Pontiac LeMans |- |6||LP2||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '89-'97 Geo Metro, '98-'00 Chevrolet Metro |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-FE engine. '89-'97 Geo Prizm base/LSi |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-V engine. '90-'93 Geo Storm (base model) |- |6||L42||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I (Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). '03-'04 Chevy Cavalier |- |6||L91||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '04-'07 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LXT||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '08 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LGW||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac CT6 |- |6||LT4||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '15-'19 Corvette Z06, '17-'24 Camaro ZL1, '16-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Series,<br /> '22+ Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing |- |7||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '82 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |7||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.). '83 F-cars, '83 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |7||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '86-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum, '89 Geo Spectrum. |- |7||LC2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Intercooled. Buick V6. '86-'87 Buick Regal. '89 Pontiac 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am |- |7||LC7||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '87-'88 Cadillac Allante. |- |7||L05||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '89-'93 Chevy Caprice (police only for '89-'91),<br /> '92-'93 Buick Roadmaster, '92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, '90-'92 Cadillac Brougham, '93 Fleetwood. |- |7||LL0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |7||LY7||3.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '04-'09 Cadillac CTS, '05-'07 STS, '05-'08 Buick LaCrosse,<br /> '07-'09 Pontiac G6, Saturn Aura, '08-'09 Pontiac G8, '08-'12 Chevy Malibu |- |7||LT1||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '14-'19 Corvette, '16-'24 Camaro SS |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1 '25+. (1,064 hp) |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Full Hybrid. Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1X '26+. (1,250 hp) |- |8||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '82 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |8||LT8||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '82-'87 Cadillac DeVille, Eldorado, Seville, '82-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, '85-'87 Fleetwood, '87 Fleetwood Sixty Special. |- |8||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '83 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |8||L83||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '82, '84 Corvette. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. 1st fuel injected Corvette since 1965. |- |8||L98||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '85-'91 Corvette, '87-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |8||LQ6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '89-'92 Cadillac Allante. |- |8||L24||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '95-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |8||LX9||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Pontiac G6 |- |8||LF3||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '14-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Sport, XTS V-Sport |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XF1 engine. '92-'93 Geo Storm GSi. |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 7A-FE engine. '93-'97 Geo Prizm |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. VVT-i from '00. '98-'02 Chevrolet Prizm, '03-'08 Pontiac Vibe |- |8||LAY||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Dual VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |9||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '81 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000 |- |9||L62||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. V8-6-4 cylinder deactivation.<br /> '81 Cadillacs, '82-'84 Fleetwood Limousine. |- |9||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83 Malibu, '83-'84 Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '83 Pontiac Parisienne. |- |9||LG8||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) H.O. '83-'84 Hurst/Olds, '85-'87 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442 |- |9||LM9||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'85 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |9||L44||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '85-'88 Pontiac Fiero |- |9||LC0||1.5&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1-T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum Turbo |- |9||LK0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'94 Saturn S-Series |- |9||L37||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V). '93 Cadillac Allanté,<br /> '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe, '93-'04 Cadillac Seville STS, '96-'05 Cadillac DeVille,<br /> '06-'11 Cadillac DTS, '08-'11 Buick Lucerne Super |- |9||L72||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve ||Suzuki G13BA engine. '95-'97 Geo Metro |- |9||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11 Chevy Cruze |- |9||LL0||1.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Daewoo S-TEC II engine (1249 cc). VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '13-'15 Chevy Spark. |- |9||LT5||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. '19 Corvette ZR1. |- |0||LH8||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '82-'86 Pontiac J2000/2000/Sunbird, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |0||LAX||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |0||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2010 Chevy Malibu. |- |0||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. Most '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |} H.O.=High Output, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift ====Motor codes for electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | 5 ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97, '99 General Motors EV1 |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '14-'16 Chevrolet Spark EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '17-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '22-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EUV |- |} ====Motor codes for LFP-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Pack <br /> RPO code !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | V ||P9D (HPB)|| 1 || EJW || Electricity || Front || '27 Chevrolet Bolt |} LFP=Lithium Iron Phosphate ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | 1 ||X0E|| 2 || EXN || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq |- | 2 ||X0E|| 2 || EHT || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq <br> (Battery Module RPO code EHT is Configuration B) |} ====Engine codes for light trucks==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A ||LD5|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (CA emissions). |- | A ||LR1|| 1.9L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G200 engine imported from Japan.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | A ||L38|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. '91-'93 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma. |- | A ||LH2|| 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||SFI. Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac SRX |- | A ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'13 GMT900 pickups, '10-'14 Express/Savana |- | A ||LCV|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT. '15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon,<br /> '17-'20 Buick Envision, '17-'21 GMC Acadia, '19-'21 Chevy Blazer |- | B ||LR2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 60° V6.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | B ||LU2|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '90-'91 Astro/Safari higher output engine option. |- | B ||L81|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||SFI. Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '02-'03 Saturn Vue |- | B ||L33|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300 H.O. 310hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Silverado/Sierra 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed. |- | B ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09-'10 Chevy HHR |- | B ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel (Also Gas/LPG in Express/Savana). SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT. '11-'20 Express/Savana, '13-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD. |- | B ||LUV|| 1.4L ||I4 Turbo|| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. SFI. VVT.<br /> '13-'21 Buick Encore, '15-'21 Chevy Trax (also '13-'14 Trax in Canada) |- | C ||LH6|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | C ||L34|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki J20A engine. MFI. '99-'03 Chevrolet Tracker |- | C ||LY2|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 GMT900 pickups, '07-'09 Tahoe/Yukon, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | C ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '11. |- | C ||L83|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management<br /> '14-'19 K2XX pickups, '15-'20 K2XX SUVs. |- | C ||L2R|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax") - Detuned version. Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '23-'24 Chevy Colorado. |- | D ||LE3|| 4.1L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6.<br /> '81-'84 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy |- | D ||LG6|| 3.1L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '90-'95 U-body minivans. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen I. '02-'07 Saturn Vue, '06 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||LLT|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. '09-'16 GMC Acadia, '17 GMC Acadia Limited,<br /> '09-'17 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave, '09-'10 Saturn Outlook |- | D ||LBZ|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD & '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD |- | D ||L84|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Dynamic Fuel Management<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL. |- | E ||LN8|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine.<br /> '85-'90 Chevy/GMC S-10/S-15, Astro/Safari Cargo Van, '85-'88 S-10 Blazer/S-15 Jimmy. |- | E ||LLR|| 3.7L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-370, '07-'10 Hummer H3, '09-'10 Hummer H3T |- | E ||LA1|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '96 GMT199 (U-body) minivans, '97-'05 GMT200 (U-body) minivans,<br /> '01-'05 Pontiac Aztek, '02-'05 Buick Rendezvous |- | F ||LF3|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy.<br /> CA emissions version of LE9 5.0 V8. |- | F ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '92-'02,<br /> Chevy/GMC Suburban 1500/2500 '94-'99, over-8,500 lb. GVWR Express/Savana '96-'02 |- | F ||LNJ|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Made in China by SAIC-GM. '05-'09 Chevy Equinox, '06-'09 Pontiac Torrent. |- | F ||L94|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'14 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | F ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '15-'17 Express/Savana |- | F ||L82|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Active Fuel Management<br /> '19-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500 (T1XX). |- | G ||LG9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, full-size van |- | G ||L18|| 8.1L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MFI. Vortec 8100. Gen VII Chevrolet Big-Block V8. '01-'02 C3500HD, '01-'06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD, '01-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '02-'06 Avalanche 2500, '01-'02 Express/Savana |- | G ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '10-'13 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '16-'19 Suburban 3500,<br /> '10-'20 Express/Savana. |- | G ||LSD|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '23+ Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | H ||LG4|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | H ||LE9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, full-size vans |- | H ||L03|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '87 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban. |- | H ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '03 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma |- | H ||LS2|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Chevy SSR '05-'06, Trailblazer SS '06-'09, Saab 9-7X Aero '08-'09. |- | H ||LV3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '14-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500/GMC Sierra 1500. |- | J ||L39|| 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | J ||LL4|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87-'91 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | J ||L29|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| MFI. Vortec 7400. Gen VI Chevrolet Big-Block V8.<br /> '96-'00 C/K, Sierra pickups, Express/Savana, '96-'99 Suburban 2500 |- | J ||LY5|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, Avalanche |- | J ||LZ1|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'13 Tahoe Hybrid, Yukon Hybrid, Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid, Sierra Hybrid |- | J ||L86|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. <br /> '14-18 Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500,<br /> '18-20 Chevy Tahoe Premier, '19-'20 Chevy Suburban Premier, GMC Yukon/Yukon XL SLT,<br /> '15-'20 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | K ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions) |- | K ||L05|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '87-'94 Blazer, '95 Tahoe, '87-'91 Jimmy, '92-'95 Yukon, '87-'95 Suburban. |- | K ||LY6|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07-'09 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | K ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '12-'17,<br /> Chevy Captiva Sport '12-'14, Chevy Orlando '14. |- | K ||L3B|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax"). Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, '23+ Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | L ||LS9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks, vans, Suburban, Blazer/Jimmy (CA) '81-'86. |- | L ||L27|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '92-'95 U-body minivans |- | L ||LX9|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. SFI. '05-'06 GMT201 minivans, '06-'07 Buick Rendezvous |- | L ||LH8|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'09 Hummer H3 Alpha, '09 Colorado/Canyon, Hummer H3T Alpha |- | L ||LGH|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '10-'16 Express/Savana, '11-'12 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs |- | L ||L87|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Dynamic Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL,<br /> Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | L ||L3T|| 1.3L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '20+ Buick Encore GX, '21+ Chevy Trailblazer. |- | M ||LT9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br /> For over-8,500 lb. GVWR C/K trucks, full-size vans, Suburban '81-'86, full-size van cutaway '81-'88.<br /> '88 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | M ||L30|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5000. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'02 Express/Savana |- | M ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. 2010 Chevy HHR SS. |- | M ||LH6|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'06 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.), '05-'07 Buick Rainier,<br /> '05-'09 GMC Envoy Denali, Saab 9-7X, '06-'08 Chevy Trailblazer, '05 GMC Envoy XUV,<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500 |- | M ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '12. |- | M ||LE2|| 1.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '16-'19 & '21-'22 Buick Encore, '21-'22 Chevy Trax. |- | N ||L10|| 1.8L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G180Z engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV |- | N ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '83-'84 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero. |- | N ||LB1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '85 Astro/Safari, '85-'86 C/K pickups & full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '87-'90 R/V pickups, Suburban 2500, '88-'90 C/K, Sierra pickups, full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '91 R/V pickups, '91-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, Suburban 2500, full-size vans. '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | N ||LZ4|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. SFI. VVT. '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | N ||LQ9|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 6000 H.O. or VortecMAX. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. 345 hp.<br /> '02-'06 Cadillac Escalade, '03-'06 Cadillac Escalade ESV, '03-'06 Chevy Silverado SS, '05-'06 GMC Sierra Denali. |- | N ||LGZ|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | P ||L49|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks & full-size vans '94-'95 |- | P ||LM4|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300. 290hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '03-'04 Chevy SSR, '03-'04 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.),<br /> '04 Buick Rainier, GMC Envoy XUV |- | P ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy HHR, '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | P ||LH9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '10 Hummer H3 Alpha, H3T Alpha |- | P ||LV1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '18+ Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | P ||LBP|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Flex Fuel. GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '25+ Buick Encore GX, Chevy Trailblazer, '25- Chevy Trax, Buick Envista. |- | R ||LL2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '86-'93 Chevy S-10, GMC S-15/Sonoma,<br /> '86-'89 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | R ||L31|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5700. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'99 Chevy Tahoe/GMC Yukon, Chevy/GMC Suburban, '99-'00 GMC Yukon Denali, Cadillac Escalade, '00 Chevy Tahoe Limited/Z71, '96-'02 Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | R ||L8B|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Mild Hybrid. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'18 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500. |- | S ||LQ7|| 2.2L || I4 || Diesel ||OHV||Isuzu C220 engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV, '84-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15 |- | S ||L56|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '94-'99,<br /> Chevy Blazer '94, Chevy Tahoe 2-d '95-'99, GMC Yukon 2-d '94-'97 |- | S ||LL8|| 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Atlas I6. SFI. VVT. '02-'09 GMT360/370 SUVs (Chevy Trailblazer, GMC Envoy, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, Saab 9-7X) |- | S ||LGX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17+ Cadillac XT5, '17-'23 GMC Acadia, '19+ Chevrolet Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6. |- | S ||LK0|| 2.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||L3B engine family. Direct Injection. VVT. '24- Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, '25- Buick Enclave |- | T ||L25|| 4.8L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||1-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, '88 R/V pickups |- | T ||LM7|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 270/285/295hp.<br /> '99-'07 GMT800 pickups & SUVs including '02-'05 Escalade 2wd, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | T ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '13. |- | T ||LM2|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads. '20-'22 Silverado/Sierra 1500, '21-'24 Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL, Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | U ||LS5|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Suzuki G16A engine. TBI. '89-'95 Geo Tracker |- | U ||LQ4|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads (Iron Heads in '99-'00).<br /> '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '00-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '01-'06 Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali,<br> '06 Suburban LTZ, '03-'07 Express/Savana, '03-'07 Hummer H2. |- | U ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2011 Chevy HHR |- | U ||LH7|| 1.6L ||I4 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '18-'19 Chevy Equinox & GMC Terrain Diesel. |- | V ||LR4|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. '99-'06 GMT800 pickups,<br /> '00-'06 Tahoe/Yukon, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | V ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2009-2010 Chevy HHR |- | V ||LYX|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '18-'22 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | W ||LE8|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. 4bbl carb. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Suburban.<br /> '88-'89 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| CPI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '92-'95 Sonoma, S-10 Blazer/Jimmy, Astro/Safari, '94-'95 S-10, '92-'94 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| SFI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '96-'02 S-10/Sonoma, Blazer/Jimmy, Express/Savana, C/K, Silverado, Sierra, '96-'01 Bravada, Astro/Safari, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | W ||LGD|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '07-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | W ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '10. |- | W ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. 2011 Chevy HHR. |- | W ||LFY|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection.<br> '18-'23 Chevrolet Traverse, '24 Chevrolet Traverse Limited, '18-'24 Buick Enclave. |- | X ||LF6|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '96-'99 S-10/Sonoma, '97-'99 Isuzu Hombre. |- | X ||LU3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '03-'04 S-10/Sonoma,<br /> '03-'05 Blazer/Jimmy, '02-'05 Astro/Safari, '03-'14 Express/Savana, '03-'13 Silverado/Sierra |- | X ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. '08-'09 Chevy HHR SS. |- | X ||LTG|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Buick Envision, '18-'20 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '18-'19 Chevy Traverse RS |- | Y ||LQ2|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet "122" engine.<br /> '83-'84 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'84 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | Y ||L57|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR full-size vans '94-'95 & '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | Y ||L76|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra, Suburban/Yukon XL, Chevy Avalanche |- | Y ||LF1|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '10-'11 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X, '10 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | Y ||L5P|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '17+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD. Engine updated in '24. |- | Z ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81 Chevy C10/GMC C1500 full-size pickups. |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85-'87 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero,<br /> '86-'94 Astro/Safari, '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K & Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans & <br /> '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '88-'95 S-10, S-15/Sonoma, '88-'94 S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy,<br /> '91-'92 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||OHV|| MPI. For GMC Syclone & Typhoon. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived) |- | Z ||L59|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 285/295hp.<br /> '02-'07 GMT800 pickups, '02-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL, Avalanche. |- | Z ||LAT|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Vue Green Line |- | 1 ||LZ9|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '06-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | 1 ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Saturn Vue. |- | 1 ||LB7|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. First version of the Duramax V8. '01-Mid '04 Silverado HD/Sierra HD |- | 1 ||LWN|| 2.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Based on VM Motori A428 engine. Made by GM Powertrain Thailand 2016-2020. Made in Brazil for '22. '16-'22 Colorado/Canyon, '17-'22 Express/Savana. |- | 2 ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '04-Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '06-Mid '07 Express/Savana |- | 2 ||L9H|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '09-'13 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, Sierra Denali 1500,<br /> '09 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> Hummer H2 |- | 2 ||LIH|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '20-'24 Buick Encore GX, '21-'24 Chevy Trailblazer, '24 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista,<br> '25 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista (Canada only). |- | 3 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '07-'11 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, '07-'09 & '11 Avalanche |- | 3 ||LFX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Cadillac SRX, '13-'17 Chevrolet Equinox, GMC Terrain, '15-'16 Colorado/Canyon |- | 4 ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||MFI (94-95). SFI (96-00). Chevrolet "122" engine. '94-'00 S-10/Sonoma, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 4 ||LE8|| 2.5L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Suzuki H25A engine. MFI. '01-'04 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 4 ||L66|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Honda J35S1 V6. VTEC. '04-'07 Saturn Vue |- | 4 ||LMF|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '08-'14 Express/Savana 1500 |- | 4 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '10 Cadillac SRX |- | 4 ||LSY|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19-'25 Cadillac XT4, '20+ Chevy Blazer, Cadillac XT5, '20-'23 GMC Acadia,<br /> '21+ Buick Envision, '21-'25 Cadillac XT6 |- | 5 ||L43|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '00-'02 S-10/Sonoma, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 5 ||LFA|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08-'09 Tahoe Hybrid/Yukon Hybrid, '09 Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid/Sierra Hybrid |- | 5 ||LFW|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. '11-'12 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain,<br /> '12 Chevy Captiva Sport |- | 6 ||L01|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G16B engine. MFI. '94-'97 Geo Tracker, '98-'00 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 6 ||L52|| 3.5L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-350, '06 Hummer H3 |- | 6 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '11 Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X |- | 6 ||LMM|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '07-'10 Silverado HD/Sierra HD (GMT900), Mid '07-Mid '10 Express/Savana |- | 7 ||LY7|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '04-'06 Buick Rendezvous, '04-'09 Cadillac SRX,<br /> '07-'08 GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, '08 Buick Enclave, '08-'10 Saturn Vue |- | 7 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '12-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '12-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500 |- | 7 ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '20+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '21+ Express/Savana |- | 8 ||LK5|| 2.8L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-280. |- | 8 ||L92|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'08 GMC Sierra Denali, Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> '08 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, Hummer H2. |- | 8 ||LML|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> '11-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD pickups, '13-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs. |- | 8 ||LZ0|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br> '23+ Silverado/Sierra 1500, '24+ Suburban HD, '25+ Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL. |- | 9 ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions). |- | 9 ||LLV|| 2.9L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-290. |- | 9 ||LT4|| 6.2L ||V8 Supercharged|| Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Direct injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '23+ Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV V-Series. |- | 0 ||LMG|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10.<br /> Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '07-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500. |} H.O.=High Output, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift, GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane Autogas) ====Motor codes for electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | H ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97-'98 Chevrolet S-10 Electric. |- |} ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | A ||XRL|| 3 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '22- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | B ||XRL|| 3 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | C ||XRL|| 3 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 3X |- | D ||XRJ|| 2 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 3WT, '25- Silverado EV 5WT, 3LT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (2SP), '26- Silverado EV Trail Boss (2TR),<br> '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 2X, '25- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SC,<br> '26- Sierra EV Elevation 3SC, AT4 4SC |- | E ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 2X |- | G ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '23 BrightDrop Zevo 600 |- | H ||XRJ|| 2 || EWX || 14 || Electricity || All ||'26- Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, 2LT,<br> '26- GMC Sierra EV Elevation 3SB, Denali 5SB |- | J ||X0C|| 2 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS AWD,<br> '25- Chevy Blazer EV 4LT, 3RS AWD, '24-'26 Honda Prologue AWD |- | K ||X0D|| 1 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || Rear || '23- Cadillac Lyriq RWD, '24-'25 Chevrolet Blazer EV 2RS RWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec RWD |- | L ||X0E|| 2 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || All || '23- Cadillac Lyriq AWD, '24- Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV AWD,<br> '25- Chevrolet Blazer EV SS AWD, '26- Cadillac Vistiq AWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec, Type S AWD |- | L ||XRJ|| 2 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, RST (3SP), '25- Silverado EV 8WT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (3SP), '26- Silverado EV 4LT, Trail Boss (3TR),<br> '24- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SD, '26- Sierra EV AT4 4SD,<br> '25- Cadillac Escalade IQ, '26- Cadillac Escalade IQL |- | M ||X0B|| 1 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24-'26 Honda Prologue FWD, '25- Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS FWD |- | P ||X0B|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV FWD |- | R ||X0C|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV AWD, '25 Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | Y ||XRJ|| 2 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | Z ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | 4 ||X0E|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '26- Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | 5 ||X0D|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Rear|| '26- Cadillac Optiq RWD |- | 6 ||XRM|| 1 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || Front || '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 FWD |- | 7 ||XRJ|| 2 || EWU || 14 || Electricity || All || '26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 600 AWD |} SB=Standard Range, SC=Extended Range, SD=Max Range ====Engine codes for medium duty trucks 2016-==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | B ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | C ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG or<br>Gas/LPG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | D ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '21-'23 Chevy LCF 3500/4500, '24- Chevy LCF 3500HG/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG. |- | F ||LCB|| 6.7L || I6 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Cummins B Series ISB engine. '22- Chevy LCF 6500XD, '23- Chevy LCF 7500XD. |- | 6 ||I1B|| 5.2L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4HK1-TC engine. '17- Chevy LCF 4500HD/XD, 5500XD, '17-'24 Chevy LCF 5500HD,<br /> '18-'21 Chevy LCF 6500XD. |- | 7 ||IZ3|| 3.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4JJ1-TC engine. '16-'18 Chevy LCF 3500HD. |- |} ====Engine codes for AM General-built Hummer H1 2000-2006==== AM General encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | F || || 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GEP (General Engine Products), a subsidiary of AM General.<br> '01-'04 Hummer H1 & '06 H1 Fleet models. |- | P ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '06 Hummer H1 Alpha. |- | Z ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GM. '00-'01 Hummer H1. |- |} ====Engine codes for Nissan-built vans==== Nissan encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | 3 ||L0A|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Nissan MR20DE engine. SFI. VVT. For the '15-'18 Chevrolet City Express. |- |} ====Engine codes for Navistar-built medium-duty trucks==== Navistar encodes the engine type in character 6 & 7 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | PV ||L5D|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. For the Chevy Silverado Medium Duty '19+. |- |} ==GM factories supplying North America== ===North American GM factories=== [[w:List_of_General_Motors_factories | List of GM Factories]] {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Notes |- |A |Lakewood Assembly (Lakewood Heights, Atlanta, Georgia) |through 1990 model year |- |A |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |From 2026 model year. Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing "Curated by Cadillac" program only. |- |B |Baltimore Assembly (Baltimore, Maryland) |through 2005 model year |- |B |Reatta Craft Centre/Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |1988-2006 model year (except GM EV1) |- |B |GM Defense-Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC) (Concord, North Carolina) |From 2024 model year. Chevrolet Suburban HD (a.k.a. HD SUV) (for US govt. only). |- |C |South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California) |through 1982 model year |- |C |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |South assembly line 1985-2004 model year |- |D |Doraville Assembly (Doraville, Georgia) |through 2009 model year |- |E |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |through 1991 model year |- |E |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |1988-2009 model year |- |E |AM General Military plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |1992-2006 Hummer H1 |- |F |Flint Truck Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |since 1953 |- |F |Fairfax II Assembly (Kansas City, Kansas) |since 1988 model year |- |G |Framingham Assembly (Framingham, Massachusetts) |through 1989 model year |- |G |Silao Assembly (Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico) |since 1995 model year |- |H |Buick City Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |H |AM General Commercial plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |2003-2009 Hummer H2 |- |H |Navistar Springfield plant (Main Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2019- Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty (4500HD/5500HD/6500HD) |- |J |Janesville Assembly (Janesville, Wisconsin) |through 2009 model year |- |J |Lansing Delta Township Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2007 model year |- |K |Leeds Assembly (Leeds, Kansas City, Missouri) |through 1988 model year |- |K |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |from 1994-2005 model year |- |K |Nissan plant (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) |2015-2018 Chevrolet City Express |- |L |Van Nuys Assembly (Van Nuys, California) |through 1992 model year |- |L |San Luis Potosí Assembly (San Luis Potosí, Mexico) |since 2009 model year |- |M |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |through 1984 model year, North assembly line 1985-2005 model year |- |M |Toluca Assembly (Toluca, Mexico state, Mexico) |through 2008 model year |- |N |Norwood Assembly (Norwood, Ohio) |through 1987 model year |- |N |Navistar Springfield plant (Secondary Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2017- Chevrolet Express cutaway, GMC Savana cutaway |- |P |Pontiac Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1988 model year |- |R |Arlington Assembly (Arlington, Texas) |since 1965 [all GM brands]. (R plant code used only by Chevrolet in 1963-64) |- |S |St. Louis Assembly (St. Louis, Missouri) |through 1987 model year |- |S |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |2002-2007 Saturn Vue & 2009-2010 Chevrolet Traverse only |- |S |Spartan Motors/Shyft Group plant (Charlotte, Michigan) |2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/3500HG/4500/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG/6500XD/7500XD |- |S |Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico) |since 1982 |- |T |Tarrytown Assembly (North Tarrytown, New York) |through 1996 model year |- |U |Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly (Factory Zero) <br /> (Detroit & Hamtramck, Michigan) |since 1986 model year |- |U |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |From 2025 model year. Cadillac Celestiq only. |- |V |Pontiac Central Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1991 model year |- |V |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1985 model year |- |W |Willow Run Assembly (Ypsilanti Township, Michigan) |through 1993 model year |- |X |Fairfax Assembly (Fairfax I) (Kansas City, Kansas) |through 1987 model year |- |Y |Wilmington Assembly (Wilmington, Delaware) |through 2010 model year |- |Z |Fremont Assembly (Fremont, California) |through 1982 model year |- |Z |NUMMI (Fremont, California) |1985-2010 model year |- |Z |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |since 1991 model year (except Vue & Traverse) |- |Z |Fort Wayne Assembly (Roanoke, Indiana) |since 1988 model year |- |0 |Pontiac West Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1994 model year |- |0 |Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |GM EV1 only |- |0 |Lansing Grand River Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2003 model year |- |0 |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |2024 Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing 20th Anniversary Edition where the final eight digits of the VIN are R0912004 through R0912024 or R0962004 through R0962024 |- |1 |Wentzville Assembly (Wentzville, Missouri) |since 1985 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1967-1983 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line) (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2019 model year; switched to pickup trucks for 2019 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |Silverado pickup trucks since 2022 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Truck Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada) |through 2002 model year |- |3 |Detroit Truck & Bus plant (Piquette Ave., Detroit, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |3 |Saint-Eustache Bus Plant (Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada) |through 1987 model year |- |4 |Orion Assembly (Orion Township, Michigan) |since 1985 model year |- |4 |Scarborough Van Assembly (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) |through 1993 model year |- |5 |Bowling Green Assembly (Bowling Green, Kentucky) |since 1981 model year |- |6 |Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) |through 2006 model year |- |6 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |1990-2022 model year |- |7 |Lordstown Assembly (Warren, Ohio) |from 1979-2019 model year |- |8 |Shreveport Assembly (Shreveport, Louisiana) |through 2012 model year |- |9 |Detroit Assembly (Clark Street, Detroit, Michigan)<br> (Cadillac plant) |from 1979-1988 model year |- |9 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)<br> (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2020 model year |- |9 |KUKA plant (Livonia, Michigan) |2022 model year only (BrightDrop Zevo 600) |- |9 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |2023-2026 model year (BrightDrop Zevo/Chevrolet BrightDrop) |} ===Non-North American GM factories supplying North America=== {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Models Sourced |- |A |SAIC-GM plant: Jinqiao, Pudong district, Shanghai, China |2017-2018 Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid |- |B |Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Bupyeong, South Korea |1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans, 2004-2011 Chevrolet Aveo, 2005-2010 Pontiac Wave/G3, 2004-2006 Chevrolet <br /> Epica (Canada), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Trax, Buick Encore, 2021- Chevrolet Trailblazer, 2020- Buick Encore GX, 2024- Buick Envista |- |C |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Changwon, South Korea |2003-2010 Pontiac Matiz/Matiz G2 (Mexico), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Spark, 2024- Chevrolet Trax |- |D |SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors plant: Yantai, Shandong province, China |2016- Buick Envision, 2019-2023 Chevrolet Aveo (Mexico), 2023- Chevrolet Onix (Mexico) |- |G |Opel plant: Gliwice, Poland |2016-2019 Buick Cascada |- |K |Suzuki plant: Kosai, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1985-1988 Chevrolet Sprint, 1989-1990 Geo Metro hatchback, 1990-1993 Geo Metro convertible, 1985-1990 Pontiac Firefly (Canada), 1991 & 1994 Pontiac Firefly convertible & sedan (Canada) |- |K |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Kunsan, South Korea |2004-2007 Chevrolet Optra (Canada), 2012-2014 Chevrolet Orlando (Canada) |- |L |Holden plant: Elizabeth, South Australia, Australia |2004-2006 Pontiac GTO, 2008-2009 Pontiac G8, 2011-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV, 2014-2017 Chevrolet SS |- |R |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |T |GM India plant: Talegaon, Maharashtra, India |2017-2021 Chevrolet Spark Classic/Beat (Mexico) |- |V |SAIC-GM Wuhan plant: Wuhan, Hubei province, China |2018-2021 Chevrolet Cavalier (Mexico), 2022- Chevrolet Cavalier Turbo (Mexico) |- |W |Suzuki plant: Iwata, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1989-1990 Geo Tracker |- |1 |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |2011, 2018-2020 Buick Regal |- |3 |Isuzu plant: Kawasaki, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1987-1998 Chevrolet/GMC W5, 1989-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W6, 1984-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W7 |- |5 |Opel plant: Antwerp, Belgium |2008-2009 Saturn Astra |- |7 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1988 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1988 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada), 1989 Geo Spectrum, 1990-1993 Geo Storm,<br /> 1999-2008 Chevrolet/GMC W3500, 1988-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W4, 1999-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W5,<br /> 2000-2004 Chevrolet/GMC WT5500,<br /> 2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500HD/4500HD/4500XD/5500HD/5500XD |- |8 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1981-1982 Chevrolet LUV, 1985-1987 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1985-1987 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada),<br /> 1986-1987 Chevrolet/GMC W4 |} ==GM WMIs== {| class=wikitable !WMI !Marque !Country |- |1G1||rowspan=57|Chevrolet||United States |- |1G8||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GA||United States (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |1GB||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GC||United States (truck) |- |1GN||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1HA||United States (Express incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1HT||United States ([[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version_(4500HD,_5500HD,_6500HD,_and_International_CV)|Silverado Medium Duty]] incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1Y1||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1998-2011) |- |2G1||Canada |- |2G5||Canada (truck - Chevrolet BrightDrop '25) |- |2G8||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GA||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |2GB||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GC||Canada (truck - includes Chevrolet BrightDrop '26) |- |2GN||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |3G1||Mexico |- |3GC||Mexico (truck) |- |3GN||Mexico (MPV) |- |3N6||Mexico (Truck - City Express made by Nissan) |- |4G1||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |4KB||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4W1||United States (MPV - Chevrolet Suburban HD made for US govt. in Concord, NC) |- |54D||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group) |- |6G1||Australia (2011-2013 Caprice PPV) |- |6G3||Australia (2014-2017 Caprice PPV & SS performance sedan) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |J81||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |J8B||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |J8Z||Japan (LUV pickup made by Isuzu) |- |JAL||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - 2016+) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL1||South Korea (car) |- |KL7||South Korea (MPV - 2012+) |- |KL8||South Korea (Spark) |- |LSF||China (S-10 Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LSG||China (SAIC-GM) |- |LSH||China (Express Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LZW||China (SAIC-GM-Wuling) |- |MA6||India |- |MJB||Indonesia (GM Indonesia) |- |MK3||Indonesia (SGMW Motor Indonesia) |- |MMM||Thailand |- |XUF||Russia (GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XUU||Russia (Chevrolet Korea models made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |XWB||Uzbekistan (GM Uzbekistan, UzAuto Motors) |- |XWF||Russia (Chevrolet Tahoe & Trailblazer [GMT360] made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |X9L||Russia (GM-AvtoVAZ) |- |8AG||Argentina |- |8GG||Chile |- |8LD||Ecuador |- |8Z1||Venezuela |- |9BG||Brazil |- |93C||Brazil |- |9GC||Colombia |- |J81||rowspan=6|Geo||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |JGC||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki) |- |1Y1||United States (car made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1990-1997) |- |KLA||rowspan=3|GM Daewoo/<br />GM Korea||South Korea (Bupyeong & Kunsan plants) |- |KLY||South Korea (Changwon plant) |- |5GD||United States (G2X) |- |1G2||rowspan=12|Pontiac||United States |- |1G5||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '89-'90 Turbo Grand Prix by ASC/McLaren & '03-'05 Montana Mobility, '06 Montana SV6 Mobility) |- |1GM||United States (MPV) |- |2CK||Canada (2006-2009 Torrent made by CAMI) |- |2G2||Canada |- |2G7||Canada (US market 1983 Pontiac Parisienne) |- |3G2||Mexico |- |3G7||Mexico (MPV: 2001-2005 Aztek) |- |4G2||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |5Y2||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |6G2||Australia |- |KL2||South Korea (made by Daewoo/GM Daewoo) |- |1G7||rowspan=6|Pontiac<br />(Canada only)||United States |- |2C7||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |2G7||Canada |- |J87||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG7||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL7||Passport<br />(Canada only)||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |J87||rowspan=3|Asüna<br />(Canada only)||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |KL7||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |1G3||rowspan=3|Oldsmobile||United States |- |1GH||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |2G3||Canada |- |1G4||rowspan=9|Buick||United States |- |2G4||Canada |- |3G4||Mexico |- |3G5||Mexico (MPV) |- |4GL||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |5GA||United States (MPV) |- |KL4||South Korea (MPV) |- |LRB||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W04||Germany & Poland |- |KLA||Alpheon||South Korea (2011-2015) |- |1G6||rowspan=10|Cadillac||United States |- |1GE||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GY||United States (SUV) |- |2G6||Canada |- |2GE||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |3GY||Mexico (SUV) |- |LRE||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W06||Germany |- |XWF||Russia (made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |YSC||Sweden |- |1G8||rowspan=4|Saturn||United States |- |3GS||Mexico (SUV) |- |5GZ||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |W08||Belgium |- |1G0||rowspan=22|GMC||United States (bus 1981-1986) |- |1G5||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GD||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GJ||United States (bus 1987-) |- |1GK||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1GT||United States (truck) |- |2CK||Canada (1990-1991 Tracker made by CAMI - Canada only) |- |2CT||Canada (2010-2011 Terrain made by CAMI) |- |2G0||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1981-1986) |- |2G5||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GD||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GH||Canada (transit bus) |- |2GJ||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1987-) |- |2GK||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |2GT||Canada (truck) |- |3GK||Mexico (SUV) |- |3GT||Mexico (truck) |- |4KD||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |7GZ||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |J8D||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |JGT||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki - Canada only) |- |KL6||South Korea (Middle East market Terrain '08-'10) |- |4GD||WhiteGMC||United States (1988-1989 Brigadier made by GM) |- |137||rowspan=6|Hummer||United States (H1 made by AM General) |- |5GN||United States (H3T) |- |5GR||United States (H2 made by AM General) |- |5GT||United States (H3) |- |ADM||South Africa (H3) |- |XWF||Russia (H2 & H3 made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |4G5||General Motors||United States (EV1) |- |2G5||rowspan=2|BrightDrop||Canada (Truck 2023-2024) |- |5G5||United States (Truck made by Kuka AG - 2022 only) |- |5G2||rowspan=2|Cruise||United States (car) (Cruise AV) |- |5G3||United States (MPV) (Cruise Origin AV) |- |YS3||rowspan=4|Saab||Sweden |- |JF4||Japan (9-2X made by Subaru) |- |3G0||Mexico (9-4X) |- |5S3||United States (9-7X) |- |W0L||rowspan=19|Opel/Vauxhall||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018 and later) & Opel Ampera-e Mid-2017 - 2019 |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0L||when plant code is 0: South Korea (Antara) or B: South Korea (Antara, Mokka A, Mokka X [A]) |- |W0L||when plant code is C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |W0V||when plant code is B: South Korea (Mokka X [A]) or C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |SCC||UK (Opel Lotus Omega made by Lotus) |- |SED||UK (made by IBC Vehicles) |- |TW8||Portugal |- |VF1||France (Arena made by Renault) |- |VN1||France (Movano A made by Renault at SOVAB plant in Batilly, France) |- |VSX||Spain |- |XUF||Russia (Opel made by GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XWF||Russia (Opel made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |1G0||United States (Opel GT, Opel/Vauxhall Ampera, Opel Ampera-e Early - Mid-2017) |- |4GD||United States (Sintra) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |JAA||Japan (Opel Campo made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |SKA||rowspan=4|Vauxhall Motors||UK |- |SCC||UK (Vauxhall Lotus Carlton made by Lotus) |- |6G1||Australia (Vauxhall Monaro & VXR8 made by Holden) |- |JAA||Japan (Vauxhall Brava made by Isuzu) |- |SKF||rowspan=2|Bedford Vehicles||UK |- |JAA||Japan (Bedford Brava made by Isuzu) |- |6G1||rowspan=18|Holden||Australia (2003-2017) |- |6H8||Australia (1989-2002) |- |JAA||Japan (Rodeo pickup [TF] made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |JSA||Japan (YG Cruze made by Suzuki) |- |KL3||South Korea |- |MMM||Thailand ('09-'11 Colorado pickup [RC] made by GM Thailand) |- |MMU||Thailand ('13-'20 Colorado pickup [RG], '13-'16 Colorado 7, '17-'20 Trailblazer made by GM Thailand) |- |MPA||Thailand ('04-'08 Rodeo pickup [RA] made by Isuzu Thailand) |- |SED||UK (1st gen. Frontera made by IBC Vehicles) |- |W0L||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018-2020) |- |1GH||United States (Acadia) |- |3G0||Mexico (Equinox) |- |3GM||Mexico (Suburban) |- |4S2||United States (2nd gen. Frontera made by [[w:Subaru Isuzu Automotive|SIA]]) |- |5G8||United States (Volt) |- |1GG||rowspan=4|Isuzu||United States (Truck - Hombre & i-Series made by GM) |- |4GT||United States (H-Series & T-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4KL||United States (N-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4NU||United States (MPV/SUV - Ascender made by GM) |- |W0L||Subaru||Thailand [plant code H] (Traviq made by GM Thailand for export to Japan) |- |4G3||Toyota||United States (Cavalier made by GM for export to Japan) |- |3GP||Honda||Mexico (MPV/SUV: 2024-2026 Prologue made by GM) |- |4W5||Acura||United States (MPV/SUV: 2024 ZDX EV made by GM) |} {{BookCat}} d0j3pqyhy5uvepit3mxaq8pwp6len5n 4655943 4655931 2026-07-31T07:32:02Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle */ 4655943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} It is the tenth digit that gives you the model year for GM. I've been working at a Chevy dealer for years running codes/vins. For example (my examples only apply to 2001-2015 gm vehicles) Remember 10th digit from the beginning, (left to right). 2001... 1, 2002...2, 2003...3, etc., 2009...9. After 2009, the tenth digit was given a letter 2010... A, 2011...B, 2012...C, 2013...D, 2014...E, 2015...F, Etc... We have another 20 years worth of letters. Thanks for reading. You can always check your model year by looking in your drivers side door jamb and it will give you model year. If it was assembled in July or later, the model year is probably a year later than the calendar year of the manufacturing date listed. ==American GM== ===American VIN format 1981-1984 Passenger Car=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1981-1984|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984|Car Line & Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====American restraint types 1981-1984==== The restraint type is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Manual Seatbelts only - No Passive Restraint |} ====Car Line & Series Code 1981-1984==== The Car Line & Series Code is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Car Line & <br> Series Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=19|GM A platform - rear-wheel drive |T||Chevrolet Malibu 1981 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1981 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1981 |- |D||Pontiac LeMans 1981 |- |F||Pontiac Grand LeMans 1981 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1981 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1981 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1981 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass sedan, Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1981 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' wagon 1981 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1981 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1981 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe, Cutlass LS sedan 1981 |- |E||Buick Century wagon 1981 |- |H||Buick Century sedan, Estate wagon 1981 |- |J||Buick Regal 1981 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1981 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1981 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM A platform - front-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1982-1984 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1982-1984 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1982-1984 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1983-1984 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1982 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1982-1984, Cutlass Cruiser ''LS'' 1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=19|GM B platform |D||Chevrolet Bel Air 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Chevrolet Impala 1981-1984 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1981-1984 |- |F||Pontiac Laurentian 1981 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac Catalina 1981, Parisienne 1984 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1981 |- |N||Pontiac Parisienne 1981, Parisienne Brougham 1982-1983 (Canada only) |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1981 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1984 |- |L||Oldsmobile Delta 88 1981-1983 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1981-1984 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1981-1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1984 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1981-1984 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre 1981, Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1982-1984 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1981-1984 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1981-1983 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - rear-wheel drive |G||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1984 |- |V||Oldsmobile 98 Luxury 1981 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1982-1983 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1981-1983 |- |R||Buick Electra Limited 1984 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1984 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1981-1983 |- |X||Buick Electra Limited 1981-1983 |- |B||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1981-1983 |- |D||Cadillac DeVille 1981-1983 |- |M||Cadillac DeVille 1984 |- |W||Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM D platform - rear-wheel drive |F||Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=4|GM E platform |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1981-1984 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1981-1984 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1981-1984 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=7|GM F platform |P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1981-1984 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1981-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1981-1984 |- |T||Pontiac Firebird ''Esprit'' 1981 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula'' 1981 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1981-1984 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' Turbo Special Edition 1981, Firebird ''S/E'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=15|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |W||Chevrolet Malibu Classic 1982, Malibu 1983 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1982-1984 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1982-1984 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LJ 1982-1983, Grand Prix LE 1984 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville G 1982-1984 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1982-1984 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville G Brougham 1982-1984 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville G ''LE'' 1984 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser wagon 1982-1983 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais coupe 1982-1984 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1982-1984 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme coupe & sedan 1982-1984 |- |J||Buick Regal 1982-1984 |- |K||Buick Regal ''Sport'' 1982, Regal ''T-Type'' 1983-1984 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=13|GM J platform |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1983-1984 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier 2-d/4-d/wagon 1982, Cavalier CS 1983-1984 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier 3-door hatchback 1982, Cavalier CS 3-door hatchback 1983, Cavalier Type 10 2-d/3-d/Convertible 1984 |- |B||Pontiac J2000 1982, 2000 1983, 2000 Sunbird 1984 |- |C||Pontiac J2000 LE 1982, 2000 LE 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE Convertible 1983, 2000 Sunbird LE 1984 |- |D||Pontiac J2000 SE 1982, 2000 SE 1983, 2000 Sunbird SE 1984 |- |E||Pontiac J2000 S 1982 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1982-1984, Firenza S 1982-1984 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1982-1984, Firenza SX 1982-1984 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1983-1984 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1982-1984 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1982-1984 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1982-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM K platform |S||Cadillac Seville 1981-1984 |- |rowspan=3|GM P platform ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1984 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1984 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1984 |- |rowspan=6|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |B||Chevrolet Chevette 1981-1983, Chevette CS 1984 |- |J||Chevrolet Chevette Scooter 1981-1983, Chevette 1984 |- |B||Pontiac Acadian 1981-1984 (Canada only) |- |J||Pontiac Acadian S 1981-1982, Pontiac Acadian Scooter 1983-1984 (Canada only) |- |L||Pontiac T1000 1982, 1000 1983-1984 |- |M||Pontiac T1000 1981 |- |rowspan=10|GM X platform |H||Chevrolet Citation 2-door coupe 1982-1983, Citation II 2-door coupe 1984 |- |X||Chevrolet Citation hatchback 1981-1983, Citation II hatchback 1984 |- |T||Pontiac Phoenix SJ 1982-1983, Phoenix SE 1984 |- |Y||Pontiac Phoenix 1981-1984 |- |Z||Pontiac Phoenix LJ 1981-1983, Phoenix LE 1984 |- |B||Oldsmobile Omega 1981-1984 |- |E||Oldsmobile Omega Brougham 1981-1984 |- |B||Buick Skylark 1981-1982, Skylark Custom 1983-1984 |- |C||Buick Skylark Limited 1981-1984 |- |D||Buick Skylark Sport 1981-1982, Skylark T-Type 1983-1984 |- |rowspan=1|GM Y platform |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 1981-1982, 1984 |} ===American VIN format 1985-1986 Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>W</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=2>[[#Body style codes 1981-1986|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>Y</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====Body style codes 1981-1986==== The Body type is specified as characters 6 and 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars from 1981-1986. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |11,27,37,47,57,97||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |07,08,77,87||Two-Door Hatchback |- |67||Two-Door Convertible |- |19,69||Four-Door Sedan |- |68||Four-Door Hatchback |- |23||Four-Door Limousine, 8-passenger ("Limousine") |- |33||Four-Door Limousine w/Center Partition, 7-passenger ("Formal Limousine") |- |35||Four-Door Station Wagon |} ===American VIN format 1987- Passenger Car=== GM has traditionally encoded the platform as the 4th character of the VIN. Other content includes an engine code and manufacturing plant. GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Platform]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>M</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car|Series Code]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car|Body style]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American restraint types 1987-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#American engine codes 1981-|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ===American VIN format 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 1981-1999]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2000-2009]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Body type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System |- |A||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic |- |B||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic |- |D||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic |- |F||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic |- |G||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic |- |H||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic |- |J||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic |- |K||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic |- |L||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic |} ====Line & Chassis Type 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |B||Special Body Buick, Chevrolet |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '81-'86, Sierra 2wd (C-series) '88-'99 |- |C||Chevy C10 Blazer 2wd ('81-'82), Tahoe 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC C1500 Jimmy 2wd ('81-'82), Yukon 4-door 2wd ('95-'99), Suburban 2wd ('81-'86, '92-'99) |- |D||Military Truck 4wd |- |E||'91-'97 Geo Tracker 2wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 2wd |- |E||'97-'98 Chevy S-10 EV |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans (Chevy Van, Sportvan, Express, GMC Vandura, Rally Van, Savana) |- |H||'93-'96 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD cutaway van |- |H||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '93-'96, Fwd DeVille '97-'99) |- |J||'89-'97 Geo Tracker 4wd, '98-'99 Chevrolet Tracker 4wd |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, '88-'99,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '81-'86, Sierra 4wd (K-series) '88-'99 |- |K||Chevy K10/K5 Blazer 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'94), Tahoe 4wd ('95-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99),<br /> GMC K1500 Jimmy 4wd ('81-'86), Yukon 4wd ('92-'99), Suburban 4wd ('81-'86, '92-'99), '99 Cadillac Escalade 4wd |- |L||Chevy Luv 2wd '81-'82 |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '90-'99 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '85-'99 |- |P||Forward Control (includes Chevrolet Step-Van/GMC Value-Van, Chevy/GMC P-Series) |- |R||Chevy Luv 4wd '81-'82 |- |R||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (R-series), Suburban 2wd '87-'91 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('82-'99), S-10 Blazer 2wd ('83-'94), Blazer 2wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 2wd ('82-'90), Sonoma 2wd ('91-'99),<br> S-15 Jimmy 2wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 2wd ('92-'99), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('96-'99) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('83-'99), S-10 Blazer 4wd ('83-'94), Blazer 4wd ('95-'99), GMC S-15 4wd ('83-'90), Sonoma 4wd ('91-'99), Syclone 4wd ('91),<br> S-15 Jimmy 4wd ('83-'91), Jimmy 4wd ('92-'99), Typhoon 4wd ('92-93), Envoy 4wd ('98-'99), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('91-'94, '96-'99),<br> Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('98-'99) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |- |V||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V10/V1500 Blazer 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91,<br /> GMC full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (V-series), V1500 Jimmy 4wd, Suburban 4wd '87-'91 |- |W||'81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero |- |X||Extended length All-Purpose Vehicle ('97-'99 U-body fwd extended length minivans) |- |Z||Cadillac chassis cutaway/special body (Based on Rwd Fleetwood '81-'84, Fwd Fleetwood '85-'92) |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Pontiac Aztek 2wd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous 2wd '02-'07 |- |A||Chevrolet HHR '06-'09, HHR Panel '07-'09 |- |B||Pontiac Aztek Awd '01-'05, Buick Rendezvous Awd '02-'06 |- |C||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 2wd (C-series) '00, full-size chassis cabs 2wd (C3500HD) '01-'02, Silverado 2wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 2wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 2wd (C-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 2wd '00, '07 |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('00-'09), Suburban 2wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 2wd ('02-'09),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 2wd ('00-'09), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'09), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08-'09) |- |E||Chevrolet Tracker 2wd '00-'04 |- |E||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '04-'09 |- |G||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 2wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '00-09 |- |H||Chevy/GMC full-size vans 4wd (Chevy Express, GMC Savana) '03-09 |- |H||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on Fwd DeVille '02-'05, DTS '06-'09) |- |H||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DeVille '00-'05, DTS '06-'07) |- |J||Chevrolet Tracker 4wd '00-'04 |- |K||Chevy full-size pickups & chassis cabs 4wd (K-series) '00, Silverado 4wd '00-'09, Silverado Classic 4wd '07,<br /> GMC Sierra 4wd (K-series) '00-'09, Sierra Classic 4wd '00, '07 |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('00-'09), Suburban 4wd ('00-'09), Avalanche 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'09), Yukon XL 4wd ('00-'09),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('00, '02-'09), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'09), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'09) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on Fwd DTS '08-'09) |- |L||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 4wd '00-'05 |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '05-'09, Pontiac Torrent 2wd & Awd '06-'09, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '08-'09 |- |M||Chevy Astro/GMC Safari 2wd '00-'05 |- |N||Hummer H2 '03-'09, H2 SUT '05-'09 |- |N||Hummer H3 '06-'09, H3T '09 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd, Saturn Outlook 2wd '07-'09, Buick Enclave 2wd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse 2wd '09 |- |S||Chevy S-10 2wd ('00-'03), Blazer 2wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03), Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00) |- |S||Chevy Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'09), SSR ('03-'06), GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04),<br> Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07), Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08) |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 2wd ('06-'08) |- |T||Chevy S-10 4wd ('00-'04), Blazer 4wd ('00-'05), GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04), Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01, Canada only: '02-'05), Envoy 4wd ('00),<br> Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'01), Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00) |- |T||Chevy Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'09), GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'09), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05), Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('02-'04), Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'07),<br> Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08), Saab 9-7X 4wd ('05-'09) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('04-'09), GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'09), Isuzu i-series 4wd ('06-'08) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana) |- |U||Regular length All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander [US: '06-'08, Canada only: '05-'09], Pontiac Montana SV6 [Canada only: '05-'09]) |- |V||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('02-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length AWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana Extended length FWD) |- |V||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] (Chevy Uplander ['05-'08, Canada only: '09], Pontiac Montana SV6 ['05-'06, Canada only: '07-'09],<br> Buick Terraza ['05-'07], Saturn Relay ['05-'07]) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd, Saturn Outlook Awd '07-'09, Buick Enclave Awd '08-'09, Chevy Traverse Awd '09 |- |X||Extended length FWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('00-'04 Chevy Venture, Pontiac Montana, Oldsmobile Silhouette Extended length FWD) |- |X||Extended length AWD All-Purpose Vehicle [Minivan] ('05-'06 Chevy Uplander AWD, Pontiac Montana SV6 AWD, Buick Terraza AWD, Saturn Relay AWD) |- |Z||Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '02-'07 |} ====Series 1981-1999 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||1/2 Ton (includes '96-'99 Isuzu Hombre) |- |2||3/4 Ton |- |3||1 Ton |- |8||1/2 Ton ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |9||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||All-Purpose Vehicle ('90-'99 U-body fwd minivans) |} ====Series 2000-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS ('06-'07) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('06-'07) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LT ('07) |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 1LT w/man. trans. ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR 2LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN) |- |7 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR SS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GN) |- |6 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/auto. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |7 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel SS w/man. trans. ('09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |8 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/auto. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |9 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS w/man. trans. ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT (all transmissions) ('08-'09) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |1 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LS ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |2 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |3 <br> (following A)||Chevrolet HHR Panel LT ('08) (Pos. 1-3 of VIN is 3GC) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Venture Plus ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Venture Cargo ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LS ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Venture LT ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |2 <br> (following U)||Chevrolet Uplander LS SWB 2wd ('06-'08) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Base model 2wd ('05) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander Cargo Van 2wd, Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05-'08) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LS 2wd ('05-'08) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Uplander LT 2wd ('05-'08) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Chevrolet Uplander LT Awd ('05-'06) |- |1 <br> (following M)||Chevrolet Astro 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Astro Awd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |2 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: Chevrolet Express 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following G)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series LT 2wd ('01-'02) |- |1 <br> (following H)||Chevrolet Express 1500 series Awd ('03-'09) |- |2 <br> (following H)||Chevrolet Express 2500 series Awd ('03-'05) |- |1 <br> (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 2wd ('00-'04) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 2wd ('01-'04) |- |1 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model 4wd ('00-'01, '04) |- |1 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SB (Preferred) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03) |- |2 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker Base model w/1SA (Base) Equip. Group 4wd ('02-'03) |- |6 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker LT 4wd ('01-'04) |- |7 <br> (following J)||Chevrolet Tracker ZR2 4wd ('01-'04) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS 2wd ('05-'09) |- |2 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LS Awd ('05-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT 2wd ('05-'07) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LT Awd ('05-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT 2wd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 1LT Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT 2wd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox 2LT Awd ('08-'09) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ 2wd ('08-'09) |- |8 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox LTZ Awd ('08-'09) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport 2wd ('08-'09) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Chevrolet Equinox Sport Awd ('08-'09) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LS Awd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LT Awd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Chevrolet Traverse LTZ Awd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Blazer 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Blazer 4wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 2wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 2wd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer 4wd ('02-'08), Trailblazer EXT 4wd ('02-'06) |- |3 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Trailblazer SS 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Limited 2wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Z71 4wd ('00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 2wd ('07-'09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe Police/Special Service 4wd ('07-'09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LS 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Suburban 2500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 2wd ('02-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 2wd ('02-'03) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series 4wd ('02-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 2500 series 4wd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LS 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LT 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 series LTZ 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet SSR 2wd ('03-'06) |- |6 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet SSR Signature Series 2wd ('03) <br> [All SSR Signature Series also have a 0 in the 12th pos. of VIN whereas all other SSRs have a 1 in the 12th pos. of VIN] |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet S-10 2wd ('00-'03) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet S-10 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Chevrolet Colorado 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Chevrolet Colorado 4wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana ('05) (Pos. 8 of VIN is E) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA 2wd ('05) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB 2wd ('05) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SA Awd ('05) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 1SB Awd ('05) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('06) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Pontiac Montana SV6 2wd ('06) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Pontiac Montana SV6 Awd ('06) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Pontiac Aztek 2wd ('01-'05) |- |0 <br> (following B)||Pontiac Aztek Awd ('01-'05) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent 2wd ('06-'07) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Awd ('06-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model 2wd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent Base model Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP 2wd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Pontiac Torrent GXP Awd ('08-'09) |- |0 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('00, '03-'04), GLS 2wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere 2wd ('00-'04) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GL 2wd ('01-'02) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length GLS Awd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Oldsmobile Silhouette extended length Premiere Awd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Oldsmobile Bravada 2wd ('02-'04) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Oldsmobile Bravada 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza Mobility (incomplete vehicle) 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza CX 2wd ('05-'07), CX Plus 2wd ('07) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Buick Terraza CXL 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Buick Terraza CX Awd ('05-'06) |- |3 <br> (following X)||Buick Terraza CXL Awd ('05-'06) |- |0 <br> (following A)||Buick Rendezvous 2wd ('02-'07) |- |0 <br> (following B)||Buick Rendezvous Awd ('02-'06) |- |1 <br> (following S)||Buick Rainier 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||Buick Rainier 4wd ('04-'06) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Buick Enclave CX 2wd ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Buick Enclave CXL 2wd ('08-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Buick Enclave CX Awd ('08-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Buick Enclave CXL Awd ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX ('04-'07) |- |2 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V8 ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V6 ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08-'09) |- |6 <br> (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is 7: Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('08) |- |6 <br> (following E)||When Pos. 8 of VIN is A: Cadillac SRX AWD V8 ('08) |- |6 <br> (following E)||Cadillac SRX RWD V6 ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Early '00) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Platinum Edition 4wd ('08), Escalade ESV Platinum Edition 4wd ('08) |- |6 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('02-'08), Escalade ESV 2wd ('08) |- |6 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd (Mid '00, '02-'08), Escalade ESV 4wd ('03-'08), Escalade EXT 4wd ('02-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd Base model ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 2wd w/Platinum Edition ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2wd Base model ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||Cadillac Escalade 2wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd Base model ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd Base model ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09),<br> Escalade EXT 4wd w/Ultra Luxury Collection ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Platinum Edition ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 4wd Base model ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||Cadillac Escalade 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade ESV 4wd w/Sport Package ('09), Escalade EXT 4wd w/Sport Package ('09) |- |1 <br> (following M)||GMC Safari 2wd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following L)||GMC Safari Awd ('00-'05) |- |1 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |2 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 2500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 3500 series 2wd ('00-'09) |- |3 <br> (following G)||When VIN starts with 1GBK: GMC Savana 4500 series Cutaway 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following G)||GMC Savana 1500 series SLT 2wd ('01-'02) |- |1 <br> (following H)||GMC Savana 1500 series Awd ('03-'09) |- |2 <br> (following H)||GMC Savana 2500 series Awd ('03-'05) |- |1 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLE 2wd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 2wd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 2wd ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLE Awd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-1 Awd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||GMC Acadia SLT-2 Awd ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Jimmy 2wd ('00-'01) |- |6 <br> (following S)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 2wd ('01) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Jimmy 4wd ('00-'01 & '02-'05 in Canada) |- |6 <br> (following T)||GMC Jimmy Diamond Edition 4wd ('01) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy 2wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 2wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 2wd ('04-'05) |- |6 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 2wd ('05-'06) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy 4wd ('02-'08), Envoy XL 4wd ('02-'06), Envoy XUV 4wd ('04-'05) |- |6 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('05-'08), Envoy XL Denali 4wd ('05-'06) |- |3 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy SLE 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy SLE 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy SLT 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy SLT 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following S)||GMC Envoy Denali 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following T)||GMC Envoy Denali 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('00-'06) [GMT800] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon SLE 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon SLT 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon SLE 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |3 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon SLT 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Early '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd (Mid '00) [GMT400; 8th pos. of VIN is R] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('01-'06) [GMT800] |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('08) [GMT900] |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('07-'08) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali 2wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |0 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 2] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 2wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid 4wd ('09) [GMT900; 8th pos. of VIN is 5] |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('00-'08) |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('08) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('00-'08) |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('01-'08) |- |1 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 2wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 2wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 2wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 2wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 2wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 2wd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following C)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 2wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series 4wd ('09) |- |2 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLE 4wd ('09) |- |3 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 1500 series SLT 4wd ('09) |- |4 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series 4wd ('09) |- |5 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLE 4wd ('09) |- |6 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL 2500 series SLT 4wd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following K)||GMC Yukon XL Denali 1500 series 4wd ('09) [8th pos. of VIN is 2] |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Sonoma 2wd ('00-'03) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Sonoma 4wd ('00-'04) |- |1 <br> (following S)||GMC Canyon 2wd ('04-'07) |- |1 <br> (following T)||GMC Canyon 4wd ('04-'07) |- |0 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''2'' 2wd ('05-'07) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''3'' 2wd ('05-'07) |- |5 <br> (following V)||Saturn Relay ''1'' 2wd ('07) |- |2 <br> (following X)||Saturn Relay ''3'' Awd ('05-'06) |- |2 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Man. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07) |- |3 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('02-'07) |- |4 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue I4, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'05) |- |5 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Fwd ('03-'07) |- |6 <br> (following Z)||Saturn Vue V6, Auto. Trans., Awd ('02-'07) |- |3 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Fwd ('08-'09) |- |4 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XE Awd ('08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is C: Saturn Vue XR Fwd ('08-'09) |- |7 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Early '08) |- |6 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue XR Awd (Mid '08-'09) |- |5 <br> (following L)||when 4th pos. of VIN is D: Saturn Vue XR Awd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Fwd ('08-'09) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('08) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Red Line Awd ('09) |- |0 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('08) |- |9 <br> (following L)||Saturn Vue Green Line Fwd ('09) |- |1 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR 2wd w/Touring Package ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('07-'09) |- |2 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd ('07-'09) |- |3 <br> (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR Awd w/Touring Package ('07-'09) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 ('06-'07) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Base model ('08) |- |3 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Adventure ('08) |- |4 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Luxury ('08) |- |5 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 X ('08) |- |6 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3 Alpha ('08) |- |1 <br> (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T ('09) |- |2 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 ('03-'08), H2 SUT ('05-'08) |- |2 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Base model ('09), H2 SUT Base model ('09) |- |7 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Adventure ('09) |- |8 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 Luxury ('09) |- |9 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Adventure ('09) |- |0 <br> (following N)||Hummer H2 SUT Luxury ('09) |- |1 (following S)||Isuzu Hombre 2wd ('00), Isuzu i280 2wd ('06), Isuzu i290 2wd ('07-'08), Isuzu i370 2wd ('07-'08) |- |2 (following S)||Isuzu i290 2wd w/Preferred Equip. Pkg. ('08), Isuzu i370 2wd w/Comfort Pkg. or upgrade model ('08) |- |1 (following T)||Isuzu Hombre 4wd ('00), Isuzu i350 4wd ('06), Isuzu i370 4wd ('07-'08) |- |2 (following T)||Isuzu i370 4wd w/Comfort Pkg. ('08) |- |1 (following S)||Isuzu Ascender 2wd ('03-'08) |- |1 (following T)||Isuzu Ascender 4wd ('03-'08) |- |1 (following T)||Saab 9-7X ('05-'08: All, '09: 4.2i, 5.3i) |- |2 (following T)||Saab 9-7X Aero ('09) |} ====Body style codes 1981-2009 Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Body type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |0||Sedan Pickup/Pickup Delivery ('81-'87 El Camino, Caballero) |- |0||Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet Commercial Body/Chassis |- |0||Chassis Only |- |1||Cutaway Van |- |2||Forward Control ('81-'03) (includes '93-'95 Chevy G30HD/GMC G3500HD) |- |2||Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('04-'09 Avalanche & Escalade EXT, '04-'05 Envoy XUV, '05-'09 Hummer H2 SUT) |- |3||Four-Door Cab pickup (Crew Cab) (includes '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Crew Cab, '09 Hummer H3T) |- |3||4-door Passenger Minivan ('97-'09 U-bodies) |- |3||4-door SUV or MPV ('06-'09 HHR) (also includes '02-'03 Avalanche & Escalade EXT) ('05-'09 Saab 9-7X) |- |4||Two-Door Cab pickup (includes '83-'87 S-10/S-15 extended cab pickups, '03-'06 Chevy SSR, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre Reg. Cab) |- |5||Van (Astro/Safari & full-size vans & '07-'09 HHR Panel) |- |6||Extended length 4-door SUV (Suburban, Yukon XL, Escalade ESV, Trailblazer EXT, Envoy XL, Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.) |- |6||3-door Passenger Minivan ('90-'99 U-bodies) |- |7||Motor Home Chassis ('81-'09) |- |8||Two-Door SUV (Utility) (2-d Tracker, S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy, Blazer, Jimmy, Tahoe, Yukon) |- |9||Stake (81-87) |- |9||Extended Cab pickup ('88-) (includes '97-'00 Isuzu Hombre Spacecab, '06-'08 Isuzu i-Series Ext. Cab) |- |9||Extended length van ('90-) (Astro/Safari & full-size vans) |} ===American VIN format 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle=== GM's VIN format is as follows: <table border=1 style="margin:auto;"> <tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Sample</th><th></th><th></th><th>Description</th> </tr><tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=3>[[#GM WMIs|World Manufacturer Identifier]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>2</td> <td>G</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>3</td> <td>K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>4</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>5</td> <td>R</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Line & Chassis Type for 2010-]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>6</td> <td>L</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle|Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>7</td> <td>E</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-|Restraint type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>8</td> <td>D</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#Engine codes for light trucks|Engine type]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>9</td> <td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>10</td> <td>A</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>11</td> <td>J</td><td></td><td></td><td>[[#GM factories supplying North America|Factory ID]]</td> </tr><tr> <td>12</td> <td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan=6>Sequential number </tr><tr> <td>13</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>14</td> <td>3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>15</td> <td>7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>16</td> <td>6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr> <td>17</td> <td>2</td><td></td><td></td> </table> ====GVWR/Brake System/Body Style 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The GVWR/Brake System is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !GVWR Range in lbs. & Weight Class !Brake System !Body Style |- | ||Class A: 0-3,000||Hydraulic|| |- | ||Class B: 3,001-4,000||Hydraulic|| |- |A||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV or MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR Panel, '10-'26 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue,<br> '12-'15 Chevy Captiva Sport, '19-'24 Cadillac XT4, '24-'26 Buick Encore GX) |- |B||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||46: 4-door MPV ('10-'11 Chevy HHR) |- |J||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door, 4 window Hatchback ('18-'23 Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |D||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |E||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||75: Four-Door Wagon - High Roof Monocab (Canada only: '12-'14 Chevy Orlando) |- |M||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('20-'23 Buick Encore GX) |- |9||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('21-'26 Chevy Trailblazer) |- |7||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||58: 4-door Utility Extended ('24-'26 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista) |- |C||Class C: 4,001-5,000||Hydraulic||76: 4-door SUV ('13-'22 Buick Encore, Canada only: '13-'14 Chevy Trax, US & Canada: '15-'22 Chevy Trax) |- |F||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10-'17 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '10 Saturn Vue, '10-'16 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X,<br> '12-'13 Chevy Captiva Sport, '16-'26 Buick Envision, '17 Cadillac XT5, '19-'25 Cadillac XT4) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |G||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'24 Chevy Colorado, '15-'22 GMC Canyon) |- |K||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |J||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'12 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |H||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |T||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |7||Class D: 5,001-6,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, Buick Enclave, Saturn Outlook) |- |K||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('11-'17 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '11-'23 GMC Acadia, '17 Acadia Limited,<br> '17-'26 Cadillac XT5, '19-'26 Chevy Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6, '23-'26 Cadillac Lyriq EV,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Blazer EV, '25-'26 Cadillac Optiq EV, '24-'26 Honda Prologue EV, '24 Acura ZDX EV A-Spec) |- |7||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||48: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 Chevy Equinox EV) |- |E||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('18-'26 Chevy Traverse, Buick Enclave, '24 Chevy Traverse Limited,<br> '24-'26 GMC Acadia |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Hummer H3) |- |L||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'20 Chevy Tahoe Police Pursuit Vehicle 2wd) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |M||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-13 Chevy Avalanche 2wd) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |N||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra, Hummer H3T) |- |P||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited, '16-'26 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon) |- |S||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |R||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited,<br> '16-'22 Chevy Colorado) |- |G||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |8||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |X||Class E: 6,001-7,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('13-'19 Cadillac XTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'14 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |S||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'26 Chevy Tahoe, Suburban 1500, GMC Yukon, Yukon XL 1500, Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('10 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |T||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||36: Sport Utility Truck (SUT) ('11-'13 Chevy Avalanche 4wd, Cadillac Escalade EXT 4wd) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24 Acura ZDX EV Type S) |- |C||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Vistiq EV) |- |W||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |X||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |Y||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |V||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '19 Chevy Silverado LD, GMC Sierra Limited, '22 Chevy Silverado LTD, GMC Sierra Limited) |- |U||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('10 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |9||Class F: 7,001-8,000||Hydraulic||69: Commercial Chassis ('11 Cadillac DTS chassis for Limo/Hearse) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('10 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |W||Class G: 8,001-9,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('11-'13 Chevy Suburban 2500, GMC Yukon XL 2500) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van or Incomplete Vehicle ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana,<br> '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |Z||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||06: Passenger Van ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |0||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |1||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '24-'25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 module battery pack,<br> '24-'26 Chevy Silverado EV, '25-'26 GMC Sierra EV) |- |5||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |2||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |B||Class H: 9,001-10,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('24-'25 GMC Hummer EV SUV) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |3||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||03: Regular Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |7||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |4||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||43: Crew Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra,<br> '22-'24 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/24 module battery pack, '25 GMC Hummer EV pickup w/20 or 24 module battery pack, '26 GMC Hummer EV pickup, '24-'25 Chevy Silverado EV, GMC Sierra EV) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('10 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |5||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||53: Extended Cab pickup or Chassis Cab ('11-'13, '15-'18, '20-'26 Chevy Silverado, GMC Sierra) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||06: 4-door SUV ('16-'19, '24-'26 Chevy Suburban 3500HD) |- |8||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||05: Cargo Van ('22 BrightDrop EV600, '23-'24 BrightDrop Zevo 600, '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600) |- |T||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||26: 4-door SUV ('25-'26 GMC Hummer EV SUV, '25-'26 Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV]) |- |L||Class 3: 10,001-14,000||Hydraulic||56: 4-door SUV Extended ('26- Cadillac Escalade IQL [EV]) |- |9||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('10 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- |6||Class 4: 14,001-16,000||Hydraulic||03: Van Cutaway ('11-'26 Chevy Express, GMC Savana) |- | ||Class 5: 16,001-19,500||Hydraulic|| |} ====Line & Chassis Type 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Line & Chassis Type is specified as character 5 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Chevrolet HHR ('10-'11), HHR Panel ('10-'11) |- |A||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |B||Chevy Blazer 2wd & Awd '19-'26 |- |C||Chevy Silverado 2wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 2wd '19, Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd '19, GMC Sierra 2wd ('10) |- |C||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('10-'24), Suburban 2wd ('10-'24), Avalanche 2wd ('10-'13),<br /> GMC Yukon 2wd ('10), Yukon XL 2wd ('10), Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('10), Escalade ESV 2wd ('10) |- |D||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('22-'24) |- |D||Chevy Blazer EV ('24-'26), Chevy Equinox EV ('24-'26) |- |E||Cadillac Escalade IQ [EV] ('25-'26), Escalade IQL [EV] ('26-), GMC Hummer EV pickup ('26-), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('26-), GMC Sierra EV ('26-) |- |F||Chevy Bolt EV w/Rear Seat Delete pkg. - incomplete vehicle ('18-'23) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Limousine & for Armored Vehicle (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Cadillac Chassis for Hearse (Based on XTS '13-'19) |- |G||Chevy Express 2wd ('10-'26), GMC Savana 2wd ('10) |- |H||Chevy Express 4wd ('10-'14), GMC Savana 4wd ('10) |- |H||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('25-'26) |- |H||Honda Prologue EV ('24-'26), Acura ZDX EV ('24) |- |J||Buick Encore 2wd & Awd ('13-'22), Chevy Trax 2wd & Awd (Canada: '13-'22, US: '15-'22) |- |J||BrightDrop EV600 ('22), BrightDrop Zevo 600 ('23-'24), BrightDrop Zevo 400 ('24), Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 ('25-'26) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 4wd ('10-'18), Silverado LD 1500 4wd ('19), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), GMC Sierra 4wd ('10) |- |K||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('25-'26), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |K||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban 4wd ('10-'24), Suburban HD 4wd ('24-'26), Avalanche 4wd ('10-'13), GMC Yukon 4wd ('10), Yukon XL 4wd ('10),<br> Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('10), Escalade ESV 4wd ('10), Escalade EXT 4wd ('10) |- |K||Cadillac Professional Chassis for Limousine (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |K||Cadillac Commercial Chassis for Hearse (Based on DTS '10-'11) |- |L||Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Captiva Sport 2wd '12-'15, Captiva Sport Awd '12, GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '10-'17, Saturn Vue 2wd & Awd '10 |- |L||GMC Terrain 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |L||Buick Envista '24-'26, Chevy Trax '24-'26 |- |M||Buick Encore GX 2wd & Awd ('20-'26), Chevy Trailblazer 2wd & Awd ('21-'26) |- |N||Cadillac SRX 2wd & Awd '10-'16, Saab 9-4X 2011 |- |N||GMC Acadia 2wd & Awd '17-'26, Cadillac XT5 2wd & Awd '17-'26 |- |N||Hummer H3, H3T 2010 |- |P||Chevy Orlando (Canada only: '12-'14) |- |P||Cadillac XT6 2wd & Awd '20-'25 |- |P||Cadillac Lyriq EV 2wd & Awd '23-'25 |- |R||GMC Acadia 2wd '10-'16, Acadia Limited 2wd '17, Saturn Outlook 2wd '10, Buick Enclave 2wd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse 2wd '10-'17 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse 2wd '18-'23 |- |R||Buick Enclave 2wd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse 2wd '24-'26 |- |S||Chevy Traverse Limited 2wd '24 |- |S||Chevy Colorado 2wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 2wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Colorado 4wd ('10-'12, '15-'26), GMC Canyon 4wd ('10) |- |T||Chevy Traverse Limited Awd '24 |- |U||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('22-'26), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('25-'26) |- |V||GMC Acadia Awd '10-'16, Acadia Limited Awd '17, Saturn Outlook Awd '10, Buick Enclave Awd '10-'17, Chevy Traverse Awd '10-'17 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '18-'24, Chevy Traverse Awd '18-'23 |- |V||Buick Enclave Awd '25-'26, Chevy Traverse Awd '24-'26 |- |W||Chevy Silverado 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 2wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |X||Buick Envision 2wd & Awd '16-'20, Chevy Equinox 2wd & Awd '18-'26 |- |Y||Chevy Silverado 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Silverado LTD 1500 4wd ('22), Silverado HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |Z||Cadillac XT4 2wd & Awd '19-'25, Buick Envision 2wd '21-'23, Buick Envision Awd '21-'26 |- |1||GMC Sierra 2wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('19), Yukon 2wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 2wd ('11-'26) |- |1||GMC Canyon 2wd ('25-'26) |- |2||GMC Sierra 4wd ('11-'18), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('19), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('19), Yukon 4wd ('11-'26), Yukon XL 4wd ('11-'26) |- |2||GMC Canyon 4wd ('25-'26) |- |3||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 2wd ('11-'24) |- |3||Cadillac Optiq EV ('25-), Cadillac Vistiq EV ('26-) |- |4||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade ESV 4wd ('11-'24), Escalade EXT 4wd ('11-'13) |- |5||GMC Canyon 2wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |5||Chevy Tahoe 2wd ('25-'26), Suburban 2wd ('25-'26) |- |6||GMC Canyon 4wd ('11-'12, '15-'24) |- |6||Chevy Tahoe 4wd ('25-'26), Suburban 4wd ('25-'26) |- |7||GMC Savana 2wd ('11-'26) |- |8||GMC Savana 4wd ('11-'14) |- |8||GMC Sierra 1500 2wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 2wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 2wd ('20-'24) |- |8||Cadillac Escalade 2wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 2wd ('25-'26) |- |9||GMC Sierra 1500 4wd ('19-'21), Sierra Limited 1500 4wd ('22), Sierra HD 2500/3500 4wd ('20-'24) |- |9||Cadillac Escalade 4wd ('25-'26), Escalade ESV 4wd ('25-'26) |- |0||GMC Hummer EV pickup ('22-'25), GMC Hummer EV SUV ('24-'25), Chevy Silverado EV ('24-'26), GMC Sierra EV ('24-'25) |} ====Series 2010- Light Duty Truck & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle==== The Series is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for light trucks. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A (following L)||Saturn Vue XE 2wd ('10) |- |E (following L)||Saturn Vue XR V6 2wd ('10) |- |K (following L)||Saturn Vue XR-L V6 2wd ('10) |- |T (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE 2wd ('10) |- |U (following R)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium 2wd ('10) |- |V (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L 2wd ('10) |- |W (following R)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium 2wd ('10) |- |T (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Awd ('10) |- |U (following V)||Saturn Outlook XE Premium Awd ('10) |- |V (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Awd ('10) |- |W (following V)||Saturn Outlook XR-L Premium Awd ('10) |- |G (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Base model ('10) |- |H (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Adventure ('10) |- |J (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Luxury ('10) |- |K (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/cloth ('10) |- |L (following N)||Hummer H3, H3T Alpha w/Leather ('10) |- |P (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i 2wd ('11) |- |R (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Awd ('11) |- |S (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium 2wd ('11) |- |T (following N)||Saab 9-4X 3.0i Premium Awd ('11) |- |U (following N)||Saab 9-4X Aero Awd ('11) |} ===Platform & Series Codes 1985- Passenger Car=== GM used a lettered system of automobile platform codes for three decades. These letters were used as the 4th position of the VIN. Though today's GM platforms use Greek characters, they are still encoded with Latin characters in the 4th position. Position 5 encodes the specific model and trim level of the vehicle. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !List of GM platforms !Platform<br>Code !Series<br>Code !:Category:General Motors vehicles|Model |- |rowspan=14|GM A platform |rowspan=14|A||W||Chevrolet Celebrity 1985-1990 |- |E||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1986-1988 |- |F||Pontiac 6000 1985-1988, 6000 ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Pontiac 6000 ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |H||Pontiac 6000 ''STE'' 1985-1989 |- |J||Pontiac 6000 ''SE'' 1989-1991 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1993-1994 |- |J||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''LS'' 1985, Cutlass Ciera 1986-1989 & Cutlass Cruiser 1985-1989,<br /> Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Coupe 1986-1987, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' 1990-1991 & Cutlass Cruiser ''S'' 1990-1994, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' & Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1995, Ciera ''SL'' sedan & wagon 1996 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1990-1991, Cutlass Ciera ''S'' Sedan 1992 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''Brougham'' 1985-1988, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Coupe 1986-1989, Cutlass Ciera ''SL'' Sedan 1989-1993, Cutlass Cruiser ''Brougham'' 1987-1988, Cutlass Cruiser ''SL'' 1989-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera ''International Series'' 1988-1990 |- |G||Buick Century ''T-Type'' 1985-1986, Century ''Special'' 1991-1996 |- |H||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1985-1995 |- |L||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1985-1993, Century Estate Wagon 1986-1989 |- |rowspan=14|GM B platform |rowspan=14|B||L||Chevrolet Impala 1985, Caprice 1986-1992, Caprice Classic 1993-1996, Impala SS 1995-96 |- |N||Chevrolet Caprice Classic 1985-1992, Caprice Classic LS 1993-1994,<br /> Caprice Classic LTZ 1991-1993, Impala SS 1994 |- |U||Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brougham/Brougham LS 1987-1990 |- |L||Pontiac Parisienne 1985-1986, Safari Wagon 1987-1989 |- |T||Pontiac Parisienne Brougham 1985-1986 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1985 |- |P||Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1985-1992 |- |V||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham LS 1985 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1985 |- |N||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1985, Roadmaster sedan 1992-1996 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1985 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre Estate Wagon 1985-1989, Estate Wagon 1990,<br /> Roadmaster Estate Wagon 1991-1996 |- |T||Buick Roadmaster ''Limited'' sedan 1992-1996 |- |V||Buick Electra Estate Wagon 1985-1989 |- |rowspan=13|GM C platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=13|C |V||Oldsmobile Touring Sedan 1988-1990, 98 Touring Sedan 1991-1993 |- |W||Oldsmobile 98 Regency Brougham 1985-1990, 98 Regency Elite 1991-1996 |- |X||Oldsmobile 98 Regency 1985-1990, 1992-1994 |- |F||Buick Electra T-Type 1985-1990 |- |U||Buick Electra Park Avenue Ultra 1989-1990, Park Avenue Ultra 1991-1996 |- |W||Buick Electra Park Avenue 1985-1990, Park Avenue 1991-1996 |- |X||Buick Electra 1985-1986, Electra Limited 1987-1990 |- |B||1985-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood, Fleetwood D'Elegance, 1993 Cadillac Sixty Special |- |D||1985-1993 Cadillac DeVille |- |G||1991-1992 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |H||1985-1987 Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine |- |S||1987-1990 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special |- |T||1991-1993 Cadillac DeVille Touring Sedan |- |rowspan=3|GM G platform (models formerly on C platform) |rowspan=3|C |- |U||Buick Park Avenue Ultra 1997-2005 |- |W||Buick Park Avenue 1997-2005 |- |rowspan=2|GM D platform |rowspan=2|D||W||1985-1986 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, 1987-1992 Cadillac Brougham |- |W||1993-1996 Cadillac Fleetwood |- |rowspan=31|GM Delta I platform |rowspan=31|A |- |A||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/manual trans. 2010 |- |B||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |C||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |D||Chevrolet Cobalt 1LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |E||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/manual trans. 2010 |- |F||Chevrolet Cobalt 2LT w/automatic trans. 2010 |- |G||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Turbo 2010 |- |H||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model w/XFE) 2010 |- |K||Chevrolet Cobalt (base model) 2005, Cobalt LS 2006-2008, Cobalt LS w/man. trans. 2009 |- |L||Chevrolet Cobalt LS 2005, Cobalt LT 2006-2008, Cobalt LT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |M||Chevrolet Cobalt SS 2006-2007, Cobalt Sport 2008 |- |P||Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged 2005-2007, SS Turbo 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Cobalt LS w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Cobalt LT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |Z||Chevrolet Cobalt LT 2005, Cobalt LTZ 2006-2007 |- |L||Pontiac G5 2007-2008, G5 w/manual trans. 2009 |- |N||Pontiac G5 GT 2007-2008, G5 GT w/manual trans. 2009 |- |S||Pontiac G5 w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |T||Pontiac G5 GT w/automatic trans. 2009 |- |F||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/manual trans. 2003-2005 |- |G||Saturn Ion sedan Level 1 w/automatic trans. 2003-2005 |- |J||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |K||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |L||Saturn Ion sedan Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |M||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |N||Saturn Ion coupe Level 2 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |V||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |W||Saturn Ion coupe Level 3 w/automatic trans. 2003-2007 |- |Y||Saturn Ion coupe Red Line 2004-2007 |- |Z||Saturn Ion sedan Level 2 w/manual trans. 2003-2007 |- |rowspan=9|GM E platform |rowspan=9|E |- |V||Oldsmobile Toronado Trofeo 1988-1992 |- |Z||Oldsmobile Toronado Brougham 1985-1986, Toronado 1987-1992 |- |C||Buick Reatta 1988-1991 |- |Y||Buick Riviera T-Type 1985-1986 |- |Z||Buick Riviera 1985-1993 |- |C||Cadillac Eldorado Collector Series 2002 |- |L||Cadillac Eldorado 1985-2002 |- |T||Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe 1994-2002 |- |rowspan=26|GM Epsilon I platform |rowspan=26|Z||A||Chevrolet Malibu Fleet 2010-2012 |- |B||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2010-2012 |- |C||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2010-2012 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2010-2012 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2010-2011, Malibu 1LZ 2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 2008-2010, Malibu 3LT 2012 |- |G||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2008-2009, Malibu 2LZ 2012 |- |H||Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2008-2009 |- |J||Chevrolet Malibu 2LT 2008-2009 |- |K||Chevrolet Malibu LTZ 2008-2009 |- |S||Chevrolet Malibu 2004-2005, Malibu LS 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LS 2008 |- |T||Chevrolet Malibu LS 2004-2005, Malibu LT 2006-2007, Malibu Classic LT 2008 |- |U||Chevrolet Malibu LT 2004-2005, Malibu LTZ 2006-2007 |- |W||Chevrolet Malibu SS 2006-2007 |- |A||Pontiac G6 Sedan 2010 |- |F||Pontiac G6 2.4L Sedan (Base model) 2006, G6 Value Leader (Base model w/1SV) 2007-2008 |- |G||Pontiac G6 3.5L Sedan (Base model) 2005-2006, G6 (Base model) 2007-2009 |- |H||Pontiac G6 GT 2005-2009 |- |J||Pontiac G6 (Base model) 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |K||Pontiac G6 GT 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |L||Pontiac G6 GXP 2009 1/2 (Mid-Cycle Revision) |- |M||Pontiac G6 GTP 2006-2007, G6 GXP 2008-2009 |- |R||Saturn Aura Green Line 2007-2009 |- |S||Saturn Aura XE 2007-2009 |- |V||Saturn Aura XR 2007-2008, Aura XR 2.4L 2009 |- |X||Saturn Aura XR V6 2009 |- |rowspan=6|GM F platform |rowspan=6|F||P||Chevrolet Camaro Sport Coupe 1985-2002, Convertible 1987-1992, 1994-2002 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Firebird 1985-2002, Firebird ''Formula'' 1987-1992 |- |V||Pontiac Firebird ''Formula / Trans Am'' 1993-2002, Firebird ''Trans Am GT'' 1994 |- |W||Pontiac Firebird ''Trans Am'' 1985-1992, Firebird ''Trans Am GTA'' 1987-1992 |- |X||Pontiac Firebird ''S/E'' 1985-1986 |- |rowspan=13|GM G platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=13|G||Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1985-1988 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1985-1987 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix LE 1985-1987 |- |N||Pontiac Bonneville 1985-1986 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham 1985-1987 |- |R||Pontiac Bonneville Brougham 1985-1986 |- |S||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1985-1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon coupe 1985-1987 |- |M||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''Brougham'' 1985-1987,<br /> Cutlass Supreme Classic ''Brougham'' 1988 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1985-1987, Cutlass Supreme Classic 1988 |- |J||Buick Regal 1985-1987 |- |K||Buick Regal T-Type 1985-1987 |- |M||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=4|GM G platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|G||D||1995-1999 Buick Riviera |- |R||1995-1999 Oldsmobile Aurora |- |R||2001-2002 Oldsmobile Aurora 3.5 |- |S||2001-2003 Oldsmobile Aurora 4.0 |- |rowspan=9|GM H platform |rowspan=9|H||H||Buick Le Sabre 1987 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 1986-1999 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 1986-1999 |- |C||Oldsmobile Regency 1997-1998, Eighty Eight 50th Anniversary Edition 1999 |- |N||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale 1986-1988, 88 Royale 1989-1995, Eighty Eight & Eighty Eight LS 1996-99 |- |Y||Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale Brougham 1986-1988, 88 Royale Brougham 1989-91, Eighty Eight Royale LS 1992-1995, LSS 1996-1999 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville 1987, Bonneville LE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SE'' 1992-1999 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville SSE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1992-1993 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville LE 1987, Bonneville SE 1988-1991, Bonneville ''SSE'' 1992-1999, Bonneville ''SSEi'' 1994-1999 |- |rowspan=17|GM G platform (models formerly on H platform or their successors) |rowspan=17|H||A||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2010-2011 |- |B||Buick Lucerne ''CX-2'' 2010 |- |C||Buick Lucerne ''CXL'' 2010-2011 |- |D||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V6'' 2006-2009, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition'' 2010 |- |E||Buick Lucerne ''CXS'' 2006-2008, Lucerne ''CXL-3'' 2010 |- |F||Buick Lucerne ''Super'' 2008-2009, Lucerne ''CXL-4'' 2010 |- |G||Buick Lucerne ''CXL-5'' 2010 |- |H||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1SP'' 2010 |- |J||Buick Lucerne ''CXL Premium'' 2010-2011 |- |K||Buick Lucerne ''Super 1XS'' 2010, Lucerne ''Super'' 2011 |- |P||Buick Lucerne ''CX'' 2006-2009 |- |R||Buick Lucerne ''CXL V8'' 2006-2007, Lucerne ''CXL Special Edition V8'' 2008 |- |P||Buick Le Sabre ''Custom'' 2000-2005 |- |R||Buick Le Sabre ''Limited'' 2000-2005 |- |X||Pontiac Bonneville ''SE'' 2000-2005 |- |Y||Pontiac Bonneville ''SLE'' 2000-2005 |- |Z||Pontiac Bonneville ''SSEi'' 2000-2003, Bonneville GXP 2004-2005 |- |rowspan=23|GM J platform |rowspan=23|J |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1985-1994, RS Convertible 1991-1994 |- |D||Chevrolet Cavalier CS 1985-1987 |- |E||Chevrolet Cavalier Type 10 1985, RS 1986-1988,<br /> Type 10 Convertible 1985, RS Convertible 1986-1987 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 1986-1994, Z24 Convertible 1988-1989, 1992-1994 |- |C||Chevrolet Cavalier 1995-2005, Cavalier RS 1997-1999 |- |F||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Sedan 1995-2005, LS Coupe 2003-2005, Z24 Coupe 1995-2001,<br /> LS Convertible 1995-1997, Z24 Convertible 1998-2000 |- |H||Chevrolet Cavalier Z24 Coupe/Sedan 2002, LS Sport 2002-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Cavalier LS Coupe 2002 |- |B||Pontiac Sunbird 1985-1989, Sunbird LE 1990-1991, Sunbird SE 1992-1993,<br /> Sunbird LE 1994 |- |C||Pontiac Sunbird LE 1985, Sunbird 1991, Sunbird LE 1992-1993 |- |D||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1985-1991, Sunbird GT 1992-1993 |- |L||Pontiac Sunbird SE 1994 |- |U||Pontiac Sunbird GT 1986-1991 |- |B||Pontiac Sunfire SE 1995-2002, Convertible 1995-2000, Sunfire 2003-2005 |- |D||Pontiac Sunfire GT 1995-2002 |- |C||Oldsmobile Firenza Base model 1985-1987, Firenza S 1985-1987, Firenza 1988 |- |D||Oldsmobile Firenza LX 1985-1987, Firenza SX 1985, Firenza LC, GT 1986-1987 |- |E||Buick Skyhawk T-Type 1985-1986 |- |S||Buick Skyhawk Custom 1985-1987, Skyhawk Sport 1986-1987, Skyhawk 1988-1989 |- |T||Buick Skyhawk Limited 1985-1987 |- |G||Cadillac Cimarron 1985-1988 |- |G, H||Toyota Cavalier (Japan only) |- |rowspan=8|GM2900 platform |rowspan=8|J||C||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.1 |- |D||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.2, 2005 Saturn L300 |- |L||Saturn L-Series|2004 Saturn L300.3 |- |R||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/manual transmission '00/L100 w/manual transmission '01 |- |S||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS w/automatic transmission '00/L100 w/automatic transmission '01-'02 |- |T||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/manual transmission '00/L200 w/manual transmission '01-'03, LW200 w/manual trans. '02 |- |U||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS1 w/automatic transmission '00/L200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03,<br> Saturn LW1 w/automatic transmission '00/LW200 w/automatic transmission '01-'03 |- |W||Saturn L-Series|Saturn LS2 '00, LW2 '00, L300 '01-'03, LW300 '01-'03 |- |rowspan=5|GM K platform |rowspan=5|K||D||Cadillac Deville 1994-1999 |- |E||Cadillac Deville D'Elegance 1997-1999 |- |F||Cadillac Deville Concours 1994-1999 |- |S||Cadillac Seville 1985-1993 / Cadillac Seville SLS 1994-1997 |- |Y||Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan / Cadillac Seville STS 1990-1997 |- |rowspan=9|GM G platform (models formerly on K platform) |rowspan=9|K||A||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS |- |D||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville, 2006-2009 Cadillac DTS, 2010-2011 DTS Luxury |- |E||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DHS |- |F||2000-2005 Cadillac Deville DTS |- |H||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Premium |- |P||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Platinum |- |R||2010-2011 Cadillac DTS Livery |- |S|| 1998-2004 Cadillac Seville SLS |- |Y|| 1998-2003 Cadillac Seville STS |- |rowspan=33|GM Kappa platform |rowspan=33|M||A||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice 2006-2007, Solstice w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |D||Pontiac Solstice w/manual transmission 2010 |- |E||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |G||Pontiac Solstice GXP 2007, Solstice GXP w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |K||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Pontiac Solstice w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |S||Pontiac Solstice SCCA SSB Championship Edition (2.4L) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice SCCA T2 Championship Edition (2.0L Turbo) 2008 |- |T||Pontiac Solstice GXP w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |Z||Pontiac Solstice Street Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky 2007, Sky w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |B||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |C||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |C||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |C||Saturn Sky Preferred w/automatic transmission 2010 |- |D||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |E||Saturn Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2010 |- |F||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2008 |- |F||Saturn Sky Preferred w/manual transmission 2010 |- |G||Saturn Sky Redline 2007, Sky Redline w/manual transmission 2008-2009 |- |H||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |L||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/manual transmission 2009 |- |N||Saturn Sky w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |P||Saturn Sky Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |R||Saturn Sky Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |T||Saturn Sky Redline w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |V||Saturn Sky Redline Ruby Red (Merlot Jewel) Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |X||Saturn Sky Redline Hydro Blue Special Edition w/automatic transmission 2009 |- |G||Opel GT 2007-2010, Daewoo G2X 2007-2009 |- |rowspan=8|GM L platform |rowspan=8|L |- |D||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1994-1996 |- |T||Chevrolet Corsica ''Base'' 1987-1989, Corsica ''LT'' 1990-1993 |- |V||Chevrolet Beretta ''Base'' 1987-1996 |- |W||Chevrolet Beretta "GT" 1989-1993 (RPO Z21) & Beretta ''Z26'' 1994-1996 (RPO Z04) |- |Z||Chevrolet Corsica ''LTZ'' 1989-1990 (RPO Z54) |- |Z||Chevrolet Beretta "GTZ" 1990-1993 (RPO Z04) |- |T||Pontiac Tempest (Canada only) |- |rowspan=5|GM M platform |rowspan=5|M||R||Chevrolet Sprint |- |R||Geo Metro LSi, Metro |- |R||Pontiac Firefly (Canada only) |- |S||Chevrolet Sprint ER |- |S||Geo Metro, Metro XFi |- |rowspan=32|GM N platform |rowspan=32|N |- |B||Oldsmobile Cutlass 1997, Cutlass ''GL'' 1998-1999 |- |C||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1987-1991 |- |D||Buick Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1987-1989, Skylark 4-door ''Luxury Edition'' 1990-1991 |- |D||Chevrolet Malibu 1997-2003, Chevrolet Classic 2004-2005 |- |E||Chevrolet Malibu ''LS'' 1997-2003 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am 1985-1988, Grand Am ''LE'' 1989-1991 |- |E||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1992-2005 |- |F||Oldsmobile Calais 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais 1988, Cutlass Calais ''S'' 1989-1991 |- |F||Oldsmobile Achieva ''SL'' 1992-1994, Achieva ''SC'' 1994 |- |F||Oldsmobile Alero ''GLS'' 1999-2004 |- |F||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE1'' 2000-2004 |- |G||Oldsmobile Cutlass ''GLS'' 1997-1999 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am 1991 |- |G||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE2'' 2000, 2003-2004 |- |J||Buick Somerset Regal 1985, Somerset ''Custom'' 1986-1987, Skylark 2-door ''Custom'' 1988-91, Skylark 4-door ''Custom'' 1986 |- |J||Buick Skylark 1992, Skylark ''Limited'' 1993-1994, Skylark ''Custom'' 1996-1998,<br /> Skylark ''Limited'' & ''Gran Sport'' 1996-1997 |- |K||Buick Somerset ''T-Type'' 1986 |- |K||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais ''International Series'' 1988-1991 |- |K||Oldsmobile Alero ''GX'' 1999-2004 |- |L||Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais 1989-1991 |- |L||Oldsmobile Achieva ''S'' 1992-1995, Achieva ''SL'' 1996-1998, Achieva ''SC'' 1996-1997 |- |L||Oldsmobile Alero ''GL'' 1999-2004 |- |M||Buick Somerset Regal ''Limited'' 1985, Somerset ''Limited'' 1986-'87, Skylark 2-door ''Limited'' '88-'89, Skylark 2-door ''Gran Sport'' 1990-1991, Skylark 4-door ''Limited'' 1986 |- |M||Buick Skylark ''Gran Sport'' 1992-1994 |- |T||Oldsmobile Calais ''Supreme'' 1985-1987, Cutlass Calais ''SL'' 1988-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark 1990-1991 |- |V||Buick Skylark ''Custom'' 1993-1995, ''Limited'' 1995, ''Gran Sport'' 1995 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''LE'' 1985-1988 |- |V||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT1'' 2000-2005 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''SE'' 1986-1991 |- |W||Pontiac Grand Am ''GT'' 1992-2005 |- |rowspan=5|GM P platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=5|P |- ||E||Pontiac Fiero ''Coupe'' 1985-1988 |- ||F||Pontiac Fiero ''SE'' 1985-1987 |- ||G||Pontiac Fiero ''GT'' 1985-1988 |- ||M||Pontiac Fiero ''Sport coupe'' 1985-1987 |- |rowspan=1|GM P platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=1|P||X||General Motors EV1 1997, 1999 |- |rowspan=6|GM R platform |rowspan=6|R |- ||F||1985-1986 Chevrolet Spectrum |- ||F||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 3-door hatchback, 1989 Geo Spectrum 3-door hatchback |- ||F||1990-1993 Geo Storm |- ||G||1987-1988 Chevrolet Spectrum 4-door sedan, 1989 Geo Spectrum 4-door sedan |- ||T||1990-1993 Geo Storm GSi |- |rowspan=8|GM S platform |rowspan=8|S||K||1985-1988 Chevrolet Nova |- |K||1989-1997 Geo Prizm, 1998-2002 Chevrolet Prizm |- |L||1988 Chevrolet Nova Twin Cam, 1990-1992 Geo Prizm GSi |- |L||2003-2008 Pontiac Vibe, 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/manual transmission |- |M||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''AWD'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe AWD w/automatic transmission |- |N||2003-2006 Pontiac Vibe ''GT'', 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/manual transmission |- |P||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe FWD w/automatic transmission |- |R||2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe GT FWD w/automatic transmission |- |rowspan=32|GM Sigma platform |rowspan=32|D||A||Cadillac CTS Base model RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model RWD 2014 |- |B||Cadillac CTS Wagon Luxury Collection RWD 2014 |- |C||Cadillac CTS Base model AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection RWD 2014 |- |D||Cadillac CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection RWD 2014 |- |E||Cadillac CTS Luxury Collection RWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe Base model AWD 2014 |- |F||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Wagon Luxury Collection AWD 2014 |- |G||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Performance Collection AWD 2014 |- |H||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Luxury Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013, CTS Coupe/Wagon Premium Collection AWD 2014 |- |J||Cadillac CTS Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection RWD 2010-2013 |- |K||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |L||Cadillac CTS Performance Collection AWD 2010-2013 |- |M||Cadillac CTS V6 2003-2004, CTS 2.8L 2005-2007, CTS Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Performance Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |N||Cadillac CTS V-Series 2004-2007, 2009 |- |P||Cadillac CTS 3.6L 2005-2007, CTS Direct Inj. V6 Man. Trans. RWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection RWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |R||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2008 |- |S||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD 2008-2009, CTS Premium Collection AWD w/Navigation 2010-2013 |- |T||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD 2009 |- |V||Cadillac CTS Direct Inj. V6 Auto. Trans. RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009, CTS sedan V-Series 2010-2014, CTS Wagon V-Series 2011-2014, CTS Coupe V-Series 2011-2015 |- |0||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2010 |- |1||Cadillac CTS Eco Luxury Pkg. 2010 |- |2||Cadillac CTS Sport Appearance Pkg. 2011 |- |A||Cadillac STS V6 AWD 2008-2009 |- |B||Cadillac STS V8 AWD 2008-2009 |- |C||Cadillac STS V8 2005-2007, STS V8 RWD 2008-2009 |- |D||Cadillac STS V6 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |K||Cadillac STS V6 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |L||Cadillac STS V8 AWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |U||Cadillac STS (all models) 2010, STS (Base model) 2011 |- |W||Cadillac STS V6 2005-2007, STS V6 RWD 2008-2009, STS Luxury 2011 |- |X||Cadillac STS V-Series 2006-2009, STS Luxury Performance 2011 |- |Z||Cadillac STS V8 RWD w/Navigation 2008-2009 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||B|| 1985-1987 Chevrolet Chevette CS |- |B||1985-1987 Pontiac Acadian (Canada only) |- |J||1985 Pontiac Acadian Scooter (Canada only) |- |L||1985-1987 Pontiac 1000 |- |rowspan=4|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=4|T||N|| Pontiac LeMans 1988, LeMans LE 1989-1991, LeMans SE 1992-1993 |- |R||1988-1989 Pontiac LeMans SE sedan |- |S||1988-1990 Pontiac LeMans GSE AeroCoupe |- |X||1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans VL AeroCoupe |- |rowspan=3|GM T platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=3|A |- |R||Saturn Astra XE (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |T||Saturn Astra XR (US: 2008, Canada: 2008-2009) |- |rowspan=4|Daewoo T200 platform |rowspan=4|T||D||Chevrolet Aveo Special Value 2004-2008, Base model 2004, LS 2005-2011, Aveo 1LT 2009-2011 |- |G||Chevrolet Aveo LT 2005-2008, Aveo 2LT 2009-2011 |- |J||Chevrolet Aveo LS 2004 |- |D||Pontiac G3 2009 |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - front-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1987-1992 Cadillac Allanté with standard removable hardtop |- |S||1990-1993 Cadillac Allanté |- |rowspan=2|GM V platform - rear-wheel drive |rowspan=2|V||R||1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |X||2004-2006 Pontiac GTO coupe |- |rowspan=49|GM W platform |rowspan=49|W |- |A||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LS'' 2014-2016 |- |B||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''LT'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LT'' 2014-2016 |- |C||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.9L 2006-2009, Impala ''LTZ'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''LTZ'' 2014-2016 |- |D||Chevrolet Impala ''SS'' 2006-2009, Impala ''Police'' 2010-2013, Impala Limited ''Police'' 2014-2016 |- |E||Chevrolet Impala ''Taxi'' 2010-2012 |- |F||Chevrolet Impala 2000-2005, Impala ''LS'' Fleet (1FL) 2011-2013 |- |G||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' Fleet (2FL) 2011-2013 |- |H||Chevrolet Impala ''LS'' 2000-2005 |- |J||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 2006-2007 |- |K||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.9L 2006, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2007 |- |L||Chevrolet Lumina 1990-2001, Lumina ''LS'' 1997-1999 |- |L||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2006-2007 |- |M||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LT'' 3.5L 2006 |- |N||Chevrolet Lumina ''Euro'' 1990-1994, Lumina ''LS'' 1995-1996, Lumina ''LTZ'' 1997-1999 |- |N||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LTZ'' 2006 |- |P||Chevrolet Lumina ''Z34'' 1991-1994, Impala ''SS'' 2004-2005 |- |S||Chevrolet Impala ''Police'' 2006-2009 |- |T||Chevrolet Impala ''LT'' 3.5L 2006-2009 |- |U||Chevrolet Impala ''LTZ'' 2006-2009 |- |V||Chevrolet Impala ''50th Anniversary Edition'' 2008 |- |W||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''LS'' 1995-2005 |- |X||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''Z34'' 1995-1999, Monte Carlo ''SS'' 2000-2004, Monte Carlo ''LT'' 2005 |- |Z||Chevrolet Monte Carlo ''SS Supercharged'' 2004-2005 |- |C||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GXP'' 2005-2008 |- |H||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1991-1993 |- |J||Pontiac Grand Prix 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''LE'' 1990, Grand Prix ''SE'' 1991-2000 |- |K||Pontiac Grand Prix ''LE'' 1988-1989, Grand Prix ''SE1'' 2000-2003 |- |P||Pontiac Grand Prix ''SE'' 1988-1990, Grand Prix ''GT'' 1991-1993, 1997-2003,<br /> Grand Prix ''GT1'' 2004, Grand Prix 2005-2008 |- |R||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GTP'' 1999-2005, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2006-2007 |- |S||Pontiac Grand Prix ''GT2'' 2004, Grand Prix ''GT'' 2005 |- |T||Pontiac Grand Prix ''STE'' 1990-1993 |- |H||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1988-1991, Cutlass Supreme ''S'' 1992-1994,<br /> Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1995-1997, Intrigue 1998, Intrigue ''GX'' 1999-2002 |- |R||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''International Series'' 1988-1993 |- |S||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ''SL'' 1988-1991, Intrigue ''GL'' 1998-2002 |- |T||Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Convertible 1990-1995 |- |X||Oldsmobile Intrigue ''GLS'' 1998-2002 |- |B||Buick Regal ''Custom'' 1988-1996, Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1995-1996, Regal ''LS'' 1997-2004 |- |C||Buick Lacrosse ''CX'' 2005-2009 |- |D||Buick Regal ''Limited'' 1988-1996, Lacrosse ''CXL'' 2005-2009 |- |E||Buick Lacrosse ''CXS'' 2005-2008 |- |F||Buick Regal ''GS'' Coupe 1992-1994, Regal ''GS'' Sedan 1992-2004 |- |F||Buick Allure ''CX'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |H||Buick Allure ''CXS'' 2005-2008 (Canada only) |- |J||Buick Allure ''CXL'' 2005-2009 (Canada only) |- |N||Buick Lacrosse ''Super'' 2008-2009 |- |P||Buick Allure ''Super'' 2008-2009 (Canada only) |- |S||Buick Century ''Custom'' 1997-2005 |- |Y||Buick Century ''Limited'' 1997-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM X platform |rowspan=3|X||B||1985 Buick Skylark Custom |- |C||1985 Buick Skylark Limited |- |X||1985 Chevrolet Citation II |- |rowspan=39|GM Y platform |rowspan=39|Y||V||2004-2009 Cadillac XLR |- |X||2006-2009 Cadillac XLR V-Series |- |Y||1985-2008 Chevrolet Corvette (all models except '90-'95 ZR-1) |- |Z||1990-1995 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1 |- |G||2009 Chevrolet Corvette GT1 Championship Edition (Base & Z06) |- |R||2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 (after early production) |- |Y||2009 Chevrolet Corvette (Base model, Early production Z06, Early production ZR1) |- |Z||2009 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (after early production) |- |A||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |B||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |C||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |D||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |E||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |F||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |G||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |H||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |J||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Standard 1LZ Man. Trans. |- |K||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Premium 2LZ Man. Trans. |- |L||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |M||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Standard 1ZR Man. Trans. |- |N||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |P||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Man. Trans. |- |R||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |S||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |T||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |U||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Standard 1LT Auto. Trans. |- |V||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Preferred 2LT Auto. Trans. |- |W||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Premium 3LT Auto. Trans. |- |X||2010-2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |Y||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Premium 3LT Man. Trans. |- |Z||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |1||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |2||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |3||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |4||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Auto. Trans. |- |5||2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3LZ Man. Trans. |- |6||2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 3ZR Man. Trans. |- |7||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible 60th Anniversary Edition Custom 4LT Man. Trans. |- |8||2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Convertible Collector Edition Preferred 2LT Man. Trans. |- |rowspan=13|GM Z platform |rowspan=13|Z |- |E||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999 |- |F||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 2-Door) 1993-1999, SL (manual transmission) 1991-02 |- |G||Saturn SC (manual transmission) 1991-1992, SC2 (manual transmission 2-Door) 1993-99,<br /> SL1 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW1 (manual transmission) 1993-1999 |- |H||Saturn SC (automatic transmission) 1991-92, SC2 (automatic transmission 2-Door) '93-'99,<br /> SL1 (automatic transmission) 1991-02, SW1 (automatic transmission LHD) '93-'99 |- |J||Saturn SL2 (manual transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (manual transmission) 1993-2001 |- |K||Saturn SL2 (automatic transmission) 1991-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 1993-1999) |- |M||Saturn SW1 "Postal" [SWP] (automatic transmission RHD) 1999-2001 <br>(Made for US Postal Service rural route mail carriers) |- |N||Saturn SC1 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002, SW2 (automatic transmission 2000-01) |- |P||Saturn SC1 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |R||Saturn SC2 (manual transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |S||Saturn SL Spring Special 2002 |- |Y||Saturn SC2 (automatic transmission 3-Door) 1999-2002 |- |rowspan=3|GM Zeta platform (VE) |rowspan=3|E||C||Pontiac G8 GT |- |P||Pontiac G8 GXP |- |R||Pontiac G8 (Base model) |- |rowspan=2|GM Zeta platform (VF) |rowspan=2|F||1||2014-2017 Chevrolet SS w/automatic transmission |- |2||2015-2017 Chevrolet SS w/manual transmission |- |GM Zeta platform (WM) |M||K||2011-2013 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |GM Zeta platform (WN) |N||S||2014-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV |- |rowspan=19|GM Zeta platform (models formerly on F platform) |rowspan=19|F||A||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' automatic transmission 2010-2011, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2012-2014, ''LS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |B||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''2LS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |C||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2010-2014, ''LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |D||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |E||Chevrolet Camaro ''LS'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' manual transmission 2015 |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro ''LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''2LT'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |G||Chevrolet Camaro ''2LT'' manual transmission 2010-2014, ''SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |H||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "J" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |J||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2015 |- |K||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' automatic transmission 2010-2015 |- |L||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2013-2014, ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2015 |- |M||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' automatic transmission 2015 |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014. Note: Must have "W" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2012. Note: Must have "P" in 8th position of VIN. |- |S||Chevrolet Camaro ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2014. Note: Must have "E" in 8th position of VIN. |- |T||Chevrolet Camaro ''2SS'' manual transmission 2010-2014 |- |Z||Chevrolet Camaro ''ZL1'' manual transmission 2013-2014, ''Z/28'' manual transmission 2015 |- |} RHD= Right-Hand Drive ====Model Line 2010- Passenger Car (Using Vehicle Platforms introduced 2010 or later)==== The Model Line is specified as character 4 of the American GM VIN for Passenger Cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |A||Cadillac ATS 2013-2019 |- |A||Cadillac CTS sedan 2014-2019, CTS V-Series sedan 2016-2019 |- |B||Chevrolet Cruze 2016-2019 |- |C||Chevrolet Spark 2013-2022, Spark EV 2014-2016 |- |D||Cadillac CT4 2020-2026 |- |D||Cadillac CT5 2020- |- |F||Chevrolet Camaro 2016-2024 |- |F||Chevrolet Bolt EV 2017-2023, Bolt EUV 2022-2023, Bolt 2027 |- |G||Buick LaCrosse 2010-2016 |- |G||Buick Regal 2011-2020, Buick Regal TourX 2018-2020 |- |J||Chevrolet Sonic 2016-2020 |- |K||Cadillac CT6 2016-2020 |- |M||Cadillac Celestiq EV 2025- |- |P||Buick Verano 2012-2017 |- |P||Chevrolet Cruze 2011-2015, Cruze Limited 2016 |- |R||Cadillac ELR 2014, 2016 |- |R||Chevrolet Volt 2011-2019 |- |W||Buick Cascada 2016-2019 |- |Y||Chevrolet Corvette 2014- |- |Z||Buick LaCrosse 2017-2019 |- |Z||Chevrolet Malibu 2016-2025 |- |1||Cadillac XTS 2013-2019 |- |1||Chevrolet Impala 2014-2020 |- |1||Chevrolet Malibu 2013-2015, Malibu Limited 2016 |- |} ===Body style codes 1987- Passenger Car=== The Body type is specified as character 6 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !Description |- |1||Two-Door Coupe/Sedan |- |2||Two-Door Hatchback |- |3||Two-Door Convertible |- |4||Two-Door Wagon ('91-'92 Geo Storm Hatchback) |- |5||Four-Door Sedan |- |6||Four-Door Hatchback |- |7||Four-Door Hatchback ('89-'90 Geo Prizm hatchback) |- |8||Four-Door Station Wagon |- |9||Four-Door Station Wagon - High Roof Monocab |} ===American restraint types 1987-=== The restraint type is specified as character 7 of the American GM VIN for passenger cars. {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 1987-2009==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |1||Active (Manual) belts 1987-1996 |- |2||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1992-2005<br />(For '94-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix coupe: Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |3||Active (Manual) belts plus driver side front airbag 1988-1996 <br />(For '94 Geo Prizm: Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags) |- |4||Passive (Automatic) belts 1987-1996 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 1997-2005 |- |4||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2006-2009 |- |5||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver side front airbag 1992-1996 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & driver-side side impact airbag 2000-2005 |- |5||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |6||Passive (Automatic) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 1994-1996 |- |6||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & occupant sensor 2000-2009 |- |7||Active (Manual) belt driver & Passive (Automatic) belt passenger plus driver and passenger front airbags 1996 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & rear side airbags 2000-2005 |- |7||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |8||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags & occupant sensor 2006-2009 |- |9|| |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for passenger cars 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010- |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017, 2027 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side curtain airbags 2010 |- |G||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain airbags 2010-2017 |- |N||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front knee airbags 2016-2019 |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2012- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2011- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain airbags 2011 |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2012-2017 |} {{center/top}} ====Restraint codes for light trucks 2010-==== {{center/end}} {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN Code !Description |- |A||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2010 |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag 2011- |- |B||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2010 |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags 2011- |- |C||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2010 |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags 2011- |- |D||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2010 |- |E||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain airbags 2010- |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2011-2015 |- |F||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side airbags & side curtain airbags for up to 3 rows of seating 2016- |- |H||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver-side side-impact airbag & driver-side side curtain airbag 2023-2024 |- |K||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center airbags 2013- |- |L||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & driver-side knee airbags 2017-2023 |- |M||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front center & front knee airbags 2025- |- |R||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2017- |- |S||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & rear side & side curtain & front knee airbags 2013- |- |T||Active (Manual) belts plus driver-side front airbag & driver- and passenger-side side-impact airbags & side curtain airbags 2023- |- |U||Active (Manual) belts plus driver and passenger front & side & front row side curtain & front knee airbags 2013-2019 |} ===American engine codes 1981-=== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: ====Engine codes for passenger cars==== Warning: Issues with decoding are related to year/model combinations. Each year has a different breakdown for each code along with plants and some model/trim breakdowns over years. Entry: 1985-1988 Pontiac Fiero has a 9 engine code for the 2.8L L44 V6. Entry: 1986-1990 Cadillac Brougham, Oldsmobile 307 Cu. In. V8 vin code Y. {| border=1 style="margin:auto;" !VIN !RPO !Size !Type !Fuel !Valvetrain !Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |A||LD5||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81 Chevy Camaro (CA), Pontiac Catalina, Firebird, LeMans, Buick Century,<br /> '81-'83 Chevy Malibu (CA), '81-'84 Monte Carlo, Caprice, Impala (CA), '81-'87 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '81-'85 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre,<br /> '81-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, '84 Parisienne |- |A||LG0||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 H.O. '89-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, '89-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'94 Achieva, '90 Cutlass Supreme, '90-'94 Chevy Beretta |- |A||LH2||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac XLR, '05-'10 Cadillac STS |- |A||LCV||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13 Chevy Malibu, '16 Malibu Limited, '16-'19 Impala,<br /> '13-'16 Cadillac ATS |- |A||LV7||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '16-'22 Chevy Spark. |- |B||LG2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '86 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera. |- |B||L26||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8.<br /> '91-'93 Cadillac Eldorado, Seville, '91-'95 DeVille, '91-'92 Fleetwood, '91-'93 Sixty Special |- |B||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy Cobalt, '06-'07 Saturn Ion, '06-'10 Pontiac G6, Solstice,<br /> '07-'08 Pontiac G5, '07-'10 Saturn Sky, '08-'09 Saturn Aura, '08-'10 Chevy Malibu |- |B||LUV||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. '12-'20 Chevy Sonic, '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited |- |C||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '82-'87 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000/1000 |- |C||LN3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800). '88-'90 Oldsmobile 98, Toronado, Buick Electra, Riviera, Reatta, <br /> '88-'91 Buick LeSabre, Oldsmobile Delta 88/Eighty Eight, Pontiac Bonneville |- |C||L47||4.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Oldsmobile Aurora V8 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Aurora '95-'99, Aurora 4.0 '01-'03 |- |C||LS4||5.3 L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management.<br /> Transversely mounted for FWD. '05-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP, '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo SS,<br /> '06-'09 Chevy Impala SS, '08-'09 Buick LaCrosse Super. |- |C||LAF||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick LaCrosse '10-'11, Regal '11. |- |C||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '12 Chevy Cruze |- |D||LJ5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Indirect injection Diesel||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4FB1 diesel engine imported from Japan. '81-'86 Chevy Chevette |- |D||LD2||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4. '88-'95 Pontiac Grand Am, '88-'91 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, '92-'95 Achieva,<br /> '88-'91 &'95 Buick Skylark, '90-'91 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '95 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |D||LC3||4.4&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Premium V). '06-'09 Cadillac XLR V-Series, Cadillac STS V-Series |- |E||LK9||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra |- |E||LA1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '99-'05 Grand Am, '99-'04 Alero, '00-'05 Impala, Monte Carlo |- |E||L03||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (305 cu. in.). '88-'92 Camaro/Firebird, '89-'93 Chevy Caprice,<br /> '91 Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Cadillac Brougham. |- |E||LXV||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Family 1 Gen 3 engine. W/VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Aveo, '09 Pontiac G3 |- |E||LS7||7.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port point injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '06-'13 Corvette Z06, '13 Corvette 427, '14-'15 Camaro Z/28 |- |E||LH7||1.6&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '17-'19 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |F||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '81 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. '00-'04 Saturn L-Series, '02-'05 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire, Grand Am,<br /> '02-'04 Oldsmobile Alero, '03-'06 Saturn Ion, '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Chevy Cobalt |- |F||L61||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy Cobalt, Malibu, Pontiac G5, '07 Saturn Ion. |- |F||LB9||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.). '85-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |G||L46||1.8&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '82 J-cars. |- |G||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.)<br /> '84-'86 Camaro/Firebird, '84-'88 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |G||LM3||2.2&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '90-'91 Chevy Cavalier & Corsica/Beretta. |- |G||LS1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '97-'04 Corvette, '98-'02 Camaro/Firebird, '04 Pontiac GTO |- |G||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2010 Buick LaCrosse, Cadillac CTS |- |G||LWE||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. PZEV emissions.<br /> '13-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '13-'18 Sonic. |- |H||LG4||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 F-bodies, '81-'83 Chevy Malibu, '81-'85 Impala,<br /> '81-'88 Caprice, Monte Carlo, '83-'86 Pontiac Bonneville, Parisienne, '83-'87 Grand Prix |- |H||LE4||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '92-'94 Pontiac Sunbird. |- |H||LX5||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Oldsmobile "Shortstar" V6 (Premium V). Oldsmobile Intrigue '99-'02, Aurora 3.5 '01-'02. |- |H||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09 Chevy Cobalt, Pontiac G5. |- |H||LUW||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. '11-'15 Chevy Cruze, '16 Cruze Limited, '12-'18 Sonic. |- |J||L39||4.4&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-'82 Chevy Caprice, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo,<br /> '81 Chevy Camaro |- |J||LA5||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil. '84-'86 Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk. |- |J||LT5||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Based on Chevy Small-Block V8. Designed with Lotus Engineering.<br /> Made by Mercury Marine. Aluminum Block & Heads. '90-'95 Corvette ZR-1 |- |J||LG8||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen III. 3100. '99-'03 Chevy Malibu, '99 Oldsmobile Cutlass, '00-'01 Chevy Lumina,<br /> '00-'03 Pontiac Grand Prix SE, '00-'05 Buick Century |- |J||L99||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. VVT. With Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '10-'15 Camaro SS (auto. trans.) |- |J||LTA||4.2&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Blackwing V8. VVT. '19-'20 Cadillac CT6 Platinum & V-series |- |K||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Malibu, Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '81 Camaro. |- |K||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '85 Chevrolet Spectrum. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'91 Pontiac Sunbird, '87-'88 Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |K||LT2||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Australia by Holden.<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac LeMans GSE Aerocoupe, '89 LeMans SE sedan |- |K||L36||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series II). '95-'05: Various W-, H-, C-, & G-body models. '95-'02 Camaro/Firebird. |- |K||LZE||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. Flex-Fuel E85 compatible.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'11 Chevy Impala, '09-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6 |- |K||LEA||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT. Buick Regal, Verano '12-'17 (except '13 Regal). |- |K||LSY||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19 Cadillac CT6, '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT5 |- |L||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br> '81 Camaro Z28 (only w/auto. trans. in US), '81-'82 Impala 9C1 Police, '81 Malibu 9C1 Police |- |L||LL1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 H.O. (longitudinally mounted). '83-'84 Pontiac Firebird. |- |L||LN7||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6. '85-'87 Pontiac Grand Am, '85-'88 Oldsmobile & Buick N-bodies,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre |- |L||L27||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Tuned port injection|TPI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '90-'95 Buick Regal, '91-'94 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Park Avenue, '91 Reatta, '91-'93 Riviera, '91-'92 Oldsmobile Toronado, '92-'95 Buick LeSabre, '92-'94 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 88 |- |L||LNK||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine. VVTL-i. '03-'06 Pontiac Vibe GT |- |L||LKW||2.5&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. VVL. '14-'15 Chevy Malibu, Impala |- |L||L3B||2.7L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT4, CT4-V |- |M||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '85 Chevrolet Sprint |- |M||LT3||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '87-'90 Pontiac Sunbird, '87 Buick Skyhawk T-Type, '87-'89 Pontiac Grand Am SE. |- |M||L82||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen III. 3100. '93-'97 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '94-'98 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '94-'99 Pontiac Grand Prix,<br /> '94-'96 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Regal, '94-'99 Century,<br /> '95-'99 Chevy Lumina, Monte Carlo, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, Oldsmobile Cutlass |- |M||LY9||2.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). Euro-market Cadillac CTS '03-'04. |- |M||LGD||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. '09-'11 Chevy Impala, Buick Lucerne |- |M||LE2||1.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'19 Chevy Cruze. |- |N||LF9||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81-'85 Chevy Caprice, Impala, '82-'83 Malibu, '82-'84 Monte Carlo,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville, '81 Catalina, '83-'85 Parisienne,<br /> '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98, '81-'85 Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme, Delta 88, Custom Cruiser, Toronado,<br /> '81-'83 Buick Electra, '81-'85 LeSabre, Electra Estate wagon, Riviera, '82-'83 Regal,<br /> '81-'84 Cadillac DeVille, '81-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville |- |N||LG7||3.3&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3300). '89-'93 Buick Century, Skylark, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, '89-'91 Cutlass Calais,<br /> '92-'93 Achieva, Pontiac Grand Am. |- |N||LA3||3.2&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '03-'04 Cadillac CTS |- |N||LZ4||3.5L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. VVT. '06-'07 Chevy Monte Carlo, '06-'10 Chevy Impala,<br /> '07-'10 Chevy Malibu, Pontiac G6, '07-'08 Saturn Aura |- |N||LFR||3.6L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||(Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). GM High Feature V6. '15-'17 Chevy Impala Bi-Fuel |- |P||LQ5||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '83-'86 J-cars ('83-'84 for Pontiac). |- |P||LT1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Heads: '92-'96 Corvette, '93-'97 Camaro/Firebird.<br /> Iron Heads: '94-'96 Chevy Caprice, Impala SS, Buick Roadmaster, Cadillac Fleetwood. |- |P||LSJ||2.0&nbsp;L||SC Straight-4|I4 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential central point injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I. Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> '04-'07 Saturn Ion Red Line, '05-'07 Chevy Cobalt SS Supercharged. |- |P||LSA||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> Cadillac CTS V-Series '09-'15, Camaro ZL1 '12-'15 |- |P||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing '22+ |- |R||LR8||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '82-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'90 Chevy Celebrity, '82-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '82-'92 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '84-'88 Pontiac Fiero, '90-'92 Chevy Lumina |- |R||L81||3.0&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '97-'01 Cadillac Catera, '00-'05 Saturn L-Series |- |R||LZ8||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '07 Chevy Impala |- |R||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '09 Corvette ZR1. |- |R||LUK||2.4L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, Regal eAssist,<br /> '13-'14 Chevy Malibu Eco, '14 Chevy Impala Eco |- |S||LS5||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 265 cu. in.<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, Firebird, Grand Prix, LeMans, Buick Century, Regal. |- |S||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '83 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |S||LB8||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '85-'89 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||L32||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '93-'95 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |S||LS6||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen III Chevy Small-Block V8. (346 cu. in.) Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '01-'04 Corvette Z06, '04-'05 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |S||LGX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac ATS, CTS, '16-'20 CT6, '16-'24 Chevrolet Camaro, '17-'19 Buick LaCrosse, '18–'20 Buick Regal GS |- |T||LU8||4.9&nbsp;L||V8 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird Formula & Trans Am. |- |T||LT7||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '82-'85 GM A-bodies. |- |T||LS2||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. FWD version for '85 GM C-bodies. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '90-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |T||LH0||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi Port Fuel injection|MPFi||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). Gen II. '88-'91 Pontiac 6000,<br /> '89-'93 Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal, '90-'94 Chevy Cavalier, Lumina,<br /> '91-'94 Pontiac Sunbird, '90-'93 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '90 Celebrity |- |T||LD9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("2.4 Twin Cam"). '96-'01 Pontiac Grand Am, '96-'97 Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark, '99-'01 Oldsmobile Alero, '97-'99 Chevy Malibu, '96-'02 Chevy Cavalier, Pontiac Sunfire |- |T||LP1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '05-'07 Cadillac CTS |- |T||LS9||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. '10-'13 Corvette ZR1. |- |T||LFV||1.5L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. '16-'25 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||L68||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Transversely mounted. '85-'91 N-bodies |- |U||LS2||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Corvette, '05-'06 Pontiac GTO, '06-'07 Cadillac CTS V-Series |- |U||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2011-12 Chevy Malibu. |- |U||LKN||1.8L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Full Hybrid. GM Medium Gasoline Engine. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br> '16-'19 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |V||LT6||4.3&nbsp;L||V6||Indirect injection Diesel||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V6. RWD version.<br /> '82-'83 Chevy Malibu, Monte Carlo, '82-'85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |V||LG5||3.1&nbsp;L||V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Gen II. Intercooled. (ASC/McLaren modified).<br /> '89-'90 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo coupe, '90 Grand Prix STE Turbo sedan |- |V||LLT||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '08-'11 Cadillac CTS, STS, '10-'11 Chevrolet Camaro, Buick LaCrosse |- |V||LHU||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E85 Flex Fuel (N/A on Regal GS). GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> Buick Regal '11-'13, Verano '13-'16. |- |W||L37||4.9&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Pontiac V8. 301 cu. in. '81 Pontiac Firebird, LeMans Safari wagon. |- |W||LB6||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Gen I/II Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '85-'89 Chevy Cavalier, Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, '85-'88 Cadillac Cimarron,<br /> '85-'87 Oldsmobile Firenza, '86-'89 Cutlass Ciera, '87-'88 Buick Century, '87-'89 Chevy Corsica/Beretta, '88-'89 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Regal |- |W||L64||3.1&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Flex-fuel: Gas/M85 or Gas/E85 (2 versions). Gen II Chevrolet 60° V6. '93 Chevy Lumina VFV |- |W||L99||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '94-'96 Chevy Caprice. |- |W||LS3||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'13 Corvette, '10-'15 Camaro SS (man. trans.), '09 Pontiac G8 GXP, '14-'17 Chevy SS |- |W||LGY||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '20+ Cadillac CT5, CT5-V |- |X||LE2||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). '81-'85 Chevy Citation, Buick Skylark,<br /> '81-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, '82-'86 Chevy Celebrity, Pontiac 6000,<br /> '86 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century |- |X||LQ1||3.4&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MPFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Chevrolet 60° V6 ("Twin Dual Cam V6"). '91-'97 Chevy Lumina, '95-'97 Chevy Monte Carlo,<br /> '91-'96 Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme |- |X||LNF||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. VVT.<br /> '07-'10 Pontiac Solstice GXP, Saturn Sky Red Line, '08-'10 Chevy Cobalt SS Turbo. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '13-'22 Chevy Malibu, '13-'19 Cadillac ATS, '14-'20 Buick Regal,<br /> '14-'19 Cadillac CTS, '16-'23 Chevy Camaro, '16-'18 Cadillac CT6. |- |X||LTG||2.0&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Plug-in hybrid. GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. VVT. '17-'18 Cadillac CT6 PHEV. (VIN starts with LRE) |- |Y||LV2||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) '86-'90 Chevy Caprice wagon, '87 Caprice sedan (Can.),<br /> '81 Pontiac Bonneville, Catalina, '86 Parisienne, '87-'89 Safari wagon, '81-'84 Oldsmobile 98,<br /> '81-'85 Delta 88, Toronado, '81-'90 Custom Cruiser, '81 Cutlass Cruiser, '82-'87 Cutlass Supreme,<br /> '88 Cutlass Supreme Classic, '81-'84 Buick Electra, '85-'89 Electra Estate wagon,<br /> '81-'85 LeSabre, Riviera, '86-'89 LeSabre Estate wagon, '90 Estate wagon, '86-'87 Regal,<br /> '86 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, '87-'90 Brougham |- |Y||LD8||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (Torque tuned FWD) (Premium V). '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado,<br /> '94-'04 Cadillac Seville SLS, '94-'05 Cadillac DeVille, '06-'11 Cadillac DTS,<br /> '04-'05 Pontiac Bonneville GXP, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |Y||L76||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '08-'09 Pontiac G8 GT. |- |Y||LF1||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. 2011 Cadillac CTS |- |Y||LF4||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Cadillac ATS-V '16-'19 |- |Z||LH7||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '81-'84 Chevy Citation, '82-'84 Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega ES, Buick Skylark, '83-'84 Pontiac 6000 STE, '84 Chevy Celebrity |- |Z||LB4||4.3L||V6||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85 Chevy Impala, '85-'90 Caprice,<br /> '92-'93 Caprice 9C6 taxi, '85-'88 Monte Carlo, '85-'86 Pontiac Parisienne, '86-'87 Grand Prix,<br> '86 Bonneville. |- |Z||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |Z||LUZ||2.0&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Direct injection <br /> Common-rail Diesel||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family B Diesel (Based on Fiat JTD engine). Made by Opel in Kaiserslautern, Germany.<br /> Iron Block, Aluminum Heads. '14-'15 Chevy Cruze Diesel. |- |1||LC1||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (longitudinally mounted). '82-'84 Camaro/Firebird. |- |1||LL8||2.0&nbsp;L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '87-'89 Chevy/Olds/Buick J-cars & Chevy L-cars. |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series I). '91-'95 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '92-'95 Pontiac Bonneville, Oldsmobile 98, '95 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS |- |1||L67||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series II). '96-'05 Buick Park Avenue Ultra,<br /> '96-'99 Buick Riviera, Oldsmobile LSS, '96-'03 Pontiac Bonneville, '97-'03 Grand Prix,<br /> '97-'04 Buick Regal, '04-'05 Chevy Impala SS, Monte Carlo SS Supercharged |- |1||LZ9||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. VVT.<br /> '06-'07 Chevy Malibu SS, '06-'09 Pontiac G6, '06 Chevy Monte Carlo, Impala, '09-'10 Buick Lucerne |- |1||2H0||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 1 engine, Gen III. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '08 (& '09 in Canada) Saturn Astra |- |1||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '11 & some '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |- |2||LQ9||2.5L||I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. Longitudinally mounted. '82-'85 Camaro/Firebird. |- |2||LS3||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo |- |2||LY8||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G13BB engine. '98-'01 Chevrolet Metro |- |2||L26||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series III). '04-'08 Pontiac Grand Prix, '05-'09 Buick LaCrosse, '06-'08 Buick Lucerne |- |2||L77||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||OHV||Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> E85 Flex Fuel. '11-'17 Chevy Caprice PPV. |- |3||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. 231 cu. in. '81-'82 Buick Regal, Riviera, '81 Chevy Monte Carlo. |- |3||LG3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MFI/SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'88 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera, Buick Century, '85 & '87 Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra,<br /> '86-'88 Oldsmobile Delta 88, Buick LeSabre, '87 Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera,<br /> '87-'88 Pontiac Bonneville. |- |3||LW2||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '90 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |3||L40||2.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Oldsmobile Quad 4 ("Quad OHC"). '92-'94 Pontiac Grand Am, Oldsmobile Achieva, Buick Skylark |- |3||LZG||3.9L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi Port Fuel injection|SFI||OHV||E85 Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08 Chevy Impala |- |3||LFX||3.6L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Buick LaCrosse, '12-'15 Chevrolet Camaro, Cadillac CTS, '12-'17 Chevrolet Caprice PPV,<br /> '12-'20 Chevrolet Impala, '14-'16 Chevrolet Impala Limited, '13-'15 Cadillac ATS, '13-'19 Cadillac XTS |- |3||LT6||5.5&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Z06 '23+. |- |4||LC4||4.1&nbsp;L||V6|V6||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '81-'84 Buick LeSabre, Electra, Riviera, Oldsmobile Toronado, '81-'82 Cadillac DeVille, Fleetwood Brougham, Eldorado, Seville, '81-'83 Oldsmobile 98, '82-'84 Buick Regal,<br /> '82 Pontiac Grand Prix, Bonneville G |- |4||LC9||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Toyota 4A-C engine. '85-'88 Chevy Nova |- |4||LN2||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#(Sequential) Multi-port injection|MPI/SFI||OHV||Chevrolet "122" engine. '92-'02 Cavalier, '95-'02 Sunfire, '92-'96 Corsica/Beretta, '93 Lumina,<br /> '93-'96 Cutlass Ciera, Century. |- |4||L32||3.8&nbsp;L||V6 Supercharged||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Supercharged Series III). '04-'07 Pontiac Grand Prix |- |4||LUU||1.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11-'15 Chevy Volt, '14 & '16 Cadillac ELR. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray '20+. |- |4||LT2||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette E-Ray '24+. |- |5||LW9||2.5L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Pontiac Iron Duke engine. '81 Chevy Citation, Pontiac Phoenix, Oldsmobile Omega, Buick Skylark. |- |5||LR6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '88-'89 Cadillac DeVille/Fleetwood/Sixty Special/Eldorado/Seville. |- |5||LY9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '86 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LM9||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Sprint |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-GE engine. '88 Chevy Nova Twin Cam, '90-'92 Geo Prizm GSi |- |5||LW0||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-UW engine. '90-'91 Geo Storm GSi |- |5||LT4||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Gen II Chevy Small-Block V8. '96 Corvette (man. trans.) |- |5||LAT||2.4L||I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Aura Green Line, '08-'09 Chevy Malibu Hybrid |- |5||LAP||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Chevy Cobalt. |- |5||LFW||3.0L||V6||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '12-'13 Cadillac CTS, '14 CTS wagon |- |5||L3A||1.5L||I4||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. VVT. ([[w:EREV|Range extender]]). '16-'19 Chevy Volt. |- |5||LWC||1.6L||I4 Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Gasoline Engine, H.O. VVT. Made in Szentgotthárd, Hungary. '16-'19 Buick Cascada |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Stingray, Grand Sport '27+. |- |5||LS6||6.7&nbsp;L||V8||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Full Hybrid. Gen VI Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette Grand Sport X '27+. |- |6||L81||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '81 Corvette |- |6||LM1||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '83-'85 Impala 9C1 Police, '86-'88 Caprice 9C1 Police |- |6||L73||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family 1 engine. Made in South Korea by Daewoo. '88-'93 Pontiac LeMans |- |6||LP2||1.0&nbsp;L||Straight-3|I3||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 6 valve ||Suzuki G10A engine. '89-'97 Geo Metro, '98-'00 Chevrolet Metro |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 4A-FE engine. '89-'97 Geo Prizm base/LSi |- |6||L01||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Isuzu 4XE1-V engine. '90-'93 Geo Storm (base model) |- |6||L42||2.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen I (Bi-Fuel Gas/CNG). '03-'04 Chevy Cavalier |- |6||L91||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '04-'07 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LXT||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||E-TEC II. '08 Chevy Aveo |- |6||LGW||3.0L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'19 Cadillac CT6 |- |6||LT4||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '15-'19 Corvette Z06, '17-'24 Camaro ZL1, '16-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Series,<br /> '22+ Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing |- |7||LU5||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '82 Camaro, Firebird. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. |- |7||L69||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Quadrajet Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (High Output 5.0L). (305 cu. in.). '83 F-cars, '83 Chevy Monte Carlo SS |- |7||LC5||1.5&nbsp;L||I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1 engine. '86-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum, '89 Geo Spectrum. |- |7||LC2||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Intercooled. Buick V6. '86-'87 Buick Regal. '89 Pontiac 20th Anniversary Turbo Trans Am |- |7||LC7||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '87-'88 Cadillac Allante. |- |7||L05||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '89-'93 Chevy Caprice (police only for '89-'91),<br /> '92-'93 Buick Roadmaster, '92 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, '90-'92 Cadillac Brougham, '93 Fleetwood. |- |7||LL0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |7||LY7||3.6&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. VVT. '04-'09 Cadillac CTS, '05-'07 STS, '05-'08 Buick LaCrosse,<br /> '07-'09 Pontiac G6, Saturn Aura, '08-'09 Pontiac G8, '08-'12 Chevy Malibu |- |7||LT1||6.2&nbsp;L||V8||Direct injection|DI||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. With Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> '14-'19 Corvette, '16-'24 Camaro SS |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1 '25+. (1,064 hp) |- |7||LT7||5.5&nbsp;L||V8 Twin Turbo||Port/Direct injection||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Full Hybrid. Chevrolet Gemini Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Flat-plane crank. VVT.<br /> For mid-engine C8 Corvette ZR1X '26+. (1,250 hp) |- |8||LV8||4.3&nbsp;L||V8||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (260 cu. in.) '82 Oldsmobile Cutlass, Delta 88. |- |8||LT8||4.1&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '82-'87 Cadillac DeVille, Eldorado, Seville, '82-'85 Fleetwood Brougham, '85-'87 Fleetwood, '87 Fleetwood Sixty Special. |- |8||LC8||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Buick V6. '83 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |8||L83||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Cross-Fire fuel injection|CFI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '82, '84 Corvette. Dual throttle-body fuel injection. 1st fuel injected Corvette since 1965. |- |8||L98||5.7&nbsp;L||V8||Tuned-port fuel injection|TPI||OHV||Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. '85-'91 Corvette, '87-'92 Chevy Camaro, Pontiac Firebird. |- |8||LQ6||4.5&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Cadillac High Technology V8. '89-'92 Cadillac Allante. |- |8||L24||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '95-'02 Saturn S-Series |- |8||LX9||3.5&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. '04-'06 Chevy Malibu, '05-'06 Pontiac G6 |- |8||LF3||3.6L||V6 Twin Turbo||Direct Injection|DI||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '14-'19 Cadillac CTS V-Sport, XTS V-Sport |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4XF1 engine. '92-'93 Geo Storm GSi. |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 7A-FE engine. '93-'97 Geo Prizm |- |8||LV6||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. VVT-i from '00. '98-'02 Chevrolet Prizm, '03-'08 Pontiac Vibe |- |8||LAY||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Dual VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |9||L17||1.6&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu G161Z engine made by GM in US. '81 Chevy Chevette, Pontiac T1000 |- |9||L62||6.0&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI (DFI)||OHV||Cadillac 472-series V8 engine family. V8-6-4 cylinder deactivation.<br /> '81 Cadillacs, '82-'84 Fleetwood Limousine. |- |9||LC3||3.8&nbsp;L||V6||2 Barrel Carburetor |2BBL||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83 Malibu, '83-'84 Monte Carlo, Impala, Caprice, '83 Pontiac Parisienne. |- |9||LG8||5.0&nbsp;L||V8||4 Barrel Carburetor |4BBL||OHV||Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 (307 cu. in.) H.O. '83-'84 Hurst/Olds, '85-'87 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442 |- |9||LM9||3.8&nbsp;L||V6|V6 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||OHV||Buick V6. '84-'85 Buick Regal, Riviera. |- |9||L44||2.8&nbsp;L||V6||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6 (transversely mounted). H.O. '85-'88 Pontiac Fiero |- |9||LC0||1.5&nbsp;L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Isuzu 4XC1-T engine. '87-'88 Chevrolet Spectrum Turbo |- |9||LK0||1.9&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Saturn I4 engine. '91-'94 Saturn S-Series |- |9||L37||4.6&nbsp;L||V8||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Cadillac Northstar V8 (H.O. FWD) (Premium V). '93 Cadillac Allanté,<br /> '93-'02 Cadillac Eldorado Touring Coupe, '93-'04 Cadillac Seville STS, '96-'05 Cadillac DeVille,<br /> '06-'11 Cadillac DTS, '08-'11 Buick Lucerne Super |- |9||L72||1.3&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve ||Suzuki G13BA engine. '95-'97 Geo Metro |- |9||LUJ||1.4L||I4 Turbo||Fuel injection#Sequential Multi-port fuel injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. VVT. Early production engines were made in Aspern, Austria; later made in Flint, MI. '11 Chevy Cruze |- |9||LL0||1.2&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Daewoo S-TEC II engine (1249 cc). VVT. Made in Changwon, S. Korea. '13-'15 Chevy Spark. |- |9||LT5||6.2&nbsp;L||V8 Supercharged||Port/Direct injection||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. '19 Corvette ZR1. |- |0||LH8||1.8&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Throttle Body injection|TBI||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||GM Family II engine. Made in Brazil.<br /> '82-'86 Pontiac J2000/2000/Sunbird, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk. |- |0||LAX||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Sequential multi-port injection|SFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. VVT-i. '09-'10 Pontiac Vibe |- |0||LE9||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. E85 Flex-Fuel. 2010 Chevy Malibu. |- |0||LE5||2.4&nbsp;L||Straight-4|I4||Fuel injection#Multi-port fuel injection|MFI||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. Most '12 Chevy Malibu w/LE5 engine. |} H.O.=High Output, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift ====Motor codes for electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | 5 ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97, '99 General Motors EV1 |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '14-'16 Chevrolet Spark EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '17-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EV |- | 0 ||EN0|| Electricity || Front || '22-'23 Chevrolet Bolt EUV |- |} ====Motor codes for LFP-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Pack <br /> RPO code !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | V ||P9D (HPB)|| 1 || EJW || Electricity || Front || '27 Chevrolet Bolt |} LFP=Lithium Iron Phosphate ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- |- | 1 ||X0E|| 2 || EXN || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq |- | 2 ||X0E|| 2 || EHT || 16 || Electricity || All || '25- Cadillac Celestiq <br> (Battery Module RPO code EHT is Configuration B) |} ====Engine codes for light trucks==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A ||LD5|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Buick V6. (231 cu. in.) '81-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (CA emissions). |- | A ||LR1|| 1.9L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G200 engine imported from Japan.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | A ||L38|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine. '91-'93 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma. |- | A ||LH2|| 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||SFI. Cadillac Northstar V8 (For RWD) (Premium V). '04-'09 Cadillac SRX |- | A ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'13 GMT900 pickups, '10-'14 Express/Savana |- | A ||LCV|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT. '15-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon,<br /> '17-'20 Buick Envision, '17-'21 GMC Acadia, '19-'21 Chevy Blazer |- | B ||LR2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 60° V6.<br /> '82-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'85 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | B ||LU2|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '90-'91 Astro/Safari higher output engine option. |- | B ||L81|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||SFI. Opel 54° V6 engine (Made in the UK). '02-'03 Saturn Vue |- | B ||L33|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300 H.O. 310hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'07 Silverado/Sierra 1500 4wd ext. cab short bed. |- | B ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '09-'10 Chevy HHR |- | B ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel (Also Gas/LPG in Express/Savana). SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT. '11-'20 Express/Savana, '13-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD. |- | B ||LUV|| 1.4L ||I4 Turbo|| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Family 0 Engine, Gen III. SFI. VVT.<br /> '13-'21 Buick Encore, '15-'21 Chevy Trax (also '13-'14 Trax in Canada) |- | C ||LH6|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | C ||L34|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki J20A engine. MFI. '99-'03 Chevrolet Tracker |- | C ||LY2|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 GMT900 pickups, '07-'09 Tahoe/Yukon, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | C ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '11. |- | C ||L83|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management<br /> '14-'19 K2XX pickups, '15-'20 K2XX SUVs. |- | C ||L2R|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax") - Detuned version. Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management. '23-'24 Chevy Colorado. |- | D ||LE3|| 4.1L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6.<br /> '81-'84 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy |- | D ||LG6|| 3.1L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '90-'95 U-body minivans. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen I. '02-'07 Saturn Vue, '06 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||L61|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. '07-'08 Chevy HHR. |- | D ||LLT|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. '09-'16 GMC Acadia, '17 GMC Acadia Limited,<br /> '09-'17 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave, '09-'10 Saturn Outlook |- | D ||LBZ|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD & '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD |- | D ||L84|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Dynamic Fuel Management<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL. |- | E ||LN8|| 2.5L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV engine.<br /> '85-'90 Chevy/GMC S-10/S-15, Astro/Safari Cargo Van, '85-'88 S-10 Blazer/S-15 Jimmy. |- | E ||LLR|| 3.7L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-370, '07-'10 Hummer H3, '09-'10 Hummer H3T |- | E ||LA1|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. '96 GMT199 (U-body) minivans, '97-'05 GMT200 (U-body) minivans,<br /> '01-'05 Pontiac Aztek, '02-'05 Buick Rendezvous |- | F ||LF3|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K, full-size vans, '81-'82 Blazer/Jimmy.<br /> CA emissions version of LE9 5.0 V8. |- | F ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '92-'02,<br /> Chevy/GMC Suburban 1500/2500 '94-'99, over-8,500 lb. GVWR Express/Savana '96-'02 |- | F ||LNJ|| 3.4L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 60° V6. Made in China by SAIC-GM. '05-'09 Chevy Equinox, '06-'09 Pontiac Torrent. |- | F ||L94|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'14 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | F ||L20|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV|| Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '15-'17 Express/Savana |- | F ||L82|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. With Active Fuel Management<br /> '19-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500 (T1XX). |- | G ||LG9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, full-size van |- | G ||L18|| 8.1L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MFI. Vortec 8100. Gen VII Chevrolet Big-Block V8. '01-'02 C3500HD, '01-'06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07 Silverado Classic HD/Sierra Classic HD, '01-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '02-'06 Avalanche 2500, '01-'02 Express/Savana |- | G ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'19 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '10-'13 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '16-'19 Suburban 3500,<br /> '10-'20 Express/Savana. |- | G ||LSD|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '23+ Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | H ||LG4|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8. (305 cu. in.) '81-'87 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | H ||LE9|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '81-'86 C/K pickups, Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, full-size vans |- | H ||L03|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '87 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban. |- | H ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '03 Chevy S-10/GMC Sonoma |- | H ||LS2|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Chevy SSR '05-'06, Trailblazer SS '06-'09, Saab 9-7X Aero '08-'09. |- | H ||LV3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '14-'21 Chevy Silverado 1500/GMC Sierra 1500. |- | J ||L39|| 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8 (267 cu. in.) '81-82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero. |- | J ||LL4|| 6.2L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks '82-'93. '82-'86 C/K pickups, '87-'91 R/V pickups,<br /> '88-'93 C/K, Sierra pickups, '82-'91 Blazer/Jimmy, Suburban, '83-'93 full-size vans |- | J ||L29|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| MFI. Vortec 7400. Gen VI Chevrolet Big-Block V8.<br /> '96-'00 C/K, Sierra pickups, Express/Savana, '96-'99 Suburban 2500 |- | J ||LY5|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, Avalanche |- | J ||LZ1|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '10-'13 Tahoe Hybrid, Yukon Hybrid, Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid, Sierra Hybrid |- | J ||L86|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. <br /> '14-18 Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500,<br /> '18-20 Chevy Tahoe Premier, '19-'20 Chevy Suburban Premier, GMC Yukon/Yukon XL SLT,<br /> '15-'20 GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | K ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '81-'82 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions) |- | K ||L05|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans, '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '87-'94 Blazer, '95 Tahoe, '87-'91 Jimmy, '92-'95 Yukon, '87-'95 Suburban. |- | K ||LY6|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '07-'09 Suburban 2500/Yukon XL 2500, '08-'09 Express/Savana |- | K ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '12-'17,<br /> Chevy Captiva Sport '12-'14, Chevy Orlando '14. |- | K ||L3B|| 2.7L ||I4 Turbo||| Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM L3B Tripower engine ("TurboMax"). Direct Injection. VVT, VVL. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, '23+ Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | L ||LS9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevrolet Small-Block V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR trucks, vans, Suburban, Blazer/Jimmy (CA) '81-'86. |- | L ||L27|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Buick V6 (3800 Series I). '92-'95 U-body minivans |- | L ||LX9|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3498cc. SFI. '05-'06 GMT201 minivans, '06-'07 Buick Rendezvous |- | L ||LH8|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '08-'09 Hummer H3 Alpha, '09 Colorado/Canyon, Hummer H3T Alpha |- | L ||LGH|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '10-'16 Express/Savana, '11-'12 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs |- | L ||L87|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Dynamic Fuel Management.<br /> '19+ Chevy/GMC Silverado 1500/Sierra 1500, '21+ Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL,<br /> Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | L ||L3T|| 1.3L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '20+ Buick Encore GX, '21+ Chevy Trailblazer. |- | M ||LT9|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Gen I Chevy Small-Block V8.<br /> For over-8,500 lb. GVWR C/K trucks, full-size vans, Suburban '81-'86, full-size van cutaway '81-'88.<br /> '88 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | M ||L30|| 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5000. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'02 Express/Savana |- | M ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. 2010 Chevy HHR SS. |- | M ||LH6|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '05-'06 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.), '05-'07 Buick Rainier,<br /> '05-'09 GMC Envoy Denali, Saab 9-7X, '06-'08 Chevy Trailblazer, '05 GMC Envoy XUV,<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra 1500 |- | M ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '12. |- | M ||LE2|| 1.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '16-'19 & '21-'22 Buick Encore, '21-'22 Chevy Trax. |- | N ||L10|| 1.8L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||2-bbl carb. Isuzu G180Z engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV |- | N ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '83-'84 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero. |- | N ||LB1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| 4-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '85 Astro/Safari, '85-'86 C/K pickups & full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '87-'90 R/V pickups, Suburban 2500, '88-'90 C/K, Sierra pickups, full-size vans |- | N ||L19|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen V Chevrolet Big-Block V8. TBI.<br /> '91 R/V pickups, '91-'95 C/K, Sierra pickups, Suburban 2500, full-size vans. '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | N ||LZ4|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. 3510cc. SFI. VVT. '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | N ||LQ9|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 6000 H.O. or VortecMAX. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. 345 hp.<br /> '02-'06 Cadillac Escalade, '03-'06 Cadillac Escalade ESV, '03-'06 Chevy Silverado SS, '05-'06 GMC Sierra Denali. |- | N ||LGZ|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17-'22 Chevy Colorado, GMC Canyon. |- | P ||L49|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks & full-size vans '94-'95 |- | P ||LM4|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5300. 290hp. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '03-'04 Chevy SSR, '03-'04 GMT370 SUVs (Trailblazer EXT/Envoy XL/Isuzu Ascender 7-psgr.),<br /> '04 Buick Rainier, GMC Envoy XUV |- | P ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '06-'08 Chevy HHR, '08-'09 Saturn Vue |- | P ||LH9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT.<br /> '10-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '10 Hummer H3 Alpha, H3T Alpha |- | P ||LV1|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Chevrolet 90° V6 - Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V6 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '18+ Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | P ||LBP|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Flex Fuel. GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '25+ Buick Encore GX, Chevy Trailblazer, '25- Chevy Trax, Buick Envista. |- | R ||LL2|| 2.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||TBI. Chevrolet 60° V6. '86-'93 Chevy S-10, GMC S-15/Sonoma,<br /> '86-'89 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | R ||L31|| 5.7L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen 1+ Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Vortec 5700. CPI.<br /> '96-'99 Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra, '96-'99 Chevy Tahoe/GMC Yukon, Chevy/GMC Suburban, '99-'00 GMC Yukon Denali, Cadillac Escalade, '00 Chevy Tahoe Limited/Z71, '96-'02 Chevy Express/GMC Savana. |- | R ||L8B|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Mild Hybrid. Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8 (EcoTec3). Direct injection, VVT. Active Fuel Management. '16-'18 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500. |- | S ||LQ7|| 2.2L || I4 || Diesel ||OHV||Isuzu C220 engine imported from Japan. '81-'82 Chevy LUV, '84-'85 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15 |- | S ||L56|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For sub-8,500 lb. GVWR Chevy C/K, GMC Sierra trucks '94-'99,<br /> Chevy Blazer '94, Chevy Tahoe 2-d '95-'99, GMC Yukon 2-d '94-'97 |- | S ||LL8|| 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Atlas I6. SFI. VVT. '02-'09 GMT360/370 SUVs (Chevy Trailblazer, GMC Envoy, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, Saab 9-7X) |- | S ||LGX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6, 4th gen. Direct Injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management.<br /> '17+ Cadillac XT5, '17-'23 GMC Acadia, '19+ Chevrolet Blazer, '20-'25 Cadillac XT6. |- | S ||LK0|| 2.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||L3B engine family. Direct Injection. VVT. '24- Chevy Traverse, GMC Acadia, '25- Buick Enclave |- | T ||L25|| 4.8L || I6 || Gas ||OHV||1-bbl carb. Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, '88 R/V pickups |- | T ||LM7|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 270/285/295hp.<br /> '99-'07 GMT800 pickups & SUVs including '02-'05 Escalade 2wd, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | T ||LEA|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex Fuel. GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Orlando '13. |- | T ||LM2|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads. '20-'22 Silverado/Sierra 1500, '21-'24 Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL, Escalade/Escalade ESV. |- | U ||LS5|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 8 valve||Suzuki G16A engine. TBI. '89-'95 Geo Tracker |- | U ||LQ4|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads (Iron Heads in '99-'00).<br /> '99-'06 GMT800 pickups, '00-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL 2500, '01-'06 Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali,<br> '06 Suburban LTZ, '03-'07 Express/Savana, '03-'07 Hummer H2. |- | U ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2011 Chevy HHR |- | U ||LH7|| 1.6L ||I4 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Medium Diesel engine ("Whisper Diesel"). Made by Opel in Szentgotthárd, Hungary.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads. '18-'19 Chevy Equinox & GMC Terrain Diesel. |- | V ||LR4|| 4.8L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. '99-'06 GMT800 pickups,<br /> '00-'06 Tahoe/Yukon, '03-'07 Express/Savana |- | V ||LE9|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM Ecotec Gen II. 2009-2010 Chevy HHR |- | V ||LYX|| 1.5L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Small Gasoline Engine. Direct Injection. VVT. '18-'22 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | W ||LE8|| 7.4L || V8 || Gas ||OHV|| Mark IV Chevrolet Big-Block V8. 4bbl carb. '81-'86 Chevy/GMC C/K pickups, Suburban.<br /> '88-'89 Chevy/GMC R30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7C (10,500 lb. GVWR),<br /> V30/3500 Chassis Cab w/C7E (11,000 lb. GVWR) |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| CPI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '92-'95 Sonoma, S-10 Blazer/Jimmy, Astro/Safari, '94-'95 S-10, '92-'94 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | W ||L35|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| SFI. Vortec 4300 H.O. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '96-'02 S-10/Sonoma, Blazer/Jimmy, Express/Savana, C/K, Silverado, Sierra, '96-'01 Bravada, Astro/Safari, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | W ||LGD|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '07-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | W ||LAF|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain '10. |- | W ||LE8|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Flex-Fuel. SFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. 2011 Chevy HHR. |- | W ||LFY|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection.<br> '18-'23 Chevrolet Traverse, '24 Chevrolet Traverse Limited, '18-'24 Buick Enclave. |- | X ||LF6|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived).<br /> '96-'99 S-10/Sonoma, '97-'99 Isuzu Hombre. |- | X ||LU3|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||Vortec 4300. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '03-'04 S-10/Sonoma,<br /> '03-'05 Blazer/Jimmy, '02-'05 Astro/Safari, '03-'14 Express/Savana, '03-'13 Silverado/Sierra |- | X ||LNF|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen II. Direct Injection. VVT. '08-'09 Chevy HHR SS. |- | X ||LTG|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Buick Envision, '18-'20 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain, '18-'19 Chevy Traverse RS |- | Y ||LQ2|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet "122" engine.<br /> '83-'84 Chevy S-10/GMC S-15, '83-'84 Chevy S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy |- | Y ||L57|| 6.5L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8. For over-8,500 lb. GVWR full-size vans '94-'95 & '96 G-Classic full-size vans |- | Y ||L76|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. With Active Fuel Management.<br /> '07-'09 Silverado/Sierra, Suburban/Yukon XL, Chevy Avalanche |- | Y ||LF1|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '10-'11 Cadillac SRX, '11 Saab 9-4X, '10 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain |- | Y ||L5P|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '17+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD. Engine updated in '24. |- | Z ||LF9|| 5.7L || V8 || Diesel ||OHV||Oldsmobile Diesel V8. '81 Chevy C10/GMC C1500 full-size pickups. |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 || Gas ||OHV|| TBI. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). '85-'87 Chevy El Camino/GMC Caballero,<br /> '86-'94 Astro/Safari, '87 R/V pickups, '88-'95 C/K & Sierra pickups, '87-'95 full-size vans & <br /> '96 G-Classic full-size vans, '88-'95 S-10, S-15/Sonoma, '88-'94 S-10 Blazer, S-15 Jimmy,<br /> '91-'92 Oldsmobile Bravada |- | Z ||LB4|| 4.3L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||OHV|| MPI. For GMC Syclone & Typhoon. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived) |- | Z ||L59|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. Gen III Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. Vortec 5300. 285/295hp.<br /> '02-'07 GMT800 pickups, '02-'06 Suburban/Yukon XL, Avalanche. |- | Z ||LAT|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Mild Hybrid. MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '07-'09 Saturn Vue Green Line |- | 1 ||LZ9|| 3.9L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||GM High Value 60° V6. SFI. VVT. '06-'09 GMT201 minivans |- | 1 ||LE5|| 2.4L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||MFI. GM Ecotec Gen II. VVT. '10 Saturn Vue. |- | 1 ||LB7|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. First version of the Duramax V8. '01-Mid '04 Silverado HD/Sierra HD |- | 1 ||LWN|| 2.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Based on VM Motori A428 engine. Made by GM Powertrain Thailand 2016-2020. Made in Brazil for '22. '16-'22 Colorado/Canyon, '17-'22 Express/Savana. |- | 2 ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. Mid '04-Mid '06 Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '06-Mid '07 Express/Savana |- | 2 ||L9H|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '09-'13 Chevy Silverado 1500, GMC Sierra 1500, Sierra Denali 1500,<br /> '09 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, GMC Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> Hummer H2 |- | 2 ||LIH|| 1.2L || I3 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||GM E-Turbo Engine. Direct Injection. VVT.<br /> '20-'24 Buick Encore GX, '21-'24 Chevy Trailblazer, '24 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista,<br> '25 Chevy Trax, Buick Envista (Canada only). |- | 3 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '07-'11 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500, '07-'09 & '11 Avalanche |- | 3 ||LFX|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. E85 Flex Fuel.<br /> '12-'16 Cadillac SRX, '13-'17 Chevrolet Equinox, GMC Terrain, '15-'16 Colorado/Canyon |- | 4 ||LN2|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas ||OHV||MFI (94-95). SFI (96-00). Chevrolet "122" engine. '94-'00 S-10/Sonoma, '96-'00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 4 ||LE8|| 2.5L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Suzuki H25A engine. MFI. '01-'04 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 4 ||L66|| 3.5L || V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Honda J35S1 V6. VTEC. '04-'07 Saturn Vue |- | 4 ||LMF|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '08-'14 Express/Savana 1500 |- | 4 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '10 Cadillac SRX |- | 4 ||LSY|| 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||GM Ecotec engine, Gen III. Direct Injection. Active Fuel Management. VVT. VVL.<br /> '19-'25 Cadillac XT4, '20+ Chevy Blazer, Cadillac XT5, '20-'23 GMC Acadia,<br /> '21+ Buick Envision, '21-'25 Cadillac XT6 |- | 5 ||L43|| 2.2L || I4 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Chevrolet "122" engine. '00-'02 S-10/Sonoma, '00 Isuzu Hombre |- | 5 ||LFA|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid ||OHV||2-Mode Hybrid. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '08-'09 Tahoe Hybrid/Yukon Hybrid, '09 Escalade Hybrid, Silverado Hybrid/Sierra Hybrid |- | 5 ||LFW|| 3.0L || V6 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex-Fuel. GM High Feature V6. Direct Injection. VVT. '11-'12 Chevy Equinox, GMC Terrain,<br /> '12 Chevy Captiva Sport |- | 6 ||L01|| 1.6L || I4 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Suzuki G16B engine. MFI. '94-'97 Geo Tracker, '98-'00 Chevrolet Tracker |- | 6 ||L52|| 3.5L || I5 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 20 valve||Atlas I5. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-350, '06 Hummer H3 |- | 6 ||LAU|| 2.8L || V6 Turbo || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. SFI. '11 Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X |- | 6 ||LMM|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '07-'10 Silverado HD/Sierra HD (GMT900), Mid '07-Mid '10 Express/Savana |- | 7 ||LY7|| 3.6L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||GM High Feature V6. '04-'06 Buick Rendezvous, '04-'09 Cadillac SRX,<br /> '07-'08 GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, '08 Buick Enclave, '08-'10 Saturn Vue |- | 7 ||LC9|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT.<br /> Aluminum Block & Heads.<br /> '12-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '12-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500 |- | 7 ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '20+ Silverado HD/Sierra HD, '21+ Express/Savana |- | 8 ||LK5|| 2.8L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '04-'06 Colorado/Canyon, '06 Isuzu i-280. |- | 8 ||L92|| 6.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. SFI. VVT.<br /> '07-'08 GMC Sierra Denali, Yukon Denali/Yukon XL Denali, Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV,<br> '08 Chevy Tahoe LTZ, Hummer H2. |- | 8 ||LML|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine.<br /> '11-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD pickups, '13-'16 Silverado HD/Sierra HD chassis cabs. |- | 8 ||LZ0|| 3.0L || I6 Turbo|| Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve|| Duramax Diesel I6. Aluminum Block & Heads.<br> '23+ Silverado/Sierra 1500, '24+ Suburban HD, '25+ Tahoe/Suburban, Yukon/Yukon XL. |- | 9 ||LC3|| 3.8L || V6 || Gas ||OHV||2-bbl carb. Chevrolet 90° V6 (Chevy Small-Block V8 Derived). 229 cu. in. <br /> '83-'84 Chevy El Camino, GMC Caballero (49-state emissions). |- | 9 ||LLV|| 2.9L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Atlas I4. SFI. VVT. '07-'12 Colorado/Canyon, '07-'08 Isuzu i-290. |- | 9 ||LT4|| 6.2L ||V8 Supercharged|| Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevy Small-Block V8. Aluminum Block & Heads. Direct injection. VVT. Active Fuel Management. '23+ Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV V-Series. |- | 0 ||LMG|| 5.3L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||OHV||Flex-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Active Fuel Management. VVT added for '10.<br /> Iron Block & Aluminum Heads.<br /> '07-'13 Silverado/Sierra 1500, Avalanche, '07-'14 Tahoe/Yukon, Suburban/Yukon XL 1500. |} H.O.=High Output, VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VVL=Variable Valve Lift, GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane Autogas) ====Motor codes for electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | H ||LN1|| Electricity || Front || '97-'98 Chevrolet S-10 Electric. |- |} ====Motor codes for Ultium-powered electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! Motor <br /> RPO code !! # of Motors !! Battery Module <br /> RPO code !! # of Modules !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Application/Notes |- | A ||XRL|| 3 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '22- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | B ||XRL|| 3 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 3X |- | C ||XRL|| 3 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 3X |- | D ||XRJ|| 2 || ETI || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 3WT, '25- Silverado EV 5WT, 3LT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (2SP), '26- Silverado EV Trail Boss (2TR),<br> '24- GMC Hummer EV pickup 2X, '25- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SC,<br> '26- Sierra EV Elevation 3SC, AT4 4SC |- | E ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24- GMC Hummer EV SUV 2X |- | G ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '23 BrightDrop Zevo 600 |- | H ||XRJ|| 2 || EWX || 14 || Electricity || All ||'26- Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, 2LT,<br> '26- GMC Sierra EV Elevation 3SB, Denali 5SB |- | J ||X0C|| 2 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS AWD,<br> '25- Chevy Blazer EV 4LT, 3RS AWD, '24-'26 Honda Prologue AWD |- | K ||X0D|| 1 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || Rear || '23- Cadillac Lyriq RWD, '24-'25 Chevrolet Blazer EV 2RS RWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec RWD |- | L ||X0E|| 2 || EC6 || 12 || Electricity || All || '23- Cadillac Lyriq AWD, '24- Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV AWD,<br> '25- Chevrolet Blazer EV SS AWD, '26- Cadillac Vistiq AWD,<br> '24 Acura ZDX A-Spec, Type S AWD |- | L ||XRJ|| 2 || ETN || 24 || Electricity || All || '24 Chevrolet Silverado EV 4WT, RST (3SP), '25- Silverado EV 8WT,<br> '25 Silverado EV RST (3SP), '26- Silverado EV 4LT, Trail Boss (3TR),<br> '24- GMC Sierra EV Denali 5SD, '26- Sierra EV AT4 4SD,<br> '25- Cadillac Escalade IQ, '26- Cadillac Escalade IQL |- | M ||X0B|| 1 || EC5 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24-'26 Honda Prologue FWD, '25- Chevy Blazer EV 2LT, 1RS FWD |- | P ||X0B|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Front || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV FWD |- | R ||X0C|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '24- Chevrolet Equinox EV AWD, '25 Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | Y ||XRJ|| 2 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | Z ||XRJ|| 2 || ETJ || 20 || Electricity || All || '24 BrightDrop Zevo 400, Zevo 600,<br> '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 AWD |- | 4 ||X0E|| 2 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || All || '26- Cadillac Optiq AWD |- | 5 ||X0D|| 1 || EC3 || 10 || Electricity || Rear|| '26- Cadillac Optiq RWD |- | 6 ||XRM|| 1 || ETC || 12 || Electricity || Front || '25-'26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 400/600 FWD |- | 7 ||XRJ|| 2 || EWU || 14 || Electricity || All || '26 Chevrolet BrightDrop 600 AWD |} SB=Standard Range, SC=Extended Range, SD=Max Range ====Engine codes for medium duty trucks 2016-==== GM encodes the engine type in character 8 of the VIN. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | B ||L96|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | C ||LC8|| 6.0L || V8 || Gas/CNG or<br>Gas/LPG ||OHV||Bi-Fuel. SFI. Gen IV Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block & Aluminum Heads. VVT.<br /> '16-'20 Chevy LCF 3500/4500. |- | D ||L8T|| 6.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Gen V Chevrolet Small-Block V8. Iron Block/Aluminum Heads. Direct injection, VVT.<br /> '21-'23 Chevy LCF 3500/4500, '24- Chevy LCF 3500HG/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG. |- | F ||LCB|| 6.7L || I6 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Cummins B Series ISB engine. '22- Chevy LCF 6500XD, '23- Chevy LCF 7500XD. |- | 6 ||I1B|| 5.2L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||SOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4HK1-TC engine. '17- Chevy LCF 4500HD/XD, 5500XD, '17-'24 Chevy LCF 5500HD,<br /> '18-'21 Chevy LCF 6500XD. |- | 7 ||IZ3|| 3.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Isuzu 4JJ1-TC engine. '16-'18 Chevy LCF 3500HD. |- |} ====Engine codes for AM General-built Hummer H1 2000-2006==== AM General encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | F || || 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GEP (General Engine Products), a subsidiary of AM General.<br> '01-'04 Hummer H1 & '06 H1 Fleet models. |- | P ||LLY|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. '06 Hummer H1 Alpha. |- | Z ||L65|| 6.5L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV||Detroit Diesel V8 built by GM. '00-'01 Hummer H1. |- |} ====Engine codes for Nissan-built vans==== Nissan encodes the engine type in character 4 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | 3 ||L0A|| 2.0L || I4 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Nissan MR20DE engine. SFI. VVT. For the '15-'18 Chevrolet City Express. |- |} ====Engine codes for Navistar-built medium-duty trucks==== Navistar encodes the engine type in character 6 & 7 of the VIN. {| class="wikitable" |- ! VIN !! RPO !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes |- | PV ||L5D|| 6.6L || V8 Turbo || Diesel ||OHV,<br /> 32 valve||Duramax 6600 V8 engine. For the Chevy Silverado Medium Duty '19+. |- |} ==GM factories supplying North America== ===North American GM factories=== [[w:List_of_General_Motors_factories | List of GM Factories]] {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Notes |- |A |Lakewood Assembly (Lakewood Heights, Atlanta, Georgia) |through 1990 model year |- |A |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |From 2026 model year. Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing "Curated by Cadillac" program only. |- |B |Baltimore Assembly (Baltimore, Maryland) |through 2005 model year |- |B |Reatta Craft Centre/Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |1988-2006 model year (except GM EV1) |- |B |GM Defense-Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC) (Concord, North Carolina) |From 2024 model year. Chevrolet Suburban HD (a.k.a. HD SUV) (for US govt. only). |- |C |South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California) |through 1982 model year |- |C |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |South assembly line 1985-2004 model year |- |D |Doraville Assembly (Doraville, Georgia) |through 2009 model year |- |E |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |through 1991 model year |- |E |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |1988-2009 model year |- |E |AM General Military plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |1992-2006 Hummer H1 |- |F |Flint Truck Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |since 1953 |- |F |Fairfax II Assembly (Kansas City, Kansas) |since 1988 model year |- |G |Framingham Assembly (Framingham, Massachusetts) |through 1989 model year |- |G |Silao Assembly (Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico) |since 1995 model year |- |H |Buick City Assembly (Flint, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |H |AM General Commercial plant (Mishawaka, Indiana) |2003-2009 Hummer H2 |- |H |Navistar Springfield plant (Main Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2019- Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty (4500HD/5500HD/6500HD) |- |J |Janesville Assembly (Janesville, Wisconsin) |through 2009 model year |- |J |Lansing Delta Township Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2007 model year |- |K |Leeds Assembly (Leeds, Kansas City, Missouri) |through 1988 model year |- |K |Linden Assembly (Linden, New Jersey) |from 1994-2005 model year |- |K |Nissan plant (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) |2015-2018 Chevrolet City Express |- |L |Van Nuys Assembly (Van Nuys, California) |through 1992 model year |- |L |San Luis Potosí Assembly (San Luis Potosí, Mexico) |since 2009 model year |- |M |Lansing Car Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |through 1984 model year, North assembly line 1985-2005 model year |- |M |Toluca Assembly (Toluca, Mexico state, Mexico) |through 2008 model year |- |N |Norwood Assembly (Norwood, Ohio) |through 1987 model year |- |N |Navistar Springfield plant (Secondary Line) (Springfield, Ohio) |2017- Chevrolet Express cutaway, GMC Savana cutaway |- |P |Pontiac Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1988 model year |- |R |Arlington Assembly (Arlington, Texas) |since 1965 [all GM brands]. (R plant code used only by Chevrolet in 1963-64) |- |S |St. Louis Assembly (St. Louis, Missouri) |through 1987 model year |- |S |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |2002-2007 Saturn Vue & 2009-2010 Chevrolet Traverse only |- |S |Spartan Motors/Shyft Group plant (Charlotte, Michigan) |2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/3500HG/4500/4500HG/5500HG/5500XG/6500XD/7500XD |- |S |Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico) |since 1982 |- |T |Tarrytown Assembly (North Tarrytown, New York) |through 1996 model year |- |U |Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly (Factory Zero) <br /> (Detroit & Hamtramck, Michigan) |since 1986 model year |- |U |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |From 2025 model year. Cadillac Celestiq only. |- |V |Pontiac Central Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1991 model year |- |V |Pontiac East Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1985 model year |- |W |Willow Run Assembly (Ypsilanti Township, Michigan) |through 1993 model year |- |X |Fairfax Assembly (Fairfax I) (Kansas City, Kansas) |through 1987 model year |- |Y |Wilmington Assembly (Wilmington, Delaware) |through 2010 model year |- |Z |Fremont Assembly (Fremont, California) |through 1982 model year |- |Z |NUMMI (Fremont, California) |1985-2010 model year |- |Z |Spring Hill Manufacturing (Spring Hill, Tennessee) |since 1991 model year (except Vue & Traverse) |- |Z |Fort Wayne Assembly (Roanoke, Indiana) |since 1988 model year |- |0 |Pontiac West Assembly (Pontiac, Michigan) |through 1994 model year |- |0 |Lansing Craft Centre (Lansing Township, Michigan) |GM EV1 only |- |0 |Lansing Grand River Assembly (Lansing, Michigan) |since 2003 model year |- |0 |Artisan Center (Warren, Michigan) |2024 Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing 20th Anniversary Edition where the final eight digits of the VIN are R0912004 through R0912024 or R0962004 through R0962024 |- |1 |Wentzville Assembly (Wentzville, Missouri) |since 1985 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1967-1983 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line) (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2019 model year; switched to pickup trucks for 2019 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |Silverado pickup trucks since 2022 model year |- |1 |Oshawa Truck Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) |through 2009 model year |- |2 |Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada) |through 2002 model year |- |3 |Detroit Truck & Bus plant (Piquette Ave., Detroit, Michigan) |through 1999 model year |- |3 |Saint-Eustache Bus Plant (Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada) |through 1987 model year |- |4 |Orion Assembly (Orion Township, Michigan) |since 1985 model year |- |4 |Scarborough Van Assembly (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) |through 1993 model year |- |5 |Bowling Green Assembly (Bowling Green, Kentucky) |since 1981 model year |- |6 |Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) |through 2006 model year |- |6 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |1990-2022 model year |- |7 |Lordstown Assembly (Warren, Ohio) |from 1979-2019 model year |- |8 |Shreveport Assembly (Shreveport, Louisiana) |through 2012 model year |- |9 |Detroit Assembly (Clark Street, Detroit, Michigan)<br> (Cadillac plant) |from 1979-1988 model year |- |9 |Oshawa Car Assembly (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)<br> (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) |from 1984-2020 model year |- |9 |KUKA plant (Livonia, Michigan) |2022 model year only (BrightDrop Zevo 600) |- |9 |CAMI plant (Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada) |2023-2026 model year (BrightDrop Zevo/Chevrolet BrightDrop) |} ===Non-North American GM factories supplying North America=== {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Models Sourced |- |A |SAIC-GM plant: Jinqiao, Pudong district, Shanghai, China |2017-2018 Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid |- |B |Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Bupyeong, South Korea |1988-1993 Pontiac LeMans, 2004-2011 Chevrolet Aveo, 2005-2010 Pontiac Wave/G3, 2004-2006 Chevrolet <br /> Epica (Canada), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Trax, Buick Encore, 2021- Chevrolet Trailblazer, 2020- Buick Encore GX, 2024- Buick Envista |- |C |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Changwon, South Korea |2003-2010 Pontiac Matiz/Matiz G2 (Mexico), 2013-2022 Chevrolet Spark, 2024- Chevrolet Trax |- |D |SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors plant: Yantai, Shandong province, China |2016- Buick Envision, 2019-2023 Chevrolet Aveo (Mexico), 2023- Chevrolet Onix (Mexico) |- |G |Opel plant: Gliwice, Poland |2016-2019 Buick Cascada |- |K |Suzuki plant: Kosai, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1985-1988 Chevrolet Sprint, 1989-1990 Geo Metro hatchback, 1990-1993 Geo Metro convertible, 1985-1990 Pontiac Firefly (Canada), 1991 & 1994 Pontiac Firefly convertible & sedan (Canada) |- |K |GM Daewoo/GM Korea plant: Kunsan, South Korea |2004-2007 Chevrolet Optra (Canada), 2012-2014 Chevrolet Orlando (Canada) |- |L |Holden plant: Elizabeth, South Australia, Australia |2004-2006 Pontiac GTO, 2008-2009 Pontiac G8, 2011-2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV, 2014-2017 Chevrolet SS |- |R |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |1997-2001 Cadillac Catera |- |T |GM India plant: Talegaon, Maharashtra, India |2017-2021 Chevrolet Spark Classic/Beat (Mexico) |- |V |SAIC-GM Wuhan plant: Wuhan, Hubei province, China |2018-2021 Chevrolet Cavalier (Mexico), 2022- Chevrolet Cavalier Turbo (Mexico) |- |W |Suzuki plant: Iwata, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |1989-1990 Geo Tracker |- |1 |Opel plant: Rüsselsheim, Germany |2011, 2018-2020 Buick Regal |- |3 |Isuzu plant: Kawasaki, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1987-1998 Chevrolet/GMC W5, 1989-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W6, 1984-1996 Chevrolet/GMC W7 |- |5 |Opel plant: Antwerp, Belgium |2008-2009 Saturn Astra |- |7 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1988 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1988 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada), 1989 Geo Spectrum, 1990-1993 Geo Storm,<br /> 1999-2008 Chevrolet/GMC W3500, 1988-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W4, 1999-2009 Chevrolet/GMC W5,<br /> 2000-2004 Chevrolet/GMC WT5500,<br /> 2016- Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500HD/4500HD/4500XD/5500HD/5500XD |- |8 |Isuzu plant: Fujisawa, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |1981-1982 Chevrolet LUV, 1985-1987 Chevrolet Spectrum, 1985-1987 Pontiac Sunburst (Canada),<br /> 1986-1987 Chevrolet/GMC W4 |} ==GM WMIs== {| class=wikitable !WMI !Marque !Country |- |1G1||rowspan=57|Chevrolet||United States |- |1G8||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GA||United States (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |1GB||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GC||United States (truck) |- |1GN||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1HA||United States (Express incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1HT||United States ([[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version_(4500HD,_5500HD,_6500HD,_and_International_CV)|Silverado Medium Duty]] incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |1Y1||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1998-2011) |- |2G1||Canada |- |2G5||Canada (truck - Chevrolet BrightDrop '25) |- |2G8||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GA||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats]) |- |2GB||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GC||Canada (truck - includes Chevrolet BrightDrop '26) |- |2GN||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |3G1||Mexico |- |3GC||Mexico (truck) |- |3GN||Mexico (MPV) |- |3N6||Mexico (Truck - City Express made by Nissan) |- |4G1||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |4KB||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4W1||United States (MPV - Chevrolet Suburban HD made for US govt. in Concord, NC) |- |54D||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group) |- |6G1||Australia (2011-2013 Caprice PPV) |- |6G3||Australia (2014-2017 Caprice PPV & SS performance sedan) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |J81||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |J8B||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |J8Z||Japan (LUV pickup made by Isuzu) |- |JAL||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - 2016+) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL1||South Korea (car) |- |KL7||South Korea (MPV - 2012+) |- |KL8||South Korea (Spark) |- |LSF||China (S-10 Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LSG||China (SAIC-GM) |- |LSH||China (Express Max made by SAIC-Maxus - Mexico only) |- |LZW||China (SAIC-GM-Wuling) |- |MA6||India |- |MJB||Indonesia (GM Indonesia) |- |MK3||Indonesia (SGMW Motor Indonesia) |- |MMM||Thailand |- |XUF||Russia (GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XUU||Russia (Chevrolet Korea models made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |XWB||Uzbekistan (GM Uzbekistan, UzAuto Motors) |- |XWF||Russia (Chevrolet Tahoe & Trailblazer [GMT360] made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |X9L||Russia (GM-AvtoVAZ) |- |8AG||Argentina |- |8GG||Chile |- |8LD||Ecuador |- |8Z1||Venezuela |- |9BG||Brazil |- |93C||Brazil |- |9GC||Colombia |- |J81||rowspan=6|Geo||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG1||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |JGC||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki) |- |1Y1||United States (car made by NUMMI) |- |2C1||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CN||Canada (SUV made by CAMI - 1990-1997) |- |KLA||rowspan=3|GM Daewoo/<br />GM Korea||South Korea (Bupyeong & Kunsan plants) |- |KLY||South Korea (Changwon plant) |- |5GD||United States (G2X) |- |1G2||rowspan=12|Pontiac||United States |- |1G5||United States (incomplete vehicle - for '89-'90 Turbo Grand Prix by ASC/McLaren & '03-'05 Montana Mobility, '06 Montana SV6 Mobility) |- |1GM||United States (MPV) |- |2CK||Canada (2006-2009 Torrent made by CAMI) |- |2G2||Canada |- |2G7||Canada (US market 1983 Pontiac Parisienne) |- |3G2||Mexico |- |3G7||Mexico (MPV: 2001-2005 Aztek) |- |4G2||United States (made by Genasys L.C.) |- |5Y2||United States (made by NUMMI) |- |6G2||Australia |- |KL2||South Korea (made by Daewoo/GM Daewoo) |- |1G7||rowspan=6|Pontiac<br />(Canada only)||United States |- |2C7||Canada (car made by CAMI) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |2G7||Canada |- |J87||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |JG7||Japan (car made by Suzuki) |- |KL7||Passport<br />(Canada only)||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |J87||rowspan=3|Asüna<br />(Canada only)||Japan (car made by Isuzu) |- |KL7||South Korea (car made by Daewoo) |- |2CG||Canada (SUV made by CAMI) |- |1G3||rowspan=3|Oldsmobile||United States |- |1GH||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |2G3||Canada |- |1G4||rowspan=9|Buick||United States |- |2G4||Canada |- |3G4||Mexico |- |3G5||Mexico (MPV) |- |4GL||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |5GA||United States (MPV) |- |KL4||South Korea (MPV) |- |LRB||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W04||Germany & Poland |- |KLA||Alpheon||South Korea (2011-2015) |- |1G6||rowspan=10|Cadillac||United States |- |1GE||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GY||United States (SUV) |- |2G6||Canada |- |2GE||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |3GY||Mexico (SUV) |- |LRE||China (SAIC-GM) |- |W06||Germany |- |XWF||Russia (made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |YSC||Sweden |- |1G8||rowspan=4|Saturn||United States |- |3GS||Mexico (SUV) |- |5GZ||United States (MPV/SUV) |- |W08||Belgium |- |1G0||rowspan=22|GMC||United States (bus 1981-1986) |- |1G5||United States (MPV 1981-1986) |- |1GD||United States (incomplete vehicle) |- |1GJ||United States (bus 1987-) |- |1GK||United States (MPV 1987-) |- |1GT||United States (truck) |- |2CK||Canada (1990-1991 Tracker made by CAMI - Canada only) |- |2CT||Canada (2010-2011 Terrain made by CAMI) |- |2G0||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1981-1986) |- |2G5||Canada (MPV 1981-1986) |- |2GD||Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- |2GH||Canada (transit bus) |- |2GJ||Canada (bus [van with more than 3 rows of seats] 1987-) |- |2GK||Canada (MPV 1987-) |- |2GT||Canada (truck) |- |3GK||Mexico (SUV) |- |3GT||Mexico (truck) |- |4KD||United States (W-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |7GZ||United States (incomplete vehicle made by Navistar) |- |J8D||Japan (incomplete vehicle made by Isuzu - through 2009) |- |JGT||Japan (SUV made by Suzuki - Canada only) |- |KL6||South Korea (Middle East market Terrain '08-'10) |- |4GD||WhiteGMC||United States (1988-1989 Brigadier made by GM) |- |137||rowspan=6|Hummer||United States (H1 made by AM General) |- |5GN||United States (H3T) |- |5GR||United States (H2 made by AM General) |- |5GT||United States (H3) |- |ADM||South Africa (H3) |- |XWF||Russia (H2 & H3 made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |4G5||General Motors||United States (EV1) |- |2G5||rowspan=2|BrightDrop||Canada (Truck 2023-2024) |- |5G5||United States (Truck made by Kuka AG - 2022 only) |- |5G2||rowspan=2|Cruise||United States (car) (Cruise AV) |- |5G3||United States (MPV) (Cruise Origin AV) |- |YS3||rowspan=4|Saab||Sweden |- |JF4||Japan (9-2X made by Subaru) |- |3G0||Mexico (9-4X) |- |5S3||United States (9-7X) |- |W0L||rowspan=19|Opel/Vauxhall||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018 and later) & Opel Ampera-e Mid-2017 - 2019 |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0L||when plant code is 0: South Korea (Antara) or B: South Korea (Antara, Mokka A, Mokka X [A]) |- |W0L||when plant code is C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |W0V||when plant code is B: South Korea (Mokka X [A]) or C: South Korea (Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva) |- |SCC||UK (Opel Lotus Omega made by Lotus) |- |SED||UK (made by IBC Vehicles) |- |TW8||Portugal |- |VF1||France (Arena made by Renault) |- |VN1||France (Movano A made by Renault at SOVAB plant in Batilly, France) |- |VSX||Spain |- |XUF||Russia (Opel made by GM Russia - St. Petersburg plant) |- |XWF||Russia (Opel made by Avtotor in Kaliningrad) |- |1G0||United States (Opel GT, Opel/Vauxhall Ampera, Opel Ampera-e Early - Mid-2017) |- |4GD||United States (Sintra) |- |ADM||South Africa |- |JAA||Japan (Opel Campo made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |SKA||rowspan=4|Vauxhall Motors||UK |- |SCC||UK (Vauxhall Lotus Carlton made by Lotus) |- |6G1||Australia (Vauxhall Monaro & VXR8 made by Holden) |- |JAA||Japan (Vauxhall Brava made by Isuzu) |- |SKF||rowspan=2|Bedford Vehicles||UK |- |JAA||Japan (Bedford Brava made by Isuzu) |- |6G1||rowspan=18|Holden||Australia (2003-2017) |- |6H8||Australia (1989-2002) |- |JAA||Japan (Rodeo pickup [TF] made by Isuzu) |- |JAC||Japan (Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu) |- |JSA||Japan (YG Cruze made by Suzuki) |- |KL3||South Korea |- |MMM||Thailand ('09-'11 Colorado pickup [RC] made by GM Thailand) |- |MMU||Thailand ('13-'20 Colorado pickup [RG], '13-'16 Colorado 7, '17-'20 Trailblazer made by GM Thailand) |- |MPA||Thailand ('04-'08 Rodeo pickup [RA] made by Isuzu Thailand) |- |SED||UK (1st gen. Frontera made by IBC Vehicles) |- |W0L||Germany & the rest of Europe (2017 and earlier) |- |W0L||when plant code is H: Thailand (Zafira A) |- |W0V||Germany & the rest of Europe (2018-2020) |- |1GH||United States (Acadia) |- |3G0||Mexico (Equinox) |- |3GM||Mexico (Suburban) |- |4S2||United States (2nd gen. Frontera made by [[w:Subaru Isuzu Automotive|SIA]]) |- |5G8||United States (Volt) |- |1GG||rowspan=4|Isuzu||United States (Truck - Hombre & i-Series made by GM) |- |4GT||United States (H-Series & T-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4KL||United States (N-Series incomplete vehicle made by GM - through 2009) |- |4NU||United States (MPV/SUV - Ascender made by GM) |- |W0L||Subaru||Thailand [plant code H] (Traviq made by GM Thailand for export to Japan) |- |4G3||Toyota||United States (Cavalier made by GM for export to Japan) |- |3GP||Honda||Mexico (MPV/SUV: 2024-2026 Prologue made by GM) |- |4W5||Acura||United States (MPV/SUV: 2024 ZDX EV made by GM) |} {{BookCat}} hsswhug8pnw8cgpjnn7qab5vti91ydf 0 177326 4655911 4243831 2026-07-30T20:32:49Z Greenman 7490 no need, title 4655911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov| }} =Accelerated Panov Attack= ===2...d5=== ==Theory Table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Caro-Kann</th> <td>[[/3. exd5|exd5]]<br>cxd5</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Caro-Kann</th> <td>[[/3. cxd5|cxd5]]<br>cxd5</td> <td></td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} qxzbpy0i1vzmbre7vt9z7swimdp6avd 0 185812 4655891 4634268 2026-07-30T13:56:14Z ~2026-42233-76 3618037 I wrote more info 4655891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Caro-Kann defence| |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B15]] |parent=[[Chess/Caro-Kann Defence|Caro-Kann Defence]] }} == 4...Nf6 == The standard move in amateur play, offering a trade of knights. This move challenges white's strong e4-knight but allows white to double black's pawns with the main move, '''[[/5. Nxf6|5. Nxf6+]]'''. Other moves also exist. '''[[/5. Qd3/]]''' defends the knight and sets up a trap, 5...Bf5?? 6. Nxf6+! exf6 7. Qxf5!. '''[[/5. Bd3/]]''' is the '''Alekhine Gambit'''. White gives up their d-pawn in exchange for development after 5...Qxd4 6. Nf3. Some players have also tried '''[[/5. Ng5/]]''', with the intention of entering the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...Nf6/5. Ng5/5...h6/6. Nxf7|Alien Gambit]], a dubious but scary knight sacrifice on f7 was played first by Witty alien, a streamer from Bulgaria. '''[[/5. Ng3/]]''' is not really a bad move, but allows Black to begin creating threats themselves with the move 5...h5. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">5</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Nxf6|Nxf6+]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Ng3|Ng3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Bd3|Bd3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Qd3|Qd3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Ng5|Ng5]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Nc3|Nc3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. f3|f3]] </td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} eczk1nmvkqp5k7h1dgka97idvaj66oq 4655892 4655891 2026-07-30T13:57:24Z ~2026-42233-76 3618037 I re wrote an error 4655892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Caro-Kann defence| |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B15]] |parent=[[Chess/Caro-Kann Defence|Caro-Kann Defence]] }} == 4...Nf6 == The standard move in amateur play, offering a trade of knights. This move challenges white's strong e4-knight but allows white to double black's pawns with the main move, '''[[/5. Nxf6|5. Nxf6+]]'''. Other moves also exist. '''[[/5. Qd3/]]''' defends the knight and sets up a trap, 5...Bf5?? 6. Nxf6+! exf6 7. Qxf5!. '''[[/5. Bd3/]]''' is the '''Alekhine Gambit'''. White gives up their d-pawn in exchange for development after 5...Qxd4 6. Nf3. Some players have also tried '''[[/5. Ng5/]]''', with the intention of entering the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...Nf6/5. Ng5/5...h6/6. Nxf7|Alien Gambit]], a dubious but scary knight sacrifice on f7, it was played first by Witty alien, a streamer from Bulgaria. '''[[/5. Ng3/]]''' is not really a bad move, but allows Black to begin creating threats themselves with the move 5...h5. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">5</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Nxf6|Nxf6+]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Ng3|Ng3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Bd3|Bd3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Qd3|Qd3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Ng5|Ng5]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Nc3|Nc3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. f3|f3]] </td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} 1uvr759buca4k77ywksxjqb8r8x6jml 4655908 4655892 2026-07-30T20:27:41Z Greenman 7490 ce 4655908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Caro-Kann defence| |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B15]] |parent=[[Chess/Caro-Kann Defence|Caro-Kann Defence]] }} == 4...Nf6 == The standard move in amateur play, offering a trade of knights. This move challenges white's strong e4-knight but allows white to double black's pawns with the main move, '''[[/5. Nxf6|5. Nxf6+]]'''. Other moves also exist. '''[[/5. Qd3/]]''' defends the knight and sets up a trap, 5...Bf5?? 6. Nxf6+! exf6 7. Qxf5!. '''[[/5. Bd3/]]''' is the '''Alekhine Gambit'''. White gives up their d-pawn in exchange for development after 5...Qxd4 6. Nf3. Some players have also tried '''[[/5. Ng5/]]''', with the intention of entering the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...Nf6/5. Ng5/5...h6/6. Nxf7|Alien Gambit]], a dubious but scary knight sacrifice on f7, first played by Witty Alien, a streamer from Bulgaria. '''[[/5. Ng3/]]''' is not really a bad move, but allows Black to begin creating threats themselves with the move 5...h5. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">5</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Nxf6|Nxf6+]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Ng3|Ng3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Bd3|Bd3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Qd3|Qd3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Ng5|Ng5]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. Nc3|Nc3]] </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/5. f3|f3]] </td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} mc03cn0yp4l02bdr3jath70jir0pqzq 2 193698 4655938 4645326 2026-07-31T00:14:42Z Panic2k4 2865 /* Protestant nation */ 4655938 wikitext text/x-wiki (remember miscellaneous cut-pastes on [[User:Panic2k4/Sandbox/DumpingGround]]) {{NOTE|This is a list of subjects for possible books, and books that I would find interest in reading or see the subject covered on Wikibooks. Even if this is my personal space, anyone is granted authorization to add (and only add) items, news, links, references to any of the categories. I would gladly collaborate with and move anyone of this subjects to a Wikibook project.}} ---- [[User:Panic2k4/Sandbox/ShareMemory/Seeking Utopia|Seeking Utopia]] == American fake== === Land taking === The United States of America, have been an artificial creation not an emergent nation, it was not build upon by shared history (strafes and pains) and a linking cultural bond (language, habits and shared memory) derived by the Roman common aspiration to link bloodlines with land by legal means as to maintain social order, and the elite in control. In fact the nation was created by the expansion of European powers and their fight for power, in particular those with an interest in the substitution of Spain as the dominant power having already helped to undo the Portuguese. In a very old European continent that was coming up out of the dark ages centered around the Catholic religion in internal conflict intended to maintain or replace the seat of power in Rome. The Italian peninsula was in a mess of warring states even more fragmented do to outside kingdoms influence whose recognition all depended on the Pope. England and France were still at each others throats for supremacy and would be so until the end of the US civil war. So the space that is now the USA was born for a technological and demographic race for land grab and economic profit by the excluded protestant nations that had been waging wars in central Europe again the order and exploitation of the Roman Catholic Church using one excuse or another to gain freedom from the Pope and the Church. Some erroneously define the European nations evolution as meres kingdoms linked by family ties but this was not the reality at this time, long ago the Burgessy had gained a foot hold that started in central Europe and dramatically changed the only Noble elite into more organized economic interests groups, with an elevated knowledge on the economic dependency of the state, as the scarcity of workers due to the plagues reshaped the older nobility basic link to land ownership into having more commercial aspirations. === Protestant nation === {{TODO|Probably stream line this out, but the absurdity of admitting the rationalization of violence on narrative alone must be obvious. Move some of this to the Church of I}} As externally observed any religion can be reduced to a topic specific narrative, with various levels of minutia or elaboration, in fact the more elaboration it evolves that forces it to distance for observable reality or "grounded" expectations the more artificial it becomes to anyone that has yet to be indoctrinated into it. As disbelief is the first order of state in face of the true unknown that escapes the prevailing ontological model. When there i a frame of reference to ground sanity in face of the absurd. It all evolves around belief as to permit the construction and rationalization of a belief system, and so a religion is born. Having spirituality of sorts (a distinction of one self consciousness vs the physical constrains) is impossible, it can be disbelieved but it is unescapable, consciousnesses supplants the physical bounds, it has aspirations of its own, its own reality of sorts, the simple fact that it can refuse to accept the real should be obvious to anyone. More so that it is selective on what it validates and so it is biased and much of that bias is subconscious even emotional in nature. There are no agnostics or or even atheists. These are simply more labels and narratives, more self delusions or external impositions, more boxes to tick in the way to conformity into classifications. In fact most of the philosophy and theology we have today has been usurped by the first runners of the schemes especially those that could adapts and remain in power. It predates the Romans but they did a master work in forging the ultimate step into social control required for sustaining a large multi cultural imperium. There is self and the external to self, it is on the thin margin that is the territorial boundary of wha the self controls and knows that magic creeps in to explain the unexplainable, that that escapes the projection of the probable and causal order of things. In all that in unknown there is also the perception that there is a known unknown, the expected, the consequential the continuation of known patterns. This if the ground on the absurdity of having a requirement about religion holding a dogma in the midst of a ever changing reality that is outside of the control of self, so dogma much also adapt, retract and expand. To a point that the label has no real manning beyond thought conformity and verification over a shared ontological view of reality. So any religion that goes beyond a self enlightenment regarding one own purpose and function is a mere political instrument to make claims on one self without showing a clear universal manual or a verifiable contract for the goods. More all depend on free will when all we can perceive is deterministic and only fails when direct observation is unavailable. An so again magic creeps in... The next observation is the true fervour and the quality of life gains from sharing at particular believe in relation to any alternative proposal or none at all. Here the game is rigged... ==== Masonic influence ==== === Revolutionaries or Terrorists === === Constintution by and for the elites === === Fake flag attacks as justification for war === ==== Spanish US War ==== ==== Absurd blindness that permited entry into WW2 ==== === Project paperclip === === Nuclear burden === === Gold standard === === Petrodollar === ==== House of Saud ==== ==== Iran ==== ==== Regan's October surprise ==== ==== Iran-Contra ==== ==== Iraq ==== ==== Kuwait ==== A meeting took place on July 25, 1990, between Saddam Hussein and April Glaspie, the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq. During this meeting, Glaspie informed Saddam that the United States "takes no position" on his dispute regarding Iraq's claims about oil prices and production levels do to Kuwait's oil production and the use of slant drilling technology (draining shared resources). Throughout the 1980s, Kuwait's oil production consistently exceeded its mandatory OPEC quota, contributing significantly to the global oil glut and thereby keeping oil prices low. This situation was detrimental to Iraq, which was struggling to recover economically from the Iran-Iraq War and heavily reliant on oil revenues. So the statement by April Glaspie has been widely criticized for potentially giving Saddam the impression that the U.S. would not intervene if Iraq took military action against Kuwait. However, it's important to note that the U.S. did not explicitly warn Iraq against invading Kuwait, which has led to debates about whether the U.S. gave Iraq a "green light" to proceed with the invasion. One also has to take in consideration Saddams' deep link to the US, and the pattern of examples the US sets itrsel. Military Capabilities: The disparity in military strength was stark. Iraq's military was one of the world's largest, with a vast array of tanks, aircraft, and personnel, whereas Kuwait's military was much smaller and less prepared for a full-scale invasion. Distribution of Wealth: Kuwait was one of the wealthiest countries per capita, thanks to its vast oil reserves. This wealth, however, was concentrated among a small elite. Governance Structures: Both Iraq and Kuwait were governed by authoritarian regimes, but the nature of their rule differed significantly. Iraq under Saddam Hussein was characterized by repression and aggression, while Kuwait's monarchy was more stable but still faced challenges in managing its relationships with neighbors. Insult to Iraqi Official: An incident involving an insult to an Iraqi official, Tariq Aziz, by Kuwaiti authorities further strained relations. This incident, along with other diplomatic tensions, contributed to the overall atmosphere of hostility Absence of Cold War Dynamics: With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the dominance of the United States post-Cold War, the geopolitical landscape had changed. The influence of superpowers in the Middle East had shifted, potentially altering the calculus for both Iraq and Kuwait. Oil Policy Discussions: Kuwait's oil policy discussions with the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) indicate that Kuwait was aware of the potential repercussions of its oil production policies on Iraq. These discussions took place around June 28, 1990, and highlighted Kuwait's intention to maintain its oil production levels despite the adverse effects on Iraq Misinterpretation of External Communications: A controversial phone call allegedly between Saudi King Fahd and another Gulf ruler, supposedly discussing the need to withstand Iraqi pressure for two more months, was leaked by Iraq. While the authenticity of this call is disputed, Iraq used it to accuse the Gulf states of conspiring against them. This incident reflects the complex web of misinformation and mistrust that characterized the pre-invasion period. Of note is that during the invasion itself, the Emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, fled into the Saudi Arabian desert for safety. Other members of the Kuwaiti royal family and government officials sought refuge in Saudi Arabia as well. The escape routes taken by the elite were primarily directed towards neighboring countries, especially Saudi Arabia, given its proximity and historical ties with Kuwait. Despite these factors, Kuwait's leadership may have underestimated the severity of Iraq's intentions and overestimated the support they would receive from the international community, particularly from the United States. The belief that they could manage the situation diplomatically without provoking a direct confrontation with Iraq highlights a misreading of the situation and a failure to anticipate the consequences of their actions. Furthermore, the decision-making process within Kuwait's leadership may have been influenced by internal political considerations, personal relationships with Saddam Hussein, and a desire to maintain stability in the region. These factors, combined with the aforementioned external circumstances, contribute to a complex picture of why Kuwait continued to act in ways that antagonized Iraq, despite the clear risks involved. Loss of Wealth: The invasion led to the looting of Kuwait's Central Bank, with over $1 billion in banknotes stolen. Additionally, Saddam Hussein devalued the Kuwaiti dinar, making it equal to the Iraqi dinar and effectively reducing its value by one-twelfth. This action rendered the stolen banknotes worthless, leading to substantial losses for the Kuwaiti elite whose assets were tied to the Kuwaiti currency. Monetary Reserves: Before the invasion, Kuwait's monetary reserves were primarily funded by the Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA), which accumulated savings from Kuwaiti prewar fiscal surpluses and Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) contributions. These reserves were significantly depleted in 1991 to fund capital accumulation and reconstruction costs following the invasion. However, the production and exportation of petroleum allowed Kuwait to resume capital savings. Foreign Debt: To finance reconstruction and capital accumulation, Kuwait increased its debt ceiling to $33 billion as part of a 5-year plan, marking the largest debt in the country's history. This debt was partly financed through inward foreign investment facilitated by martial law, which allowed the government to underwrite nonperforming loans extended by domestic banks and investment companies to Kuwaiti citizens. This process, known as Kuwait’s Debt Settlement Process, aimed to strengthen the financial market but resulted in a reversal of Kuwait's prewar net lender position for the next 5 years. Defense Spending: Following the Gulf War, Kuwait initiated a plan to spend $12 billion over a 10-year period to improve its military capabilities. The goal was to enhance the country's ability to withstand future attacks long enough for international assistance to arrive. Despite concerns about the sustainability of military spending as oil revenues decline and reserves deplete, Kuwait has continued to allocate significant funds towards its defense. Rebuilding Efforts: The invasion caused extensive damage to Kuwait's infrastructure, including oil facilities, refineries, and residential areas. The cost of rebuilding these facilities and restoring the country's economy was substantial. Kuwait had to invest heavily in repairing the damage and modernizing its oil industry to ensure it could meet its production targets. Following the liberation of Kuwait after the Gulf War, the economic landscape underwent significant changes, particularly in terms of oil extraction and processing contracts, as well as the transfer of reserves. Any contracts or agreements that had been established with Iraq during the occupation were nullified. This meant that Kuwait regained full control over its oil resources, which were crucial for its economic recovery. Kuwait sought to rebuild its oil industry and attract foreign investment. The aftermath of the invasion saw a reevaluation of contracts and agreements, with new opportunities emerging for international companies, including those from the United States and the United Kingdom, that as key allies in the liberation of Kuwait, secured favorable conditions for their oil companies in the post-war period. They were able to establish new contracts and agreements that expanded their companies' involvement in Kuwait's oil sector. International Financial Institutions: Kuwait's post-war economic recovery was supported by its membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), to which it gained admission in 1995. This accession reflects Kuwait's commitment to liberal trade policies and its efforts to integrate into the global economy. Iraq was required to pay restitution for the damages caused during its invasion and occupation of Kuwait, including the theft of gold and other financial losses. As part of the terms set forth by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, passed in April 1991, Iraq agreed to reparations for the destruction of Kuwaiti property and the loss of income resulting from the invasion. as Compensation for Losses, Restitution of Stolen Assets and Payment of Damages. The total amount of reparations demanded from Iraq was substantial, but the exact figure varied depending on the assessments of the damage and losses incurred by Kuwait. The UN Compensation Commission, established to process claims and administer the reparations, received thousands of claims from individuals, corporations, and governments affected by Iraq's actions. While Iraq agreed to the reparations as part of the ceasefire agreement following the Gulf War, the actual payment of these reparations has been a contentious issue. Iraq has paid a portion of the reparations, but disputes over the amounts owed and the ability of Iraq to fulfill its obligations have persisted. The UN Compensation Commission continues to operate, processing claims and overseeing the payment of reparations, although the pace of payments has been slow and incomplete. === Russsia's pressent === Golf war, betting on the losing side Poland and Czechoslovakia token participating alonside US and UK troops. ==== Ukraine ==== == Future wars == {{TODO|the inevitability of war, war a crime against humanity )}} === Resource Wars === ==== Energy ==== ==== Water ==== ==== Food ==== === Rising China === The Clinton lead push for the entry of China into the WTO was a leading factor to the rapid modernization of China's Economy and to the de facto establishment of Chimerican economic cycle or reforms if both nation's economies. America's Defense Department Ran a Secret Disinfo Campaign Online Against China's Covid Vaccine <nowiki>https://news.slashdot.org/story/24/06/17/0541243/americas-defense-department-ran-a-secret-disinfo-campaign-online-against-chinas-covid-vaccine</nowiki> == The great tome of anonymity == === Privacy === ==== Privacy's Last Gasp ==== {{TODO|[https://tech.slashdot.org/story/17/03/04/0156212/curated-advertising-is-coming-to-highway-billboards Curated Advertising Is Coming To Highway Billboards]}} === Anonymity === === States === === Family === === Institutions === === Corporations === === Technology === ==== Internet ==== ==== Mobiles ==== == On the subject of memes... == {{TODO| What are they, who and what empowers them, their effect and exploitation. {{YouTube link|a2b_uhenJ7Q|Pianist Lord Vinheteiro's selection of meme music from the year 1500 AD to now. "Greensleeves," Beethoven's "Symphony No. 9," The Village People's "YMCA," Rick Astley's rickroll hit "Never Gonna Give You Up," and lots more.}}}} == The case for Kumari Kandam == {{TODO|[[w:Lemuria (continent)]]}} == Comprehending Pollution == {{TODO|[https://science.slashdot.org/story/18/03/16/041250/microplastics-found-in-93-percent-of-bottled-water-tested-in-global-study Microplastics Found In 93 Percent of Bottled Water Tested In Global Study]. Most if not all modern pollution (past 1500) is criminal, even if negligent, as it can be predicted if not by any other reason by the concept of extrapolation and past experience. Pollution is not always chimerical in nature it may be from nano-materials to OGM crops.}} {{TODO|The most used "solution" to pollution is dispersion, due to how cheap and easier it is to apply and the lack on our active social systems, from left to right, for a proper, interested defense of the common and the legacy to future generation}} == China's History == {{TODO|Dinasties, Wester contact, Oprium wars, Boxer Revolution, WWI, WWII, [[w:Sun Yat-sen]], Mao}} == AI Revolution: The rise of the machines == A book about the beginning of the end of the [[w:Anthropocene]] === Previous Necessary steps === 1 The Agrarian Revolution ([[w:Neolithic Revolution]]) 2 The Industrial Revolution ([[w:Industrial Revolution]]) 3 The Information revolution ([[w:Information revolution]]) === Notion about IQ and intelligence === ==== Animal models ==== ===== Humans ===== === Biological Machines === == The Path To Revolution == === Define revolution === ==== Counter-revolutions ==== === Define revolutionaries === === Historical Look === === Observed Generalities === === Future Projections === == The Energy Spiral == {{TODO|A work that covers human social-economical development and energy sources, from the past to the future}} == The Woodworking World == {{TODO|[http://makezine.com/2016/05/28/weekend-watch-wood-working-around-world/ Weekend Watch: Woodworking Around The World]}} == Pursuing the ultimate blade == This work should be an all encompassed view of the technological and diverse history behind the use of blades as a tool and predictions for the future. Have you ever considered what inventions were the most important in our evolutionary path ? We do understand that inventions aren't often made in insulation, that most arise form observance and exploration of the natural world. Even that very few inventions are revolutionary, and of those, even fewer will be cultural impactors. And those, often come in a slow path that overtime evolve into something that not only may shape the world around us but ourselves. Most of us would agree that fire was the most important invention, probably discovery, or even better, should we say mastery our species conquered. The doors it opened from food preservation to path of improvement to tools, even to the use of its sub-products or benefits of its large scale use is something we can't even imagine surviving without. But we also understand that invention and knowledge is like a branching tree, that is sequential that has a path a logic to it, as we define our inventions they are also defined by us, on our needs, our culture. What concepts may have been at the root of this ever branching tree, the use of rocks, of sticks and bones. We have example of other animals making use of there types of tools, even capable of creating and using fire but then consider the primal blade, the probably initial concept of abrasion and then the cutting edge, of shape and material used, the possibilities for refinement and creative specialization, the impact it had, and still does at it has been ever evolving along side us, the blade should be right there on the top of human achievements. === Tool meet function === ==== Body === ==== Spine ==== ==== Handle ==== ==== Edge ==== ===== Front ===== ===== Back ===== ===== Sides / Faces ===== ==== Physics ==== === Silex === === Knifes === {{TODO|[http://makezine.com/2016/05/27/make-alaskan-ulu-knife/ How to Make an Alaskan Ulu Knife]}} === Propellers === ==== Nautical ==== ==== Aerial ==== == Heroes, Idols and other people we like == [[w:Desmond Doss]] == Reflections about the simulated universe == [[w:Evil demon]], [[w:Brain in a vat]], [http://www.simulation-argument.com/ Are You Living In a Computer Simulation?], [https://science.slashdot.org/story/16/10/06/1352205/tech-billionaires-are-asking-scientists-for-help-to-break-humans-out-of-computer-simulation?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Slashdot%2Fslashdot+%28Slashdot%29 Tech Billionaires Are Asking Scientists For Help To Break Humans Out of Computer Simulation] == The task and property of leadership == There is an intrinsic link between leadership and capacity for motivation. A motivation not only a will to get upfront but the capacity to maintain and so excel over the ones that are lead. Since leadership can only exist in relation to a group, it also requires the capacity to deal with the expectations and motivations of others. === Classic Approaches === orthodox === Experimental Approaches === Non-orthodox, but never the less more than feasible and so deserving going beyond theoretical concepts. == The Conundrum of Life == {{TODO|[[An Introduction to Molecular Biology/Macromolecules and Cells]]}} === Definitions ... === {{TODO|Virus, Bacteria, Roots of the Tree of life, Life vs alive}} == The Biomimicry Log Book == === Biomimetics === {{TODO|Mine [[w:Biomimetics]]}} === Scale === === Bio-Mathematics === ==== Physic's Universal Constants ==== ==== Fibonacci number sequence ==== ==== Golden ratio ==== === Bio-Mechanics === ==== Velcro ==== === Bio-Architecture === ;Architecture ==== Termites ==== {{TODO|Mine [http://www.wired.com/2015/11/building-skyscrapers-like-termite-mounds-could-save-energy/ Termites Are Teaching Architects to Design Super-Efficient Skyscrapers]}} ==== Wasps ==== == Abridged history of knowledge == {{TODO| Mine [http://science.slashdot.org/story/16/01/29/1847240/ancient-babylonians-figured-out-forerunner-of-calculus? Ancient Babylonians Figured Out Forerunner of Calculus]}} == Introduction to Graphical Calculating Devices == === Abacus === === Nomogram === {{TODO|Mine [[w:Nomogram]]}} === Slide Rule === {{TODO|Mine [[w:Slide rule]]}} == Tactics and Strategy == == Computer Aided Fabrication == === CNC Machines === {{TODO|Mine [[w:CNC wood router]]}} === 3D Printing === === Complex Robotics === == Understanding Radicalization == === The Social Structure === ==== Law and Order ==== ===== Vigilantism ===== === Destabilization === ==== Economical ==== ==== Social ==== ==== Political ==== === Terrorism === === The Goal: Overthrow and Control === == Lets discuss politics... == === Anarchy and individualism === === Selfish vs Unselfish === ==== Collectivism ==== {{TODO| Mine [https://libcom.org/library/industrial-collectivisation-spanish-revolution-hogan Industrial collectivization during the Spanish revolution - Deirdre Hogan], [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/20/marinaleda-spanish-communist-village-utopia Spain's communist model village ]}} === Statism === Statism is an emergent ideology, originating in the structuring of a social, economic and political movement by a directing class with the intent to expand the City State organization into the scale of an established nation (or failing the requirement of there being a nation, a National State a belief or aspirational Nation state). Statisms evolves from the need to preserve power and so centralize. It normally begins within a single entity and evolves slowly into a institution (a multigenerational enterprise, that historically is started and expanded around familiar ties), whether it's a city-state or a larger region. This centralization allows for more efficient governance and the ability to enforce laws and policies consistently across the territory and go about the erection and defense of the Nation. The state is inevitably and in the last stage formed as away to preserve self-determination of the population of a region. Even that is a social manipulation, an atavism from our tribal nature. Due to the complexity of the proposition, it is a planned thing, by a cabal that manages to direct public opinion into expansion. Most probable through military engagement (as o position, outsiders, or excluded, must ultimately be eradicated as competitors). This as a rule started as a totalitarian regime that often engage in aggressive military campaigns to expand their territories. This expansion can lead to the incorporation of new regions into the existing state, thereby increasing its size and influence. A process that occurs until open war is not practical. As the practicality of state is only as strong a necessity to survive the opposing state(s). Aggressive military strategies are frequently employed to expand the territory under the state's control. A Nation is normally a region but mostly its people, sharing a deep sense of identity (culture and relationship) this precedes any notion of statehood (pressure for self-rule by the inhabitants) but the diluted National State is based on an abstract notion of nationalism (an aspiration for a social normalization or at least a conformism to a united identity) it is frequently the grouping of semi-cohesive people, as regional agglomerates that normally are forced together by self-preservation and/or force to establish sovereignty. The concept of sovereignty is crucial in statism. It involves establishing the state's right to govern independently and to exert control over its borders. This is often achieved through diplomatic negotiations, treaties, and the assertion of military might. Of course, this requires a sharing of a communal legal code of sorts. Especially regarding property rights in this most nations evolved from the Roman legal code (that is also linked to the Roman Catholic Church as the primary directory of thought. And why protestant nations diverge in general on some basic procedures on process). Nation-Building, as seen normally proceeds state-building, but can be artificially established as statism also encompasses nation-building efforts. This involves fostering a sense of national identity and unity among the inhabitants of the expanded territory. Establishing sovereignty is essential for the state to operate independently and assert its authority over its borders. Fostering a strong national identity is crucial for the cohesion and stability of the expanded state. This is what we define as Cultural Imperialism, how Hollywood is used to rewrite history how culture can be an instrument of expansion, protection (or protectionism) and radicalization. Examples are most ex-colonial territories (like Iraq) with a few exceptions (like Australia) and a mix of yet to be settled situations (Canada, Labia). This can be achieved through indoctrination of the population (education, cultural promotion, and the creation of shared symbols and narratives). In Europe this is strongly linked to religion. But all states result from internal and external pressures of competition. For example, China is an example where it is extremely visible on how internal and external processes shaped the Nation state. Examples of National States are Spain, the UK or Switzerland of course the intention if of normalization of culture by the ruling class to form a Nation State, for example France is mostly cohesive even if there are still regional identities much less than Italy. But the notion of Nation is always mutable and expansionist (For example, China and Tibet or Russia and Ukraine). A National State is turned in a Nation State when the national elites (centers of social order) agree that they identify fully as a community with a joint shared future. This is often done via Economic Transformation (we saw this in Ukraine's interaction with the European Union and Russia). Economic factors play a significant role in state formation. Trade, finance, and urbanization contribute to the growth and stability of states. By integrating newly acquired territories into its economic sphere, a state can ensure its continued prosperity and strength. Even the state participation in conflict resolution and integration is self-serving. Conflict theories suggest that states form primarily through the resolution of conflicts and the integration of previously separate populations. This process involves addressing differences, resolving disputes, and creating mechanisms for peaceful coexistence and cooperation. This is the kernel of any human cultural evolution. Considering the statism as a process in evolution, in the final stage of globalization we will probably have a longer time frame where only two states will persist (if we survive so far), this is already exemplified by the balancing of what we define as superpower bi-polarization (during the Cold War). This natural balance was then recreated by the US by promotion of China into the WTO as the Chinamerica (social and economic promotion of China as a fully industrialized state that helped the economic transformation of America into services and intellectual property), that resulted into the yet to be fully realized China-American bi-polarization. In the failure of a regional based but global distributed government that could eradication most social differentiations, if we do a bit of futurism the evolution on geopolitics will go for a balancing act of two prevailing states (with the suppression of any other minority identity) probably resulting in an ultra specialization into caste systems (like a bee hive or an insect society, these pressures have already been present how we differentiate activities by sex, recognize (to some logical sort) racial specificities or see priest classes chose celibacy). One escape to resolve our personal identity identification (the egotistical individual) would be a merge with machines and very global networks. This is a process that is also running in the background. Our communication network is the largest machine (system) we have created. So the race is on the state that will control the algorithmic machines. There are no workable examples where individualism survives in such large systems, or system if we go so far as a unification or global government and a redefinition of state as part of a planetary identity and then repeat the evolution across the universe). There will probably by colonization of other planets (or space) where relativistic speeds, specific pressures and insulation will preserve what we define as humans today at least until we remove those obstacles. == What matters about matter == === Gravity === {{TODO|Particle and gravity wave}} === Time === === Space === === Space-time === == The rise and fall of Liberia == {{TODO|This seems to be a very interesting subject that everyone should know a bit more about as it has many implication.}} == The fall of the Ottoman Empire == {{TODO|[[w:Gallipoli]]}} == Visual Programming Paradigm == {{TODO| IDE / Visual Programming / Idea}} [[wikipedia:Visual programming language]] (http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/41550) OpenBlocks : an extendable framework for graphical block programming systems Graphical programming systems have been built to lower the threshold to programming for beginners. However, because these systems were designed to make programming more accessible to novices, they were developed with narrower intentions for their users and applications. For example, in StarLogo TNG, a graphical block programming environment, users may create games and simulations, but they cannot use this same system to create programs that can automate their computer processes, like the text-based scripting system AppleScript. Application developers can create their own programming systems, but doing so can take a significant amount of time to design and implement. This thesis describes an extendable framework called OpenBlocks that enables application developers to build and iterate their own graphical block programming systems by specifying a single XML file. Application developers can focus more on the design of their systems instead of all the details of implementation. The design and implementation of OpenBlocks are described, along with a user study conducted to test its usability and extendability. (http://education.mit.edu/starlogo-tng/searchandtype/searching-and-typeblocking.htm) StarLogo TNG [[image:Scratch Screenshot, Gravity Script.png|300px|]] [[image:Scratch Rainbow nevit.gif|200px|]]{{clear}} (http://scratch.mit.edu/) Scratch is a highly engaging programming system that allows young students to create animated stories, games, interactive art, and simulations. Students use a drag and drop interface of "code blocks" to create sound, movement and actions to objects called "sprites." (http://www.chirp.scratchr.org/blog/?p=24) Elements - a Scratch-like Smalltalk (http://byob.berkeley.edu/) Build Your Own Blocks is an advanced offshoot of Scratch, a visual programming language primarily for kids from the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. This version, developed by Jens Mönig with design input and documentation from Brian Harvey, is an attempt to extend the brilliant accessibility of Scratch to somewhat older users—in particular, non-CS-major computer science students—without becoming inaccessible to its original audience. BYOB 3, which adds first class lists and procedures to BYOB's original contribution of custom blocks and recursion. [[image:EToys on OLPC-dual mode display.jpg|800px|]]{{clear}} (http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Etoys) Squeak Etoys was inspired by LOGO, PARC-Smalltalk, Hypercard, and starLOGO (see discussion). It is a media-rich authoring environment with a simple, powerful scripted object model for many kinds of objects created by end-users that runs on many platforms, and it is free and open source. It includes 2D and 3D graphics, images, text, particles, presentations, web-pages, videos, sound and MIDI, etc. It includes the ability to share desktops with other Etoy users in real-time, so many forms of immersive mentoring and play can be done over the Internet. It is multilingual, runs on more than 20 platforms bit-identically, and has been successfully used in the USA, Europe, South America (Brazil, Colombia, Argentina), Asia (Japan, Korea, India, Nepal), and elsewhere. [[image:OLPC-TurtleArt.jpg|800px|]]{{clear}} (http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Turtle_Art) Turtle Art is an activity with a Logo-inspired graphical "turtle" that draws colorful art based on Scratch-like snap-together visual programming elements. It is intended to be a stepping stone to Logo, but there are many restrictions compared to Logo. (Only numeric global variables and stack items are available, no lists or other data-structures. The conditionals and some of the functions only take constants or variables, not expressions. Limited screen real-estate makes building large programs unfeasible.) However, you can export your Turtle Art creations to Berkeley Logo. Turtle Art also has a (limited) facility for sensor input, so, for example, you can move the Turtle based upon sound volume or pitch. (http://tinlizzie.org/jstile/) (http://tinlizzie.org/svn/trunk/jstile/TileManual.txt) Tilescript is a programming environment for educational purpose which has good features in both graphical and textual languages. For Javascript. (http://www.lively-kernel.org/projects/index.html) Lively is a new approach to web programming available as open source under the MIT license. Originally developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories, it provides a complete platform for web applications, including dynamic graphics, network access, and development tools. Students, academics, and adventurous developers are encouraged to join the community. (http://lively.cs.tut.fi/qt/) Lively for Qt is a JavaScript application and mashup development environment that is built on top of the Qt platform. The system runs on Mac OS X, Linux, Windows and on any mobile device for which a port of the Qt platform is available. The system can also run in any web browser using a Qt web browser plugin. (http://openquark.org/Open_Quark/Welcome.html) (http://resources.businessobjects.com/labs/cal/gemcutter-techpaper.pdf) $Commercial$ (Where's the CAL compiler? http://forums.sdn.sap.com/thread.jspa?threadID=909612) Open Quark (CAL language) available under BSD-style license. The Gem Cutter is a graphical language IDE for the convenient creation and testing of functions in the Strongly-typed Lazy Functional Language CAL (http://www.drdobbs.com/blog/archives/2010/07/the_visual_prog.html;jsessionid=YM10KVWOVE41HQE1GHOSKH4ATMY32JVN) The 'Visual Programming' Silver Bullet (http://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/184409677;jsessionid=HLKFYDLFN00X1QE1GHOSKH4ATMY32JVN?pgno=27) Visual Programming in 3-D (http://historical.ncstrl.org/tr/fulltext/tr/uiuc_cs/UIUCDCS-R-93-1838.txt) PROGRAMMING IN THREE DIMENSIONS BY MARC-ALEXANDER NAJORK (http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~reckert/3daape_paper.htm) Three-dimensional Computation Visualization for Computer Graphics Rendering Algorithms - David A. Goldman, Richard R. Eckert, Maxine S. Cohen at State University of New York at Binghamton [[wikipedia:App Inventor for Android]] (http://appinventor.googlelabs.com/about/) App Inventor an application provided by Google that allows anyone to create software applications for the Android OS. (http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/kodu/) Kodu is a new visual programming language made specifically for creating games. It is designed to be accessible for children and enjoyable for anyone. The programming environment runs on the Xbox, allowing rapid design iteration using only a game controller for input. (http://www.oscon.com/oscon2010/public/schedule/speaker/84626/?cmp=il-radar-conf-oscon10-emerging) Matt MacLaurin UX Director, Microsoft FUSE Labs [http://www.i-programmer.info/news/98-languages/4357-google-blockly-a-graphical-language-with-a-difference.html Google Blockly - A Graphical Language with a Difference], implemented in JavaScript which can compile to JavaScript, Dart or Python. == The Path of Human Civilization == [[Ancient History/Human Evolution/Human Origins]] {{Quotation|The remarkable success of humanity as a species is not simply the result of a big brain, opposable thumbs, year-round sex, innovation or even language; it is also the result of social and cultural associations that act as a "network" for storing knowledge and good will--what we call technical and social capital.|Charles Hugh Smith in [http://www.oftwominds.com/blogdec11/why-im-hopeful12-11.html Why I Am Hopeful (December 24, 2011)].}} === Introduction to the science of history === ==== Introduction to fossil records ==== ===== Dating ===== === Wide wild world === ==== Few, far and wide ==== ==== Fellow inhabitants ==== ==== Aggression, the seed of war ==== {[TODO|Property (power and control), entitlement, covetousness, primacy}} === Us versus wild === ==== Food ==== ===== Water ===== ==== Shelter ==== === Tool use === === Language === === Community and collaboration === At this stage of human evolution, most of the human collectives were probably centered around family groups, hose size was intrinsically dependent on the size of the resources available and the effort required to gather them. This setup was both a biologic and "economic" imperative. Like many other social animals today territories were defended and prime resources fought over. The need to satisfy basic imperatives forced natures logic of the survival of the fittest, at best meetings between distinct groups would entail a large risk for conflict especially if level of competition was high due to demographic explosion (more resources, more people until equilibrium is reached) or natural events that impacted resources (drought) or health (virus). The complexity of extending a these type of core collective into a small tribe required an huge leap in culture, an increase in the capacity of planning, of valuing knowledge and work and ultimately the ability of to communicate, that had so far been probably reduced to the basic needs. The coming together of these changes was a game changing in human history collaboration was now possible to overcome problems larger than those presented by daily life. ==== Work as value ==== ==== Communication ==== ==== Leadership ==== === Fire === === Culture === ==== Learning ==== ===== Mathematics ==== ===== Writing ==== ===== Medicine ===== ==== War ==== ==== Property and inheritance ==== ===== Slavery ===== === Stone === It is hard to determine what came first wood tools or stone. It is however safe to assume that they must have been changes that happened very close, that is the realization about objects as tools, we are speaking of simple objects like using a bone, a branch or how to trow a stone, there is no real complexity that is added by the different material besides the possible applications. In that humans started to make a clear utilitarian distinction between objects in regards to their intrinsic qualities. {{TODO|Tools [[w:Homo habilis|Homohabilis]]}} {{TODO|Chimpanzee use of wood tools and Capuchin-monkey use of stone tools}} === Plant fibers === ==== Containers ==== ==== Rope ==== ==== Traps ==== === Have boat, will travel === === Domestication === ==== Agriculture ==== ===== Urbanization ===== ==== Yeast (or how fermentation shaped human civilization) ==== === Currency === ==== Administration ==== ==== Empire building ==== ===== Writing ===== ===== Laws ===== === Metallurgy and coal === ==== Coper ==== ==== Iron ==== === Wheel === === Glass === === Electricity === === Telecommunications === ==== Fire, Smoke and mirrors ==== ==== Pigeons ==== ==== Telegraph ==== ==== Radio ==== ==== Television ==== ==== Satellite ==== === Computer === ==== Wide World Web ==== == Unravelling Time == === In the beginning... === Time and space, one must keep in mind that they are the two sides of localization, things exist in a time in a specific space. It is also interesting to understand that according to most accepted hypothesis of the creation of the universe, the [[w:Big Bang|big bang]], things did exist before time came to be but in a state the localization had no meaning. This was about ~14 billions years ago, then we have the theory of [[w:Inflation (cosmology)|cosmic inflation]] that tries to make sense of what has been happening to things as soon as they became realizable, especially in the 10⁻³⁶ seconds after the conjectured Big Bang singularity to sometime between 10⁻³³² and 10⁻³² seconds after the singularity. And then use that model to extrapolate why we see what we see on the observable universe and how the things in it will continue to evolve, localization wise. {{TODO|A cool book covering both the physics, history (especially regarding the importance of the naval clocks) and philosophic consideration regarding time}} == Prophets, demagogues, beliefs and figure heads == Perception is everything. One can not build an opinion about something that one does not know, that of course does not prevent one from having a view about something that its known but not understood. Most of us have a very limited knowledge base, and even more limited is the knowledge base that is limited to first person experiences, so the validity of much of what we think we know and take for granted, our intellectual scaffolding is indeed very flimsy and intrinsically dependent of the quality of the source and the impartiality or the influence of society in shaping even our most personal events or occurrence. *** When we consider public visibility, we can see practical examples of how as a social mass often creates wrong perceptions, even makes assumptions about some of its members that are perceived as being granted deference or special attention. In fact most of the time the reason why the person is given difference and attention may not even be connected to the established public perception. Take for instance the scientist Steven Hawkins in the general public his importance to physics is extremely exacerbated when we compare it with the view of Steven Hawkins amongst its peers physicist. There is also a tendency for generalization, that someone that excels in a field is automatically imbued with a general field of superiority and even his behavior should be exemplar. Most of the time things could not be more removed from reality, even if some of the individuals that are propped up into such leading roles will try to do their best to maintain those perceptions. We all ultimately seek to be special, to have influence, to be relevant. {{TODO|Mine [[wikipedia:Lance Armstrong]], [[wikipedia:Werner Erhard]], [[wikipedia:Popular psychology]] }} <div style="text-align: center;">{{quotation|'''"The greatest enemy of truth is very often not the lie - deliberate, contrived and dishonest - but the myth - persistent, persuasive and unrealistic"'''|John F. Kennedy}}</div> === Charisma === === Supernatural === === Magic === {{TODO|Mention Harry Houdini and even James Randi and how they doggedly persuaded the demystification of magic trickery for the unwilling exploitation of others}} ==== Control ==== ===== Cults ===== ===== Despots ===== == The biological evolution of man == Man's biology is constantly evolving, recent studies have shown that high altitude native population in the Himalayans have unique genetically differences that increase red blood cells (oxygen transporters) numbers well above the normal response to the environment. Even if humanity has to some degree created a safer environment and provides, through society, protection to genetic alterations that would not survive in outside of a human controlled environment. In general natural selection is still a consistent factor pressing our evolution. {{TODO|Natural Selection Is Still With Us http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/04/natural-selection-is-still-with-.html}} == Meet the Neanderthals == Until very recently the Neanderthals were seen and portrayed as brutish and more animalistic version of our species, a dead end lower branch on our genealogical tree. A derivation emerged from the requirements of facing the effects of the Ice age over Europe. This imagine has suffered a drastic shift with the discovery that this branch is not as extinguished as we thought and that their mental capabilities were not as far from ours as we believed. The environment that shaped Neanderthals was extremely harsh. Food scarcity, extreme cold forced individuals of a hunter-gatherer culture to become hardener, bigger and stronger with a general lifespan of 30 years. The Neanderthal was a short, wide and very muscular too user. Silex blades and wood spears permitted them to be confront larger pray, even fellow apex predators, like bears, requiring them not only to be strong, capable of [[w:Bench press|bench pressing]] 136 to 182 kilograms, but also very brave. They had fire, symbolism and art and some form of basic communication the language gene (FOXP2) is indeed present. Recent finds and detailed study indicate that Neanderthals were acute innovators, stone shaping technology seems to be even superior to those of homo-sapiens and Neanderthals may even be the first species to use an industrial process to produce a pitch (synthetic glue). Statistical comparison of Neanderthal DNA with specific ethnic modern human DNA has provided an indication that interbreeding has occurred. European and Asian DNA shows a greater similitude with the Neanderthal DNA than African DNA. {{TODO|Mine [[wikipedia:Neanderthals]]}} == History of the Hollow Earth == {{TODO|Mine [[w:Hollow Earth]]}} === Mythological underworlds === ==== Greco-Roman ==== ==== Mayas ==== ==== Tibetan ==== {{TODO|Mine [[w:Agartha]] and [[w:Shambhala]]}} === Edmond Halley (1656-1769) === {{TODO|Mine [[w:John Cleves Symmes, Jr.]]}} and https://books.google.pt/books?id=3c6iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=Math+seventeenth+century,+Leonhard+Euler+earth&source=bl&ots=IrIK746-80&sig=wsOlO26zMLppzWognYasHVU-eB8&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Math%20seventeenth%20century%2C%20Leonhard%20Euler%20earth&f=false How Euler Did Even More By C. Edward Sandifer === John Cleves Symmes, Jr. (1780-1829) === {{TODO|Mine [[w:John Cleves Symmes, Jr.]]}} === USN Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr. (1888-1957) === {{TODO|Mine [[w:Richard E. Byrd]]}} === Richard Sharpe Shaver (1907-1975) === {{TODO|Mine [[w:Richard Sharpe Shaver]]}} === in culture === Literature/Movies == Defining State Governance == Since Government does not have competitors for you as a customer, you are forced to use, and required by law, to fund it. Government is a intrinsic part of the state. One cannot exist without the other. Government is only a requirement because states have to compete with other states. In this reality a state that employs more than half its population becomes a failed state. The state is the taxpayer money in action. Government manages public money, it should aim to be cost effective and not aim to generate profit in any of its activities. If an activity is lucrative it should be privatized and taxed. In a government system that permits private enterprises to fund and lobby its policy makers, several functions of the state should never be privatized, especially the banking, military and prison systems. This is a perfect formula to get a totalitarian government. Sometimes Government interference into markets is a requirement to implement the will of the people. For instance in the matters of slavery, child labor, false and misleading advertising, dangerous products (including drugs), nuclear bombs, stolen property, pornography (including child pornography), buying votes, emergency services, military, gambling, prostitution, extortion, blackmail, land rights and immigration. The top most function of a government is to define, prioritize and address problems in regards to national interests. Rarely does a government truly works in this primary function, it normally dedicates exclusive attention to minimization of systemic and chronic problems and in serving their own interests, that consist in guaranteeing reelection, if not in the next turn, the one after. A government only fails to be reelected under two circumstances, being more incompetent that expected or being forced to take drastic measures due to successive governance avoidance to deal with known issues. It is even, well funny, that when a nation faces war even if the governances is bad it has a high chance of reelection, especially if it can promote an image of strength (even if false). === State control versus private ownership === The principal problem with state control is government corruption. The principal problem of private ownership is resource waste. The principal problem of privatization is its focus being on increasing revenue. == Mount Athos == [[w:Mount Athos]]. The self-governed region of the Holy Mountain. The Holy Mountain is governed by the "Holy Community" which consists of the representatives of the 20 Holy Monasteries, having as executive committee the four-membered "Holy Administration". === History === == Recalling Viriathus == {{TODO|Mine [[wikipedia:Viriathus]]}} == Toward a World Government == http://www.futurict.eu/ understand and manage complex, global, socially interactive systems, with a focus on sustainability and resilience. "I think the next (21st) century will be the century of complexity." Stephen Hawking "The crisis should motivate economists to think further about their modelling of human behaviour." Ben Bernanke "An economist who is only an economist cannot be a good economist." Friedrich Hayek, Nobel Prize 1974 "I urge students to read narrowly within economics, but widely in science." Vernon Smith, Nobel Prize winner 2002 === Who runs the world ? === [http://planetsave.com/2011/08/28/who-runs-the-world-network-analysis-reveals-super-entity-of-global-corporate-control/ Network Analysis Reveals ‘Super Entity’ of Global Corporate Control] == History of slavery == Slavery had long been practiced in Europe and the MidleEast before the exploration of the African continent and the discovery of the new world and the European exploitation of African people. Slavery, much it seems to the surprise of many in the US, is not restricted or dependent on racial traits. If the intention is to be selective refer to it as African Slave Trade into the American Continent, and keep in mind that even before Europeans made a stride in Africa, slavery was already prevalent there also, human labor was and will be always a resource and so a tradable commodity. === What is racism ? === One of many tools for segregation and create cultural, social and economical divides. === What is a slave ? === === Tribes === === Cast systems and generational slaves === To ensure that a slave and his/hers children will be slaves. ==== Women ==== ===== White slavery ===== === Breed the perfect slave === Gladiators [[w:Slave breeding in the United States]] === Compounding effect of slavery/racial segregation === Slavery in regards to the economical exploitation of human work easily becomes a multi-generational situation as it begets a specific but multi-faced system with social, economical and cultural mechanics that with time get ever more complex and self regulated as to proceed towards optimal returns for those that benefit from it and so are ultimately more invested in not only maintaining control over it but perpetuating it. This is true to much any other social, economical and even cultural system. Supra or sub system, as human society is an collection of interlocking of engineered constructs to support niches of self interest ultimately ordered in a top down pyramidal construct. This endeavor to impose a perpetuation of societal constructs, is on our genes. We seek stability and abhor change and so sadly there aren't any examples of successes in implementing rational and fair meaningful changes to these types of constructs without a break that tend to be violent and so have also implication if other system. This results in solutions that may pass by: a) the removal of (or meaningful change to) those in control over the construct, that would signify a change over the output or its distribution. b) the suppression of the grievances regarding the base of the construct what would be defined as the input. All the examples that may insinuate otherwise have always lead to unfair results, with a large emotional charge, regrets and pains or even in a non decommission of the construct but in non meaningful changes. In regards to the topic at hand our past is full of examples from classic Greece, passing by the Roman Empire to de-colonialism, end of apartheid we can look back and see that things haven't really changed much in about 4000 years, they may have gotten more "humane", diffuse and complex but human society is predicated (action dependent) on the exploitation and subjugation of other fellow humans. The system is continues to be more normalized, globalized and now automatized but is a loop, the patterns are the same, if observed from a considerable distance even minor political divergences become meaningless. The only realizations are about the costs and goals to our legacy as a specie. {{TODO|Cover the idiocy of the subject of reparations, in the US there is a lack of understanding about slavery as a global historical issue, there is a politically motivated suppression of objective analysis, a self centered, myopic, contrived political correctness and binary lack of rational dialog.}} === Debt slavery === No one can be a proper (read independent) citizen while at the mercy of the current economic system. Preference for married workers. [http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/12/02/debt-slavery-%E2%80%93-why-it-destroyed-rome-why-it-will-destroy-us-unless-it%E2%80%99s-stopped/ Debt Slavery – Why It Destroyed Rome, Why It Will Destroy Us Unless It’s Stopped] === Corporatization of slavery === Corporate ownership of people. [http://politics.slashdot.org/story/11/10/20/1243212/us-student-loans-exceed-1-trillion US Student Loans Exceed $1 Trillion] - Bankruptcy will not expunge debt. (Government will have to assure payment ?!?) {{TODO|Add {{YouTube link|NB-HZG1Zh7s|George Carlin - You are a slave}}}} {{quote|"You don't need a formal conspiracy when interests converge."|George Carlin}} ==== Machine Age ==== ===== AI and Robotics ===== == A look at Science Fiction == {{TODO| [[w:Raymond A. Palmer]]}} == The Space Race == === Rockets === === Satellite === === Destination Moon === == Understanding Revolutions == == Should we trust Government == <div style="text-align: center;">{{quotation|'''"Taxes are the price we pay for civilization."'''|Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.}}</div> Government is the topmost institution of any nation and a fundamental part of the state, that is to say, a state is not defined only by its government and a nation is not indistinct from the its state. The thing about any institution that one needs to always keep in mind is that their biggest and most important asset, is trust. The trust that people place on institutions is what enables them to function and is what prevents them from being substituted. A government, like any other institution, is also dependent on this rule. Trust is a characteristic of social relations there may be trust between people (or animals) but trust can not mean the same when used in context of a relation with a entity that does not share a sense of self, since the implications and requirements would not be the same. Thrust is a two way relationship, you may respect an institution but you should not trust it. If we look around the world we can safely state that all citizens are in a submissive situation in regards to their government, whatever type of government they have. This simple fact arises for the imparity in the relation, a citizen is a person while the government is not only several persons, but a collective formed around the purpose of guaranteeing the implementation of policies and laws, most of the governmental structures tend to form a hierarchy. Most forms of governments is, in non-dictatorial regimes, is done by what is normally defined as public servants. This definition covers all functionaries of the state that are not directly dependent or elections for their functions and remain after shifts in the policy establishing organs. What is also known is that most positions of leadership regarding these public functionaries tends to be with increasingly frequency appointed by those in power, making it clear that today most public servants are not really oriented to serve the public's interest but to satisfy their hierarchic superiors. This is the other side of the reality is that one primary function of governments has clearly become that of looking after itself before looking after its citizens. <div style="text-align: center;">{{quotation|'''"What luck for rulers that men do not think."'''|Adolf Hitler|German Nazi dictator, orator, & politician (1889 - 1945)}}</div> {{TODO|Fukushima released about twice as much cesium-137 as the government claims}} [[w:Martial law]] Due to our level of interconnection of knowledge, news and economic resources any significant event that seems random or unpredictable is no longer incidental but circumstantial and so predictable to a certain degree, if not outrightly planed to occur by some players on the power networks. === Inalienable rights === ==== Animal rights ==== ==== Human rights ==== There are certain rights that all humans possess simply by being human... ===== Incumbent rights ===== There are certain rights that only a society can grant to its citizens and vice versa. These rights go beyond the inalienable rights, and are granted and recognized collectively as an obligation so that the society can function, these are especially important in relations between distinct societies. === Moving the goal posts === One of the powers a government has is the capability to produce and alter legislation, and establish policies. As an examples, one of the claimed reasons that the USA and some other Western nations (not all), have difficulties dealing with most of the middle-east nations is the lack of democracy and the track record of respect for human rights. It then becomes paradoxical that they supported and still support much of those nations when it is on their economical interests. Even when there is a general election Palestine, they failed to support the recently elected government. So what is the standard ? We will how well that goes in Tunisia... This type of hypocrisy gets even more blatant if we compare responses to situations like Libya or Syria and then compare it to Yemen, there the government is still supported by the same powers while killing unarmed protesters. In fact the only guide we are left are not the arguments against Islamism, lack of democratic representation or failure to protect human rights, but simply that those that do not advance those powers interest in the region will be enemies and will offer temporary protection to collaborators. This is a fact when we look at [[w:Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein]], [[w:Osama bin Laden|Osama bin Laden]] this is made even more clear on how the situation in Egypt developed in regards to the passing of power from [[w:Hosni Mubarak|Hosni Mubarak]] to the Military junta. Again we will still see how it goes... ==== Legal systems ==== {{SAMPLE|sampletext= "Between the strong and the weak, between the rich and the poor, between the master and the servant, it is freedom which oppresses and the law that liberates."|caption=—[[w:Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire|Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire]] (May 12, 1802 – November 21, 1861)}} === Technically challenged === One of the major problems with most governmental bodies is that the representatives that get elected by popular vote are increasingly being selected not by their personal qualifications, past work or experience but by how good they can address and motivate the public, looks and apparency today have a higher degree of importance in governmental election than brains. This of course does not need to be grave problem depending on how one's government is structured especially the final steps of the policy decision process, if a government permits, informs and lessens to the public opinion it could even be more representative, technology is probably moving to enable such types of governments. On the other side if the government leadership is seen as something as a figure head, a father/mother figure and the public treated like children, the lack of ability of those elected to exercise rational thinking and understand the complex world we life today will further move us into bad policies and instability, this can even be aggravated if they become exclusively dependent in non-elected bureaucrats for directions. Bureaucrats tend to be appointed and rarely because of qualifications but by the ability to fallow party lines, they also create a level of protection to the government leadership, since if the situation permits they will serve as a scapegoat to diffuse the situation. {{TODO|Climate change, NASA}} === Secrecy is a state cancer === Secrecy in the working of a state may be a necessity, but mostly only in matters of national security, because of global competition between nations. Like any decease or pathogen that attempts to compromise a system, secrecy may be kept in check by the existing checks if a government is healthy, but as soon as the working of the system starts to rely on secrecy for its survival the system can be determined to have entered into critical failure. '''A Government the relies too much in secrecy can think it can get away with murder, literally...''' [[w:USS Maine (ACR-1)]] - [[w:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación]] - [[w:Río Negro Massacre]] George W. Bush (and administration) lied to Congress and the American people about the reasons for invading Iraq. On July 15 The House forwarded the resolution to the Judiciary Committee with a 238 to 180 vote. That "Bush" lied about weapons of mass destruction and Iraq’s threat to the US is now beyond doubt. Former US federal prosecutor Elizabeth De La Vega documents the lies most thoroughly in her book U.S. Vs Bush, and numerous other researchers have verified Bush’s untrue statements. A secret Justice Department memorandum from 2010, Obama administration, provided the justification for the operation involving the CIA, and military assets under CIA control for the assassination of Anwar al-Awlaki, an American citizen in Yemen, despite an executive order banning assassinations, a federal law against murder, protections in the Bill of Rights and various strictures of the international laws of war. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/aulaqi-killing-reignites-debate-on-limits-of-executive-power/2011/09/30/gIQAx1bUAL_story.html?hpid=z1 The Washington Post 2011/09/30] '''9/11''' [http://www.projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/unanswered-questions-of-911-911-prewarnings-building-7-collapse-flight-77-and-the-pentagon-israeli-involvement-united-airlines-put-options-war-games-atta-and-the-100000-911-terrorists-stil/ Unanswered Questions of 9/11]: 911 Prewarnings, Building 7 Collapse, Flight 77 and the Pentagon, Israeli Involvement, United Airlines Put-options, War games, Atta and the $100,000, 9/11 Terrorists Still Alive The US government '''controversial type of secret court order''' to force Google Inc. and small Internet provider Sonic.net Inc. under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, in place since 1986 that requires only that the government demonstrate reasonable grounds to request relevant records and material for an investigation. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203476804576613284007315072.html Secret Orders Target Email] The US government is showing interest in the concept advanced by the science fiction novelist Isaac Asimov more than 60 years ago, in his “Foundation” series, the new science labeled psychohistory combining history, mathematics and psychology as to predict (and manage) the future. [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/science/11predict.html?_r=1 Government Aims to Build a ‘Data Eye in the Sky’] === The true structure of power === {{quotation|"What do all men with power want? More power." - The Oracle (from [[w:The Matrix|The Matrix]])}} == Battling over intellectual property == Intellectual property has increasingly been raised in importance as a national and economical interest to be defended. Sadly the same does not seem to apply to the public domain and the access and liberties of the citizens over that type of material. Most non profit oriented public interests and especially creative works under the public domain, rarely get any state defense, something that is the obligation of the government. [http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1048993--leaks-show-u-s-swayed-canada-on-copyright-bill?bn=1 US elevated Canada on the piracy watch list to back the adoption of vexing copyright legislation] trademark, copyright, and patents. [http://boingboing.net/2011/10/20/ask-the-smithsonian-to-withdrawal-copyright-claim-on-public-domain-images.html Ask the Smithsonian to withdraw copyright claim on public domain images] [http://boingboing.net/2011/10/20/canadian-tories-admit-that-canadians-dont-want-drm-rules-push-for-them-anyway.html Canadian Tories admit that Canadians don't want DRM rules, push for them anyway] [http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/10/20/1228255/acta-signed-by-8-of-11-participating-countries ACTA Signed By 8 of 11 Participating Countries] Today the patent system, especially when applied to software is a house of cards supported by the convenience of the major patent fillers. Note that a patent filler is not the same as an innovator or creator. This equates to a monopolistic tendency toward the creative market (to profit by generating new ideas), where all those patent fillers attempt to extend their patent portfolios and cross-license them in ways that protects their mutual interest and at the same time excludes any other player to enter in concurrence. It has come to a point that those involved have an hard time in initiating litigations because no one knows anymore what patents may be violated or survive in court, and so the arms race continues to extend the arsenal. A system that was created to foster and protect innovators and at the same time document for the public their intellectual property creations has been subverted into something that prevents the participation of newcomers and ultimately permits price fixing. One thing is generally agreed most "easy" inventions have already taken place, we have long ago passed from simple solutions to compounded or merged creations often appearing in the cusp on the discovery of new technologies that do in fact depend heavily in previous works. But relying in the existence of prior art discovery, that not only depends on the existing failing system of patent attribution and skewed legal system. It is difficult and becoming increasingly hard for any new innovator to use prior art to defend their freedom to create. An assessment from USA in 2012 estimates that the costs of hiring a patent consultant able to find the previous art and the attorneys willing to devote months if not years to the legal battle would cost between at its lowest assessment between $500,000 to $1,000,000. This cost and the time it takes puts initiating such attempt outside of what is sustainable even to any small business, and creation becomes therefore a quick path for bankruptcy. === Innovation === Innovation does not happen in a vacuum. "The public's interest is ultimately dominant over all other interests." - George Lucas in 1998 speech before Congress. "People who alter or destroy works of art and our cultural heritage for profit or as an exercise of power are barbarians,..." - George Lucas in 1998 speech before Congress. "Attention should be paid to the interest of those who are yet unborn, who should be able to see this generation as it saw itself, and the past generation as it saw itself." - George Lucas in 1998 speech before Congress. Recent moves by the the US culminating in the [[w:Leahy-Smith America Invents Act|Leahy-Smith America Invents Act]], recently passed by an almost unprecedented super-majority, demonstrates that US legislators and political appointees are shifting away from protecting the rights from inventors towards the right of property of filers. This distinction is important because not all inventors can afford to fill a patent and so it favors larger firms with well-established internal patenting procedures. This erodes the capacity to invent of the common citizen. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) representing 34 states. [http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,3746,en_2649_34451_1901066_1_1_1_1,00.html OECD work on patent statistics] The only true benefit of patents is that they document the specifics of innovations, and that aspect does not actually require any grant of exclusivity. patents *encourage innovation It is a very strange belief that a bureaucracy will enforce the exclusive profit of singular entities within a society of billions of creative individuals. *protect innovators - Any new product or innovation will have an army of lawyers descend to destroy it. Leading to patent portfolios of a handful of the biggest corporations. What about innovations that are developed independently but simultaneously? Examples of concurrent independent development abound. [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/05/12/080512fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all newyorker.com]: Calculus - Newton and Leibniz. Evolution - Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Oxygen - Carl Wilhelm and Joseph Priestley. Colour photos - Charles Cros and Louis du Hauron. Logarithms - John Napier, Henry Briggs, Joost Burgi. Sunspots - Fabricius, Galileo, Harriott, Scheiner. Piston engine plane - the Wright brothers and Santos Dumont. And so and so on. Cross licensing escalates the problem by permitting the aggregation of interests in blocks, and so patents will only "serve" and "protect" closely connected groups- Where conflicting groups will be left with not choice to seek patent equilibrium to keep peace. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:4pdIrxQ7BuoJ:fabianmejia.blogspot.com/2008/09/codeblocks-and-opengl.html+code::blocks+and+OpenGL&cd=5&hl=pt-PT&ct=clnk&gl=pt&client=firefox-a == On state sponsored crimes == There is a clear distinction to be made about the moral implications in regards to the effective control citizens over their governments. In a totalitarian regime the blame should fall only on those that were responsible or aware of the actions, but at least in a democracy all citizens should have their share of the blame, since it was their obligation to question and establish controls that would prevent the facts. [[w:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación]] [[w:Project MKULTRA]] [[w:Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior]] [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2039542/North-Korea-Satellite-photos-death-camps-deny-exist.html 'Hell on earth': Detailed satellite photos show death camps North Korea still deny even exist] USA covert intervention in Chile {{TODO|Weapon producers, creators of armed movements, armament smugglers, information providers, mercenary trainers, enablers of violence}} === War === ==== War crimes ==== [[w:War crimes]] [[w:Allied war crimes during World War II]] [[w:Japanese war crimes]] [http://www.mediafreedominternational.org/2011/10/03/radioactive-weapons-with-long-term-health-risks-dropped-into-libya/ Radioactive Weapons with Long-Term Health Risks Dropped Into Libya] {{TODO| Kosovo and Servia, Britain's Secret Human Rights Abuses in The war in Oman, 1957-59 }} === Atrocities === [[w:Tuskegee syphilis experiment]] [[w:Unit 731]] [[w:Bulu prison massacre]] == Religion as a problem == === Failing to recognize the messenger === [http://www.science20.com/news_articles/computational_linguistics_figuring_out_who_wrote_bible-83504 Computational Linguistics: Figuring Out Who Wrote The Bible] == Examining Exobiology == {{TODO|Probably reuse it elsewhere...}} The Earth is home to a amazing diversity of life, the living things in all its glorious diversity. Due to our increasingly urban lifestyle and distance to nature, most of the time life can appear alien especially in its extremes of aesthetics, behaviors and even emotions, intelligence or higher social orders it can display. At the same times it can appear like a reflection of our-selfs, what we like to define as anthropomorphizing other living things, and it is fair to say that we share much with all other living creatures on this planet if not only the shared environment, in fact our quickness to anthropomorphize sometimes blinds us to the more subtle differences, even when they should have been obvious otherwise. === Defining Life === === Extremophile === === Biologic symmetry === === Little Green Men === ==== Aliens on Earth ==== ==== Aliens in Space ==== ;USA The US and in particular NASA has held a quasi-monopolistic hold on space science due to the US economic and technological power status, that is intrinsically linked to its drive to maintain a military and political primacy over the world since near the end of WWII, when it moved to captured most of the world human and capital resources including the underlying energy and monetary systems. {{TODO|[[w:NASA]], [[w:Space tether]], STS-48, STS-80 footage ([[w:Story Musgrave]]), ice crystals the new "swamp gas"}} === Extra-terrestrial Biological Entity (EBE) === ==== Expected low order commonalities ==== ===== Symmetry ===== ==== Expected high order commonalities ==== ===== Nervous system ===== ===== Brain ===== ==== Body shape and characteristics ==== ==== Physiology ==== == From the League of Nations to the United Nations == == Guide to civil disobedience == {{TODO|[http://www.coinbooks.org/esylum_v19n52a25.html the token coinage of Thomas Spence]}} === Understanding body language === === Dealing with suppression weapons === ==== Pepper-spray ==== ==== Tear-gas ==== ==== Long Range Acoustic Devices (LRAD) ==== {{TODO|[http://www.aclupa.org/pressroom/bystandersuespittsburghove.htm Bystander Sues City of Pittsburgh Over Pain and Hearing Loss Caused by Use of Long Range Acoustic Device at G-20 Protest]}} == The corporation == {{SAMPLE|sampletext= "Fascism should more properly be called corporatism because it is the merger of state and corporate power."|caption=—[[w:Benito Mussolini|Benito Mussolini]] (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945)}} A corporation is an enterprise that emerges from inside the State by forces that ultimately aspire for state control and the power to enforce monopolistic choices on the population. Historically, these entities originate from inside the governing class of the state as a way to deflect public scrutiny, link to disreputable activities or as a way to gain advantage over other governing ententes. A corporation becomes an institution as soon as the stable functions of the state becomes defendant on its activities. Most corporation aspire to expand beyond the state as to gain advantage over internal competitors but as a way to expand markets and so their own state influence outside its boarders. Privately owned corporations will have no nationalistic orientations beyond those shared by their own governance. They have no real social consideration beyond survival among its competitors, primarily as economic entities. A corporation will act against its own government if their governance sees it as advantageous, especially as a multinational enterprise whose governance shares no single nationalistic identity. This is why militaristic societies tend to foster a corporate culture that links private governance to state governance (seen generally in defense industry and banking) and historically in the structure of organized religion. hile it depends on scale, the personalization of the corporation is generally a ruse and a legal construct, that intends to impart human restrains and considerations into an entity that is due to its directives and layers of governance can become antisocial, but certainly needs to operate at a level of what would be psychopathy amongst its peers to survive. == The trade of lies == When a population is kept in general state of ignorance, their judgment can more easily be controlled or even discarded as irrelevant without any internal opposition. Any information is only valid if it is based in facts and any views expressed that can be sourced, useful information is one that is relevant to the consumer, and not artificially made relevant, to be transparent it must also presents multiple view points and enables the viewer to make it own mind about those relevant subjects. <div style="text-align: center;">{{quotation|'''“All truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed; second, it is violently opposed; and third, it is accepted as self-evident.”'''|Arthur Schopenhauer.}}</div> {{TODO|Perception plus Reputation plus Recognition by Similitude equals Inference}} {{TODO|[[w:Otto and Elise Hampel]]}} === Propaganda === One thing that anyone will understand as a given fact is that any war will be preceded and accompanied by a propaganda campaign by and against all participants, it is also expected and an almost inevitability, that this campaigns will be even more utilized and effective on nations hose political systems depend on popular support. {{quotation|'''"...among the calamities of war may be jointly numbered the diminution of the love of truth, by the falsehoods which interest dictates and credulity encourages."'''|Samuel Johnson|The Idler, 11/11/1758}} Propaganda by itself may not constitute a lie, but undoubtedly will only serve to promote the view or interests of the propagandist. It works as a reality distortion field, obscuring, twisting and selecting what to highlight as to promote a given agenda. An example of propaganda is the use of mass media to spread misinformation. This is done by governments and interest groups to indirectly promote their views to the public. Simple disinformation may becomes propaganda because it is backed up and promoted by the institutional powers as reality. {{SAMPLE|sampletext= "There's a war out there, old friend. A world war. And it's not about who's got the most bullets. It's about who controls the information. What we see and hear, how we work, what we think... it's all about the information! "|caption=—from a dialog in [[w:Sneakers (film)|Sneakers (film)]]}} [http://www.youtube.com/embed/LyjnEm8DZkI Youtube Video of RT.com report on statements made by Hillary Clinton, that the US Losing Information War to Alternative Media], [http://rt.com/ rt.com], is an Internet service published by the Autonomous Non-Profit Organisation (ANO) “TV-Novosti” (Russia). [[w:William Randolph Hearst]] - [[w:Yellow journalism]] - [[w:Propaganda of the Spanish–American War]] - [[w:Duck and cover|Duck and cover]] and nuclear safety {{TODO|[[wikipedia:Alex Thomson (journalist)|Alex Thomson]] from Channel4 "Set up to be shot in Syria’s no man’s land?" Free Syrian Army tries to get the journalists dead as a propagandistic stunt against the government. Strangely in a clear suppression of news this is news report is not picked up by any major news outlet, it is especially interesting since Alex Thomson had a government attributed VISA and should be recognizably a more independent reporter that those embedded with the rebels that are smuggled into the country (http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2012/jun/08/alex-thompson-syrian-rebels).}} {{TODO|See [[Communication Theory/Propaganda and the Public]]}} ==== Advertising ==== The concept of advertising is intimately linked to that of propaganda, it is often defined as a subset, a part, but if analyzed one can see that the distinctions are not on the methods or even goals but on the legal and economical labels of the producers and targets for it. So it is clear that the difference is only based on national and international legal rulings that may exclude some propagandist practices, producers and targets and relabel it as advertising. === Disinformation === Disinformation can serve to propagate lies, misdirect, confuse or weaken opposing views. Consider the damage one can create to the discussion of a topic if one can direct the opposition toward topics that are easily refuted or make the portraying the opposing side stupid by defending those issues. {{quotation|'''"The daily press and the telegraph which in a moment spreads inventions over the whole world, fabricate more myths ... in a day than could have formerly been done in a century"'''|Karl Marx|1871}} Disinformation is closely related to the motivation why people lie and what is defined as the truth, most of the time the truth is not a static objective notion, and this makes it easier to shift viewpoints about what the reality really is. As any illusionist knows the best way to hide something in plain sight is to distract the audience with something else. There is an important distinction to keep in mind, lies came in a different shapes. From the simple omission of the truth (that often is not even recognized as a lie, as the intention to deceive can not be ascertained) to the direct contradiction of the truth. It can serve as protection, deterrent and even be half-truth or inexact truth (without getting deeply in what the truth is). What defines a lie as negative is that if it consist in suppressing information that others require to perform an informed decision, to be free to make their own choices. In a perfect world there would not be any reason to lie and have secrets, but in a world that is imperfect and becoming increasingly transparent there are specific areas of information that do need protection. From personal information to information that simply could be used against you. One could say that there is no moral justification for a lie except as a way to diplomatically deny access to information that others have no reason to have. This same rational is not valid for secrets, since secrecy is the intentional suppression of information that others need, here the the moral balance is harder to ascertain and depends exclusively on the reason for secrecy being of self preservation. Secrets came from shame and fear, and often lead to escalation of distrust and greater entanglement. All dirty deeds prefer the darkness. Today disinformation is all around us, directed by those that control the media channels in order to advance their goals and reduce visibility of subjects that they would prefers not being public knowledge. Well made disinformation dissemination will avoid being too obvious (unless that also serves a purpose). One easy way to detect disinformation is to find reputable source for the information, and corroborating reports. This of course in turn leads to perpetrator of the deception to intentional shift of the efforts of disinformation from the real data to the data sources, in an attempt to discredit them. <div style="text-align: center;">{{quotation|'''"We'll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false"'''|William Casey - CIA Director during the Reagan's administration.}}</div> There are many ways to employ disinformation, the method is dictated by the goal of what is intended. For instance events in Libya in 2011 when relating the where-abouts of Kadhafi suns or even statements statements regarding the progress of the rebels that can serve as a clear example. How the progress, strengths and feats was being amplified, at the same time wile governments negated that on TV, international forces where on the ground helping the rebels. <div style="text-align: center;">{{quotation|'''"When a well packaged web of lies is sold gradually to the masses over generations, the truth will seem utterly preposterous, and it's speaker a raving lunatic."'''|James Dresden.}}</div> Disinformation is often done by misrepresentation, exacerbation or creation of false news reports as to shift the public's perception. {{TODO|[https://news.slashdot.org/story/16/04/22/155237/drone-believed-to-have-hit-british-airways-flight-may-have-been-a-plastic-bag? Drone Believed To Have Hit British Airways Flight 'May Have Been a Plastic Bag], the 2016 war on encryption etc.}} Another interesting case is the USA and UK media pressure and negativism regarding the euro currency. It is clearly unbalanced one considers the origin and the interests behind, those countries national situations and the original sinners in this economic chaos since the 2008 collapse. It would be expected that if someone should panicking it would be China since it has brought much of the euro debt and would suffer locally if the euro collapsed, to some degree China is strengthening its internal consumption, even creating internal imbalances, that has began to cause internal issues in 2016. We could even argue that it would be in the national interests of the USA-UK coalition to have a fragile China and increase its dependency on them for exports that ultimately influence its internal social stability. The paradox here is that the USA is also dependent on a strong Europe for trade (http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c0003.html) and military support (NATO). {{TODO| http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfEIXy64HL0#! fantastic example of the different wights and balances, by Associated Press reporter Matt Lee talking to Victoria Nuland, spokesperson for US State Department regarding the hypocrisy in how it uses and responds to Human Rights Watch reports (the distinction between Israel and Syria) very well done...}} {{NOTE|The UK is a member of the EU but not a participant on the euro currency project (euro-zone).}} {{TODO|Iraq, Romenian Timisoara "massacre", death number as Indonesia left Timor, 2011 events in Syria, [[w:Río Negro Massacre]].}} {{TODO|Cover "Debate framing", talking points}} ==== "Fake news" ==== We should cringe on the label alone, all news are by default "fake". What are news? News are new facts, that an information monger selected and treated for dissemination into a targeted audience. At best they may contain partial bits of actual events if the knowledge of those bits do not affect the interest of those involved in their dissemination, and that is after other parties being able to massage or obstruct optics regarding said events. After all that, the receiver own bias is also called into play to categorize it as "fake", by the individual reader or by social communal pressure that itself can be influenced to attribute and generalize labels, to all the levels of the news gathering (spreading) endeavor. ==== Censorship ==== Censorship is not only focused in hiding information from the targeted public, but can also consist creating artificial difficulties in accessing it. It is basically a suppression of information technique, that is also part of a process of disinformation, with a secondary result that it not only negates access to some information but promotes the value of the remaining information, solely by the fact that it is more accessible. {{NOTE|It is also interesting to note that censorship not only generates technological issues by itself, even promoting failure and insecurity, but it also will produce general difficulties when interacting with technology that has not been created with censorship capabilities.}} === Marketing === {{TODO|[[Wikipedia:Neuromarketing|neuromarketing]] - [[Wikipedia:Fear, uncertainty and doubt]]}} ==== Subliminals ==== ===== Audio ===== ===== Visual ===== === Public relations === ==== Video News Releases ==== {{TODO|Promotional videos that simulate news reports format}} === Media control === The easiest way of ensuring control over information is the creation of artificial choke points and dependencies. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ez4zVwxCCtc Documentary on how the media lies to manipulate us] by Brian Springer '''Books''' '''The Press''' '''Radio''' '''Television''' '''The Internet''' The creation of the Internet has brought forth evidential prof of the efforts governments and commercial interests are willing to exert in the control of information. Control over access, movement and even creation of information in a distributed medium is something new and still evolving. From simpler indexer, search engines have evolved beyond general information gatherers and portals into complex information channels, they now can monitor personal behaviors, location and interests, this shift for a personalized interaction arouse for the need to generate revenue, not by monetizing access but by the creation of indirect revenue streams. It started by simply permitting sites to get higher relevance to the addition of adds and now users have become also a commodity, where the data points they generate when interacting with the service is a valuable resource that others are willing to pay to have access. {{TODO| Mine [http://www.youtube.com/embed/n5OAzXgg2xU Facebook, Google & Internet talk TED Video], mention [[w:Google Trends]], [http://pr.efactory.de/e-pagerank-algorithm.shtml Google PageRank - Algorithm], [http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/05/mining-patterns-in-search-data-with.html Mining patterns in search data with Google Correlate], [http://code.google.com/apis/analytics/ Google Analytics] and [http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/governmentrequests/ Google Transparency Report]}} With the rise of the social network... ==== The spin doctor ==== {{TODO|[[Elements of Political Communication]]}} ==== Fabricated events ==== *Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, justified by a border conflict. *USA attack on Vietnam, the actions used for justification. *USA lead intervention on Kosovo ([[w:Kosovo War|Kosovo War]]), justified by claims of the existence of atrocities. *USA lead attack on Iraq, justified by a claim of existence of Weapons of Mass Destruction. [[w:False Flag]] ==== Censorship ==== Censorship is the suppression of information. {{TODO|Cover also self censorship and its implications.}} {{TODO|Russian intervention in Chechnya, the usurpation of the democratically elected government of Palestine, the negative effects Western (USA,EU) subsidies had/have in Africa's development, Iceland's people (not government) efforts not to pay its international banking system debts, the effect on the euro-zone countries retirement systems of Greece's debts pardon (especially those systems already in crisis) and the possibility creditors activating [[w:Credit default swaps]] (and naked Credit default swaps).}} == Understanding earthquakes == Fish deaths may precede quakes due to temperature shifts and general alteration on the quality of water induced by vibrations. Underground water table/tidal effects. Richter scale Why buildings collapse Vibratory liquefaction === Quake prediction === [[w:Earthquake prediction]] [[w:Jim Berkland]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/did-the-atmosphere-signal-japan-earthquake-in-march/2011/10/04/gIQACyeRLL_blog.html Could electron count escalation high in the atmosphere serve to detect major earthquakes] === Quakes and volcanoes === Quake activity may trigger volcanic activity. In 27 February 2010, the magnitude 8.8 [[w:Maule, Chile|Maule, Chile]] earthquake trigged hundreds of volcano tectonic earthquakes at [[w:Uturuncu|Uturuncu]], a Bolivian volcano. {{NOTE|The largest ever instrumentally-recorded earthquake, occurred in 1960, at Valdivia, south of the Maule region which a measured magnitude 9.5.}} ==== Volcano tectonic earthquake ==== [[w:Volcano tectonic earthquake]] == Symbolism and rituals == == Deconstructing the War on Drugs == [http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Mexico%20urges%20consider%20legalizing%20drugs/5431636/story.html Mexican President Felipe Calderon Hinojosa speaks during the 2011 Clinton Global Initiative meeting on September 20, 2011 in New York urging the U.S. to consider legalizing drugs] Most government agencies that deal with security and crime have to provide evidences that they are effective as a justification to continue to exist, to validate their spendings and to obtain more funding. It becomes then a priority to guarantee results (especially directed to the metrics used in performance evaluation), maintain a sense of urgency and increase the importance to their field of action. This will most often lead to quantity, but not quality and also to the direct or indirect generation of a symbiotic interdependent relation between the agencies and the target of their action. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2011/10/13/2011-10-13_excop_we_fabricated_drug_raps_for_quotas.html#ixzz1ah29cALW We fabricated drug charges against innocent people to meet arrest quotas, former detective testifies] === The economics === ==== Who benefits from the status quo ==== The question runs very parallel to those that promotes the war on drug. ==== Public Safety ==== ==== Taxes ==== ==== External policy impact ==== == The problem with time travel == == Towards the Heart's core == [[w:Tectonics]] [[w:Plate tectonics]] [[http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/feb08/article.html?id=nn_tectonics.html Geotimes - February 2008 - Plate tectonics on a planet far, far away]] == What we know about music == === First there was sound... === {{TODO|What is sound and what is music}} === Order creeps in and music is born === When one looks deeply into all music across the multiple cultural specters and tastes, what is found is at its core is that it is all very similar across them. That the underling techniques of what we generally define (or appreciate) as good music is the same across all the multitude of styles. The major characteristics of all music are melody, rhythm, harmony and base. Most of these characteristics evolved around establishing patters that are therefore easy for us to recognize as such. These patterns become the musical techniques, formulas, that there are refined from mathematical properties of music. These are even properties that arise without directed creation, that are simply natural discoveries, general and self evident and that music in part simply addresses the need to creates a language to express them, much like math expresses other aspects of the natural world is a way that is easily recognized across cultures. {{TODO|Why is music copyrightable is it is an math is not ? Is there a case that can be made for equal treatment ?}} Since the beginning there was an effort to organize sound in relatable, "naturally" sequences, scales (melodic archetypes, modes) where each sound (musical note) is set in a rung of a musical latter. This concept later evolved into the generalized diatonic scale that emerged in the West as a standard. With the diatonic scale came, its minor scale and major scale that replicated older melodic archetypes and permitted evolution. With normalization all melodic arrangements became conscripted and increasingly derivative. ==== Melody ==== The melodic content is the simplest of pattern and easy to note due to its natural tendency not only for repetition but to be made more evident when there is a break in it. Melodies are also intrinsically linked to emotional memry as melodic patterning have shown to be even be remembered before birth. The most preeminent melodic sequence in western culture is the pentatonic scale, as the name indicates consisting of 5 notes. -- the chosen notes --- the arrangement selected, the distance between the ley notes in the sound scales -- their pitch --- how high and low they are -- intervals --- distances between the pattern of note use from the sound scale ---- western culture the smallest is defined as semitone and a whole tone is two rungs on the musical latter ---- it is easier to vocalize whole tones than semitones and to remember, making it most of the vocal repertoire ---- base ---- intervals patterns are therefore melodic pasterns and establish modes or permits divergency like the blue ---- notes in vocalized blue or the Tudor music "clashing" mode == Mathematical wonders == === Zero === === Infinite === === The equation === To some equations are like uncompromisable hieroglyphs, but at the core they are in fact non-abstractive works, that attempt to explain the universe we live in. There are in fact some equations that are more important than others, masterpieces that hold some of the foundations of our understanding of reality. An equation is a mathematical statement that asserts the equality of two expressions, that is the right side of the equality must be the same as the left side of it. This not only requires that we understand and know the value of both sides but that these values must match. There are many approaches to categorize the beauty of equations, the concept of beauty as always is on the eye of the beholder, in mathematical terms it is both of the beholder understanding or knowledge and the need to employ that same knowledge. So the mathematical beauty of equations can be a function of its usefulness, simplicity or even complexity, in this later cases much like a painting, we can marvel not only on what is represented but on the work done by its creator (in mathematical terms its discoverer). {{TODO|mine [[wikipedia:Equation]]}} ==== E = MC^2 ==== This is probably one of the most famous equations in the world. It brings to mind its discoverer, Einstein and the nuclear age. Its publishing in 1905 starter a scientific revolution. {{TODO|mine [[wikipedia|Mass–energy equivalence]]}} === Pi === === Fine-structure constant === {{TODO|[[w:Fine-structure constant]]}} === Prime numbers === === Golden ratio === === Euler's Number Triangle === === Fractals === [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbK92bRW2lQ Benoit Mandelbrot - Hunting the Hidden Dimension Nova (2008)] == A look into eugenics == [http://ideonexus.com/2007/12/02/the-complex-william-jennings-bryan/ The Complex William Jennings Bryan] == All about nothing == the word nothing defines emptiness the inexistence of emptiness what is vacuum == Considerations about euthanasia == == Generalities of story telling == == Recipes for jokes, gags and all things funny == == The secret for invisibility == == Introduction to Human Genetics == {{TODO|[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/map-happy/is-there-really-a-wanderl_b_7057672.html Wanderlust Gene]}} === Environmental influences on the human body === '''You are what you eat''' [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/09/21/what-you-eat-affects-your-genes-rna-from-rice-can-survive-digestion-and-alter-gene-expression/ Foodstuff genetic material, microRNA, of has been detected in the human blood stream. Animal trials in mice demonstrated that they change how genes are expressed] [[Metabolomics]] the impact of natural birth to the baby immune system (the problem with cesareans) teeth and mouth flora the tonsils epigenetic modifications stomach flora the human toleration to non-human milk the function of the appendix == Towards Immortality == Death the great equalizer, the ultimate motivator. But without the uncertainty of it, how long could you endure your existence as it is? [https://science.slashdot.org/story/16/04/23/0434208/first-successful-gene-therapy-against-human-aging? First Successful Gene Therapy Against Human Aging?] === Death: Defining mortality === ==== Death ==== While there are many causes for death the primary one result of a common cause, protein damage. It is at the core of the large number of chronic degenerative diseases that makes death a certainty. Clinically dead Brain dead ==== Self ==== === Immortality vs Eternal Life === Cloning Brain and Head Transplant Metabolic/Life suspension === An examination of trans-humanism === [[w:Transhumanism]] Brain digitalization / Simulation ==== Faith vs Science ==== Cryogenics (Alcor: Life Extension foundation) ==== Religion's thoughts on the subject ==== Religions that profess reincarnation as a dogmatic basis, like Hinduism, should be incompatible with most forms of immortality except consciousness duplication/simulation and Buddhism would probably even oppose the preservation of a static duplicate of consciousness as it would be prevented from transcending. On the other hand Abrahamic religions may be more accommodating, Judahism will probably be the more lenient, by Christianity will have to drastically evolve a response due to its core dogmas around resurrection and the ultimate transcendence. === Social-Economical Impact === ==== Rights ==== ==== Cost ==== ==== Cost vs Return ==== Space, Resources, Evolutionary drive ==== How far is forever ? ==== === Sources/Refs === [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKjtLOOBqgk 1956, Orson welles, The Fountain of Youth] | [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6961638/ Waiting for Immortality]* == Investment strategies before and after a calamity == {{Quotation|Where there is ruin, there is hope for treasures.|Rumi, the poet.}} == Five senses and counting... == {{TODO|This book should explain and explore all the human senses and examine other animals as also cover attempts to expand and extend them beyond}} === Smell === The sense of smell is extremely interconnected with memory, as its the only sense that can be said to be directly connected to the limbic system of the brain, making emotional connection easy to form, retain and prime especially at a subconscious level. Since about 20% of all human communication is rational (at a conscious aware level) and the rest is emotional smell gets primacy. Olfactory receptors have also been found across the human body from the intestines to sperm, so we don't sense smell only with our noses. Humans share many of the "lower" animals reactions to smell, for example the smell of a male (a smell that is similar in all mammalians) increases the stress level of the sensing mammal, from mice to men, this reaction reduces sensitivity to pain. It is also observable that smell in humans seem to have evolved due to how geographically mobile our species is and the pressing need to use it to select for food and check the safety of environment, this plasticity is observable in how the sense diverges across cultures, for example in relation to fermentation of chases or yogurts or even beer, how we are culturally and social conditioned on our reactions of disgust and expectations in regards to smell making it also very easy to have olfactory illusions. Smell alone can bring us to tears on happy recolection, excitement even salivation even before we conscious define what motivates the reaction. Smell is, alike tactile sensations, one of our most important senses. Taking primacy even over vision and is interlinked with the sense of taste. It is also one of our first senses to develop and one that conditions our psyche as we develop, from the response we keep regarding the vanilla like sent of breast milk that is linked to positive emotions. Odor can inform us of age, disponibility and viability for reproduction, level of stress/aggressiveness, fear, even simply what and if someone ate recently. == On the concept of nation == == Primer for Open Source licenses == == Strategies for security == === The nature of security === === In the natural world === ==== Lessons from biology ==== === Security across history === == Gears of History == [[w:Gear]] === The Antikythera mechanism === [[w:Antikythera mechanism|Antikythera mechanism]] === Mechanical Clock === [[w:Clock]] == Secret Societies == == Criminality in the 21st Century == {{TODO|See [[Lentis]].}} === The decline of physical cash === Robing a slaughter house for the meat will have a greater return and a lesser risk that to steal a motorcycle. === The rise of digital goods === ==== Digital scrap yards ==== Remember the time that scrap yards were used by criminals, especially organized crime, not only to dispose of incrimination material but to reuse vehicle's licenses. In the digital age the created digital scrap yard is not only a literal gold mine (since there are indeed gold on those hill) but there is also a huge amount of sensitive and valuable data. {{TODO|Mine [http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/13/04/02/2015254/wiping-a-smartphone-still-leaves-data-behind Wiping a Smartphone Still Leaves Data Behind]}} The value is not only found in the rare minerals that are necessary in create the digital tools but there is a myriad of after-market "business" opportunities. From shady recycling are reselling of discarded but still "functional" trash to the booming illegal (but often non opposed) export of trash that local regulations would deem as environmental hazardous to more "understanding" locations. ==== Cybercrime ==== {{TODO|Mine [http://news.slashdot.org/story/12/08/03/1817216/the-1-trillion-cybercrime-myth The $1 Trillion Cybercrime Myth]}} ==== Data for ransom and blackmail ==== ==== IT infrastructure as a extortion hostage ==== {{TODO|Mine [http://tech.slashdot.org/story/13/04/03/0313212/cyber-criminals-tying-up-emergency-phone-lines-through-tdos-attacks-dhs-warns Cyber Criminals Tying Up Emergency Phone Lines Through TDoS Attacks, DHS Warn]}} === It is all monetized now... === ==== Insurance scams ==== === Online black market === {{TODO|Mine [http://yro.slashdot.org/story/12/04/30/1855207/how-online-black-markets-work How Online Black Markets Work]}} ==== Bitcoins ==== {{TODO|[Mine [http://liveweb.archive.org/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/05/fbi-fears-bitcoin FBI Fears Bitcoin’s Popularity with Criminals]}} === Change of focus === {{TODO|[http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/11/09/222259/biofuel-thieves-steal-restaurant-grease Biofuel Thieves Steal Restaurant Grease]}} == Psychedelic reality == {{TODO|Cover Santo Daime, ayahuasca, [[wikipedia:The Doors of Perception]]}} == On the subject of skepticism == == Cannibalism‎‎ across the ages == == Analyzing cheating == {{TODO|[http://news.slashdot.org/story/11/11/07/221228/survey-finds-cheating-among-students-at-all-gpa-levels Survey Finds Cheating Among Students At All GPA Levels]}} == On death and taxes == {{TODO|[http://politics.slashdot.org/story/11/11/08/1321208/bill-gates-advocates-tax-on-financial-transactions Bill Gates Advocates Tax On Financial Transactions]}} == Out of the box == A work about believable ideas, and supporting theories, that failed to fully materialize, by simple physical impossibility or lack of resources (time, contextual practicality) and other factors. The human creativity is endless, as we imagine the impossible we extend the boundaries of reality. (me) [[w:Dean drive]], [[w:Hieronymus machine]] == Taking apart a literary work == {{TODO|aka Reverse engineering a literary work}} == Feminisms and Society == == Intellectual property and Copyright history == == Weapons fabrication and modification == == Behind physics == === Water === Hydrogen also has another interesting implication, for instance in endothermic reactions it affect the flame temperature that substances can reach, for instance the endothermic dissociation of water, around the 2000°C prevents flames temperatures to rise above 3000°-4000°C. This is why Dicyanoacetylene a compound of carbon and nitrogen with chemical formula C4N2 is has the record of burning in oxygen at a temperature of 4990°C fallowed by Cyanogen also carbon and nitrogen with chemical formula C2N2 that burns at ~4525°C. == The "free" energy paradox == === Economic effect === {{TODO|Discuss the issue of (and mine) [[wikipedia:Nuclear transmutation|Nuclear transmutation]] and [[wikipedia:Synthesis of precious metals|Synthesis of precious metals]]}} === Social effect === {{TODO|The rise of the machine age}} === Military implications === == Skeptic's handbook == == Guide of Presence, Presentation and Body-language == == What is up with Pyramids == === Architecture === == Over-unity, the fight against thermodynamics == {{TODO| [[wikipedia|History of perpetual motion machines]]}} == Dark - something - == {{TODO| [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/dragonfly-44-dark-matter_us_57c0b0f6e4b04193420f3d41 Why The Discovery Of The Milky Way's 'Dark Twin' Is Such A Big Deal], [[w:Dark matter]] }} == What is food ? == === Function of food === === Availability of food === Sustainable food === Foood's properties === Protein === New food items === Fungal protein (mycoprotein) as food is present in mushrooms but also in present in products like [[w:Pekilo]]|Pekilo (invented in the 1970s, the world’s first commercial mycoprotein that also contains some fibers). Previously used as animal feed, but recently it has refined for human consumption). Finnish company Enifer is building a factory slated for completion by the end of 2025, where it will produce it in a way that would make it no more expensive than plant-based similar products. In the plant it it will grow the fungus in a fermentation tank, then heat-treat and harvest the biomass with centrifuges resulting in a bioproduct similar to Tofu in aspect that will then be dried with hot air and milled into a powder. Finished Pekilo may be used as an ingredient to non animal meat synthesis or to enrich any other cereal mixes with protein. kl1y9omwly4g6kc9oyhrjnpn38x52n1 0 245077 4655898 4641950 2026-07-30T15:22:34Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Restoring revision 4638624 by [[Special:Contributions/Richy T|Richy T]] 4655898 wikitext text/x-wiki For our first model, we create a simple 2×3×4 cuboid. To get started, launch OpenSCAD. You should have a preview window, toolbar, console and editor windows open. If one is hidden you can turn it on by going to the View menu and unselect the hidden items. To create our cuboid we use the openSCAD editor window to type a one-line command: {| width="100%" |'''Usage example 1 - simple cuboid:''' |- |<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> cube([2,3,4]); </syntaxhighlight> |[[File:OpenSCAD_Simple_Cuboid.png|thumb|OpenSCAD Simple Cuboid]] |} === Compiling and rendering our first model === The cuboid can now be compiled and rendered by pressing F5 or F6 Function key on your keyboard while the OpenSCAD editor has focus. You should now see your object in the preview window as shown above. {{OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Simple Page Navigation | prev = OpenSCAD User Manual/First Steps | prev_disp = First Steps: Introduction | next = OpenSCAD User Manual/First Steps/Positioning an object | next_disp = First Steps: Positioning an object | book = OpenSCAD User Manual | book_disp = First Steps }} {{BookCat}} [[ru:Руководство пользователя по OpenSCAD/Первые шаги/Создание простейшей модели]] 86rql0cb6g8yiwqkxki3z5x8npqesfa 4655900 4655898 2026-07-30T15:26:39Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Protected "[[OpenSCAD User Manual/First Steps/Creating a simple model]]": Excessive vandalism/spam ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 15:26, 30 October 2026 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 15:26, 30 October 2026 (UTC))) 4655898 wikitext text/x-wiki For our first model, we create a simple 2×3×4 cuboid. To get started, launch OpenSCAD. You should have a preview window, toolbar, console and editor windows open. If one is hidden you can turn it on by going to the View menu and unselect the hidden items. To create our cuboid we use the openSCAD editor window to type a one-line command: {| width="100%" |'''Usage example 1 - simple cuboid:''' |- |<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> cube([2,3,4]); </syntaxhighlight> |[[File:OpenSCAD_Simple_Cuboid.png|thumb|OpenSCAD Simple Cuboid]] |} === Compiling and rendering our first model === The cuboid can now be compiled and rendered by pressing F5 or F6 Function key on your keyboard while the OpenSCAD editor has focus. You should now see your object in the preview window as shown above. {{OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Simple Page Navigation | prev = OpenSCAD User Manual/First Steps | prev_disp = First Steps: Introduction | next = OpenSCAD User Manual/First Steps/Positioning an object | next_disp = First Steps: Positioning an object | book = OpenSCAD User Manual | book_disp = First Steps }} {{BookCat}} [[ru:Руководство пользователя по OpenSCAD/Первые шаги/Создание простейшей модели]] 86rql0cb6g8yiwqkxki3z5x8npqesfa 0 301482 4655902 4655863 2026-07-30T15:53:30Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Rejected the last 2 text changes (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-42153-10|~2026-42153-10]]) and restored revision 4627623 by ShakespeareFan00 4655902 wikitext text/x-wiki == text() == The <code>text</code> module creates text as a 2D geometric object, using fonts installed on the local system or provided as separate font file. {{requires|2015.03}} ===Parameters=== ; text : String. The text to generate. ; size : Number. In a western script, capital letters will be approximately this tall. Default is 10. Sets the em size of the font to 100/72 times the value specified. See '''em''' and the note on font sizes below. ; font : String. The name of the font that should be used. This is not the name of the font file, but the logical font name (internally handled by the fontconfig library). This can also include a style parameter, see below. A list of installed fonts & styles can be obtained using the font list dialog (Window -> Font List). The default is "Liberation Sans". ; direction: String. Direction of the text flow. Possible values are "ltr" (left-to-right), "rtl" (right-to-left), "ttb" (top-to-bottom) and "btt" (bottom-to-top). Default is "ltr". ; language: String. The language of the text (e.g., "en", "ar", "ch"). Default is "en". ; script: String. The script of the text (e.g., "latin", "arabic", "hani"). Default is "latin". ; halign : String. The horizontal alignment for the text. Possible values are "left", "center" and "right". Default is "left". ; valign : String. The vertical alignment for the text. Possible values are "top", "center", "baseline" and "bottom". Default is "baseline". ; spacing : Number. Factor to increase/decrease the character spacing. The default value of 1 results in the normal spacing for the font, giving a value greater than 1 causes the letters to be spaced further apart. ; em : Number. Specifies the size of an em-square. This is the conventional measurement used for font sizing; see the note on font sizing below. {{requires|Development snapshot}} ; $fn, $fs, and $fa: used for subdividing curved segments of the glyphs. '''Example''' [[File:OpenSCAD text() example.png|thumb|Example 1: Result.]] text("OpenSCAD"); === Alignment === ==== Vertical alignment ==== ; top : The text is aligned so the top of the tallest character in your text is at the given Y coordinate. ; center: The text is aligned with the center of the bounding box at the given Y coordinate. This bounding box is based on the actual sizes of the letters, so taller letters and descenders will affect the positioning. ; baseline: The text is aligned with the font baseline at the given Y coordinate. This is the default, and is the only option that makes ''different'' pieces of text align vertically, as if they were written on lined paper, regardless of character heights and descenders. ; bottom: The text is aligned so the bottom of the lowest-reaching character in your text is at the given Y coordinate. [[File:OpenSCAD text align vertical.png|thumb|OpenSCAD vertical text alignment]] text = "Align"; font = "Liberation Sans"; valign = [ [ 0, "top"], [ 40, "center"], [ 75, "baseline"], [110, "bottom"] ]; for (a = valign) { translate([10, 120 - a[0], 0]) { color("red") cube([135, 1, 0.1]); color("blue") cube([1, 20, 0.1]); linear_extrude(height = 0.5) { text(text = str(text,"_",a[1]), font = font, size = 20, valign = a[1]); } } } {{clear}} The <code>text()</code> module doesn't support multi-line text, but you can make a separate call for each line, using <code>translate()</code> to space them. A spacing of 1.4*'''size''' is the minimum required to prevent lines overlapping (if they include descenders). 1.6*'''size''' is approximately the default single-spacing in many word processing programs. To get evenly spaced lines, use "baseline" vertical alignment; otherwise, lines may be lower or higher depending on their contents. ==== Horizontal alignment ==== ; left : The text is aligned with the left side of the bounding box at the given X coordinate. This is the default. ; center : The text is aligned with the center of the bounding box at the given X coordinate. ; right : The text is aligned with the right of the bounding box at the given X coordinate. [[File:OpenSCAD text align horizontal.png|thumb|OpenSCAD horizontal text alignment]] text = "Align"; font = "Liberation Sans"; halign = [ [10, "left"], [50, "center"], [90, "right"] ]; for (a = halign) { translate([140, a[0], 0]) { color("red") cube([115, 2,0.1]); color("blue") cube([2, 20,0.1]); linear_extrude(height = 0.5) { text(text = str(text,"_",a[1]), font = font, size = 20, halign = a[1]); } } } === Using Fonts & Styles === Fonts are specified by their logical font name; in addition a style parameter can be added to select a specific font style like "'''bold'''" or "''italic''", such as: font="Liberation Sans:style=Bold Italic" The font list dialog (available under Window > Font List) shows the font name and the font style for each available font. For reference, the dialog also displays the location of the font file. You can drag a font in the font list into the editor window to use in the text() statement. [[File:OpenSCAD font list dialog.png|thumb|center|400px|OpenSCAD font list dialog]] OpenSCAD includes the fonts ''Liberation Mono'', ''Liberation Sans'', <!-- ''Liberation Sans Narrow'' isn't included --> and ''Liberation Serif''. Hence, as fonts in general differ by platform type, use of these included fonts is likely to be portable across platforms. For common/casual text usage, the specification of one of these fonts is <strong>recommended</strong> for this reason. Liberation Sans is the default font to encourage this. In addition to the installed fonts ( for windows only fonts installed as admin for all users ), it's possible to add project specific font files. Supported font file formats are [[:w:TrueType|TrueType]] Fonts (*.ttf) and [[:w:OpenType|OpenType]] Fonts (*.otf). The files need to be registered with use<>. use <ttf/paratype-serif/PTF55F.ttf> After the registration, the font is listed in the font list dialog, so in case logical name of a font is unknown, it can be looked up as it was registered. '''Example''' [[File:OpenSCAD text() font style example.png|thumb|Example 2: Result.]] square(10); translate([15, 15]) { text("OpenSCAD", font = "Liberation Sans"); } translate([15, 0]) { text("OpenSCAD", font = "Liberation Sans:style=Bold Italic"); } == Metrics == {{requires|Development snapshot}} === textmetrics() === The <code>textmetrics()</code> function accepts the same parameters as <code>text()</code>, and returns an [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/General#Objects|object]] describing how the text would be rendered. The returned object has these members: * '''position''': the position of the lower-left corner of the generated text. * '''size''': the size of the generated text. * '''ascent''': the amount that the text extends above the baseline. * '''descent''': the amount that the text extends below the baseline. * '''offset''': the origin of the text after aligning. Text typically starts slightly right of this point. * '''advance''': the "other end" of the text, the point at which additional text should be positioned, relative to "offset". Text generally ends slightly left of this point. s = "Hello, World!"; size = 20; font = "Liberation Serif"; tm = textmetrics(s, size=size, font=font); echo(tm); translate([0,0,1]) text("Hello, World!", size=size, font=font); color("black") translate(tm.position) square(tm.size); yields (reformatted for readability): [[File:OpenSCAD textmetrics.png|thumb|Using textmetrics() to draw a box around text]] ECHO: { position = [0.7936, -4.2752]; size = [149.306, 23.552]; ascent = 19.2768; descent = -4.2752; offset = [0, 0]; advance = [153.09, 0]; } === fontmetrics() === The <code>fontmetrics()</code> function accepts a font size and a font name, both optional, and returns an [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/General#Objects|object]] describing global characteristics of the font. '''Parameters''' ; size : Number, optional. The approximate height of capital letters, as described above for <code>text()</code>. ; font : String, optional. The name of the font, as described above. ; em: Number, optional. The font size, the size of the em-square, as described above. Note that omitting the size and/or font may be useful to get information about the default font. Returns an object: * '''nominal''': usual dimensions for a glyph: ** '''ascent''': height above the baseline ** '''descent''': depth below the baseline * '''max''': maximum dimensions for a glyph: ** '''ascent''': height above the baseline ** '''descent''': depth below the baseline * '''interline''': design distance from one baseline to the next * '''font''': identification information about the font: ** '''family''': the font family name ** '''style''': the style (Regular, Italic, et cetera) echo(fontmetrics(font="Liberation Serif")); yields (reformatted for readability): ECHO: { nominal = { ascent = 12.3766; descent = -3.0043; }; max = { ascent = 13.6312; descent = -4.2114; }; interline = 15.9709; font = { family = "Liberation Serif"; style = "Regular"; }; } == Notes == === Font sizing === ==== Parameters: size and em ==== '''size''' sets the size of the text in a convenient way: it sets, approximately, the height of a capital letter in a western script. '''em''' sets the size of the text in the industry-standard way: it sets the size of the [[w:Em_(typography)|em-square]]. If you try to precisely correlate either of these measurements to any particular dimension of the generated text, you are likely to be unsatisfied. '''size''' is based on a miscalculation that is now maintained for compatibility. By accident, the result is that '''size''' approximately sets the size of capital letters. Fonts vary and may be a different height, typically slightly smaller. '''em''' is the conventional way to specify font size. Its behavior - its relationship with other measurements - matches the behavior seen in other applications and typography conventions. However, because historically it specified the size of the block of metal used to print the text, it's considerably larger than most letters. The exact relationship between the nominal font size and the actual size of glyphs depends on the design of the font. For most western fonts, the height of capital letters is about 70% of the font size. '''textmetrics()''' can be used to measure the dimensions of any particular text; '''fontmetrics()''' will return general information about the font. You can use those results to scale when you need the actual text to be a particular size. ==== Units: points, millimeters, or...? ==== A common point of confusion is in the units used to specify font sizes. Conventional usage specifies font sizes in points, at 72 points per inch. This yields convenient numbers like 10 for typical text sizes, but there is nothing special about points; those sizes could equally be specified in inches, millimeters, or miles. OpenSCAD has no units. There may be units specified in exported file formats, or inferred by downstream tools, but OpenSCAD proper does not define how large a 10-unit cube is in physical units. Similarly, the size of text in OpenSCAD is specified in OpenSCAD units - which might be interpreted as millimeters or feet. If you use '''em''' to specify a font size of 10, you will typically get text where, as noted above, capital letters are about 7 units tall. It is common for users to interpret OpenSCAD units as millimeters. When interpreting OpenSCAD units as millimeters, if you want to specify text sizes in points you'll want to multiply the desired size in points by 25.4/72 to get the equivalent size in millimeters. === 3D text === [[File:Openscad Text 3dText.jpg|thumb|3D text example]] Text can be changed from a 2 dimensional object into a 3D object by using [[OpenSCAD User Manual/2D to 3D Extrusion#Linear_Extrude|linear_extrude]]. //3d Text Example linear_extrude(4) text("Text"); === Unicode === To allow specification of particular [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] characters, you can specify them in a string with the following escape codes; * <code>\x<em>03&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></code> - hex char-value (only hex values from <code>01</code> to <code>7f</code> are supported) * <code>\u<em>0123&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></code> - Unicode char with 4 hexadecimal digits (note: lowercase <code>\u</code>) * <code>\U<em>012345</em></code> - Unicode char with 6 hexadecimal digits (note: uppercase <code>\U</code>) The null character (NUL) is mapped to the space character (SP). assert(version() == [2019, 5, 0]); assert(ord(" ") == 32); assert(ord("\x00") == 32); assert(ord("\u0000") == 32); assert(ord("\U000000") == 32); '''Example''' t="\u20AC10 \u263A"; // 10 euro and a smiley === Font management === OpenSCAD uses fontconfig to find and manage fonts, so it's possible to list the system configured fonts on command line using the fontconfig tools in a format similar to the GUI dialog. <syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> $ fc-list -f "%-60{{%{family[0]}%{:style[0]=}}}%{file}\n" | sort ... Liberation Mono:style=Bold Italic /usr/share/fonts/truetype/liberation2/LiberationMono-BoldItalic.ttf Liberation Mono:style=Bold /usr/share/fonts/truetype/liberation2/LiberationMono-Bold.ttf Liberation Mono:style=Italic /usr/share/fonts/truetype/liberation2/LiberationMono-Italic.ttf Liberation Mono:style=Regular /usr/share/fonts/truetype/liberation2/LiberationMono-Regular.ttf ... </syntaxhighlight> Under Windows, fonts are stored in the Windows Registry. To get a file with the font file names, use the command: <code>reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Fonts" /s > List_Fonts_Windows.txt</code> {{BookCat}} fdwqqs7nxkoz99dyibphepei8gn5zl8 1 305573 4655899 4655856 2026-07-30T15:24:19Z Codename Noreste 3441010 reply to ~2026-42205-87: I've restored the last good version. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4655899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Compiling''' The book text currently says " ... compiled and rendered by pressing F6 ...". On my system (OpenSCAD 2014.01.29 running on Ubuntu 14) the compile command is F5. F6 is shown on the menu for 'compile and render' but does not do anything. [[User:Tim Douglason|Tim Douglason]] ([[User talk:Tim Douglason|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tim Douglason|contribs]]) 13:03, 27 October 2014 (UTC) '''Vandalism?''' Looked like someone inserted totally irrelevant code into the page. It probably needed to be reverted but I just corrected it. [[User:Richy T|Richy T]] ([[User talk:Richy T|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Richy T|contribs]]) 00:48, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :It seems like the page has been vandalized again [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42205-87|&#126;2026-42205-87]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42205-87|talk]]) 20:58, 29 July 2026 (UTC) :: I've restored the last good version. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:24, 30 July 2026 (UTC) kcnjc7agw5tp2qmofhntn5agmi23apr 4655901 4655899 2026-07-30T15:27:06Z Codename Noreste 3441010 edit reply to ~2026-42205-87 ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4655901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Compiling''' The book text currently says " ... compiled and rendered by pressing F6 ...". On my system (OpenSCAD 2014.01.29 running on Ubuntu 14) the compile command is F5. F6 is shown on the menu for 'compile and render' but does not do anything. [[User:Tim Douglason|Tim Douglason]] ([[User talk:Tim Douglason|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tim Douglason|contribs]]) 13:03, 27 October 2014 (UTC) '''Vandalism?''' Looked like someone inserted totally irrelevant code into the page. It probably needed to be reverted but I just corrected it. [[User:Richy T|Richy T]] ([[User talk:Richy T|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Richy T|contribs]]) 00:48, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :It seems like the page has been vandalized again [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42205-87|&#126;2026-42205-87]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42205-87|talk]]) 20:58, 29 July 2026 (UTC) :: I've restored the last good version and have protected it for 3 months. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:24, 30 July 2026 (UTC) q9eylkby7wjo6d74wfa7ipwaoub3f89 0 362477 4655923 4654890 2026-07-30T20:45:40Z Greenman 7490 /* Theory table */ sp 4655923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Van der Wiel Attack }} =4... e6 · Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation, Van Der Wiel Attack= This is one of the most followed continuations of the Caro–Kann Defence: Advanced Variation. The best followup is 5. g4, questioning Black's bishop on the f5-square. ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=5. g4 |eval1= }} {{Wikipedia|Caro–Kann Defence}} {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} f98qvgwxv3l46rb2wp4qbc6yg18fdsu 4655926 4655923 2026-07-30T20:54:05Z Greenman 7490 MOS 4655926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Van der Wiel Attack }} =4...e6 · Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation, Van Der Wiel Attack= This is one of the most followed continuations of the Caro–Kann Defence: Advanced Variation. The best followup is 5. g4, questioning Black's bishop on the f5-square. ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=5. g4 |eval1= }} {{Wikipedia|Caro–Kann Defence}} {{ChessMid}} {{ChessFooter}} kt0c952szz25v1k9dvzihl9b4kah5dk 0 411554 4655944 4654563 2026-07-31T07:57:40Z ~2026-42399-92 3618207 Undoing an odd edit that seems to have been made by accident by someone 4655944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nav}} == Rotationally extruding 3D objects from 2D objects == So far you have been creating a lot of models and customizing your car designs while developing solid parametric modelling skills and exploring different features of OpenSCAD. It’s quite impressive when you consider that every model you have created so far makes use of just three primitives: the sphere, the cube and the cylinder. By combining these primitives with the transformation commands you can create a plethora of models, but there are still models that can’t be created by using these primitives alone. One such example is the following wheel design. [[File:Rounded wheel.jpg|680px]] The above wheel design requires the creation of an object that looks like a donut. [[File:Donut shaped object.jpg|680px]] This donut shaped object can’t be created with the use of the sphere, cube and cylinder primitives. Instead it requires the use of 2D primitives and a new command which can create 3D shapes from 2D profiles. Specifically, the donut can be created by first defining a circular 2D profile using the circle primitive and then rotationally extruding this profile using the rotate_extrude command. <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid Gold;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: Gold;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''circular_profile.scad'' <pre> $fa = 1; $fs = 0.4; wheel_radius = 12; tyre_diameter = 6; translate([wheel_radius - tyre_diameter/2, 0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter);</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Circular profile.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid Gold;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: Gold;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''extruded_donut.scad'' <pre> $fa = 1; $fs = 0.4; wheel_radius = 12; tyre_diameter = 6; rotate_extrude(angle=360) { translate([wheel_radius - tyre_diameter/2, 0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter); }</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Extruded donut.jpg|680px]] There are a few things you should notice about the 2D profile that you have created. In this case, the 2D profile is created using the circle command, and the diameter is set equal to the tyre_diameter variable. This was done because the donut-shaped object will correspond to the tyre of the wheel. Later on, you may discover other 2D primitives like the square command. Any 2D profiles you plan to extrude should be created on the X-Y plane, and typically in the region where X is positive. Defined mathematically, 2D profiles usually reside where X ≥ 0, and Z = 0. Also, 2D profiles always have zero thickness. This means that 2D profiles are never used directly as a part of the model, but are instead used in conjunction with the rotate_extrude and linear_extrude commands to define 3D objects. You should notice a few things about the use of the rotate_extrude command as well. The rotate extrude command is used to create 3D objects, and always requires a 2D profile as an input. The commands that create the desired 2D profile need to be placed inside the pair of curly brackets that follows the rotate_extrude command. The 3D object that is created by the rotate_extrude command is the result of rotating the 2D profile around the Y axis. The resulting 3D object is then placed so that its axis of rotation lies along the Z-axis. This quirk can take some getting used to at first, so it may help to review the process one step at a time. First, the rotate_extrude command takes a 2D profile as an input. [[File:Circular profile.jpg|680px]] Then it creates a 3D object which is the result of rotating the supplied 2D profile around the Y axis. [[File:Intermediate extrusion.jpg|680px]] Finally, it places the 3D model as if it were rotated by 90 degrees around the X axis. The result is that the Y axis which the model was revolved around has been rotated up to align with the Z axis. [[File:Extruded donut.jpg|680px]] The rotate_extrude command has one input parameter named angle. The angle parameter is used to define how many degrees the 2D profile will be rotated around the Y axis. In this case the angle parameter is set equal to 360 degrees which corresponds to a full circle. Setting the angle parameter equal to 60 degrees would create the following model. [[File:Extruded donut 60 degrees.jpg|680px]] While setting it equal to 270 degrees would create the following one. And so forth. [[File:Extruded donut 270 degrees.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: DodgerBlue;">Exercise</caption> <tr> <td>Complete the new wheel design by defining the missing cylinder object. The height of the cylinder should be equal to the value of a wheel_width variable, while the radius of the cylinder should be equal to wheel_radius - tyre_diameter/2. The cylinder should be centred on the origin.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''rounded_wheel_horizontal.scad'' <pre> $fa = 1; $fs = 0.4; wheel_radius = 12; wheel_width = 4; tyre_diameter = 6; rotate_extrude(angle=360) { translate([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter); } cylinder(h=wheel_width, r=wheel_radius - tyre_diameter/2, center=true);</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Rounded wheel horizontal.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: DodgerBlue;">Exercise</caption> <tr> <td>To make this wheel compatible with the models from the previous chapters rotate it by 90 degrees around the X axis. Turn this wheel design into a module named rounded_simple_wheel and add it on your vehicle_parts.scad script for later use.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> <pre> … module rounded_simple_wheel(wheel_radius=12, wheel_width=4, tyre_diameter=6) { rotate([90,0,0]) { rotate_extrude(angle=360) { translate([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter); } cylinder(h=wheel_width, r=wheel_radius - tyre_diameter/2, center=true); } } …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Rounded wheel.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: DodgerBlue;">Exercise</caption> <tr> <td>The above wheel is an axisymmetric object, which means it exhibits symmetry around an axis. Specifically, the axis of symmetry is the axis around which the 2D profile was rotated to form the 3D object. When an object is axisymmetric it can be created with just one rotate_extrude command as long as the appropriate 2D profile is supplied. This is not the case with the above wheel design as the center part was added with a cylinder command separate from the rotational extrusion. Remove the cylinder command from the above module and make appropriate additions on the supplied 2D profile so that the whole wheel is created by the rotate_extrude command.</td> </tr> </table> [[File:Complete profile.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> <pre> … translate([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter); translate([0,-wheel_width/2]) square([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,wheel_width]); …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Rounded wheel.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> <pre> … module rounded_simple_wheel(wheel_radius=12, wheel_width=4, tyre_diameter=6) { rotate([90,0,0]) { rotate_extrude(angle=360) { translate([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter); translate([0,-wheel_width/2]) square([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,wheel_width]); } } } …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> You should remember that axisymmetric objects can be completely created out of a rotate_extrude command. The previous wheel design is a concrete example of this. Whether you decide to create an axisymmetric object by supplying the 2D profile of the whole object and by using a single rotate_extrude or by using a rotate_extrude command only for its parts that can’t be created in any other way, depends on each case and is up to you. If you wanted for example to further modularize your wheel designs and separate them into combinable tire and rim modules, you would inevitably need to create the donut-shaped tire using a rotate_extrude command. Since in this case the rim of the wheel would be a separate module without a rotate_extrude command already present in it, the simplest and most straight forward way to create it would be by using a cylinder command. ==Challenge== It’s time to put your new knowledge into practice to create a rim for a mini robot car project. <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: DodgerBlue;">Exercise</caption> <tr> <td>Extend the rounded_simple_wheel module, so that the wheel design has a hole on its hub that can be used for mounting it on an axle. To do so you would need to subtract a cylinder from the existing model using a difference command. The diameter of the hole should be equal to a new module input parameter named axle_diameter. The default value of this parameter should be 3 units. By the way in which you define the height of the cylinder you should guarantee that the cylinder is always a bit longer than the width of the wheel to avoid any errors when using the difference command. After saving the modified module you should use it to create a version a wheel with wheel_radius, wheel_width, tire_diameter and axle_diameter of 20, 6, 4 and 5 units respectively.</td> </tr> </table> [[File:Robot wheel.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''robot_wheel.scad'' <pre> … module rounded_simple_wheel(wheel_radius=12, wheel_width=4, tyre_diameter=6, axle_diameter=3) { difference() { // wheel rotate([90,0,0]) { rotate_extrude(angle=360) { translate([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter); translate([0,-wheel_width/2]) square([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,wheel_width]); } } // axle hole rotate([90,0,0]) cylinder(h=wheel_width+1,r=axle_diameter/2,center=true); } } …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> <pre> … rounded_simple_wheel(wheel_radius=20, wheel_width=6, tyre_diameter=4, axle_diameter=5); …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> This wheel design looks about right for a mini robot car application, but you could do something to give more traction to your robot. Instead of 3D printing the whole wheel, you could just 3D print the rim and then add an O-ring or rubber band as the tire for more traction. The resulting wheel would look like the following image, where the O-ring or rubber band is represented by the blue color. [[File:Robot wheel with blue tyre.jpg|680px]] The corresponding rim that you would have to 3D print in this case is the following. [[File:Robot rim.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: DodgerBlue;">Exercise</caption> <tr> <td>Using the rounded_simple_wheel module as a guide, create a new module named robot_rim. The robot_rim module should have the same input parameters as the rounded_simple_wheel module. Add all necessary commands to the robot_rim module so that it creates the above rim design. There are two ways in which you can do this. *The first way is to subtract the circle that corresponds to the tire from the square that corresponds to the rim in the definition of the design’s 2D profile inside the rotate_extrude command and then to additionally subtract the axle’s cylinder from the resulting 3D object to get the final rim design. *The second way is to subtract a donut-shaped object that corresponds to the tire and the cylinder that corresponds to the axle hole from the larger cylinder that corresponds to the rim. Remember, while there is some conventional wisdom surrounding good design practices, there is no objectively right or wrong choice. In practice you would most likely go with the option that first came to mind or that made the most sense to you. For the sake of this exercise, consider trying it both ways to see which approach you like the most.</td> </tr> </table> *First approach <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''robot_rim_from_profile_difference.scad'' <pre> … module rounded_simple_wheel(wheel_radius=12, wheel_width=4, tyre_diameter=6, axle_diameter=3) { rotate([90,0,0])difference() { // resulting rim rotate_extrude(angle=360) { difference() { // cylindrical rim profile translate([0,-wheel_width/2]) square([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,wheel_width]); // tire profile translate([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter); } } // axle hole cylinder(h=wheel_width+1,r=axle_diameter/2,center=true); } } …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Robot rim from profile difference.jpg|680px]] *Second approach <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''robot_rim_from_3d_object_difference.scad'' <pre> … module rounded_simple_wheel(wheel_radius=12, wheel_width=4, tyre_diameter=6, axle_diameter=3) { rotate([90,0,0]) difference() { // cylindrical rim cylinder(h=wheel_width,r=wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,center=true); // tire rotate_extrude(angle=360) { translate([wheel_radius-tyre_diameter/2,0]) circle(d=tyre_diameter); } // axle hole cylinder(h=wheel_width+1,r=axle_diameter/2,center=true); } } …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Robot rim from 3d object difference.jpg|680px]] Often, it's helpful to consider the manufacturing process that will be used in an object's creation when designing a new part. Usually, this consideration promotes designs that accommodate the manufacturing method at hand, but it can guide your modeling process as well. For example, consider a scenario where instead of using additive manufacturing like 3D printing to manufacture this robot wheel, you used subtractive manufacturing like lathe or a mill. In this case you might opt to use the second approach, since it would more closely replicate the manufacturing process at hand, and could give you a better estimate of how many steps the final manufacturing process might take. ==Linearly extruding 3D objects from 2D objects== As briefly mentioned, there is another OpenSCAD command that can be used to create 3D objects from supplied 2D profiles. This is the linear_extrude command. In contrast to the rotate_extrude command, linear_extrude creates a 3D object by extending along the Z axis a 2D profile that lies on the XY plane. Similar to the rotate_extrude command, linear_extrude can be used when the 3D object you want to create can’t be directly created by combining available 3D primitives. One such example is the following. [[File:Extruded ellipse.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid Gold;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: Gold;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''extruded_ellipse.scad'' <pre> $fa = 1; $fs = 0.4; linear_extrude(height=50) scale([2,1,1]) circle(d=10);</pre> </td> </tr> </table> The above object is a tube that has the following profile. [[File:Ellipse profile.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid Gold;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: Gold;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''ellipse_profile.scad'' <pre> $fa = 1; $fs = 0.4; scale([2,1,1]) circle(d=10);</pre> </td> </tr> </table> There are a few points you should notice regarding the use of linear_extrude. The syntax of linear_extrude is similar to the syntax of the rotate_extrude command. The commands that create the 2D profile that will be extruded along the Z axis need to be placed inside a pair of curly brackets that follows the linear_extrude command. The parameter height is used to define how many units along the Z axis the 2D profile is going to be extruded. By default, the 2D profile is extruded along the positive direction of the Z axis by an amount of units equal to the value assigned to the height parameter. By passing an additional parameter named center and setting it equal to true, the 2D profile is extruded along both directions of the Z axis. The total length of the resulting object will still be equal to the height parameter. <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid Gold;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: Gold;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''centered_extrusion.scad'' <pre> … linear_extrude(height=50,center=true) scale([2,1,1]) circle(d=10); …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Centered extrusion.jpg|680px]] An additional parameter named twist can also be used to twist the resulting 3D object around the Z axis by the specified angle. <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid Gold;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: Gold;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''extrusion_with_twist.scad'' <pre> … linear_extrude(height=50,center=true,twist=120) scale([2,1,1]) circle(d=10); …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Extrusion with twist.jpg|680px]] Finally, another parameter named scale can be used to scale one end of the resulting 3D by the specified scaling factor. <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid Gold;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: Gold;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''extrusion_with_twist_and_scale.scad'' <pre> … linear_extrude(height=50,center=true,twist=120,scale=1.5) scale([2,1,1]) circle(d=10); …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> [[File:Extrusion with twist and scale.jpg|680px]] It should be pretty clear by now how the rotate_extrude and linear_extrude commands give you the ability to create objects that wouldn’t be possible by directly combining the available 3D primitives. You can use these commands to create more abstract and artistic designs but let’s see how you could use the linear_extrude command to create a new car body. <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: DodgerBlue;">Exercise</caption> <tr> <td>Use the linear_extrude command similar to the above examples in order to create the following car body. You should create a new module named extruded_car_body. The module should have a length, rear_height, rear_width and scaling_factor input parameter. The default values of the parameters should be 80, 20, 25 and 0.5 units respectively. The length and scaling factor parameters of the module will be used in the call to linear_extrude command to set the values of its height and scale parameters. The supplied 2D profile should be a circle that has been resized according to the rear_height and rear_width parameters.</td> </tr> </table> [[File:Extruded car body.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''extruded_car_body.scad'' <pre> module rounded_car_body(length=80, rear_height=20, rear_width=25, scaling_factor=0.5) { rotate([0,-90,0]) linear_extrude(height=length,center=true,scale=scaling_factor) resize([rear_height,rear_width]) circle(d=rear_height); }</pre> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: DodgerBlue;">Exercise</caption> <tr> <td>Extend the previous module by adding a boolean input parameter named rounded. The default value of the parameter should be false. If the rounded parameter is set to true, then two additional objects should be created at the front and rear of the body in order to make in rounded as in the following image. These two objects are spheres that have been resized and scaled. Try figuring out an appropriate way to resize and scale the sphere to achieve a result similar to the image below.</td> </tr> </table> [[File:Rounded extruded car body.jpg|680px]] <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 2px solid MediumSeaGreen;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: MediumSeaGreen;">Code</caption> <tr> <td> ''rounded_extruded_car_body.scad'' <pre> … module rounded_car_body(length=80, rear_height=20, rear_width=25, scaling_factor=0.5, rounded=false) { // center part rotate([0,-90,0]) linear_extrude(height=length,center=true,scale=scaling_factor) resize([rear_height,rear_width]) circle(d=rear_height); if (rounded) { // rear part translate([length/2,0,0]) resize([rear_height,rear_width,rear_height]) sphere(d=rear_height); // front part translate([-length/2,0,0]) scale(scaling_factor) resize([rear_height,rear_width,rear_height]) sphere(d=rear_height); } } …</pre> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;"> <caption style="text-align: left; color: DodgerBlue;">Exercise</caption> <tr> <td>Use the new rounded body in any car design that you like.</td> </tr> </table> [[File:Car with rounded extruded body.jpg|680px]] As mentioned, the rotate_extrude and linear_extrude commands can also be used to create more abstract objects. When the supplied 2D profile is created using the available circle and square 2D primitives and when the twist and scale parameters of the linear_extrude command are not utilized, then the resulting 3D object could also be directly created using the available 3D primitives. What really makes the use of these commands much more powerful is the ability to create any 2D profile that is not a combination of circles and squares but rather an arbitrary shape. This ability is available through the use of the polygon 2D primitive which you are going to learn about in the next chapter. {{BookCat}} 47bv4bgyg6a1n3gd9h28ksfa712uhy6 0 452715 4655912 4519604 2026-07-30T20:34:06Z Greenman 7490 no need 4655912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov Attack|}} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3. exd5 === == Theory Table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5''' {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" ! ! align="left" |3 ! align="left" |4 |- ! align="right" |Accelerated Panov Attack |exd5<br />[[/3...cxd5|cxd5]] | |- ! align="right" |Pseudo-Scandinavian |exd5<br />[[/3...Qxd5|Qxd5??]] | |} {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} abi51jhdsv6c1cw6yow7tv616uolkzg 4655914 4655912 2026-07-30T20:38:27Z Greenman 7490 /* Theory Table */ template 4655914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov Attack|}} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3. exd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=3... cxd5 |eval1= |name2= |line2=3... Qxd5?? |eval2= }} {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 4spup9okjg5f5gxt90b0tfpos24nlwu 4655918 4655914 2026-07-30T20:41:04Z Greenman 7490 concise 4655918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3. exd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=3... cxd5 |eval1= |name2= |line2=3... Qxd5?? |eval2= }} {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} kvabax1s23pds2kj0o3rysx4lswfpdc 0 452716 4655913 4243851 2026-07-30T20:35:05Z Greenman 7490 ce 4655913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov| }} =Accelerated Panov Attack= ===3...cxd5=== ==Theory Table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Accelerated Panov Attack</th> <td>...<br>cxd5</td> <td>[[/4. cxd5|cxd5]]</td> </tr></table> {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} q0rvjx8afhwq7q055iyqzhnkpv8ghc0 4655915 4655913 2026-07-30T20:40:00Z Greenman 7490 /* Theory Table */ template 4655915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov| }} =Accelerated Panov Attack= ===3...cxd5=== ==Theory Table== {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=4. cxd5 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} f8ldou4nhhic02pqqx0lvp8e3pc8dxq 0 452854 4655907 4246442 2026-07-30T20:23:13Z Greenman 7490 No need 4655907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= }} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3. cxd5 === == Theory Table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5''' {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" ! ! align="left" |3 |- ! align="right" |Accelerated Panov Attack |cxd5<nowiki/> [[/3...cxd5|cxd5]]<nowiki/> |} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} axgjr31xbtviszw5wjgchf06a0i6wyk 4655909 4655907 2026-07-30T20:30:16Z Greenman 7490 /* Theory Table */ template 4655909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= }} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3. cxd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=3... cxd5 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} jcxl8x62c70fi3onunie5p8cgjzcusn 4655916 4655909 2026-07-30T20:40:27Z Greenman 7490 /* Theory Table */ sp 4655916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= }} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3. cxd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=3... cxd5 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 4gkx4a9xcb6tsvaxax9x5g5ljyxh4qw 4655919 4655916 2026-07-30T20:41:58Z Greenman 7490 title 4655919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3. cxd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=3... cxd5 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} fol1fog7n6wt1rxlhxjuf7pt782gywi 0 452871 4655922 4583730 2026-07-30T20:45:07Z Greenman 7490 No need 4655922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 4…Nf6 === The idea of the move Nf6 is to put another attacker on the d5 pawn, that way, white could not save the pawn and gain a tempo by attacking the queen. == Theory Table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5''' {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="0" ! ! align="left" |4 |- ! align="right" |Modern Variation |[[4/...Nf6|Nf6]] ... |} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 6kpjea03ub8nhn7pvdub9dufrzcvkgc 4655924 4655922 2026-07-30T20:48:12Z Greenman 7490 /* Theory Table */ . 4655924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 4…Nf6 === The idea of the move Nf6 is to put another attacker on the d5 pawn, that way, white could not save the pawn and gain a tempo by attacking the queen. == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=5. Nc3 |eval1= |name2= |line2=5. Bb5+ |eval2= |name3= |line3=5. Qa4+ |eval3= |name4= |line4=5. Nf3 |eval4= |name5= |line5=5. d4 |eval5= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 11ob789ot6wvhxa6bfubwbuilnitoes 4655925 4655924 2026-07-30T20:53:33Z Greenman 7490 /* Accelerated Panov Attack */ expand 4655925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 4...Nf6 === 4...Nf6 puts another attacker on the d5 pawn. Here, the main line is 5. Nc3, but White can also play the tricky 5. Bb5+ or 5. Qa4+, which give the unprepared Black player a chance to go wrong quickly. == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=5. Nc3 |eval1= |name2= |line2=5. Bb5+ |eval2= |name3= |line3=5. Qa4+ |eval3= |name4= |line4=5. Nf3 |eval4= |name5= |line5=5. d4 |eval5= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 5zf58usrt2oaj539fbi4qbxlc3g8wmi 4655927 4655925 2026-07-30T20:54:47Z Greenman 7490 /* Accelerated Panov Attack */ MOS 4655927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = 4...Nf6 · Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov Attack = 4...Nf6 puts another attacker on the d5 pawn. Here, the main line is 5. Nc3, but White can also play the tricky 5. Bb5+ or 5. Qa4+, which give the unprepared Black player a chance to go wrong quickly. == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=5. Nc3 |eval1= |name2= |line2=5. Bb5+ |eval2= |name3= |line3=5. Qa4+ |eval3= |name4= |line4=5. Nf3 |eval4= |name5= |line5=5. d4 |eval5= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} s1uzgw9kttibot4ygimut8m5jpx1c4k 3 461506 4655905 4641398 2026-07-30T19:48:24Z MediaWiki message delivery 1188004 /* This Month in Education: July 2026 */ new section 4655905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Counter-Vandalism Unit Members]] {{User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ/ꠝꠣꠔ ꠇꠕꠣ}} == Sourcing == Hello and thanks for your recent contributions! I'd just like to note that there are some pages in [[Sylheti]] that don't have any sourcing, despite being about historical/cultural information. Since there are a variety of ways you can add references (e.g. inline citations, reference list at the bottom of the page, etc), I'd like to encourage you to establish a reference style guide for this book to make things easier, and then use that reference method on pages where it applies. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 18 September 2023 (UTC) :Hello! Thank you for your message and for pointing it out. I'll work on creating a reference method and start adding sources to pages where it's needed. Cheers! — [[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|contribs]]) 07:27, 19 September 2023 (UTC) == Cookbook notes == Hello and thanks for your cookbook contributions! A couple notes: * When adding fractions, please use the symbol (e.g. ½ not 1/2). You can find these in the editor. * Please make sure you are linking to the correct pages when they exist. For example, [[Cookbook:Sweet potatoes]] does not exist but [[Cookbook:Sweet Potato]] is correct. [[Cookbook:Chicken bouillon]] does not exist, but [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth]] is correct. Paying attention to capitalization and plurals is often important here. * Make sure to only capitalize improper nouns at the beginning of a sentence of line, not in the middle. You can see the edits I've made to your recipes as guidance. * Be mindful of where you put an instruction when listing an ingredient. For example "1 cup coconut, grated" is not the same as "1 cup grated coconut". Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 4 October 2023 (UTC) : Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], thank you for the feedback and the guidelines for cookbook contributions. I'll make sure to follow these points in my future contributions. If I have any questions, I'll reach out. Thanks again for your help! --[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|contribs]]) 21:18, 4 October 2023 (UTC) == This Month in Education: September 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 05:01, 10 October 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25700976 --> == This Month in Education: October 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:34, 8 November 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25784366 --> == This Month in Education: November 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 08:24, 14 December 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25919737 --> == This Month in Education: January 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:02, 10 February 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26091771 --> == This Month in Education: February 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:38, 20 March 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26310117 --> == This Month in Education: March 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:28, 28 April 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26659969 --> == This Month in Education: April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]</div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:20, 14 May 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26698909 --> == This Month in Education: May 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:30, 15 June 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26854161 --> == This Month in Education: June 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:58, 9 July 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27085892 --> == This Month in Education: August 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:22, 11 September 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27310254 --> == This Month in Education: October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:57, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27733413 --> == This Month in Education: November 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:13, 10 December 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27879342 --> == This Month in Education: January 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 1 • January 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey|Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education|Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran|Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra|Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey |Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania|Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia|Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia|Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil|Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:56, 5 February 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28111205 --> == This Month in Education: February 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 2 • February 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute|Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs|Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen|Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica |Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles|Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar|Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 09:04, 12 March 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28314249 --> == This Month in Education: March 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 3 • March 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia|A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia|Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania|Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme|Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March|Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:04, 10 April 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28458563 --> == This Month in Education: April 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 4 • April 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia|Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil|The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools|EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja|Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues |Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania|Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza|Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:49, 10 May 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28656387 --> == This Month in Education: May 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 5 • May 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania|Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania|Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May|Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program|Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop|Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia |The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje|Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:58, 28 May 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28771448 --> == This Month in Education: June 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:19, 27 June 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28903832 --> == This Month in Education: July 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:01, 1 August 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29005310 --> == This Month in Education: August 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:16, 2 September 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29205629 --> == This Month in Education: September 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:10, 2 October 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29344785 --> == This Month in Education: October 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA & Amman Arab University|JDACA & Amman Arab University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:05, 2 November 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29511272 --> == This Month in Education: November 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:47, 30 November 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29716809 --> == This Month in Education: December 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:22, 17 December 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29814101 --> == This Month in Education: January 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto "25x25" llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:26, 28 January 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29951116 --> == This Month in Education: February 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:56, 3 March 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30155806 --> == This Month in Education: March 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:21, 1 April 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30317659 --> == This Month in Education: April 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:01, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30406002 --> == This Month in Education: May 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 5 • May 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities|Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania|Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Debating free license in Brazil|Debating free license in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India|Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects|Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges|Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem|Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria|Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia MKD's Education News & Activities|Wikimedia MKD's Education News & Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year|Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:53, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30604297 --> == This Month in Education: June 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 6 • June 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement|Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026|Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries|Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education|Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite|Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo|Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives|Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana|Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/"25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia" in Córdoba, Argentina|"25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia" in Córdoba, Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities|Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026|Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program|From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter|EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography|Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes|Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda|Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 04:16, 28 June 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30725833 --> == This Month in Education: July 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 7 • July 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Practical Wikipedia Training for Teachers Held in Tetovo, Macedonia|Practical Wikipedia Training for Teachers Held in Tetovo, Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Wikimedia Ukraine at the Teachers of the Future Festival|Wikimedia Ukraine at the Teachers of the Future Festival]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Six Months of Growth, Learning, and Impact: My Journey as an EduWiki Mentor|Six Months of Growth, Learning, and Impact: My Journey as an EduWiki Mentor]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/PhilWiki Community pays homage to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry at Wikimania Paris 2026|PhilWiki Community pays homage to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry at Wikimania Paris 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Google25 Expands Tamil Wikipedia Community|Google25 Expands Tamil Wikipedia Community]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Edu Wiki camp gathers Serbian youth around the topic of open knowledge|Edu Wiki camp gathers Serbian youth around the topic of open knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Cátedra Glaciares: A Collaborative Experience for the Study and Conservation of Colombia’s Cryosphere|Cátedra Glaciares: A Collaborative Experience for the Study and Conservation of Colombia’s Cryosphere]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Continuing Wiki education partnerships in Brazil|Continuing Wiki education partnerships in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Building EduWiki in Albania: From school outreach to student contributions in Wikimedia projects|Building EduWiki in Albania: From school outreach to student contributions in Wikimedia projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/1Lib1Ref WUGN Kaduna, 2026|1Lib1Ref WUGN Kaduna, 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/We create the first master class on access to knowledge and open technology in collaboration with National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM|We create the first master class on access to knowledge and open technology in collaboration with National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 19:48, 30 July 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30838310 --> 0ghn4fmt1sfx5m11u8bdhbmoyjz6lwk 2 471107 4655945 4655727 2026-07-31T10:49:13Z JJPMaster (bot) 3488561 Bot: Updating markAdmins data 4655945 json application/json { ".snoopy.": [ "global-rollbacker", "editor" ], 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Its goal is to create local, resilient, regenerative, and ethical economic systems. :''Here, in [[Perma|Open Book of Permaculture]] you can share your knowledge - proven ideas and practical insights to help develop a manual on this topic.'' == Alternative Trading Systems == * [[Perma/ECON/LETS|Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS)]] :: Community-based systems where members use local currency units (e.g., "bobbins" or "nuts") to exchange goods and services. * [[Perma/ECON/Favor Banks|Favor Banks]] :: Community exchange tools based on favors and mutual aid, rather than traditional money. * [[Perma/ECON/WWOOF|WWOOFing (Volunteering on Organic Farms)]] :: A volunteer labor exchange program where participants receive accommodation, food, and training in organic farms in return for their work. == Producer and Sales Strategies == * [[Perma/ECON/CSA|Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)]] :: Consumers purchase a share of a farm's harvest, receiving seasonal produce directly from the producer. * [[Perma/GAZD/Box Schemes|Box Schemes]] :: Customers buy a box of seasonal produce at a fixed price, directly from the producer. * [[Perma/ECON/Market Gardening|Intensive Market Gardening]] :: Small-scale, targeted production that enables high yields and year-round sales directly to consumers. * [[Perma/ECON/Short Local Supply Chains|Short Local Supply Chains]] :: Minimizing intermediary steps between producer and consumer to keep goods local. * [[Perma/ECON/Employee owned businesses]] :: Employee ownership requires employees to own a significant and meaningful stake in their company. == Financial and Economic Tools == * [[Perma/ECON/Community Currency|Community Currency]] :: Currencies designed to circulate only within a specific geographic area, boosting local economic activity. * [[Perma/ECON/Ethical Banks and Investments|Ethical Banks and Investments]] :: Financial institutions that consider environmental and social impacts (ESG criteria) in their investment decisions. * [[Perma/ECON/Tradeable Energy Quotas|Tradeable Energy Quotas]] :: Government systems that allocate carbon emission allowances to limit global emissions. * [[Perma/ECON/SAFA Agricultural Assessment|SAFA Agricultural Assessment]] :: A framework developed by the FAO (UN Food and Agriculture Organization) to measure the sustainability of agricultural systems across four dimensions: Environment, Society, Economy, and Governance. * [[Perma/ECON/Life Cycle Cost Analysis|Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCA)]] :: Analysis of the costs and impacts (e.g., environmental footprint) of a product or service throughout its entire life cycle. * [[Perma/ECON/Open Access Resources|Open Access Resources]] :: Free online information resources (e.g., scientific articles, plans) that facilitate knowledge sharing without financial barriers. **'''[[Perma/TECH/Ope Source Ecology|Open Source Ecology]]''' organization g0h2bta9rqo8a4mniruf3pcmnxbayin 0 483503 4655904 4655858 2026-07-30T17:04:21Z LodestarChariot2 3138880 /* Open Source */ 4655904 wikitext text/x-wiki == Open Access == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Kember, Sarah, and Amy Brand. 2023. “The Corporate Capture of Open-Access Publishing.” ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', August 16. https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-corporate-capture-of-open-access-publishing. ''' </div> Kember and Brand highlight that open access policies adopted to increase availability of publicly funded research “may unintentionally contribute to greater consolidation in academic publishing” by encouraging commercial publishers to “value quantity over quality and platforms over people.” Kember and Brand use the history of “corporate capture” as a guide, referencing the development of self-archiving practices into a “neoliberal framework” of “openness at any cost.” Open-access reforms which targeted academic publishing as a “monolithic… bad actor” enabled this by hurting small actors more than major commercial entities, which exploited their vulnerability. Since then, the largest publishers have initiated hybrid subscription models to charge more overall, or “Read-and-Publish” deals that are increasingly expensive, decimate shrinking library budgets, and reinforce inequities in authorship. Kember and Brand argue this process was driven by ignorance, error, and the ideology of “immediate interest,” where short term gains are prioritized. The neoliberal idea that “information wants to be free” is similarly “subjugating all values to those of the market,” as open-access policy “inherits a utopia and risks delivering a dystopia” by making vast amounts of linked data readily accessible to third parties. The answer lies in a network of non-profit, fair-profit, and international organizations, which could turn the “false promise of openness into truly public knowledge.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Luth, Eric. 2025. “The Use of Wikipedia, Wikimedia, and Open Access Content for Artificial Intelligence and Text and Data Mining.” ''Stockholm IP Law Review'' 6 (1): 109–138. https://doi.org/10.53292/33313cc8.be33e111<nowiki/>.''' </div> Luth examines how Digital Commons stakeholders such as Wikimedia influence the development of AI models trained on Creative Commons (CC) licensed content. He argues that while these resources are essential for AI training, AI developers’ compliance with license conditions is often uncertain, and some AI developers may bypass legal requirements. Luth highlights two strategies: using CC licenses to protect shared knowledge and collaborating to sustain the ecosystem of open access. By combining these approaches, stakeholders can support high-quality AI outputs while preserving the integrity of the Digital Commons. The article emphasizes that AI’s reliance on shared resources carries ethical and practical responsibilities and shows how open licensing can enhance the reliability and social value of AI. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Pooley, Jefferson. 2024. "Large Language Publishing: The Scholarly Publishing Oligopoly's Bet on AI." ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 7 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18357/kula.291<nowiki/>.''' </div> Pooley begins with the Microsoft–OpenAI vs. New York Times clash to show how both journalism and scholarly publishing are positioning themselves to charge AI firms for using their content. He notes, however, that journalism and academic publishing differ fundamentally: news organizations pay their writers, while scholarly publishers rely on research produced for free by academics or funded by taxpayers. Pooley criticizes commercial publishers for framing AI companies as “free-riders” even though those publishers themselves profit from vast unpaid scholarly labour. To clarify, the author uses the notion of "surveillance capitalism” (using behavioural data to “feed predictive models” and sell it to customers, i.e., Facebook, Google, Silicon Valley) and states that unlike big tech companies in which “if you do not pay you are the product,” publishing companies like Elsevier use researchers both as product and paying customers in “Surveillance publishing.” This allows the “data cartels” to feed predictive models and turn academics' data into a product, which is quietly sold to tech companies without the academics’ knowledge in a process Pooley calls “academic fracking.” Even open-access work is often restricted or enclosed within proprietary platforms that enable further data extraction. Pooley urges academics to push back now and campaign, before these companies fully extend their surveillance-driven business models into AI and continue monetizing scholarly work and researcher behaviour without accountability. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Smith, Regan. 2025. “Licensing of Text for Generative AI: Learnings from Non-AI Licensing Practices.” ''The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts'' 48 (4): 457–512. https://doi.org/10.52214/jla.v48i4.13926<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities of licensing textual content for generative AI, analyzing how existing open-access licenses (CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC0) perform in machine learning contexts. The author argues that most licenses were drafted without anticipating large-scale AI training or synthetic output generation, highlighting gaps in coverage while noting that marketplace solutions (through negotiated deals with publishers or voluntary collective management organizations—CMOs) are already emerging. The piece emphasizes that AI developers and rightsholders can collaboratively experiment with licensing arrangements, scaling compliance and business operations to mitigate risk, rather than relying on rigid, government-mandated frameworks. The author proposes that machine-readable licensing provisions, including TDM opt-out signals and provenance-tracking requirements, should become standard features of scholarly communication infrastructure, and engages with the question of whether OA constitutes a commons governed by norms of reciprocity or a reservoir open to private capture, examining case law around "fair use" defences for training data and the adequacy of attribution mechanisms when source texts are statistically blended beyond recognition. == Open Data == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Bender, Emily M., and Batya Friedman. 2018. “Data Statements for Natural Language Processing: Toward Mitigating System Bias and Enabling Better Science.” ''Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics'' 6: 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00041.''' </div> The authors propose data statements as a design intervention to reduce exclusion and bias in language technologies, particularly in NLP, arguing that such documentation can prevent misrepresentation and support more ethical and accurate system development. They define a data statement as a “critical enabling infrastructure” that helps developers understand how results may generalize, how systems should be deployed, and what biases might be present. Their recommended schema includes a detailed, long-form account (covering curation methods, language variety, speaker and annotator demographics, context of speech or text, and recording or text quality) and a short form that should accompany any publication using the dataset. Using two case studies, they demonstrate how this schema works in practice and conclude that without a field-wide commitment to this practice, efforts to confront bias will be severely weakened, whereas widespread adoption would immediately clarify representational limits and, over time, foster more inclusive datasets and value-sensitive research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Boyd, Karen. 2021. “Datasheets for Datasets Help ML Engineers Notice and Understand Ethical Issues in Training Data.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 5 (CSCW2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479582.''' </div> Boyd explores how documentation frameworks such as “Datasheets for Datasets” function in practice for machine learning engineers, showing that open access to data alone does not ensure ethical or responsible AI development. Through think-aloud sessions with 23 practitioners, Boyd demonstrates that engineers who received a Datasheet identified ethical issues earlier and more frequently than those who did not, proving that documentation can actively shape how practitioners recognize, interpret, and respond to potential ethical issues in training data. Framing the analysis through the concept of ethical sensitivity (recognition, particularization, and judgment), Boyd argues that practices focused on structured interventions could increase ethical awareness, like datasheets that could serve as an infrastructure for ethical engagement, prompting engineers to reflect on dataset provenance, demographic representation, and the broader consequences of data reuse, factors often hidden or overlooked in open data environments. This study challenges the assumption that openness automatically leads to fairer AI systems. By offering empirical evidence of how documentation scaffolds ethical decision-making, the author makes a compelling case for embedding such practices throughout AI, especially as machine learning systems increasingly rely on openly available and ethically complicated data. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Edit Herczog, Māui Hudson, Keith Russell, and Shelley Stall. 2021. “Operationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous Data Futures.” ''Scientific Data'' 8: 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00892-0.''' </div> Carroll et al. discuss how the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles for scientific data and CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) principles for Indigenous Data Governance can be operationalized to allow Indigenous Peoples’ Rights to control their data, especially as big data and open data increase access to large datasets. The authors consider that the two sets of principles can be complimentary, both for scientific data and for data created by or about Indigenous Peoples. Scientific data can benefit from the CARE principles because many scientific datasets contain Indigenous Knowledge and these datasets can be oriented in ways that enhance the wellbeing of people by recording provenance and using appropriate governance models. Similarly, Indigenous Data can benefit from the FAIR principles to make data interoperable, regardless of the source or underlying technology, even if the datasets cannot be made openly accessible. The authors provide some recommendations to operationalize FAIR principles with CARE by making Indigenous data FAIR, raising awareness of the CARE principles among the research community before engaging with Indigenous data, and testing ways to use CARE principles for Indigenous data. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Ibrahim Garba, Óscar Luis Figueroa Rodríguez, Jarita Holbrook, and Raymond Lovett. 2020. “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.” ''Data Science Journal'' 19 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043.''' </div> The authors ground the article in the structural biases embedded in data ecosystems and the ongoing processes of colonization that have produced epistemicide and constrained Indigenous Peoples’ ability to sustain their knowledges. They highlight how inequities operate across digital infrastructures and institutions, while Indigenous knowledge systems already engage with this complexity. The article directly refers to the tension between Indigenous Data Sovereignty and the data demands of AI, machine learning, and big data initiatives, noting that secondary data use and broad data sharing can threaten Indigenous rights, consent, and collective interests. Within this context, the Indigenous-led development of the CARE principles (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) is discussed as a value-based response to concerns about the secondary use and reuse of Indigenous data. It highlights that open data for AI training is not a merely technical matter, but a political one, where broad data sharing and algorithmic extraction can underscore Indigenous rights, consent, and collective interests. By articulating CARE, authors argue for frameworks that centre people and purpose rather than solely data accessibility or system performance. The paper concludes that reclaiming control of data and data narratives shifts Indigenous Peoples from being subjects and invisible within data systems to self-determining users who shape governance, policy, ethics, and innovation in ways aligned with collective benefit and equity. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Heger, Amy, Liz B. Marquis, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Hanna Wallach, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2022. “Understanding Machine Learning Practitioners' Data Documentation Perceptions, Needs, Challenges, and Desiderata.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 6 (CSCW2): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555760.''' </div> Heger et al. (2022) examine whether existing data documentation frameworks actually meet the needs of machine learning (ML) practitioners, a crucial issue given that AI models now shape high-stakes decisions across disciplines and depend heavily on the quality and transparency of their training data. The authors argue that while documentation initiatives like Datasheets for Datasets aim to support responsible and transparent AI, little is known about how these tools function in industry settings, where workflows, pressures, and data types differ substantially from academic contexts. Through semi-structured interviews and a documentation exercise with 14 practitioners, they find that current documentation practices are largely ad hoc, narrow in scope, and often disconnected from responsible AI concerns. Participants struggled to understand the purpose of many documentation questions, were unsure of appropriate granularity, and often failed to recognize the ethical implications of dataset characteristics. Their findings reveal a significant gap between responsible AI ideals and everyday ML practices. The study provides evidence that documentation frameworks must be contextual, integrated into existing tools, and supported by actionable guidance if they are to prevent downstream harms. By deriving seven design requirements, the authors offer concrete directions for developing documentation standards that can support safer, more accountable open AI data practices. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Huerta, E. A., Ben Blaiszik, L. Catherine Brinson, Kristofer E. Bouchard, D. Díaz, et al. 2023. “FAIR for AI: An Interdisciplinary and International Community Building Perspective.” ''Scientific Data'' 10: 487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02298-6<nowiki/>.''' </div> Huerta et al. (2023) survey a wide landscape of US and European initiatives defining the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles for AI models, arguing that responsible AI requires more than open access, it requires infrastructures that make AI assets understandable, comparable, and genuinely reusable. Their main argument is that FAIR must be reinterpreted for AI because models, software, and workflows are now “first-class” research objects, and only coordinated, community-wide standards can support interpretability, reproducibility, and sustainable open science. By mapping dozens of large, interdisciplinary FAIR-for-AI efforts, the authors show how FAIRness enables cross-disciplinary model reuse, transparent benchmarking, and educational access, ultimately laying groundwork for foundation models built from FAIR, AI-ready datasets. The paper highlights a major gap in current AI openness debates: open access alone does not ensure usable, trustworthy, or equitable AI. The authors demonstrate that without shared metadata standards, integrated repositories, and long-term infrastructure, openness can fragment into silos that impede scientific discovery. Their community-focused perspective invites readers to see FAIR not as a bureaucratic checklist but as an evolving, collaborative project essential for scaling transparent, reusable AI across scientific domains. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Taeihagh, Araz. 2025. “Governance of Generative AI.” ''Policy and Society'' 44 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puaf001.''' </div> Taeihagh’s work takes on the evolving governance challenges surrounding generative AI, particularly the way its vast training data demands have injected new urgency into long-running debates over open data governance. Unlike rule-based AI systems designed for fixed, pre-specified tasks, generative models train on expansive datasets and produce novel outputs. The author argues that this reshapes the very terrain of risk. This shift invites distinct concerns: hallucination, jailbreak, exposure of sensitive information, accuracy failures, opacity, and the general difficulty of control. Taeihagh not only details how these risks emerge from the technical properties of generative systems but also proposes a governance framework that maps potential interventions to each category of risk and explores the institutional supports required to make such interventions effective. The framework is especially instructive for today’s AI data-governance debates, where the scale and unpredictability of generative models are compelling policymakers to rethink what openness should entail, whose interests it advances, and how governance mechanisms can guard against extractive data practices while steering AI development toward public values. == Open Source == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Bostrom, Nick. 2017. “Strategic Implications of Openness in AI Development.” ''Global Policy'' 8 (2): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12403<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article is a cross-section that surveys the notion of openness in AI development before proprietary AI models entered the market, observing the early approaches of competing companies including Google, Facebook, and Microsoft, as well as OpenAI’s origins as a non-profit organization—OpenAI now operates as a capped-profit company governed by a non-profit, functioning effectively as a for-profit public benefit corporation rather than a publicly traded entity. The article focuses on long-term moves toward openness and their implications, but also briefly considers the benefits and problems inherent in short- and medium-term openness: Bostrom speculates that too much openness runs the risk of curbing corporate (and therefore funding) interest, ultimately slowing the rate of AI’s technological progress. However, he also asks: “Supposing openness would speed technical progress and rollout of AI capabilities, would that be socially beneficial?” (137). Bostrom notes a number of concerns ranging from public safety to labour encroachment, but still suggests that openness in AI development would be a net positive that accelerates the rate of technological progress in the short and middle-term. In the article’s long term section, Bostrom considers multiple scenarios in which openness might either help or hinder the safety and progress of a general AI superintelligence. He identifies distinct forms of openness (Science and Source Code; Control Methods and Risk Analysis; Capabilities and Expectations; and Values, Goals, and Governance Structures), addressing the potential value of openness in each, and argues that while openness is generally positive, especially in issues of values and safety, sharing too much knowledge may increase the odds someone will abuse this technology or ignore safety. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Cooper, Martin. 2023. “Open Source is Good for AI But, Is AI Good for Open Source?” ''ITNOW'' 65 (2): 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwad062<nowiki/>.''' </div> Cooper shares Terence Eden's perspectives on the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence and the open source movement, ultimately raising ethical and practical concerns about attribution and authorship in the age of AI-generated code. Eden believes that open source promotes technologies like AI, cloud, and the internet, driving efficiency, reducing duplication, and advancing scientific discovery. He raises an issue with AI’s use of open source without proper attribution violating one of open source’s core principles: crediting the original creator. Despite acknowledging that AI can assist developers and make programming more accessible, Eden cautions against viewing AI as a substitute for genuine understanding or creativity. Ultimately, Eden’s article is both a celebration and a warning: open source has empowered AI, but unless attribution and ethical use are safeguarded, AI may erode the very openness and integrity that made its success possible. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Guo, Xinwei, Yujun Li, Yafeng Peng, and Xuetao Wei. 2024. “Copyleft for Alleviating AIGC Copyright Dilemma: What-if Analysis, Public Perception and Implications.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12216. ''' </div> This article analyses and summarizes copyright disputes related to Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) and isolates three primary stakeholders within these disputes: data owners, who create the content upon which AIGCs have been trained; model owners, who develop the AIGC applications and models (e.g., ChatGPT, Stable Diffusion, etc.) themselves; and model users, who apply prompts to AIGC models to generate content. The authors consider the benefits, challenges, and risks that arise from each given stakeholder making a claim to copyright while considering the potential benefits and challenges of embracing copyleft (i.e., granting free use over material so long as the products of that free use are also under copyleft). In their contemplation of each stakeholder, they recognize the benefits for each group in advocating copyright to content, but also identify harm to other stakeholders, society, progress in developing AIGC, and institutions (e.g., “the copyright registration system”). The authors consider three real-life cases surrounding copyright disputes and envision how copyleft would effectively alleviate the disputes and tension surrounding their different stakeholders. The last half of the article performs a survey that asks users who have a range of familiarity with AIGC a range of questions, including who ought to have copyright claims to a generated image of the Mona Lisa in the style of Vincent Van Gogh. The authors note that their survey indicates consistent ambivalence, misunderstanding, and concern over copyright issues related to AIGC. The survey identified that there is support for applying copyleft to AIGC, and that that support increases the more someone understands the issues surrounding AIGC and copyright. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Osborne, Cailean. 2024. “Why Companies "Democratise" Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Open Source Software Donations.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 26. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2409.17876<nowiki/>.''' </div> Osborne aims to advance the "nascent research agenda on the political economy of open source AI" by studying various corporate AI OSS donations to non-profit foundations and thereby sourcing and explaining corporate incentives behind their "democratization" of AI. He firstly outlines this topic in detail, clarifying that the technology required to access AI is expensive, and developing AI even more so, meaning this "democratization" represents only a lowering rather than removal of barriers. Osborne then considers the possible incentives behind organizational level decisions to democratize AI, as companies seek to competitively dominate industry norms, test and improve their products, enlarge intellectual property, reduce R&D costs, and focus external research into their own AI. Significantly, individual developers of open source software do not have the same incentives but tend to accept commercial participation. On one hand, corporate participation means volunteers will be contributing toward these sources of corporate profit without reward; on the other hand, it risks companies dominating open research spaces and developing a complex intercompany research network of "co-opetition" which individual volunteers cannot enter. Therefore, Osborne’s study is highly relevant to issues of commercialization and open scholarship and especially concerns of “open-washing.” The study’s results highlight the predominantly commercial incentives behind corporate “AI democratisation” efforts, appropriately mirroring its most common form—the democratization of governance. However, Osborne's results also illustrate the significance of the individual level, “bottom-up” movement, suggesting that a significant 38% of decisions to donate stemmed from developers. Despite this, he concludes that “AI democratization” is indeed “a strategic calculation, where companies relinquish control of their OSS project in exchange for assumed benefits,” as “democratisation of governance is treated as a social means for primarily economic and technological ends,” broadly supporting the works of Widder et al. and Srnicek, and encouraging other researchers to bring their attention to this area. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Radu, Roxana. 2021. “Steering the Governance of Artificial Intelligence: National Strategies in Perspective.” ''Policy and Society'' 40 (2): 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728.''' </div> This article provides a survey and analysis of the national strategies related to AI implemented by a dozen countries around the world. It is of particular interest to those interested in concrete policies and regulations surrounding AI rather than discourse and rhetoric. Radu identifies a tension between nations claiming to take a leadership role and corporations that are “driving developments in the field.” More specifically, she observes that the vast “majority of binding agreements and voluntary commitments” come from corporations rather than nations or government regulatory bodies, indicating a concerning trend toward self-regulation. Governments have often played a key role in facilitating the conditions in which the development of AI technologies have thrived, even funding the rudimentary research that leads to AI models and applications, and this article notes that, regardless of the level of government regulation, the state is rarely a passive player when it comes to AI. Radu identifies the trend of a “dominant place for industry in the drafting process” and that representatives from industry make up a third of members drafting national strategies as well as prominent positions within those groups. Radu also notes absences: for instance, despite more than seventy countries using AI for surveillance, this issue is conspicuously absent from most strategies. Radu concludes that the common thread among many of these strategies is a hybridity between industry and state that affirms “the deliberate choice for functional indetermination,” resulting in a lack of clarity surrounding “who makes the rules and for how long,” and notes there are very few limitations placed on industry as these strategies instead provide vague ethical guidelines. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Schmit, Cason, M. J. Doerr, and J. K. Wagner. 2023. “Leveraging IP for AI Governance.” ''Science'' 379 (6633): 646–647. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add2202.''' </div> This article proposes a hybrid AI copyright model that combines copyleft licensing and “patent trolling” in order to enforce an ethical approach to using AI models and training datasets. Schmit et al. contend that current legislation that applies to AI models and their use “are insufficient to impel ethical conduct” and require further consideration. The article advocates its hybrid model—Copyleft AI with Trusted Enforcement (CAITE)—as both rigorous and flexible, allowing for both self-reporting and monitoring. Essentially, the system works by creating an ecosystem in which AI models and training data are developed using copyleft, allowing for free use of these materials so long as the product of that use is covered by the same licensing agreement. At the same time, the enforcement of that licensing agreement is transferred to a regulatory entity called the CAITE Host, which acts as a positive counterpart to the patent troll, ensuring that no individual or organization breaches the terms of copyleft, introduces dangerous applications, data, or features, or unethically uses materials under the copyleft agreement. The CAITE Host and its code of ethics are driven by community oversight and buy-in, and the host is regulated by the community. The authors contend that its flexibility and bottom-up structure make CAITE uniquely suited to handling the rapidly developing field of AI and its shifting needs. Once CAITE achieves a critical mass, it would also become increasingly unlikely for AI developers to opt out. The article concludes by proposing a pilot model for CAITE, and strongly suggests that such a framework is far preferable for industry and others than stringent, relatively slow-moving, and inflexible government regulation in isolation. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Shanklin, Grant, Cason Schmit, Jacob Pierce, Nicole Martinez-Martin, and Matthew DeCamp. 2025. “The Case for Contextual Copyleft: Licensing Open Source Training Data and Generative AI.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', July 17. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12713.''' </div> This article introduces and describes a new form of content licensing, CCAI (Contextual Copyleft AI), designed to apply copyleft values and ethics to AI content, and should appeal to anyone interested in coding, copyright, and the (mis)use of training data for generative AI. The authors advocate for an approach that preserves the values of the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) movement by using copyleft as a mechanism for the rights of AI content. The CCAI license requires that the free use and distribution of the software in question, that any work derived from that software must also be licensed under CCAI, and that CCAI software must “include source code or provide a way to access it.” The CCAI draws from and imitates other copyleft licenses but explicitly addresses and outlines the expectations regarding specific components of AI models within its license, applying copyleft and a requirement of openness to training data, code, and parameters. The article contends that whether it is easily demonstrable or not, clear guidelines of when training on publicly available data is and is not okay can act as a deterrent to misuse, and the CCAI license will give developers more agency in how others use their code, accelerate open source AI development by giving open source AI models open source training data only they can use, and limit the practice of open washing—claims that software and AI is open source when it is not (or not fully open source). The authors admit there are security risks that come with open AI models (e.g., vulnerabilities to malicious actors), but they contend that the benefits far outweigh those risks, especially when accompanied by the implementation of the CCAI and complementary regulations. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Widder, David Gray, Dawn Nafus, Laura Dabbish, and James Herbsleb. 2022. “Limits and Possibilities for ‘Ethical AI’ in Open Source: A Study of Deepfakes.” In ''Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’22)'', 2035–46. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533779.''' </div> Widder et al. assert that significant understudied harms arise from divergent practices of “transparency and accountability” in the open source community. They argue that interventions designed for private companies may be improper for open source contexts, highlighting gaps in current approaches to “Ethical AI.” Their purpose is to reveal these systemic vulnerabilities and propose frameworks that better address the unique social and technical dynamics of open source development. They use an open source Deepfake creation tool as an extreme case to highlight how ethical reasoning intersects with broader cultural frameworks and interview project leaders. In this case study, researchers offer a definition of “Down stream control assumptions,” suggesting that “Ethical AI” research and “design interventions” would be improved by explicitly acknowledging these assumptions and identifying ways to work effectively under weak assumptions of downstream control in open sources contexts. == Open Science == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ación, Laura, Mariela Rajngewerc, Gregory Randall, and Lorena Etcheverry. 2023. “Generative AI Poses Ethical Challenges for Open Science.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 7 (12): 1800–1801. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01740-4. ''' </div> This article explores the tension between Open Science’s need to make knowledge freely accessible and the rise in GenAI and its tendencies to use any information available to it without necessarily considering how its application of such information (including information made available through Open Science) may do harm. These “frictions,” as the authors describe them, point to Open Science’s need to make data available while ensuring said data is not used to do harm. It is a concise summary of the foundational issues at the heart of these conversations, and great for anyone interested in how GenAI complicates Open Knowledge. The authors propose selective licensing as one approach to curbing harm, but notes that this only protects against harm from direct use (e.g., “open-source code used to build a weapon”) and not an indirect use (e.g., “open-source library use within another algorithm that is in itself harmful”). Ultimately, they stress the need for new governance systems and regulations related to the creation of knowledge that prioritizes both the public good and right to research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Baltes, Sebastian, Florian Angermeir, Chetan Arora, Preetha Chatterjee, Jens Deitenbeck, Daniel Graziotin, Christoph Treude, et al. 2025. “Guidelines for Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Involving Large Language Models.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', August 21. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15503. ''' </div> This article develops best practices and guidelines for the use of LLMs (expressly language LLMs, not image, audio, or video) for empirical studies in software engineering (expressly data collection, processing, and analysis). The authors aim to “enable reproducibility and replicability” in the field even when LLMs are in use and “produce more reliable evidence on what LLM can and cannot deliver.” They present what they call a “taxonomy of Study Types” in addition to their guidelines, providing examples both within and beyond software engineering, all aimed at promoting the use of LLMs while promoting open science practices. The article considers LLMs as annotators, judges, synthesizers, and subjects in SE, and the guidelines Baltes et al. present have two tiers, MUST and SHOULD, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of practices without which SE research employing LLMs is rendered ineffective (e.g., declaring an LLM’s usage and role) and those practices that merely make this sort of research more rigorous and accessible (e.g., including full interaction logs if privacy and confidentiality can be ensured). The authors advocate for these practices to better enable researchers in SE to engage with LLMs while practicing Open Science. Of particular interest is the way in which the authors structure their understanding of the field and guidelines, and how they recognize distinct studies require slightly different practices. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Biderman, Stella, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O'Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, et al. 2022. “EleutherAI: Going Beyond ‘Open Science’ to ‘Science in the Open.’” Preprint, ''arXiv'', October 12. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06413. ''' </div> This article outlines the inception and progress of EleutherAI, a lab and AI model first founded in 2020 by a group of (for the most part) university affiliated academics and researchers concerned that for-profit companies are the primary developers of GenAI research and models, and that there is a lack of transparency and openness related to these technologies. Those interested in alternative approaches to AI models or a concrete example of Open Science in action should read this article. Because these researchers want to make available a “capable large language model… for public use, study, and scrutiny,” they have conducted all EleutherAI research in the open, making it freely accessible to everyone (1): all research and discussions take place on Discord servers, and projects coordinated and teams assembled in those servers on a grassroots basis. This “public-facing research” leads to a “virtuous cycle” with little turnaround between the conception of ideas and development of projects, and facilitates conversation, collaboration, and community by giving all users, even newcomers, unfettered access to every means of communication in which the group engages. The authors consider the downsides to such an approach as well, citing the issues of relying on volunteer labour, how others might take this public research for their own without proper accreditation to EleutherAI, and the important consideration that perhaps not all things should be made public, but ultimately conclude that such open research is integral to the academic community. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gundersen, Odd Erik, Odd Cappelen, Martin Mølnå, and Nicklas Grimstad Nilsen. 2024. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Open Science in AI: A Replication Study.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', December 20. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2412.17859. ''' </div> Gundersen et al. examine the extent to which a widely accepted crisis in research reproducibility affects AI research. They do this by conducting a systematic replication study of thirty highly cited AI studies, allowing the authors to identify the problems with irreproducibility. Out of the gate, the replication process could only be attempted with twenty-two of these studies because their research data needed to be openly available and reproducible without special hardware. Furthermore, the twenty-two replications were each given forty working hours of effort, but twelve of these took too long and had to be stopped early, impacting their quality. In result, it was found that out of the twenty-two replication attempts began only six could be accurately reproduced and five partially reproduced, meaning a 50% success rate. The main problems for reproducibility were identified in six sources: the ‘source code’, ‘article’, ‘data’, ‘results’, and ‘resources’. Notably, each of the six accurate reproductions had code available, and the one other study with available code was a partial success limited by the time constraint, meaning availability of code alongside the data certainly improved the quality of the replication and was the most important factor for success. Therefore, despite limitations of a small sample size and time constraints, Gundersen et al.’s finding that AI research’s reproducibility climbs from 33% accuracy when only data is available to 86% when both code and data are available. This is a significant enough result to empirically demonstrate the benefits of mandating openness and transparency of code as well as data.  <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Helregel, N. 2025. “AI and Open Science: Implications and Library Practice Recommendations.” ''Library Trends'' 73 (3). https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2025.a961191 ''' </div> Helregel (2025) examines the complex intersection of artificial intelligence and the open science movement, questioning whether current AI technologies possess the necessary transparency to align with open research principles. The article explores multiple dimensions of this relationship, assessing both the potential for AI to actively advance open science goals and the broader impacts of AI adoption on the attitudes and behaviors of researchers and the public. Recognizing the critical role of library and information science professionals in navigating this shifting landscape, Helregel outlines concrete recommendations for institutional library practice. These actionable strategies include prioritizing internal knowledge-building, fostering cross-institutional advocacy, adapting consultation and liaison workflows, navigating complex licensing agreements, and enhancing science communication. Ultimately, the paper positions libraries as vital infrastructure for ensuring that AI integration supports, rather than undermines, the core tenets of transparency, reproducibility, and accessibility in scholarly communication. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Hosseini, Mohammad, Serge P. J. M. Horbach, Kristi Holmes, Tony Ross-Hellauer. 2025 “Open Science at the generative AI turn: An exploratory analysis of challenges and opportunities.” ''Quantitative Science Studies'' 6: 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00337 ''' </div> Hosseini et al. provide an overview of the potential benefits and downsides of incorporating generative AI into different open science practices, as defined by the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science, particularly open access, open data, open source software, open evaluation, open science infrastructures, open engagement of societal actors, and open dialogue with other knowledge systems. Some common benefits across these practices is that generative AI has the potential to lower the barriers to participation in science, summarize academic literature for non-academic audiences, and simplify processes in coding and data management. However, the authors also warn about the potential risks, including the creation and spread of misinformation, the propagation of hegemonic worldviews, and the monetization of research information. Given these downsides and the high social and ecological costs of generative AI, the authors suggest researchers question if AI tools are the most efficient way of achieving openness in science. The final section of the paper includes further recommendations for institutions, funders, and publishers, such as providing training on the use of generative AI, monitoring its positive and negative impacts, and continuing testing its use for evaluation and assessment purposes. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Linåker, Johan, Cailean Osborne, Jennifer Ding, Daniel Puttick, and Richard Nweibo. 2025. “A Cartography of Open Collaboration in Open Source AI: Mapping Practices, Motivations, and Governance in 14 Open Large Language Model Projects.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 29. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25397''' </div> This article engages in a survey and interviews of the practices, motivations, and governance of fourteen Open LLMs with the aim of further enabling collaboration throughout the open LLM lifecycle. The essay provides an overview of terms for Open AI and major takeaways and challenges for different types of collaboration—types of collaboration include model, data, software, evaluation, non-technical, and compute—at the pre-training, post-training, and post-release stages of the LLM lifecycle. The authors also identify five governance frameworks for open LLM projects ranging from single companies to “non-profit-sponsored grassroots projects”. The authors opine that collaboration does not merely happen with LLMs themselves but the infrastructure and accompanying tools (e.g., datasets, open source frameworks, discussion fora, etc.) needed to produce and maintain them, and more research and attention needs to be given to the ecosystem surrounding LLMs. The article also includes recommendations “to support the global community of practitioners building a more open future for AI” for researchers and developers, AI companies, policy makers, and academic institutions, platform providers, and open source foundations. For instance, they recommend that policy makers fund infrastructure of public AI, not just specific models, use targeted initiatives to support regional languages, require publicly funded research to use licensing that aligns with Open Science principles, and insist on a clear definition of what constitutes Openness in these cases (36). <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Papi, Sara, Marco Gaido, Luisa Bentivogli, and Matteo Negri. 2025. “FAMA: The First Large-Scale Open-Science Speech Foundation Model for English and Italian.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', May 28. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22759 ''' </div> This article presents an Open Science Speech Foundation Model (SFM) called FAMA, “the first family of large-scale open-science SFMs for English and Italian trained on over 150k hours of exclusively OS-compliant speech data.” FAMA’s results are comparable to its closed counterparts and considerably faster (up to 8 times). The authors present a brief summary of recent advancements in automatic speech recognition and speech translation while raising concerns about the closed nature of related applications’ training data and code and pointing to open source alternatives in different domains for inspiration. The majority of the article is dedicated to specifics of architecture, training, and results of FAMA compared to its competitors; however, the end results—that FAMA is competitive with and even outperforms its larger, non-open counterparts like OpenAI’s Whisper in some cases–is an excellent case study in how Open Science can work in the domain of LLMs and AI. {{Navigation|previous=Essential Contexts|next=AI and Social}} {{BookCat}} qhj9pt43ieebv5jq35ch1pxz5epiaxe 4655929 4655904 2026-07-30T22:23:05Z CorreiaA 3614427 4655929 wikitext text/x-wiki == Open Access == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Kember, Sarah, and Amy Brand. 2023. “The Corporate Capture of Open-Access Publishing.” ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', August 16. https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-corporate-capture-of-open-access-publishing. ''' </div> Kember and Brand highlight that open access policies adopted to increase availability of publicly funded research “may unintentionally contribute to greater consolidation in academic publishing” by encouraging commercial publishers to “value quantity over quality and platforms over people.” Kember and Brand use the history of “corporate capture” as a guide, referencing the development of self-archiving practices into a “neoliberal framework” of “openness at any cost.” Open-access reforms which targeted academic publishing as a “monolithic… bad actor” enabled this by hurting small actors more than major commercial entities, which exploited their vulnerability. Since then, the largest publishers have initiated hybrid subscription models to charge more overall, or “Read-and-Publish” deals that are increasingly expensive, decimate shrinking library budgets, and reinforce inequities in authorship. Kember and Brand argue this process was driven by ignorance, error, and the ideology of “immediate interest,” where short term gains are prioritized. The neoliberal idea that “information wants to be free” is similarly “subjugating all values to those of the market,” as open-access policy “inherits a utopia and risks delivering a dystopia” by making vast amounts of linked data readily accessible to third parties. The answer lies in a network of non-profit, fair-profit, and international organizations, which could turn the “false promise of openness into truly public knowledge.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Luth, Eric. 2025. “The Use of Wikipedia, Wikimedia, and Open Access Content for Artificial Intelligence and Text and Data Mining.” ''Stockholm IP Law Review'' 6 (1): 109–138. https://doi.org/10.53292/33313cc8.be33e111<nowiki/>.''' </div> Luth examines how Digital Commons stakeholders such as Wikimedia influence the development of AI models trained on Creative Commons (CC) licensed content. He argues that while these resources are essential for AI training, AI developers’ compliance with license conditions is often uncertain, and some AI developers may bypass legal requirements. Luth highlights two strategies: using CC licenses to protect shared knowledge and collaborating to sustain the ecosystem of open access. By combining these approaches, stakeholders can support high-quality AI outputs while preserving the integrity of the Digital Commons. The article emphasizes that AI’s reliance on shared resources carries ethical and practical responsibilities and shows how open licensing can enhance the reliability and social value of AI. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Pooley, Jefferson. 2024. "Large Language Publishing: The Scholarly Publishing Oligopoly's Bet on AI." ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 7 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18357/kula.291<nowiki/>.''' </div> Pooley begins with the Microsoft–OpenAI vs. New York Times clash to show how both journalism and scholarly publishing are positioning themselves to charge AI firms for using their content. He notes, however, that journalism and academic publishing differ fundamentally: news organizations pay their writers, while scholarly publishers rely on research produced for free by academics or funded by taxpayers. Pooley criticizes commercial publishers for framing AI companies as “free-riders” even though those publishers themselves profit from vast unpaid scholarly labour. To clarify, the author uses the notion of "surveillance capitalism” (using behavioural data to “feed predictive models” and sell it to customers, i.e., Facebook, Google, Silicon Valley) and states that unlike big tech companies in which “if you do not pay you are the product,” publishing companies like Elsevier use researchers both as product and paying customers in “Surveillance publishing.” This allows the “data cartels” to feed predictive models and turn academics' data into a product, which is quietly sold to tech companies without the academics’ knowledge in a process Pooley calls “academic fracking.” Even open-access work is often restricted or enclosed within proprietary platforms that enable further data extraction. Pooley urges academics to push back now and campaign, before these companies fully extend their surveillance-driven business models into AI and continue monetizing scholarly work and researcher behaviour without accountability. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Smith, Regan. 2025. “Licensing of Text for Generative AI: Learnings from Non-AI Licensing Practices.” ''The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts'' 48 (4): 457–512. https://doi.org/10.52214/jla.v48i4.13926<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities of licensing textual content for generative AI, analyzing how existing open-access licenses (CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC0) perform in machine learning contexts. The author argues that most licenses were drafted without anticipating large-scale AI training or synthetic output generation, highlighting gaps in coverage while noting that marketplace solutions (through negotiated deals with publishers or voluntary collective management organizations—CMOs) are already emerging. The piece emphasizes that AI developers and rightsholders can collaboratively experiment with licensing arrangements, scaling compliance and business operations to mitigate risk, rather than relying on rigid, government-mandated frameworks. The author proposes that machine-readable licensing provisions, including TDM opt-out signals and provenance-tracking requirements, should become standard features of scholarly communication infrastructure, and engages with the question of whether OA constitutes a commons governed by norms of reciprocity or a reservoir open to private capture, examining case law around "fair use" defences for training data and the adequacy of attribution mechanisms when source texts are statistically blended beyond recognition. == Open Data == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Bender, Emily M., and Batya Friedman. 2018. “Data Statements for Natural Language Processing: Toward Mitigating System Bias and Enabling Better Science.” ''Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics'' 6: 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00041.''' </div> The authors propose data statements as a design intervention to reduce exclusion and bias in language technologies, particularly in NLP, arguing that such documentation can prevent misrepresentation and support more ethical and accurate system development. They define a data statement as a “critical enabling infrastructure” that helps developers understand how results may generalize, how systems should be deployed, and what biases might be present. Their recommended schema includes a detailed, long-form account (covering curation methods, language variety, speaker and annotator demographics, context of speech or text, and recording or text quality) and a short form that should accompany any publication using the dataset. Using two case studies, they demonstrate how this schema works in practice and conclude that without a field-wide commitment to this practice, efforts to confront bias will be severely weakened, whereas widespread adoption would immediately clarify representational limits and, over time, foster more inclusive datasets and value-sensitive research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Boyd, Karen. 2021. “Datasheets for Datasets Help ML Engineers Notice and Understand Ethical Issues in Training Data.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 5 (CSCW2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479582.''' </div> Boyd explores how documentation frameworks such as “Datasheets for Datasets” function in practice for machine learning engineers, showing that open access to data alone does not ensure ethical or responsible AI development. Through think-aloud sessions with 23 practitioners, Boyd demonstrates that engineers who received a Datasheet identified ethical issues earlier and more frequently than those who did not, proving that documentation can actively shape how practitioners recognize, interpret, and respond to potential ethical issues in training data. Framing the analysis through the concept of ethical sensitivity (recognition, particularization, and judgment), Boyd argues that practices focused on structured interventions could increase ethical awareness, like datasheets that could serve as an infrastructure for ethical engagement, prompting engineers to reflect on dataset provenance, demographic representation, and the broader consequences of data reuse, factors often hidden or overlooked in open data environments. This study challenges the assumption that openness automatically leads to fairer AI systems. By offering empirical evidence of how documentation scaffolds ethical decision-making, the author makes a compelling case for embedding such practices throughout AI, especially as machine learning systems increasingly rely on openly available and ethically complicated data. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Edit Herczog, Māui Hudson, Keith Russell, and Shelley Stall. 2021. “Operationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous Data Futures.” ''Scientific Data'' 8: 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00892-0.''' </div> Carroll et al. discuss how the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles for scientific data and CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) principles for Indigenous Data Governance can be operationalized to allow Indigenous Peoples’ Rights to control their data, especially as big data and open data increase access to large datasets. The authors consider that the two sets of principles can be complimentary, both for scientific data and for data created by or about Indigenous Peoples. Scientific data can benefit from the CARE principles because many scientific datasets contain Indigenous Knowledge and these datasets can be oriented in ways that enhance the wellbeing of people by recording provenance and using appropriate governance models. Similarly, Indigenous Data can benefit from the FAIR principles to make data interoperable, regardless of the source or underlying technology, even if the datasets cannot be made openly accessible. The authors provide some recommendations to operationalize FAIR principles with CARE by making Indigenous data FAIR, raising awareness of the CARE principles among the research community before engaging with Indigenous data, and testing ways to use CARE principles for Indigenous data. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Ibrahim Garba, Óscar Luis Figueroa Rodríguez, Jarita Holbrook, and Raymond Lovett. 2020. “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.” ''Data Science Journal'' 19 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043.''' </div> The authors ground the article in the structural biases embedded in data ecosystems and the ongoing processes of colonization that have produced epistemicide and constrained Indigenous Peoples’ ability to sustain their knowledges. They highlight how inequities operate across digital infrastructures and institutions, while Indigenous knowledge systems already engage with this complexity. The article directly refers to the tension between Indigenous Data Sovereignty and the data demands of AI, machine learning, and big data initiatives, noting that secondary data use and broad data sharing can threaten Indigenous rights, consent, and collective interests. Within this context, the Indigenous-led development of the CARE principles (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) is discussed as a value-based response to concerns about the secondary use and reuse of Indigenous data. It highlights that open data for AI training is not a merely technical matter, but a political one, where broad data sharing and algorithmic extraction can underscore Indigenous rights, consent, and collective interests. By articulating CARE, authors argue for frameworks that centre people and purpose rather than solely data accessibility or system performance. The paper concludes that reclaiming control of data and data narratives shifts Indigenous Peoples from being subjects and invisible within data systems to self-determining users who shape governance, policy, ethics, and innovation in ways aligned with collective benefit and equity. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Heger, Amy, Liz B. Marquis, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Hanna Wallach, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2022. “Understanding Machine Learning Practitioners' Data Documentation Perceptions, Needs, Challenges, and Desiderata.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 6 (CSCW2): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555760.''' </div> Heger et al. (2022) examine whether existing data documentation frameworks actually meet the needs of machine learning (ML) practitioners, a crucial issue given that AI models now shape high-stakes decisions across disciplines and depend heavily on the quality and transparency of their training data. The authors argue that while documentation initiatives like Datasheets for Datasets aim to support responsible and transparent AI, little is known about how these tools function in industry settings, where workflows, pressures, and data types differ substantially from academic contexts. Through semi-structured interviews and a documentation exercise with 14 practitioners, they find that current documentation practices are largely ad hoc, narrow in scope, and often disconnected from responsible AI concerns. Participants struggled to understand the purpose of many documentation questions, were unsure of appropriate granularity, and often failed to recognize the ethical implications of dataset characteristics. Their findings reveal a significant gap between responsible AI ideals and everyday ML practices. The study provides evidence that documentation frameworks must be contextual, integrated into existing tools, and supported by actionable guidance if they are to prevent downstream harms. By deriving seven design requirements, the authors offer concrete directions for developing documentation standards that can support safer, more accountable open AI data practices. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Huerta, E. A., Ben Blaiszik, L. Catherine Brinson, Kristofer E. Bouchard, D. Díaz, et al. 2023. “FAIR for AI: An Interdisciplinary and International Community Building Perspective.” ''Scientific Data'' 10: 487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02298-6<nowiki/>.''' </div> Huerta et al. (2023) survey a wide landscape of US and European initiatives defining the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles for AI models, arguing that responsible AI requires more than open access, it requires infrastructures that make AI assets understandable, comparable, and genuinely reusable. Their main argument is that FAIR must be reinterpreted for AI because models, software, and workflows are now “first-class” research objects, and only coordinated, community-wide standards can support interpretability, reproducibility, and sustainable open science. By mapping dozens of large, interdisciplinary FAIR-for-AI efforts, the authors show how FAIRness enables cross-disciplinary model reuse, transparent benchmarking, and educational access, ultimately laying groundwork for foundation models built from FAIR, AI-ready datasets. The paper highlights a major gap in current AI openness debates: open access alone does not ensure usable, trustworthy, or equitable AI. The authors demonstrate that without shared metadata standards, integrated repositories, and long-term infrastructure, openness can fragment into silos that impede scientific discovery. Their community-focused perspective invites readers to see FAIR not as a bureaucratic checklist but as an evolving, collaborative project essential for scaling transparent, reusable AI across scientific domains. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Taeihagh, Araz. 2025. “Governance of Generative AI.” ''Policy and Society'' 44 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puaf001.''' </div> Taeihagh’s work takes on the evolving governance challenges surrounding generative AI, particularly the way its vast training data demands have injected new urgency into long-running debates over open data governance. Unlike rule-based AI systems designed for fixed, pre-specified tasks, generative models train on expansive datasets and produce novel outputs. The author argues that this reshapes the very terrain of risk. This shift invites distinct concerns: hallucination, jailbreak, exposure of sensitive information, accuracy failures, opacity, and the general difficulty of control. Taeihagh not only details how these risks emerge from the technical properties of generative systems but also proposes a governance framework that maps potential interventions to each category of risk and explores the institutional supports required to make such interventions effective. The framework is especially instructive for today’s AI data-governance debates, where the scale and unpredictability of generative models are compelling policymakers to rethink what openness should entail, whose interests it advances, and how governance mechanisms can guard against extractive data practices while steering AI development toward public values. == Open Source == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Bostrom, Nick. 2017. “Strategic Implications of Openness in AI Development.” ''Global Policy'' 8 (2): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12403<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article is a cross-section that surveys the notion of openness in AI development before proprietary AI models entered the market, observing the early approaches of competing companies including Google, Facebook, and Microsoft, as well as OpenAI’s origins as a non-profit organization—OpenAI now operates as a capped-profit company governed by a non-profit, functioning effectively as a for-profit public benefit corporation rather than a publicly traded entity. The article focuses on long-term moves toward openness and their implications, but also briefly considers the benefits and problems inherent in short- and medium-term openness: Bostrom speculates that too much openness runs the risk of curbing corporate (and therefore funding) interest, ultimately slowing the rate of AI’s technological progress. However, he also asks: “Supposing openness would speed technical progress and rollout of AI capabilities, would that be socially beneficial?” (137). Bostrom notes a number of concerns ranging from public safety to labour encroachment, but still suggests that openness in AI development would be a net positive that accelerates the rate of technological progress in the short and middle-term. In the article’s long term section, Bostrom considers multiple scenarios in which openness might either help or hinder the safety and progress of a general AI superintelligence. He identifies distinct forms of openness (Science and Source Code; Control Methods and Risk Analysis; Capabilities and Expectations; and Values, Goals, and Governance Structures), addressing the potential value of openness in each, and argues that while openness is generally positive, especially in issues of values and safety, sharing too much knowledge may increase the odds someone will abuse this technology or ignore safety. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Cooper, Martin. 2023. “Open Source is Good for AI But, Is AI Good for Open Source?” ''ITNOW'' 65 (2): 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwad062<nowiki/>.''' </div> Cooper shares Terence Eden's perspectives on the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence and the open source movement, ultimately raising ethical and practical concerns about attribution and authorship in the age of AI-generated code. Eden believes that open source promotes technologies like AI, cloud, and the internet, driving efficiency, reducing duplication, and advancing scientific discovery. He raises an issue with AI’s use of open source without proper attribution violating one of open source’s core principles: crediting the original creator. Despite acknowledging that AI can assist developers and make programming more accessible, Eden cautions against viewing AI as a substitute for genuine understanding or creativity. Ultimately, Eden’s article is both a celebration and a warning: open source has empowered AI, but unless attribution and ethical use are safeguarded, AI may erode the very openness and integrity that made its success possible. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Guo, Xinwei, Yujun Li, Yafeng Peng, and Xuetao Wei. 2024. “Copyleft for Alleviating AIGC Copyright Dilemma: What-if Analysis, Public Perception and Implications.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12216. ''' </div> This article analyses and summarizes copyright disputes related to Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) and isolates three primary stakeholders within these disputes: data owners, who create the content upon which AIGCs have been trained; model owners, who develop the AIGC applications and models (e.g., ChatGPT, Stable Diffusion, etc.) themselves; and model users, who apply prompts to AIGC models to generate content. The authors consider the benefits, challenges, and risks that arise from each given stakeholder making a claim to copyright while considering the potential benefits and challenges of embracing copyleft (i.e., granting free use over material so long as the products of that free use are also under copyleft). In their contemplation of each stakeholder, they recognize the benefits for each group in advocating copyright to content, but also identify harm to other stakeholders, society, progress in developing AIGC, and institutions (e.g., “the copyright registration system”). The authors consider three real-life cases surrounding copyright disputes and envision how copyleft would effectively alleviate the disputes and tension surrounding their different stakeholders. The last half of the article performs a survey that asks users who have a range of familiarity with AIGC a range of questions, including who ought to have copyright claims to a generated image of the Mona Lisa in the style of Vincent Van Gogh. The authors note that their survey indicates consistent ambivalence, misunderstanding, and concern over copyright issues related to AIGC. The survey identified that there is support for applying copyleft to AIGC, and that that support increases the more someone understands the issues surrounding AIGC and copyright. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Osborne, Cailean. 2024. “Why Companies "Democratise" Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Open Source Software Donations.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 26. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2409.17876<nowiki/>.''' </div> Osborne aims to advance the "nascent research agenda on the political economy of open source AI" by studying various corporate AI OSS donations to non-profit foundations and thereby sourcing and explaining corporate incentives behind their "democratization" of AI. He firstly outlines this topic in detail, clarifying that the technology required to access AI is expensive, and developing AI even more so, meaning this "democratization" represents only a lowering rather than removal of barriers. Osborne then considers the possible incentives behind organizational level decisions to democratize AI, as companies seek to competitively dominate industry norms, test and improve their products, enlarge intellectual property, reduce R&D costs, and focus external research into their own AI. Significantly, individual developers of open source software do not have the same incentives but tend to accept commercial participation. On one hand, corporate participation means volunteers will be contributing toward these sources of corporate profit without reward; on the other hand, it risks companies dominating open research spaces and developing a complex intercompany research network of "co-opetition" which individual volunteers cannot enter. Therefore, Osborne’s study is highly relevant to issues of commercialization and open scholarship and especially concerns of “open-washing.” The study’s results highlight the predominantly commercial incentives behind corporate “AI democratisation” efforts, appropriately mirroring its most common form—the democratization of governance. However, Osborne's results also illustrate the significance of the individual level, “bottom-up” movement, suggesting that a significant 38% of decisions to donate stemmed from developers. Despite this, he concludes that “AI democratization” is indeed “a strategic calculation, where companies relinquish control of their OSS project in exchange for assumed benefits,” as “democratisation of governance is treated as a social means for primarily economic and technological ends,” broadly supporting the works of Widder et al. and Srnicek, and encouraging other researchers to bring their attention to this area. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Radu, Roxana. 2021. “Steering the Governance of Artificial Intelligence: National Strategies in Perspective.” ''Policy and Society'' 40 (2): 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728.''' </div> This article provides a survey and analysis of the national strategies related to AI implemented by a dozen countries around the world. It is of particular interest to those interested in concrete policies and regulations surrounding AI rather than discourse and rhetoric. Radu identifies a tension between nations claiming to take a leadership role and corporations that are “driving developments in the field.” More specifically, she observes that the vast “majority of binding agreements and voluntary commitments” come from corporations rather than nations or government regulatory bodies, indicating a concerning trend toward self-regulation. Governments have often played a key role in facilitating the conditions in which the development of AI technologies have thrived, even funding the rudimentary research that leads to AI models and applications, and this article notes that, regardless of the level of government regulation, the state is rarely a passive player when it comes to AI. Radu identifies the trend of a “dominant place for industry in the drafting process” and that representatives from industry make up a third of members drafting national strategies as well as prominent positions within those groups. Radu also notes absences: for instance, despite more than seventy countries using AI for surveillance, this issue is conspicuously absent from most strategies. Radu concludes that the common thread among many of these strategies is a hybridity between industry and state that affirms “the deliberate choice for functional indetermination,” resulting in a lack of clarity surrounding “who makes the rules and for how long,” and notes there are very few limitations placed on industry as these strategies instead provide vague ethical guidelines. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Schmit, Cason, M. J. Doerr, and J. K. Wagner. 2023. “Leveraging IP for AI Governance.” ''Science'' 379 (6633): 646–647. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add2202.''' </div> This article proposes a hybrid AI copyright model that combines copyleft licensing and “patent trolling” in order to enforce an ethical approach to using AI models and training datasets. Schmit et al. contend that current legislation that applies to AI models and their use “are insufficient to impel ethical conduct” and require further consideration. The article advocates its hybrid model—Copyleft AI with Trusted Enforcement (CAITE)—as both rigorous and flexible, allowing for both self-reporting and monitoring. Essentially, the system works by creating an ecosystem in which AI models and training data are developed using copyleft, allowing for free use of these materials so long as the product of that use is covered by the same licensing agreement. At the same time, the enforcement of that licensing agreement is transferred to a regulatory entity called the CAITE Host, which acts as a positive counterpart to the patent troll, ensuring that no individual or organization breaches the terms of copyleft, introduces dangerous applications, data, or features, or unethically uses materials under the copyleft agreement. The CAITE Host and its code of ethics are driven by community oversight and buy-in, and the host is regulated by the community. The authors contend that its flexibility and bottom-up structure make CAITE uniquely suited to handling the rapidly developing field of AI and its shifting needs. Once CAITE achieves a critical mass, it would also become increasingly unlikely for AI developers to opt out. The article concludes by proposing a pilot model for CAITE, and strongly suggests that such a framework is far preferable for industry and others than stringent, relatively slow-moving, and inflexible government regulation in isolation. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Shanklin, Grant, Cason Schmit, Jacob Pierce, Nicole Martinez-Martin, and Matthew DeCamp. 2025. “The Case for Contextual Copyleft: Licensing Open Source Training Data and Generative AI.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', July 17. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12713.''' </div> This article introduces and describes a new form of content licensing, CCAI (Contextual Copyleft AI), designed to apply copyleft values and ethics to AI content, and should appeal to anyone interested in coding, copyright, and the (mis)use of training data for generative AI. The authors advocate for an approach that preserves the values of the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) movement by using copyleft as a mechanism for the rights of AI content. The CCAI license requires that the free use and distribution of the software in question, that any work derived from that software must also be licensed under CCAI, and that CCAI software must “include source code or provide a way to access it.” The CCAI draws from and imitates other copyleft licenses but explicitly addresses and outlines the expectations regarding specific components of AI models within its license, applying copyleft and a requirement of openness to training data, code, and parameters. The article contends that whether it is easily demonstrable or not, clear guidelines of when training on publicly available data is and is not okay can act as a deterrent to misuse, and the CCAI license will give developers more agency in how others use their code, accelerate open source AI development by giving open source AI models open source training data only they can use, and limit the practice of open washing—claims that software and AI is open source when it is not (or not fully open source). The authors admit there are security risks that come with open AI models (e.g., vulnerabilities to malicious actors), but they contend that the benefits far outweigh those risks, especially when accompanied by the implementation of the CCAI and complementary regulations. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Widder, David Gray, Dawn Nafus, Laura Dabbish, and James Herbsleb. 2022. “Limits and Possibilities for ‘Ethical AI’ in Open Source: A Study of Deepfakes.” In ''Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’22)'', 2035–46. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533779.''' </div> Widder et al. assert that significant understudied harms arise from divergent practices of “transparency and accountability” in the open source community. They argue that interventions designed for private companies may be improper for open source contexts, highlighting gaps in current approaches to “Ethical AI.” Their purpose is to reveal these systemic vulnerabilities and propose frameworks that better address the unique social and technical dynamics of open source development. They use an open source Deepfake creation tool as an extreme case to highlight how ethical reasoning intersects with broader cultural frameworks and interview project leaders. In this case study, researchers offer a definition of “Down stream control assumptions,” suggesting that “Ethical AI” research and “design interventions” would be improved by explicitly acknowledging these assumptions and identifying ways to work effectively under weak assumptions of downstream control in open sources contexts. == Open Science == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ación, Laura, Mariela Rajngewerc, Gregory Randall, and Lorena Etcheverry. 2023. “Generative AI Poses Ethical Challenges for Open Science.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 7 (12): 1800–1801. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01740-4. ''' </div> This article explores the tension between Open Science’s need to make knowledge freely accessible and the rise in GenAI and its tendencies to use any information available to it without necessarily considering how its application of such information (including information made available through Open Science) may do harm. These “frictions,” as the authors describe them, point to Open Science’s need to make data available while ensuring said data is not used to do harm. It is a concise summary of the foundational issues at the heart of these conversations, and great for anyone interested in how GenAI complicates Open Knowledge. The authors propose selective licensing as one approach to curbing harm, but notes that this only protects against harm from direct use (e.g., “open-source code used to build a weapon”) and not an indirect use (e.g., “open-source library use within another algorithm that is in itself harmful”). Ultimately, they stress the need for new governance systems and regulations related to the creation of knowledge that prioritizes both the public good and right to research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Baltes, Sebastian, Florian Angermeir, Chetan Arora, Preetha Chatterjee, Jens Deitenbeck, Daniel Graziotin, Christoph Treude, et al. 2025. “Guidelines for Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Involving Large Language Models.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', August 21. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15503. ''' </div> This article develops best practices and guidelines for the use of LLMs (expressly language LLMs, not image, audio, or video) for empirical studies in software engineering (expressly data collection, processing, and analysis). The authors aim to “enable reproducibility and replicability” in the field even when LLMs are in use and “produce more reliable evidence on what LLM can and cannot deliver.” They present what they call a “taxonomy of Study Types” in addition to their guidelines, providing examples both within and beyond software engineering, all aimed at promoting the use of LLMs while promoting open science practices. The article considers LLMs as annotators, judges, synthesizers, and subjects in SE, and the guidelines Baltes et al. present have two tiers, MUST and SHOULD, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of practices without which SE research employing LLMs is rendered ineffective (e.g., declaring an LLM’s usage and role) and those practices that merely make this sort of research more rigorous and accessible (e.g., including full interaction logs if privacy and confidentiality can be ensured). The authors advocate for these practices to better enable researchers in SE to engage with LLMs while practicing Open Science. Of particular interest is the way in which the authors structure their understanding of the field and guidelines, and how they recognize distinct studies require slightly different practices. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Biderman, Stella, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O'Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, et al. 2022. “EleutherAI: Going Beyond ‘Open Science’ to ‘Science in the Open.’” Preprint, ''arXiv'', October 12. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06413. ''' </div> This article outlines the inception and progress of EleutherAI, a lab and AI model first founded in 2020 by a group of (for the most part) university affiliated academics and researchers concerned that for-profit companies are the primary developers of GenAI research and models, and that there is a lack of transparency and openness related to these technologies. Those interested in alternative approaches to AI models or a concrete example of Open Science in action should read this article. Because these researchers want to make available a “capable large language model… for public use, study, and scrutiny,” they have conducted all EleutherAI research in the open, making it freely accessible to everyone (1): all research and discussions take place on Discord servers, and projects coordinated and teams assembled in those servers on a grassroots basis. This “public-facing research” leads to a “virtuous cycle” with little turnaround between the conception of ideas and development of projects, and facilitates conversation, collaboration, and community by giving all users, even newcomers, unfettered access to every means of communication in which the group engages. The authors consider the downsides to such an approach as well, citing the issues of relying on volunteer labour, how others might take this public research for their own without proper accreditation to EleutherAI, and the important consideration that perhaps not all things should be made public, but ultimately conclude that such open research is integral to the academic community. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gundersen, Odd Erik, Odd Cappelen, Martin Mølnå, and Nicklas Grimstad Nilsen. 2024. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Open Science in AI: A Replication Study.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', December 20. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2412.17859. ''' </div> Gundersen et al. examine the extent to which a widely accepted crisis in research reproducibility affects AI research. They do this by conducting a systematic replication study of thirty highly cited AI studies, allowing the authors to identify the problems with irreproducibility. Out of the gate, the replication process could only be attempted with twenty-two of these studies because their research data needed to be openly available and reproducible without special hardware. Furthermore, the twenty-two replications were each given forty working hours of effort, but twelve of these took too long and had to be stopped early, impacting their quality. In result, it was found that out of the twenty-two replication attempts began only six could be accurately reproduced and five partially reproduced, meaning a 50% success rate. The main problems for reproducibility were identified in six sources: the "source code," "article," "data," "results," and "resources." Notably, each of the six accurate reproductions had code available, and the one other study with available code was a partial success limited by the time constraint, meaning availability of code alongside the data certainly improved the quality of the replication and was the most important factor for success. Therefore, despite limitations of a small sample size and time constraints, Gundersen et al. found that AI research’s reproducibility climbs from 33% accuracy when only data is available to 86% when both code and data are available. This is a significant enough result to empirically demonstrate the benefits of mandating openness and transparency of code as well as data.  <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Helregel, N. 2025. “AI and Open Science: Implications and Library Practice Recommendations.” ''Library Trends'' 73 (3). https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2025.a961191. ''' </div> Helregel (2025) examines the complex intersection of artificial intelligence and the open science movement, questioning whether current AI technologies possess the necessary transparency to align with open research principles. The article explores multiple dimensions of this relationship, assessing both the potential for AI to actively advance open science goals and the broader impacts of AI adoption on the attitudes and behaviours of researchers and the public. Recognizing the critical role of library and information science professionals in navigating this shifting landscape, Helregel outlines concrete recommendations for institutional library practice. These actionable strategies include prioritizing internal knowledge-building, fostering cross-institutional advocacy, adapting consultation and liaison workflows, navigating complex licensing agreements, and enhancing science communication. Ultimately, the paper positions libraries as vital infrastructure for ensuring that AI integration supports, rather than undermines, the core tenets of transparency, reproducibility, and accessibility in scholarly communication. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Hosseini, Mohammad, Serge P. J. M. Horbach, Kristi Holmes, Tony Ross-Hellauer. 2025 “Open Science at the generative AI turn: An exploratory analysis of challenges and opportunities.” ''Quantitative Science Studies'' 6: 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00337. ''' </div> Hosseini et al. provide an overview of the potential benefits and downsides of incorporating generative AI into different open science practices, as defined by the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science, particularly open access, open data, open source software, open evaluation, open science infrastructures, open engagement of societal actors, and open dialogue with other knowledge systems. Some common benefits across these practices are that generative AI has the potential to lower the barriers to participation in science, summarize academic literature for non-academic audiences, and simplify processes in coding and data management. However, the authors also warn about the potential risks, including the creation and spread of misinformation, the propagation of hegemonic worldviews, and the monetization of research information. Given these downsides and the high social and ecological costs of generative AI, the authors suggest researchers question if AI tools are the most efficient way of achieving openness in science. The final section of the paper includes further recommendations for institutions, funders, and publishers, such as providing training on the use of generative AI, monitoring its positive and negative impacts, and continuing testing its use for evaluation and assessment purposes. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Linåker, Johan, Cailean Osborne, Jennifer Ding, Daniel Puttick, and Richard Nweibo. 2025. “A Cartography of Open Collaboration in Open Source AI: Mapping Practices, Motivations, and Governance in 14 Open Large Language Model Projects.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 29. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25397<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article engages in a survey and interviews of the practices, motivations, and governance of fourteen open LLMs with the aim of further enabling collaboration throughout the open LLM lifecycle. The essay provides an overview of terms for open AI and major takeaways and challenges for different types of collaboration—types of collaboration include model, data, software, evaluation, non-technical, and compute—at the pre-training, post-training, and post-release stages of the LLM lifecycle. The authors also identify five governance frameworks for open LLM projects ranging from single companies to “non-profit-sponsored grassroots projects.” The authors opine that collaboration does not merely happen with LLMs themselves but the infrastructure and accompanying tools (e.g., datasets, open source frameworks, discussion fora, etc.) needed to produce and maintain them, and more research and attention needs to be given to the ecosystem surrounding LLMs. The article also includes recommendations “to support the global community of practitioners building a more open future for AI” for researchers and developers, AI companies, policymakers, academic institutions, platform providers, and open source foundations. For instance, they recommend that policymakers fund infrastructure of public AI, not just specific models, use targeted initiatives to support regional languages, require publicly funded research to use licensing that aligns with open science principles, and insist on a clear definition of what constitutes openness in these cases (36). <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Papi, Sara, Marco Gaido, Luisa Bentivogli, and Matteo Negri. 2025. “FAMA: The First Large-Scale Open-Science Speech Foundation Model for English and Italian.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', May 28. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22759<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article presents an Open Science Speech Foundation Model (SFM) called FAMA, “the first family of large-scale open-science SFMs for English and Italian trained on over 150k hours of exclusively OS-compliant speech data.” FAMA’s results are comparable to its closed counterparts and considerably faster (up to 8 times). The authors present a brief summary of recent advancements in automatic speech recognition and speech translation while raising concerns about the closed nature of related applications’ training data and code and pointing to open source alternatives in different domains for inspiration. The majority of the article is dedicated to specifics of architecture, training, and results of FAMA compared to its competitors; however, the end result—that FAMA is competitive with and even outperforms its larger, non-open counterparts like OpenAI’s Whisper in some cases—is an excellent case study in how open science can work in the domain of LLMs and AI. {{Navigation|previous=Essential Contexts|next=AI and Social}} {{BookCat}} 9uct9w7v1qax31kurhlf9xzfpyl0jym 4655930 4655929 2026-07-30T22:25:17Z CorreiaA 3614427 4655930 wikitext text/x-wiki == Open Access == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Kember, Sarah, and Amy Brand. 2023. “The Corporate Capture of Open-Access Publishing.” ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', August 16. https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-corporate-capture-of-open-access-publishing. ''' </div> Kember and Brand highlight that open access policies adopted to increase availability of publicly funded research “may unintentionally contribute to greater consolidation in academic publishing” by encouraging commercial publishers to “value quantity over quality and platforms over people.” Kember and Brand use the history of “corporate capture” as a guide, referencing the development of self-archiving practices into a “neoliberal framework” of “openness at any cost.” Open-access reforms which targeted academic publishing as a “monolithic… bad actor” enabled this by hurting small actors more than major commercial entities, which exploited their vulnerability. Since then, the largest publishers have initiated hybrid subscription models to charge more overall, or “Read-and-Publish” deals that are increasingly expensive, decimate shrinking library budgets, and reinforce inequities in authorship. Kember and Brand argue this process was driven by ignorance, error, and the ideology of “immediate interest,” where short term gains are prioritized. The neoliberal idea that “information wants to be free” is similarly “subjugating all values to those of the market,” as open-access policy “inherits a utopia and risks delivering a dystopia” by making vast amounts of linked data readily accessible to third parties. The answer lies in a network of non-profit, fair-profit, and international organizations, which could turn the “false promise of openness into truly public knowledge.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Luth, Eric. 2025. “The Use of Wikipedia, Wikimedia, and Open Access Content for Artificial Intelligence and Text and Data Mining.” ''Stockholm IP Law Review'' 6 (1): 109–138. https://doi.org/10.53292/33313cc8.be33e111<nowiki/>.''' </div> Luth examines how Digital Commons stakeholders such as Wikimedia influence the development of AI models trained on Creative Commons (CC) licensed content. He argues that while these resources are essential for AI training, AI developers’ compliance with license conditions is often uncertain, and some AI developers may bypass legal requirements. Luth highlights two strategies: using CC licenses to protect shared knowledge and collaborating to sustain the ecosystem of open access. By combining these approaches, stakeholders can support high-quality AI outputs while preserving the integrity of the Digital Commons. The article emphasizes that AI’s reliance on shared resources carries ethical and practical responsibilities and shows how open licensing can enhance the reliability and social value of AI. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Pooley, Jefferson. 2024. "Large Language Publishing: The Scholarly Publishing Oligopoly's Bet on AI." ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 7 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18357/kula.291<nowiki/>.''' </div> Pooley begins with the Microsoft–OpenAI vs. New York Times clash to show how both journalism and scholarly publishing are positioning themselves to charge AI firms for using their content. He notes, however, that journalism and academic publishing differ fundamentally: news organizations pay their writers, while scholarly publishers rely on research produced for free by academics or funded by taxpayers. Pooley criticizes commercial publishers for framing AI companies as “free-riders” even though those publishers themselves profit from vast unpaid scholarly labour. To clarify, the author uses the notion of "surveillance capitalism” (using behavioural data to “feed predictive models” and sell it to customers, i.e., Facebook, Google, Silicon Valley) and states that unlike big tech companies in which “if you do not pay you are the product,” publishing companies like Elsevier use researchers both as product and paying customers in “Surveillance publishing.” This allows the “data cartels” to feed predictive models and turn academics' data into a product, which is quietly sold to tech companies without the academics’ knowledge in a process Pooley calls “academic fracking.” Even open-access work is often restricted or enclosed within proprietary platforms that enable further data extraction. Pooley urges academics to push back now and campaign, before these companies fully extend their surveillance-driven business models into AI and continue monetizing scholarly work and researcher behaviour without accountability. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Smith, Regan. 2025. “Licensing of Text for Generative AI: Learnings from Non-AI Licensing Practices.” ''The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts'' 48 (4): 457–512. https://doi.org/10.52214/jla.v48i4.13926<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities of licensing textual content for generative AI, analyzing how existing open-access licenses (CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC0) perform in machine learning contexts. The author argues that most licenses were drafted without anticipating large-scale AI training or synthetic output generation, highlighting gaps in coverage while noting that marketplace solutions (through negotiated deals with publishers or voluntary collective management organizations—CMOs) are already emerging. The piece emphasizes that AI developers and rightsholders can collaboratively experiment with licensing arrangements, scaling compliance and business operations to mitigate risk, rather than relying on rigid, government-mandated frameworks. The author proposes that machine-readable licensing provisions, including TDM opt-out signals and provenance-tracking requirements, should become standard features of scholarly communication infrastructure, and engages with the question of whether OA constitutes a commons governed by norms of reciprocity or a reservoir open to private capture, examining case law around "fair use" defences for training data and the adequacy of attribution mechanisms when source texts are statistically blended beyond recognition. == Open Data == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Bender, Emily M., and Batya Friedman. 2018. “Data Statements for Natural Language Processing: Toward Mitigating System Bias and Enabling Better Science.” ''Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics'' 6: 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00041.''' </div> The authors propose data statements as a design intervention to reduce exclusion and bias in language technologies, particularly in NLP, arguing that such documentation can prevent misrepresentation and support more ethical and accurate system development. They define a data statement as a “critical enabling infrastructure” that helps developers understand how results may generalize, how systems should be deployed, and what biases might be present. Their recommended schema includes a detailed, long-form account (covering curation methods, language variety, speaker and annotator demographics, context of speech or text, and recording or text quality) and a short form that should accompany any publication using the dataset. Using two case studies, they demonstrate how this schema works in practice and conclude that without a field-wide commitment to this practice, efforts to confront bias will be severely weakened, whereas widespread adoption would immediately clarify representational limits and, over time, foster more inclusive datasets and value-sensitive research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Boyd, Karen. 2021. “Datasheets for Datasets Help ML Engineers Notice and Understand Ethical Issues in Training Data.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 5 (CSCW2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479582.''' </div> Boyd explores how documentation frameworks such as “Datasheets for Datasets” function in practice for machine learning engineers, showing that open access to data alone does not ensure ethical or responsible AI development. Through think-aloud sessions with 23 practitioners, Boyd demonstrates that engineers who received a Datasheet identified ethical issues earlier and more frequently than those who did not, proving that documentation can actively shape how practitioners recognize, interpret, and respond to potential ethical issues in training data. Framing the analysis through the concept of ethical sensitivity (recognition, particularization, and judgment), Boyd argues that practices focused on structured interventions could increase ethical awareness, like datasheets that could serve as an infrastructure for ethical engagement, prompting engineers to reflect on dataset provenance, demographic representation, and the broader consequences of data reuse, factors often hidden or overlooked in open data environments. This study challenges the assumption that openness automatically leads to fairer AI systems. By offering empirical evidence of how documentation scaffolds ethical decision-making, the author makes a compelling case for embedding such practices throughout AI, especially as machine learning systems increasingly rely on openly available and ethically complicated data. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Edit Herczog, Māui Hudson, Keith Russell, and Shelley Stall. 2021. “Operationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous Data Futures.” ''Scientific Data'' 8: 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00892-0.''' </div> Carroll et al. discuss how the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles for scientific data and CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) principles for Indigenous Data Governance can be operationalized to allow Indigenous Peoples’ Rights to control their data, especially as big data and open data increase access to large datasets. The authors consider that the two sets of principles can be complimentary, both for scientific data and for data created by or about Indigenous Peoples. Scientific data can benefit from the CARE principles because many scientific datasets contain Indigenous Knowledge and these datasets can be oriented in ways that enhance the wellbeing of people by recording provenance and using appropriate governance models. Similarly, Indigenous Data can benefit from the FAIR principles to make data interoperable, regardless of the source or underlying technology, even if the datasets cannot be made openly accessible. The authors provide some recommendations to operationalize FAIR principles with CARE by making Indigenous data FAIR, raising awareness of the CARE principles among the research community before engaging with Indigenous data, and testing ways to use CARE principles for Indigenous data. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Ibrahim Garba, Óscar Luis Figueroa Rodríguez, Jarita Holbrook, and Raymond Lovett. 2020. “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.” ''Data Science Journal'' 19 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043.''' </div> The authors ground the article in the structural biases embedded in data ecosystems and the ongoing processes of colonization that have produced epistemicide and constrained Indigenous Peoples’ ability to sustain their knowledges. They highlight how inequities operate across digital infrastructures and institutions, while Indigenous knowledge systems already engage with this complexity. The article directly refers to the tension between Indigenous Data Sovereignty and the data demands of AI, machine learning, and big data initiatives, noting that secondary data use and broad data sharing can threaten Indigenous rights, consent, and collective interests. Within this context, the Indigenous-led development of the CARE principles (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) is discussed as a value-based response to concerns about the secondary use and reuse of Indigenous data. It highlights that open data for AI training is not a merely technical matter, but a political one, where broad data sharing and algorithmic extraction can underscore Indigenous rights, consent, and collective interests. By articulating CARE, authors argue for frameworks that centre people and purpose rather than solely data accessibility or system performance. The paper concludes that reclaiming control of data and data narratives shifts Indigenous Peoples from being subjects and invisible within data systems to self-determining users who shape governance, policy, ethics, and innovation in ways aligned with collective benefit and equity. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Heger, Amy, Liz B. Marquis, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Hanna Wallach, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2022. “Understanding Machine Learning Practitioners' Data Documentation Perceptions, Needs, Challenges, and Desiderata.” ''Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction'' 6 (CSCW2): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555760.''' </div> Heger et al. (2022) examine whether existing data documentation frameworks actually meet the needs of machine learning (ML) practitioners, a crucial issue given that AI models now shape high-stakes decisions across disciplines and depend heavily on the quality and transparency of their training data. The authors argue that while documentation initiatives like Datasheets for Datasets aim to support responsible and transparent AI, little is known about how these tools function in industry settings, where workflows, pressures, and data types differ substantially from academic contexts. Through semi-structured interviews and a documentation exercise with 14 practitioners, they find that current documentation practices are largely ad hoc, narrow in scope, and often disconnected from responsible AI concerns. Participants struggled to understand the purpose of many documentation questions, were unsure of appropriate granularity, and often failed to recognize the ethical implications of dataset characteristics. Their findings reveal a significant gap between responsible AI ideals and everyday ML practices. The study provides evidence that documentation frameworks must be contextual, integrated into existing tools, and supported by actionable guidance if they are to prevent downstream harms. By deriving seven design requirements, the authors offer concrete directions for developing documentation standards that can support safer, more accountable open AI data practices. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Huerta, E. A., Ben Blaiszik, L. Catherine Brinson, Kristofer E. Bouchard, D. Díaz, et al. 2023. “FAIR for AI: An Interdisciplinary and International Community Building Perspective.” ''Scientific Data'' 10: 487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02298-6<nowiki/>.''' </div> Huerta et al. (2023) survey a wide landscape of US and European initiatives defining the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles for AI models, arguing that responsible AI requires more than open access, it requires infrastructures that make AI assets understandable, comparable, and genuinely reusable. Their main argument is that FAIR must be reinterpreted for AI because models, software, and workflows are now “first-class” research objects, and only coordinated, community-wide standards can support interpretability, reproducibility, and sustainable open science. By mapping dozens of large, interdisciplinary FAIR-for-AI efforts, the authors show how FAIRness enables cross-disciplinary model reuse, transparent benchmarking, and educational access, ultimately laying groundwork for foundation models built from FAIR, AI-ready datasets. The paper highlights a major gap in current AI openness debates: open access alone does not ensure usable, trustworthy, or equitable AI. The authors demonstrate that without shared metadata standards, integrated repositories, and long-term infrastructure, openness can fragment into silos that impede scientific discovery. Their community-focused perspective invites readers to see FAIR not as a bureaucratic checklist but as an evolving, collaborative project essential for scaling transparent, reusable AI across scientific domains. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Taeihagh, Araz. 2025. “Governance of Generative AI.” ''Policy and Society'' 44 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puaf001.''' </div> Taeihagh’s work takes on the evolving governance challenges surrounding generative AI, particularly the way its vast training data demands have injected new urgency into long-running debates over open data governance. Unlike rule-based AI systems designed for fixed, pre-specified tasks, generative models train on expansive datasets and produce novel outputs. The author argues that this reshapes the very terrain of risk. This shift invites distinct concerns: hallucination, jailbreak, exposure of sensitive information, accuracy failures, opacity, and the general difficulty of control. Taeihagh not only details how these risks emerge from the technical properties of generative systems but also proposes a governance framework that maps potential interventions to each category of risk and explores the institutional supports required to make such interventions effective. The framework is especially instructive for today’s AI data-governance debates, where the scale and unpredictability of generative models are compelling policymakers to rethink what openness should entail, whose interests it advances, and how governance mechanisms can guard against extractive data practices while steering AI development toward public values. == Open Source == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Bostrom, Nick. 2017. “Strategic Implications of Openness in AI Development.” ''Global Policy'' 8 (2): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12403<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article is a cross-section that surveys the notion of openness in AI development before proprietary AI models entered the market, observing the early approaches of competing companies including Google, Facebook, and Microsoft, as well as OpenAI’s origins as a non-profit organization—OpenAI now operates as a capped-profit company governed by a non-profit, functioning effectively as a for-profit public benefit corporation rather than a publicly traded entity. The article focuses on long-term moves toward openness and their implications, but also briefly considers the benefits and problems inherent in short- and medium-term openness: Bostrom speculates that too much openness runs the risk of curbing corporate (and therefore funding) interest, ultimately slowing the rate of AI’s technological progress. However, he also asks: “Supposing openness would speed technical progress and rollout of AI capabilities, would that be socially beneficial?” (137). Bostrom notes a number of concerns ranging from public safety to labour encroachment, but still suggests that openness in AI development would be a net positive that accelerates the rate of technological progress in the short and middle-term. In the article’s long term section, Bostrom considers multiple scenarios in which openness might either help or hinder the safety and progress of a general AI superintelligence. He identifies distinct forms of openness (Science and Source Code; Control Methods and Risk Analysis; Capabilities and Expectations; and Values, Goals, and Governance Structures), addressing the potential value of openness in each, and argues that while openness is generally positive, especially in issues of values and safety, sharing too much knowledge may increase the odds someone will abuse this technology or ignore safety. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Cooper, Martin. 2023. “Open Source is Good for AI But, Is AI Good for Open Source?” ''ITNOW'' 65 (2): 50–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwad062<nowiki/>.''' </div> Cooper shares Terence Eden's perspectives on the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence and the open source movement, ultimately raising ethical and practical concerns about attribution and authorship in the age of AI-generated code. Eden believes that open source promotes technologies like AI, cloud, and the internet, driving efficiency, reducing duplication, and advancing scientific discovery. He raises an issue with AI’s use of open source without proper attribution violating one of open source’s core principles: crediting the original creator. Despite acknowledging that AI can assist developers and make programming more accessible, Eden cautions against viewing AI as a substitute for genuine understanding or creativity. Ultimately, Eden’s article is both a celebration and a warning: open source has empowered AI, but unless attribution and ethical use are safeguarded, AI may erode the very openness and integrity that made its success possible. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Guo, Xinwei, Yujun Li, Yafeng Peng, and Xuetao Wei. 2024. “Copyleft for Alleviating AIGC Copyright Dilemma: What-if Analysis, Public Perception and Implications.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12216. ''' </div> This article analyzes and summarizes copyright disputes related to Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) and isolates three primary stakeholders within these disputes: data owners, who create the content upon which AIGCs have been trained; model owners, who develop the AIGC applications and models (e.g., ChatGPT, Stable Diffusion, etc.) themselves; and model users, who apply prompts to AIGC models to generate content. The authors consider the benefits, challenges, and risks that arise from each given stakeholder making a claim to copyright while considering the potential benefits and challenges of embracing copyleft (i.e., granting free use over material so long as the products of that free use are also under copyleft). In their contemplation of each stakeholder, they recognize the benefits for each group in advocating copyright to content, but also identify harm to other stakeholders, society, progress in developing AIGC, and institutions (e.g., “the copyright registration system”). The authors consider three real-life cases surrounding copyright disputes and envision how copyleft would effectively alleviate the disputes and tension surrounding their different stakeholders. The last half of the article performs a survey that asks users who have a range of familiarity with AIGC a range of questions, including who ought to have copyright claims to a generated image of the Mona Lisa in the style of Vincent Van Gogh. The authors note that their survey indicates consistent ambivalence, misunderstanding, and concern over copyright issues related to AIGC. The survey identified that there is support for applying copyleft to AIGC, and that that support increases the more someone understands the issues surrounding AIGC and copyright. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Osborne, Cailean. 2024. “Why Companies "Democratise" Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Open Source Software Donations.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 26. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2409.17876<nowiki/>.''' </div> Osborne aims to advance the "nascent research agenda on the political economy of open source AI" by studying various corporate AI OSS donations to non-profit foundations and thereby sourcing and explaining corporate incentives behind their "democratization" of AI. He firstly outlines this topic in detail, clarifying that the technology required to access AI is expensive, and developing AI even more so, meaning this "democratization" represents only a lowering rather than removal of barriers. Osborne then considers the possible incentives behind organizational level decisions to democratize AI, as companies seek to competitively dominate industry norms, test and improve their products, enlarge intellectual property, reduce R&D costs, and focus external research into their own AI. Significantly, individual developers of open source software do not have the same incentives but tend to accept commercial participation. On one hand, corporate participation means volunteers will be contributing toward these sources of corporate profit without reward; on the other hand, it risks companies dominating open research spaces and developing a complex intercompany research network of "co-opetition" which individual volunteers cannot enter. Therefore, Osborne’s study is highly relevant to issues of commercialization and open scholarship and especially concerns of “open-washing.” The study’s results highlight the predominantly commercial incentives behind corporate “AI democratisation” efforts, appropriately mirroring its most common form—the democratization of governance. However, Osborne's results also illustrate the significance of the individual level, “bottom-up” movement, suggesting that a significant 38% of decisions to donate stemmed from developers. Despite this, he concludes that “AI democratization” is indeed “a strategic calculation, where companies relinquish control of their OSS project in exchange for assumed benefits,” as “democratisation of governance is treated as a social means for primarily economic and technological ends,” broadly supporting the works of Widder et al. and Srnicek, and encouraging other researchers to bring their attention to this area. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Radu, Roxana. 2021. “Steering the Governance of Artificial Intelligence: National Strategies in Perspective.” ''Policy and Society'' 40 (2): 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728.''' </div> This article provides a survey and analysis of the national strategies related to AI implemented by a dozen countries around the world. It is of particular interest to those interested in concrete policies and regulations surrounding AI rather than discourse and rhetoric. Radu identifies a tension between nations claiming to take a leadership role and corporations that are “driving developments in the field.” More specifically, she observes that the vast “majority of binding agreements and voluntary commitments” come from corporations rather than nations or government regulatory bodies, indicating a concerning trend toward self-regulation. Governments have often played a key role in facilitating the conditions in which the development of AI technologies have thrived, even funding the rudimentary research that leads to AI models and applications, and this article notes that, regardless of the level of government regulation, the state is rarely a passive player when it comes to AI. Radu identifies the trend of a “dominant place for industry in the drafting process” and that representatives from industry make up a third of members drafting national strategies as well as prominent positions within those groups. Radu also notes absences: for instance, despite more than seventy countries using AI for surveillance, this issue is conspicuously absent from most strategies. Radu concludes that the common thread among many of these strategies is a hybridity between industry and state that affirms “the deliberate choice for functional indetermination,” resulting in a lack of clarity surrounding “who makes the rules and for how long,” and notes there are very few limitations placed on industry as these strategies instead provide vague ethical guidelines. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Schmit, Cason, M. J. Doerr, and J. K. Wagner. 2023. “Leveraging IP for AI Governance.” ''Science'' 379 (6633): 646–647. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add2202.''' </div> This article proposes a hybrid AI copyright model that combines copyleft licensing and “patent trolling” in order to enforce an ethical approach to using AI models and training datasets. Schmit et al. contend that current legislation that applies to AI models and their use “are insufficient to impel ethical conduct” and require further consideration. The article advocates its hybrid model—Copyleft AI with Trusted Enforcement (CAITE)—as both rigorous and flexible, allowing for both self-reporting and monitoring. Essentially, the system works by creating an ecosystem in which AI models and training data are developed using copyleft, allowing for free use of these materials so long as the product of that use is covered by the same licensing agreement. At the same time, the enforcement of that licensing agreement is transferred to a regulatory entity called the CAITE Host, which acts as a positive counterpart to the patent troll, ensuring that no individual or organization breaches the terms of copyleft, introduces dangerous applications, data, or features, or unethically uses materials under the copyleft agreement. The CAITE Host and its code of ethics are driven by community oversight and buy-in, and the host is regulated by the community. The authors contend that its flexibility and bottom-up structure make CAITE uniquely suited to handling the rapidly developing field of AI and its shifting needs. Once CAITE achieves a critical mass, it would also become increasingly unlikely for AI developers to opt out. The article concludes by proposing a pilot model for CAITE, and strongly suggests that such a framework is far preferable for industry and others than stringent, relatively slow-moving, and inflexible government regulation in isolation. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Shanklin, Grant, Cason Schmit, Jacob Pierce, Nicole Martinez-Martin, and Matthew DeCamp. 2025. “The Case for Contextual Copyleft: Licensing Open Source Training Data and Generative AI.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', July 17. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12713.''' </div> This article introduces and describes a new form of content licensing, CCAI (Contextual Copyleft AI), designed to apply copyleft values and ethics to AI content, and should appeal to anyone interested in coding, copyright, and the (mis)use of training data for generative AI. The authors advocate for an approach that preserves the values of the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) movement by using copyleft as a mechanism for the rights of AI content. The CCAI license requires that the free use and distribution of the software in question, that any work derived from that software must also be licensed under CCAI, and that CCAI software must “include source code or provide a way to access it.” The CCAI draws from and imitates other copyleft licenses but explicitly addresses and outlines the expectations regarding specific components of AI models within its license, applying copyleft and a requirement of openness to training data, code, and parameters. The article contends that whether it is easily demonstrable or not, clear guidelines of when training on publicly available data is and is not okay can act as a deterrent to misuse, and the CCAI license will give developers more agency in how others use their code, accelerate open source AI development by giving open source AI models open source training data only they can use, and limit the practice of open washing—claims that software and AI is open source when it is not (or not fully open source). The authors admit there are security risks that come with open AI models (e.g., vulnerabilities to malicious actors), but they contend that the benefits far outweigh those risks, especially when accompanied by the implementation of the CCAI and complementary regulations. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Widder, David Gray, Dawn Nafus, Laura Dabbish, and James Herbsleb. 2022. “Limits and Possibilities for ‘Ethical AI’ in Open Source: A Study of Deepfakes.” In ''Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’22)'', 2035–46. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533779.''' </div> Widder et al. assert that significant understudied harms arise from divergent practices of “transparency and accountability” in the open source community. They argue that interventions designed for private companies may be improper for open source contexts, highlighting gaps in current approaches to “Ethical AI.” Their purpose is to reveal these systemic vulnerabilities and propose frameworks that better address the unique social and technical dynamics of open source development. They use an open source Deepfake creation tool as an extreme case to highlight how ethical reasoning intersects with broader cultural frameworks and interview project leaders. In this case study, researchers offer a definition of “Down stream control assumptions,” suggesting that “Ethical AI” research and “design interventions” would be improved by explicitly acknowledging these assumptions and identifying ways to work effectively under weak assumptions of downstream control in open sources contexts. == Open Science == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ación, Laura, Mariela Rajngewerc, Gregory Randall, and Lorena Etcheverry. 2023. “Generative AI Poses Ethical Challenges for Open Science.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 7 (12): 1800–1801. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01740-4. ''' </div> This article explores the tension between Open Science’s need to make knowledge freely accessible and the rise in GenAI and its tendencies to use any information available to it without necessarily considering how its application of such information (including information made available through Open Science) may do harm. These “frictions,” as the authors describe them, point to Open Science’s need to make data available while ensuring said data is not used to do harm. It is a concise summary of the foundational issues at the heart of these conversations, and great for anyone interested in how GenAI complicates Open Knowledge. The authors propose selective licensing as one approach to curbing harm, but notes that this only protects against harm from direct use (e.g., “open-source code used to build a weapon”) and not an indirect use (e.g., “open-source library use within another algorithm that is in itself harmful”). Ultimately, they stress the need for new governance systems and regulations related to the creation of knowledge that prioritizes both the public good and right to research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Baltes, Sebastian, Florian Angermeir, Chetan Arora, Preetha Chatterjee, Jens Deitenbeck, Daniel Graziotin, Christoph Treude, et al. 2025. “Guidelines for Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Involving Large Language Models.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', August 21. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15503. ''' </div> This article develops best practices and guidelines for the use of LLMs (expressly language LLMs, not image, audio, or video) for empirical studies in software engineering (expressly data collection, processing, and analysis). The authors aim to “enable reproducibility and replicability” in the field even when LLMs are in use and “produce more reliable evidence on what LLM can and cannot deliver.” They present what they call a “taxonomy of Study Types” in addition to their guidelines, providing examples both within and beyond software engineering, all aimed at promoting the use of LLMs while promoting open science practices. The article considers LLMs as annotators, judges, synthesizers, and subjects in SE, and the guidelines Baltes et al. present have two tiers, MUST and SHOULD, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of practices without which SE research employing LLMs is rendered ineffective (e.g., declaring an LLM’s usage and role) and those practices that merely make this sort of research more rigorous and accessible (e.g., including full interaction logs if privacy and confidentiality can be ensured). The authors advocate for these practices to better enable researchers in SE to engage with LLMs while practicing Open Science. Of particular interest is the way in which the authors structure their understanding of the field and guidelines, and how they recognize distinct studies require slightly different practices. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Biderman, Stella, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O'Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, et al. 2022. “EleutherAI: Going Beyond ‘Open Science’ to ‘Science in the Open.’” Preprint, ''arXiv'', October 12. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06413. ''' </div> This article outlines the inception and progress of EleutherAI, a lab and AI model first founded in 2020 by a group of (for the most part) university affiliated academics and researchers concerned that for-profit companies are the primary developers of GenAI research and models, and that there is a lack of transparency and openness related to these technologies. Those interested in alternative approaches to AI models or a concrete example of Open Science in action should read this article. Because these researchers want to make available a “capable large language model… for public use, study, and scrutiny,” they have conducted all EleutherAI research in the open, making it freely accessible to everyone (1): all research and discussions take place on Discord servers, and projects coordinated and teams assembled in those servers on a grassroots basis. This “public-facing research” leads to a “virtuous cycle” with little turnaround between the conception of ideas and development of projects, and facilitates conversation, collaboration, and community by giving all users, even newcomers, unfettered access to every means of communication in which the group engages. The authors consider the downsides to such an approach as well, citing the issues of relying on volunteer labour, how others might take this public research for their own without proper accreditation to EleutherAI, and the important consideration that perhaps not all things should be made public, but ultimately conclude that such open research is integral to the academic community. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gundersen, Odd Erik, Odd Cappelen, Martin Mølnå, and Nicklas Grimstad Nilsen. 2024. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Open Science in AI: A Replication Study.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', December 20. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2412.17859. ''' </div> Gundersen et al. examine the extent to which a widely accepted crisis in research reproducibility affects AI research. They do this by conducting a systematic replication study of thirty highly cited AI studies, allowing the authors to identify the problems with irreproducibility. Out of the gate, the replication process could only be attempted with twenty-two of these studies because their research data needed to be openly available and reproducible without special hardware. Furthermore, the twenty-two replications were each given forty working hours of effort, but twelve of these took too long and had to be stopped early, impacting their quality. In result, it was found that out of the twenty-two replication attempts began only six could be accurately reproduced and five partially reproduced, meaning a 50% success rate. The main problems for reproducibility were identified in six sources: the "source code," "article," "data," "results," and "resources." Notably, each of the six accurate reproductions had code available, and the one other study with available code was a partial success limited by the time constraint, meaning availability of code alongside the data certainly improved the quality of the replication and was the most important factor for success. Therefore, despite limitations of a small sample size and time constraints, Gundersen et al. found that AI research’s reproducibility climbs from 33% accuracy when only data is available to 86% when both code and data are available. This is a significant enough result to empirically demonstrate the benefits of mandating openness and transparency of code as well as data.  <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Helregel, N. 2025. “AI and Open Science: Implications and Library Practice Recommendations.” ''Library Trends'' 73 (3). https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2025.a961191. ''' </div> Helregel (2025) examines the complex intersection of artificial intelligence and the open science movement, questioning whether current AI technologies possess the necessary transparency to align with open research principles. The article explores multiple dimensions of this relationship, assessing both the potential for AI to actively advance open science goals and the broader impacts of AI adoption on the attitudes and behaviours of researchers and the public. Recognizing the critical role of library and information science professionals in navigating this shifting landscape, Helregel outlines concrete recommendations for institutional library practice. These actionable strategies include prioritizing internal knowledge-building, fostering cross-institutional advocacy, adapting consultation and liaison workflows, navigating complex licensing agreements, and enhancing science communication. Ultimately, the paper positions libraries as vital infrastructure for ensuring that AI integration supports, rather than undermines, the core tenets of transparency, reproducibility, and accessibility in scholarly communication. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Hosseini, Mohammad, Serge P. J. M. Horbach, Kristi Holmes, Tony Ross-Hellauer. 2025 “Open Science at the generative AI turn: An exploratory analysis of challenges and opportunities.” ''Quantitative Science Studies'' 6: 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00337. ''' </div> Hosseini et al. provide an overview of the potential benefits and downsides of incorporating generative AI into different open science practices, as defined by the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science, particularly open access, open data, open source software, open evaluation, open science infrastructures, open engagement of societal actors, and open dialogue with other knowledge systems. Some common benefits across these practices are that generative AI has the potential to lower the barriers to participation in science, summarize academic literature for non-academic audiences, and simplify processes in coding and data management. However, the authors also warn about the potential risks, including the creation and spread of misinformation, the propagation of hegemonic worldviews, and the monetization of research information. Given these downsides and the high social and ecological costs of generative AI, the authors suggest researchers question if AI tools are the most efficient way of achieving openness in science. The final section of the paper includes further recommendations for institutions, funders, and publishers, such as providing training on the use of generative AI, monitoring its positive and negative impacts, and continuing testing its use for evaluation and assessment purposes. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Linåker, Johan, Cailean Osborne, Jennifer Ding, Daniel Puttick, and Richard Nweibo. 2025. “A Cartography of Open Collaboration in Open Source AI: Mapping Practices, Motivations, and Governance in 14 Open Large Language Model Projects.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', September 29. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25397<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article engages in a survey and interviews of the practices, motivations, and governance of fourteen open LLMs with the aim of further enabling collaboration throughout the open LLM lifecycle. The essay provides an overview of terms for open AI and major takeaways and challenges for different types of collaboration—types of collaboration include model, data, software, evaluation, non-technical, and compute—at the pre-training, post-training, and post-release stages of the LLM lifecycle. The authors also identify five governance frameworks for open LLM projects ranging from single companies to “non-profit-sponsored grassroots projects.” The authors opine that collaboration does not merely happen with LLMs themselves but the infrastructure and accompanying tools (e.g., datasets, open source frameworks, discussion fora, etc.) needed to produce and maintain them, and more research and attention needs to be given to the ecosystem surrounding LLMs. The article also includes recommendations “to support the global community of practitioners building a more open future for AI” for researchers and developers, AI companies, policymakers, academic institutions, platform providers, and open source foundations. For instance, they recommend that policymakers fund infrastructure of public AI, not just specific models, use targeted initiatives to support regional languages, require publicly funded research to use licensing that aligns with open science principles, and insist on a clear definition of what constitutes openness in these cases (36). <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Papi, Sara, Marco Gaido, Luisa Bentivogli, and Matteo Negri. 2025. “FAMA: The First Large-Scale Open-Science Speech Foundation Model for English and Italian.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', May 28. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22759<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article presents an Open Science Speech Foundation Model (SFM) called FAMA, “the first family of large-scale open-science SFMs for English and Italian trained on over 150k hours of exclusively OS-compliant speech data.” FAMA’s results are comparable to its closed counterparts and considerably faster (up to 8 times). The authors present a brief summary of recent advancements in automatic speech recognition and speech translation while raising concerns about the closed nature of related applications’ training data and code and pointing to open source alternatives in different domains for inspiration. The majority of the article is dedicated to specifics of architecture, training, and results of FAMA compared to its competitors; however, the end result—that FAMA is competitive with and even outperforms its larger, non-open counterparts like OpenAI’s Whisper in some cases—is an excellent case study in how open science can work in the domain of LLMs and AI. {{Navigation|previous=Essential Contexts|next=AI and Social}} {{BookCat}} c7qfo16hy6v5ilab4njo4izylhju0bf 0 483505 4655936 4638696 2026-07-30T23:51:25Z CorreiaA 3614427 4655936 wikitext text/x-wiki == Platforms == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Burton, Jason W., Ezequiel Lopez-Lopez, Shahar Hechtlinger, et al. 2024. “How Large Language Models Can Reshape Collective Intelligence.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 8 (9): 1643–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01959-9.''' </div> Large language models are quickly becoming infrastructure for how groups seek information, deliberate, and coordinate, potentially altering the conditions under which collective intelligence emerges. Burton and colleagues argue that LLMs do not merely speed up individual work but transform how information is aggregated, accessed, and transmitted across digital environments that underpin collective performance in organizations and societies. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives, the paper frames this shift as simultaneously enabling and destabilizing: LLMs can support distributed cognition (e.g., idea generation, synthesis, translation, scalable facilitation) while also increasing risks tied to dependence on shared intermediaries, degraded diversity of viewpoints, and new pathways for error, manipulation, or misplaced confidence. Rather than offering a single model or experiment, the article maps a research-and-practice agenda by identifying potential benefits, key hazards, and policy-relevant considerations, then articulating open questions that link technical design choices to group-level epistemic outcomes. Its central claim is that understanding collective intelligence in the LLM era requires moving analysis beyond isolated human–AI interactions toward system-level effects on networks, platforms, and institutions, and that these effects warrant focused study before LLM-mediated coordination becomes the default for tackling complex problems. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Corsi, Giulio, Bill Marino, and Willow Wong. 2024. “The spread of synthetic media on X.” ''Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review''. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-140<nowiki/>.''' </div> Corsi and Wong’s longitudinal empirical study analyzes 566 tweets containing synthetic media (December 2022–September 2023) documenting a dramatic surge following Midjourney V5 release with over 1.5 billion total views, revealing differential impacts where political deepfakes achieve higher median views despite representing minority of synthetic content. The authors demonstrate that generative AI's impact is stratified by content purpose with political misinformation posing acute democratic risks, while current detection and labelling systems lag behind generative capabilities, creating governance gaps compromising users' capacity to evaluate information. Using Community Notes data from December 2022 to October 2023, the study highlights the connection between the growth in generative AI tools and the rapid proliferation of synthetic media. The findings indicate that most synthetic media is non-political and largely benign, frequently taking the form of humorous or satirical images. However, the study also identifies a smaller but concerning portion of malicious synthetic media, which have potential height risks despite their lower frequency. The authors further examine the role of X’s paid verification system, revealing that while verified users tend to receive more overall views, this advantage diminishes when engagement is adjusted for follower count, implying that verification alone provides limited amplification. The study casts light on synthetic media’s expanding presence on social platforms and warns that even widespread exposure to seemingly harmless AI-generated content may gradually undermine trust in online information. To address these challenges, the authors recommend ongoing empirical monitoring, stronger collaboration between researchers and industry to develop transparent detection tools, and proactive policy measures aimed at reducing the social and political harms posed by malicious synthetic media. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Delmonaco, Daniel, Samuel Mayworm, Hibby Thach, Josh Guberman, Aurelia Augusta, and Oliver L. Haimson. 2024. “‘What are you doing, TikTok?’: How Marginalized Social Media Users Perceive, Theorize, and ‘Prove’ Shadowbanning.” https://oliverhaimson.com/PDFs/DelmonacoShadowbanning.pdf. ''' </div> Delmonaco et al.’s qualitative study explores marginalized social media users’ experiences with shadowbanning through the theoretical framework of algorithmic “folk theories.” Through a review of existing literature, the authors demonstrate how social media companies publicly distance themselves from shadowbanning while continuing to apply it in practice and explain why content produced by marginalized users is more frequently subject to filtering. The study analyzes 24 interviews to explore how users perceive, theorize, and attempt to “prove” shadowbanning through indicators such as decreased visibility, engagement, and follower loss. The findings reveal widespread confusion surrounding shadowbanning, deep mistrust in platform governance, and the disproportionate harm imposed on marginalized communities whose content is suppressed despite platforms’ public denials. The data further shows how users collectively produce and co-produce theories to resist the opacity of algorithmic moderation, and authors introduce “collaborative algorithm investigation,” in which users test and share algorithmic folk theories with one another. The authors argue that algorithmic content moderation exacerbates existing inequities by obscuring governance decisions, politicizing moderation, and shifting power from human judgment to opaque predictive systems, while suggesting that increased transparency, tailored moderation approaches, and users’ education could help reduce unfair content removals. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Drolsbach, Chiara, and Nicolas Pröllochs. 2025. “Characterizing AI-Generated Misinformation on Social Media.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', May 15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.10266<nowiki/>.''' </div> Drolsbach and Pröllochs’ article address a critical gap in existing research by shifting attention from the social drawbacks of AI-generated misinformation to its real-world prevalence and behaviour on social media platforms. Using a large-scale dataset of 91,452 misleading posts identified through X’s Community Notes platform, the authors empirically compare AI-generated and non-AI-generated misinformation across content characteristics, account attributes, virality, believability, and harmfulness. Their findings show that AI-generated misinformation is more entertainment-oriented, exhibits more positive sentiment, and is more likely to originate from smaller accounts, yet achieves significantly higher virality despite being slightly less believable and harmful than traditional misinformation. In their discussion and conclusion, the authors emphasize that AI-generated misinformation poses a growing challenge to the digital information ecosystem due to its realism, scalability, and difficulty of detection. They argue that its unique features disturb algorithmic amplification mechanisms and require new platform strategies, policy interventions, and research approaches that account for the unique properties of AI-generated misinformation rather than relying on countermeasures designed for conventional false content. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Duricic, Tomislav, Hussain Hussain, Emanuel Lacic, Dominik Kowald, Denis Helic, and Elisabeth Lex. 2023. “Beyond-Accuracy: A Review on Diversity, Serendipity, and Fairness in Recommender Systems Based on Graph Neural Networks.” ''Frontiers in Big Data'' 6: 1251072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1251072.''' </div> Duricic et al. (2023) provide a comprehensive review of recommender systems based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), with a particular focus on objectives that go beyond prediction accuracy, including diversity, serendipity, novelty, and fairness. While GNNs have demonstrated strong performance in modeling complex user–item interactions and improving recommendation accuracy, the authors argue that this very strength can intensify structural biases such as popularity bias, homophily, and feedback loops that marginalize less popular content and users. The paper provides a definition of each beyond-accuracy metric, reviews how it has been used in literature, and analyzes the technical barriers of integrating these goals into GNN-based systems such as measurement difficulties, trade-offs between competing goals, and risks of overfitting due to model complexity. Diversity-aware neighbourhood sampling, contrastive learning, and adversarial training to disrupt feedback loops are introduced for more heterogeneous and unexpected recommendations. In conclusion, the authors position GNNs as a powerful but double-edged tool in recommendation systems, capable of either narrowing or broadening users’ informational horizons depending on design choices. They argue that future research must focus on principled frameworks that integrate “beyond-accuracy” objectives, emphasizing that recommendation algorithms are not neutral optimizers but key socio-technical systems shaping visibility, voice, and fairness in digital information ecosystems. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gorwa, Robert, Reuben Binns, and Christian Katzenbach. 2020. “Algorithmic Content Moderation: Technical and Political Challenges in the Automation of Platform Governance.” ''Big Data & Society'' 7 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945.''' </div> Gorwa et al. unfold what "Algorithmic moderation systems” are perceived as essential in AI governance to address the public demand on AI accountability and transparency that remain unnavigable and inexplicable, such that even the enhanced versions could aggravate the existing misinformation issues. They state that major platforms' growth transforms them so much that they no longer function primarily as social networks. They define “algorithmic moderation” as “systems that classify user generated content based on either matching or prediction, leading to a decision and governance outcome (e.g. removal, geoblocking, account takedown).” Different types of hashing (matching) and classification (prediction) tools and the areas they are deployed (copyright, terrorism, and toxic speech) are described and their practicality are criticized. Their case analyses including copyright enforcement, counterterrorism, and toxic speech illustrate the limitations and unintended harms of automated moderation, demonstrating how even “improved” systems risk reinforcing misinformation patterns, entrenching platform power, and displacing human judgment. Ultimately, Gorwa et al. argue that algorithmic moderation transforms platform governance itself by concentrating authority in opaque technical systems while rendering the underlying political choices invisible. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Reynolds, C. J., and Blake Hallinan. 2024. “User-Generated Accountability: Public Participation in Algorithmic Governance on YouTube.” ''New Media & Society'' 26 (9): 5107–5129. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241251791. ''' </div> This study focuses on how YouTube creators respond to platform governance decisions by producing “user-generated accountability” content, videos that publicly document governance failures and pressure YouTube to intervene. Through an analysis of 250 such videos, the authors state that creators overwhelmingly experience YouTube’s policy enforcement, automated moderation systems, and communication practices as opaque, inconsistent, and often discriminatory. Authors declare that human review is essential in automizing platform governance. The study highlights that platform governance decisions affect creators differently depending on channel size, content type, and identity; larger creators can more easily mobilize audiences to “make noise,” while smaller creators rely on collective visibility tactics such as signal boosting across platforms, especially Twitter. The authors argue that these bottom-up accountability practices reflect both the limits of YouTube’s existing governance infrastructure and creators’ efforts to bypass scale dependent unresponsiveness by publicly sharing grievances, comparing experiences, and testing the platform’s algorithms themselves. Theoretically, the study provides the “user-generated accountability” as a framework for engaging with the unavoidable conflicts that will arise around algorithmic systems, and views content creators as “political actors” who advance the perceptions of algorithms. Empirically, it surfaces common concerns such as demonetization of LGBTQ content, and lack of human review. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Savolainen, Lotta. 2022. “The Shadow Banning Controversy: Perceived Governance and Algorithmic Folklore.” ''Media, Culture & Society'' 44 (6): 1091–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221077174.''' </div> Savolainen studies shadowbanning as a lens for understanding current algorithmic platform governance from the user perspective. Rather than determining whether shadowbanning objectively exists, the author conceptualizes it as “algorithmic folklore”: informal, collectively produced narratives through which users attempt to make sense of opaque moderation and ranking systems. Drawing on Reddit discussions about TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube, the study shows how users interpret suppressed visibility through anecdotal evidence, experimentation, and shared pattern recognition, revealing the experiential dimensions of algorithmic governance. Either users “probe the rules” or find their ways through “pleasing the algorithms”; the author argues that these practices emerge in response to governance systems that lack the clarity, stability, and consistency that are traditionally associated with good governance. The study concludes that platform governance contains a structural paradox: platforms increasingly present themselves as legitimate governors while simultaneously developing automated moderation systems that undermine transparency and consistent enforcement. Ultimately, the ethical issue is not shadowbanning itself, but the broader reality of shadowy governance exercised by complex, distributed algorithmic systems at scale. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Vetter, Matthew A., Jialei Jiang, and Zachary J. McDowell. 2025. “An Endangered Species: How LLMs Threaten Wikipedia’s Sustainability.” ''AI & Society'', February. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02199-9.''' </div> Vetter et al. caution against using Wikipedia as AI training data uncritically by outlining many complicating factors. Wikipedia’s collaborative model of data curation democratizes data creation, but embeds power dynamics and biases. A feminist posthumanist framework is applied, which situates Wikipedia’s knowledge as contextual, based upon the positionality of predominantly Western, male editors, a perspective LLMs would perpetuate without opportunity for change. Wikipedia’s "dynamism" is the main reason it is so valuable, stemming from constant, collaborative updates by volunteers. AI responses’ inconsistent citations and plagiaristic tendencies undermine human editors, the source of Wikipedia’s verifiability, and exploit scholars, Wikipedia itself, and the past labour of volunteers. Wikipedia needs both "a steady stream of new and returning readers" and "a diverse group of dedicated volunteers," whilst AI responses push sources into obscurity and at best detour the website, threatening Wikipedia’s long-term sustainability. Vetter et al. practically explore Wikipedia’s relationship with LLMs by conducting a "problem-centred expert interview" of community leaders, who possess 25 combined years of involvement and research. Through these interviews, Vetter et al. identify three main areas of opportunity: promoting transparency and explainability, diversifying the Wikipedia community, and equipping users with critical thinking skills. Overall, their findings "resonate with the posthumanist approach to critical AI literacy," cautioning against hoping for purely technological fixes and calling for greater transparency in how tech giants "leverage open-access datasets." == Governance, Leadership, and Policy == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Balendra, Soorya. 2025. “Meta's AI Moderation and Free Speech: Ongoing Challenges in the Global South.” ''Cambridge Forum on AI: Law and Governance'' 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/cfl.2025.5<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article conducts a case study of Meta’s AI-based content moderation in the Global South, arguing that the censorship of unprohibited content (“over removal”) and slow response to content that causes harm (“slow removal”) are part of “content moderation procedures” that constitute “massive discriminatory approaches.” Balendra presents three models of authority for the regulation of social media content: external regulation, self-regulation, and co-regulation, and argues that state regulation (falling under the external model) varies wildly depending on the government in question, with “granting absolute regulatory power to state actors often stifl[ing] political discourse and online expression.” Co- and self-regulation mitigate this problem, but introduce a new issue by shifting responsibility—private companies use AI to make millions of judgements about content in a short frame of time. The paper notes that the EU and the United States have drastically different policies regarding content moderation on social media platforms and argues that “the practice of content moderation remains largely shaped by the cultural norms of the United States” and the values of “a relatively homogenous groups of Silicon Valley elites.” Balendra finds that, at this time, current approaches often prioritize the state or private corporate interests rather than free speech or the interests of the larger community, and much work is needed to “achiev[e] genuine change” in the form of integrated, hybrid approaches. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Birkstedt, Teemu, Matti Minkkinen, Anushree Tandon, and Matti Mäntymäki. 2023. “AI Governance: Themes, Knowledge Gaps and Future Agendas.” ''Internet Research'' 33 (7): 133–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-01-2022-0042. ''' </div> Birkstedt et al. conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of the emerging yet fragmented field of “AI governance” (AIG), defined as “a system of rules, practices, processes, and technological tools” that ensure organizational AI meets strategic, legal, and ethical requirements. The authors use human-centric and socio-technical AI traditions to explore how organization-level governance mechanisms can bridge the principles-to-practices gap in AI ethics. Through SLR, authors identify four research agendas. The “technical agenda” focuses on the practicalities of AIG. The “stakeholder and contextual agenda” ensures AI meets requirements via direct collaboration with external stakeholders, increased corporate social responsibility, and establishment of an “intelligent discourse regime.” The “regulatory agenda” aligns AIG with ethical and legal standards, while the technical, stakeholder and contextual, and regulatory agendas largely focus on the aims of organizational AIG (i.e., what), and the process agenda deals with the means to achieve the aims (i.e., how). The authors develop a generic framework to guide cohesive AIG practices and advocate for a collaborative governance approach that emphasizes transparency, stakeholder engagement, and sociopolitical awareness. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Broekhuizen, Thijs, Henri Dekker, Pedro De Faria, Sebastian Firk, Dinh Khoi Nguyen, and Wolfgang Sofka. 2023. “AI for Managing Open Innovation: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda.” ''Journal of Business Research'' 167 (November 2023): 114196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114196. ''' </div> Broekhuizen et al. systematically analyze how AI could be applied to the complex, unstructured task of “open innovation,” a possible business opportunity they believe has been insufficiently explored. They define “Open innovation” as “the practice of leveraging external ideas, resources, and capabilities to improve innovation outcomes,” and propose AI could minimize its inherent managerial challenges. To prove this, the authors form a framework that considers the three abilities involved in AI’s agreed possible applications to management (involving “mapping,” “coordinating,” and “controlling”) and assess how applicable their constituent functions are to the challenges of the three stages of open innovation (involving “initiation,” “development,” and “realization”). In the stage of “initiation,” they propose AI could scout for distant knowledge partners, detect relevant information gaps and opportunities, and forecast conflicts. During the “development” stage, AI could develop complementarity between partners' knowledge stocks, integrate knowledge whilst safeguarding intellectual property, and monitor partners for violations or conflicts within the relationship. Finally, during the “realization” stage the authors argue AI could comprehensively evaluate business opportunities, optimize resource deployment, and diagnose or remedy intellectual property violations. To Broekhuizen et al., this study “underscores the significance of the human-side of AI” by demonstrating AI’s valuable role in assisting management. They also conclude that AI’s ability to search for corporate partners will be its greatest impact in open innovation, as they argue it will both incentivize openness and reputability of companies and increase the need for them to keep sensitive data secure. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Cheong, Inyoung. 2024. “Collaborative Approaches to AI Governance: Exploring Co-Design and Co-Regulation Models.” PhD diss., University of Washington. https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~yoshi/papers/theses/inyoung-cheong-dissertation.pdf<nowiki/>.''' </div> This dissertation seeks to integrate co-design and co-regulation as a means of facilitating domain-specific expert knowledge into AI governance policies. It uses theoretical analysis and empirical data as part of its methodologies, and it should be of interest to anyone who wants detailed case studies of the use of AI technology in specific domains, as well as clear models for (co-)governance and development in the use of Artificial Intelligence. Cheong performs two case studies, examining the development and use of an AI application to provide legal advice as well as the application of AI in online content moderation of news and comics apps in South Korea. These result in a set of strategies for AI co-regulation that includes parameters for starting conditions, institutional design, collaborative process, and facilitative leadership. Cheong proposes that the guiding principles for AI co-governance must account for specific and distinct contexts, maintain human involvement and intervention in what is often seen as an artificial and automated process, and look to resolve legal ambiguities surrounding AI, especially as there is a clear history of courts dismissing what Cheong calls “collective rule-making” by the community. The author argues for the implementation of co-regulation and co-design, and maintains that “by fostering inclusive dialogues, leveraging diverse expertise, and remaining adaptable to changing technological and societal landscapes” these methods show potential for dealing with AI’s greatest challenges. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Floridi, Luciano. 2018. “Soft Ethics and the Governance of the Digital.” ''Philosophy & Technology'' 31 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0303-9<nowiki/>.''' </div> Floridi argues our “mature information societies” means “we no longer live online or offline, but onlife,” making the sociopolitical challenge of ethically governing this foundational “digital age” even more vital than pursuit of future digital innovations. Floridi defines three overlapping subfields within the “Governance of the Digital,” including “Digital Ethics,” “Digital Regulation,” and the encompassing “Digital Governance.” The latter is defined as “the practice of establishing and implementing policies, procedures, and standards for the proper development, use and management of the infosphere,” therefore “sometimes neither moral nor immoral… legal nor illegal.” This demonstrates that the three subfields don’t always overlap, but each must always be considered by policymakers, because what is legal, what is good, and what is best are all key components of the ideal “Governance of the Digital.” “Digital Ethics” should also be further subdivided into “hard” ethics, involving binary moral judgments about what should versus should not be done, and “soft” ethics, which involves a “post-compliance,” “post-feasibility” approach, ensures moral opportunities are maximized, and fosters “good corporate citizenship.” Differing “information societies” occupy differing levels of maturity, producing distinct ethical contexts which should progress with differing ethical focuses. In this regard, Floridi advocates “ethics foresight analysis,” which uses data analytics to assess ethical impacts of future innovations then targets research by systematically identifying what is feasible, then sustainable, then acceptable, then preferable. The author concludes that Digital Ethics must be “leading” not “chasing” developments, and not just functioning as a questioning exercise, but also signalling that ethical issues matter, engaging with stakeholders, and providing shareable solutions. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gasser, Urs, and Virgilio A. F. Almeida. 2017. “A Layered Model for AI Governance.” ''IEEE Internet Computing'' 21 (6): 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2017.4180835<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article identifies the gap in knowledge created by the “black box” of AI—the obscured nature of the processes that take place from an initial prompt to its generated output. Gasser et al. note that users and policymakers of these technologies have relatively little insight into how it actually works compared to its developers. Given this unique issue, Gasser et al. propose a theoretical framework for how to approach AI governance, drawing upon the advent and subsequent globalization of the Internet to inform their understanding of AI technology and its pattern of growth. The article addresses a core issue that strong or general AI is often discussed in terms of potential societal impact while weak or general AI is currently being deployed right now (i.e., 2017) and is in real need of governance already. The authors identify core themes related to “transparency, accountability, and explainability; inclusion and fairness; [and] global governance,” as well as three challenges for AI governance—"information asymmetries”; “finding normative consensus”; and “government mismatches”. The authors point out that the ethical and legal considerations of AI are closely related and take a modularity approach; they present three layers for governance that exist from AI systems to society, with timing (i.e., near-, mid-, and long-term) and considerations for each layer. The article concludes by proposing AI governance requires a blended approach based on the different risks of certain AI applications and propose that both “market-oriented solutions” and "government-based structures” can work on a national or international level, suggesting a “global oversight body” could act as “the curator of global principles and emerging norms for AI systems.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Kirschenbaum, Matthew. 2025. “The US of AI.” Public Draft, February 25, 2025. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O2qkjhg7Ei5zZWmBraNwXq4V0lTauspN/view<nowiki/>.''' </div> This set of notes from Kirschenbaum represents his “near real-time attempt to come to terms with… the opening weeks of the second Trump Administration,” especially the “AI-first” strategy of “the so-called Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE).” Kirschenbaum outlines DOGE has nothing to do with government efficiency, as it only saves insignificant costs, instead possessing ideological and capitalistic motivations to form “a government without people.” Based on Musk’s nebulous authority—as an advisor from the private sector—DOGE targeted nineteen federal agencies to be “strip-mined and fracked for all manner of information” as a “priceless and unprecedented resource” of AI training data. To do so, DOGE operatives accessed sensitive spaces after hours, combining physical aggression with a “complete lack” of technical inhibition representing a “vampiric data suck.” Kirschenbaum identifies clear corporate interests here and further examines ideological aims. Early executive orders asserted the need for federal AI systems “free from ideological bias or engineered social agendas,” with OpenAI announcing “ChatGPT Gov” days later. These invocations of “AI” as a universal solution represent only a “linguistic token” instead of any realized technology—as worded by Salvaggio, AI must only “be considered a plausible competitor to human decision-making long enough to dislodge the existing human decision-makers.” Kirschenbaum frames this as based in the “masculine maximalism” of the Trump administration, as the term AI promotes “technological absolutism” whilst theoretically playing into the Nixon-era “theory of the unitary executive” by aiming to replace people with “void” and consolidate power into the hands of “a super-user class who will operate outside the system.” However, “the real world intrudes… with lethal downstream effects.” Kirschenbaum proposes “a collapsing superimposition of political discourse, the actual operations of social media as its primary public arena, and the technical architecture of the systems (in the form of AI)… in the sphere of governance as well as media,” which produces the “infrastructure for… permanent despotism” via the “untethering of language from conditions of lived reality.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Oh, Dayei, and John Downey. 2024. “Does Algorithmic Content Moderation Promote Democratic Discourse? Radical Democratic Critique of Toxic Language AI.” ''Information, Communication & Society'' 28 (7): 1157–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2346531.''' </div> Oh and Downey critically examine how algorithmic content moderation shapes public discourse, focusing specifically on Google’s Perspective API and its detection of "toxic" language. By drawing a crucial distinction between incivility (harsh or emotional tone) and intolerance (actual discriminatory harm), the authors demonstrate how AI-driven moderation systems frequently misinterpret context. Consequently, these algorithms often suppress emotionally charged but politically significant speech—particularly from marginalized groups—while allowing structurally discriminatory but politely phrased content to evade detection. This dynamic reveals a significant flaw in relying on AI as a neutral mediator of digital dialogue: by prioritizing tone over substance, algorithmic moderation actively curtails democratic participation and skews the visibility of diverse perspectives. Their study is relevant for understanding how AI systems act as invisible gatekeepers, enforcing normative boundaries on public expression and highlighting the urgent need for moderation frameworks that are contextually aware, transparent, and equitable rather than merely tone-policing. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Rughiniș, Cosima, et al. 2025. “AI at the Knowledge Gates: Institutional Policies and Hybrid Configurations in Universities and Publishers.” ''Frontiers in Computer Science'' 7: 1608276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1608276. ''' </div> This article constitutes a qualitative analysis (i.e., a form of computational analysis) of 16 universities and 12 publishers that attempts to understand how these institutions regulate AI in knowledge production. Rughinis et al. claim that most institutions preserve their values while regulating AI by adapting the regulations they already have in place, stating “institutional policies are shaped by value-based compromises and not by technical concerns alone.” At the same time, although the article acknowledges its focus on institutional regulation, it also admits that “AI adoption can evolve both through policy frameworks and… locally embedded practices that remain partly invisible in formal documentation.” The authors propose two concepts, “dual black-boxing” and “legitimacy-dependent hybrid actors.” Dual black-boxing refers to the lack of transparency in both the “hidden algorithmic processes [and] invisible training data” that shape AI systems and “the opacity surrounding how academics employ AI in their work,” while legitimacy-dependent hybrid actors are “configurations of human-AI collaboration whose institutional legitimacy is not intrinsic but conditional.” Rughinis et al. argue that transparency is a core academic value, and scholars must work to open these black boxes; they also suggest that that transparency is more closely linked to academic legitimacy in AI-related issues rather than the more traditional issue of the origin of ideas. The majority of the article applies these terms to understanding the regulatory frameworks of universities and publishers, and concludes with the understanding that the majority of institutions allow some form of AI use within certain parameters. The key types of hybrid actors allowed by universities were AI-assisted researchers, AI-enabled translators, AI-enhanced writers, and AI-supported coders, while publishers facilitated the use of AI to refine language, support research methodologies, and aid in research. Ultimately, the authors observe that institutions are permitting AI-supported work in refined roles and argue that AI-based academic work gains legitimacy through transparency. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Seger, et al. “Democratising AI: Multiple Meanings, Goals, and Methods.” ''Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society''. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3600211.3604693<nowiki/>.''' </div> Aiming to “provide a foundation for more productive conversations,” Seger et al. categorize four forms of “AI democratisation” and explore each form’s goals and facilitation pathways. Democratization of AI “use” involves making it easier for people to employ AI’s capabilities, and is therefore equally comparable to increasing availability of printers or of tools which can create chemical weaponry, depending on the case. Democratization of “development” involves allowing a wider range of people to contribute to the AI design and development process, which accelerates progress and increases diversity, but also opens the door for maliciousness and irresponsibility. Democratizing “profits” constitutes a philanthropic or redistributive process, and has the predictably involved weaknesses. Therefore, the authors highlight that “AI democratisation is a multifarious and sometimes conflicting concept” which “should not be conflated with improving AI accessibility” and “is not inherently good.” This is because democratization of AI’s “use,” “development,” and “profits” only derives value from its alignment with the interests and values of impacted groups, making democratization of AI’s “governance” the priority. Democratization of “governance” does not necessarily aim for total agreement amongst constituents, but will regardless reduce the unilaterality of decision-making by promoting justice, legitimacy, and diversity. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Sposato, Martin. 2025. ”Artificial Intelligence in Educational Leadership: A Comprehensive Taxonomy and Future Directions.” ''International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education'' 22 (20). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00517-1. ''' </div> This article performs an analysis and review of published works on AI in educational leadership from 2017–2024 and uses the results of that process to develop what Sposato describes as “a comprehensive taxonomy of AI applications in educational leadership.” Potential readers include researchers and policymakers interested in communicating across specific fields and disciplines. Sposato theorizes ten application domains for AI in higher education ranging from increased efficiency in administration and teaching practices to increased community engagement and strategic planning. The purpose of such a framework is to provide educational leaders with a coherent vocabulary of “the full spectrum of educational leadership responsibilities” that can facilitate further conversation. The author advocates for AI’s transformative potential in higher education even as they note important challenges (especially with ethics and equity), arguing a need for a balanced approach and “robust ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks.” The framework provided is presented as one step toward developing AI literacy for stakeholders so that all involved in education might make more informed decisions and articulate their needs more clearly. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ter-Minassian, Lucile. 2025. ”Democratizing AI Governance: Balancing Expertise and Public Participation.” Preprint, arXiv, January 16. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.08651<nowiki/>.''' </div> Ter-Minassian argues that “universal access, technically-constrained development, and universal impact” of AI and AI research necessitate public participation in AI governance even as it “creates a unique governance challenge”. The article presents the benefits and challenges of expert oversight and public consultation. Ter-Minassian outlines the threat of misinformation to meaningful public participation, highlighting how both undue fear and unrealistic optimism surrounding AI can affect public discourse, while acknowledging that the rapid rate of AI research makes it difficult to incorporate truly democratic processes into the decision-making process. The author concludes that any ongoing inclusive and effective AI governance ought to incorporate inclusive representation, balance expertise and public engagement, embrace transparency and accountability while engaging an iterative process, and implement a hybrid framework that “blend[s] expert knowledge with meaningful public input” (4). She argues that “AI’s deep societal impact calls for public engagement” and “technical complexity does not have to exclude meaningful public input,” advocating for “structured deliberation and phased public participation” to address “time-sensitive AI challenges without compromising democratic legitimacy” (5). Ultimately, the article sees this as an iterative process that will need to continue to adapt in order to maintain expert insight and public discourse on AI. == Critical Literacies == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Aguiar, Micaela, and Sílvia Araújo. 2024. “Final Thoughts: Digital Humanities Looking at Generative AI.” ''In Digital Humanities Looking at the World'', edited by S. Araújo et al., 367-380. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.''' </div> Aguiar and Araújo explore the emergence and applications of generative artificial intelligence within Digital Humanities research. They trace the evolution of generative AI from early implementations like the 1960s Eliza chatbot through its developments such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and the Transformer architecture to contemporary large language models like BERT and GPT. The authors document current applications of generative AI across Digital Humanities domains, including cultural heritage preservation, historical text processing, and literary creation. They outline how these technologies are being used to memorialize mass atrocities, process traditional Chinese ancient texts, and explore collaborative human-AI poetry creation. Aguiar and Araújo examine the inner workings of generative AI, particularly focusing on how conversational models function through statistical prediction rather than genuine comprehension. They identify limitations such as hallucinations, bias replication, and attribution problems that researchers must consider when using these tools. The chapter concludes that effective integration of generative AI in Digital Humanities requires developing AI literacy skills that enable researchers to critically evaluate outputs while leveraging the technology's capabilities for sustainable research advancement. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Boer, Victor de, and Lise Stork. 2024. “Hybrid Intelligence for Digital Humanities.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', April 15. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2406.15374. ''' </div> De Boer and Stork believe the discipline of Digital Humanities (DH) should meet the challenges and opportunities posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) by adopting the “human-centric paradigm” of Hybrid Intelligence (HI). They define DH as “a scholarly realm where computing or digital technologies intersect with… the humanities… characterized by innovative approaches to scholarly endeavors”, and identify various existing DH approaches to AI, which include “Knowledge Representation”, “Machine Learning”, “Natural Language Processing”, and “Computer Vision”. De Boer and Stork argue successfully integrating AI tools into DH requires embedding AI in scholarly practice, adopting a diverse and polyvocal approach, considering the debate of distant versus close reading, and applying a critical stance towards data, methods, and tools. HI “concerns itself with the investigation and design of human-AI ecosystems”, and the authors argue effective AI should be developed by following its “CARE” principles - being “Collaborative, Adaptive, Responsible, and Explainable.” Therefore, De Boer and Stork focus this text on mapping CARE principles to those DH requirements earlier outlined. Overall, they concur with Goodlad and Baker that humanists “are ideal “domain experts” for the current juncture”, and end by identifying two overarching challenges. The first challenge is “one-shot solutions”, including tools, datasets, and methods that aren’t reusable, Open Source, accessible, and well described. Secondly, they identify the human factor - actors will need both an open mind and AI literacy to be equally critical of and cooperative with AI. Therefore, the authors emphasize the importance of teaching digital methods within the humanities curricula. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Carmi, Elinor, Simeon J. Yates, Eleanor Lockley, and Alicja Pawluczuk. 2020. “Data Citizenship: Rethinking Data Literacy in the Age of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Malinformation.” ''Internet Policy Review'' 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.2.1481.''' </div> This study argues that dominant understandings of digital and data literacy are insufficient for addressing contemporary complex challenges of disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation. They propose the concept of data citizenship to reframe literacy as a fundamentally civic, political, and collective practice rather than a set of individual technical skills. The authors contend that information disorders cannot be addressed through technological solutions alone, as they are deeply embedded in structural inequalities, platform economies, and power asymmetries shaping datafied societies. The article builds on a literature review and secondary data analysis drawing on Me and My Big Data project, alongside the development of a nationally representative UK survey. The authors identify three major gaps in existing literacy frameworks: an overemphasis on individual competence rather than networked practices, a lack of critical engagement with algorithmic and economic infrastructures of platforms, and the absence of proactive civic skills such as contesting data extraction, demanding transparency, and advocating for data justice. Their analysis highlights how citizens’ data practices are shaped by social networks, education, and socio-economic conditions, revealing unequal capacities for verification, protection, and collective action. The authors conclude that data literacy must move beyond content verification to include critical understanding of platform design, funding models, and algorithmic governance. They emphasize the importance of locally grounded, participatory approaches to data literacy education that reflect diverse lived contexts rather than scalable, top-down interventions. While the study offers a robust conceptual model and survey-based insights, it does not yet include in-depth qualitative engagement with citizen groups, which the authors position as a necessary next phase of research. Overall, the article makes a significant contribution by bridging digital literacy and the field of mis/dis/mal information research and claims that data literacy is an essential component of democratic citizenship. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Long, Duri, and Brian Magerko. 2020. “What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations.” In ''Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems'', 1–13. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727.''' </div> The authors present an exploratory review of interdisciplinary literature, aiming to organize key ideas on AI literacy definitions and essential competencies. Authors claim that public misunderstandings of AI are due to design, educational gaps, black-box algorithms, and a general lack of technological knowledge. The review includes two sections: how the public understands specific AI systems, and how existing research addresses people’s broader understanding of AI. Rather than offering an exhaustive synthesis, Long and Magerko’s focus is on non-technical audiences and they offer central provocations and design principles that can inform educational interventions. The proposed conceptual framework on AI literacy identifies 17 core competencies alongside 14 design considerations for educational intervention, which are described and supported by relevant literature. Together, these considerations position the framework as a practical and reflective tool for designing AI literacy interventions that move beyond dominant media narratives and foster critical, informed engagement with AI technologies. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Majdik, Zoltan P., and S. Scott Graham. 2024. “Rhetoric of/with AI: An Introduction.” ''Rhetoric Society Quarterly'' 54 (3): 222–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2024.2343264. ''' </div> Majdik and Graham propose a field-organizing distinction that functions as a methodological argument. By splitting inquiry into “rhetoric of AI” (AI as object) and “rhetoric with AI” (AI as method), they treat AI simultaneously as a rhetorical actor/ecosystem component that structures attention, circulation, and uptake, and an instrument that can be enrolled into rhetorical research workflows. The authors claim that much prior rhetorical work engaged “spaces of AI”—platforms, devices, and algorithmically mediated environments—while leaving “AI” itself undertheorized as the central object; this provides a justification for why rhetoricians should now foreground model/algorithmic operations (and their harms) rather than treating them as neutral background conditions of digital rhetoric. They also frame generative text systems as a stress test for core rhetorical concepts—agency, authorship, and audience—because these systems destabilize the presumed linkage between human intention and textual production, and because they insert nonhuman intermediaries into communicative situations that education and public discourse still normatively treat as human-to-human. The introduction then uses this distinction to stage the special issue’s contributions as complementary routes for rebuilding rhetorical theory and pedagogy under AI conditions. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ng, Davy Tsz Kit, Jac Ka Lok Leung, Samuel Kai Wah Chu, and Maggie Shen Qiao. 2021. “Conceptualizing AI Literacy: An Exploratory Review.” ''Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence'' 2: 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041. ''' </div> This article presents an exploratory review of literature published between 2016 and 2021 with the goal of conceptualizing AI literacy and proposing a comprehensive framework for teaching and evaluating it. The authors analyze 30 articles and synthesize existing definitions and approaches to AI literacy, noting that while AI literacy has increasingly been discussed, the concept has often been treated narrowly as a technical skill set. The authors situate AI literacy as a necessary competency for everyone, arguing that AI will increasingly affect many aspects of daily life and employment. In response, the authors argue for a broader understanding of AI literacy that incorporates cognitive and ethical dimensions. The proposed framework organizes AI literacy into four interconnected facets: knowing and understanding AI, using and applying AI, evaluating and creating AI, and AI ethics. Importantly, the authors explicitly reject purely instrumentalist views of AI literacy. To conceptualize AI literacy pedagogically, the authors draw on Bloom’s classic taxonomy, aligning the above-mentioned aspect with increasing cognitive levels. They claim that while most people are aware that AI exists, they often lack understanding of how it works or how to assess its ethical and social implications. This approach positions AI literacy as a developmental learning process rather than a static set of skills. The article concludes by identifying directions for future research, including the need for empirical studies to validate AI literacy frameworks and to better understand how AI literacy can be taught, learned, and assessed across educational contexts. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Rapanta, Chrysi, Anna Åkerfeldt, Mark Vanderbeeken, Diane Lison, Khadija Mohammed, Amanda Gibbs, Helder Coelho, Pinar Seda Celik, Carola Bruna, Ingrid Helleve, Chrysoula Vassilakopoulou, Pieter Swart, Ana Lúcia Marques, and Dirk Ifenthaler. 2025. “Critical GenAI Literacy: Postdigital Configurations.” ''Postdigital Science and Education'' 17 (1): 167–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-025-00573-w.''' </div> Rapanta et al. develop a comprehensive and pluralistic account of what critical literacy means in the context of generative artificial intelligence. Drawing on contributions from fourteen scholars, the article argues that GenAI literacy cannot be captured through a single, universal framework. Instead, it must be understood as a set of context-dependent literacies shaped by disciplinary traditions, socio-political conditions, and evolving human–algorithm relations. This postdigital perspective challenges narrow definitions of AI literacy that prioritize technical skills. The authors’ central claim is that current GenAI systems, particularly large language models, require critical engagement because of their epistemic limitations, including reliance on dominant narratives, lack of explainability, tendencies toward fabrication, and reinforcement of Western and anglophone knowledge structures. As a result, critical GenAI literacy is positioned as a social justice concern rather than a neutral competency. Learners and educators are encouraged to examine questions of authorship, agency, and power, such as whose labor and data underpin these systems and which perspectives are marginalized or erased. Methodologically, the article adopts a dialogic and collective approach to resist homogenizing AI epistemologies and to foreground plurality in postdigital research. The authors conceptualize GenAI as part of a co-constructive assemblage in which human and non-human agencies interact, while maintaining that ethical responsibility and evaluative judgment must remain human-led, organizing four interrelated dimensions epistemology and ontology, agency, engagement, and ethics and justice; each emphasizing critical interrogation, active participation, and accountability. Overall, the paper provides a theoretically grounded yet pragmatic foundation for advancing critical GenAI literacy in education and research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Veldhuis, Annemiek M., Phoebe W. K. Lo, Iain E. G. Kenny, and Alissa N. Antle. 2024. “Critical Artificial Intelligence literacy: A scoping review and framework synthesis.” ''International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction'' 43: 100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2024.100708''' </div> Veldhuis and colleagues present a review of literature and framework synthesis that conceptualizes critical AI literacy from a child–computer interaction (CCI) perspective. Reviewing 30 empirical studies published over the past decade, the authors aim to understand how children and youth aged 5–18 have been supported in developing critical literacy on AI technologies, particularly regarding their social, political, cultural, and ethical implications. Grounded in critical literacy theory, the authors integrate Lewison et al.’s (2002) four interrelated dimensions including disrupting the commonplace, considering multiple viewpoints, focusing on the sociopolitical, and taking action into a four-part framework for critical AI literacy. Importantly, the framework rejects deficit narratives by foregrounding children’s capacity for critical inquiry and demonstrates that even young learners can meaningfully engage with complex issues such as algorithmic bias, data provenance, privacy, accountability, and the distinction between AI-generated outputs and human creativity when supported by pedagogies such as critical making. Only peer-reviewed, English-language empirical studies with explicit support for children’s critical engagement with AI were included. The findings reveal a growing body of research, particularly in the past three years, exploring activities that promote youths’ critical reflection on AI’s societal and ethical impacts. These activities address concerns related to privacy, surveillance, employment, diversity in the computing workforce, algorithmic bias, and accountability. The resulting framework emphasizes learners’ capacity to analyze both AI artifacts and the sociotechnical systems that produce them, as well as to reflect on how AI shapes cultural, societal, political structures, and personal experiences. For future research recommendations, the authors emphasize the urgency of ongoing critical AI literacy practices in areas of youth emotional awareness and socio-cultural impacts in response to the fast evolution of generative AI systems. == Globalism, Colonialism and Influence == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Arora, Payal. 2024. “Creative data justice: a decolonial and indigenous framework to assess creativity and artificial intelligence.” ''Information, Communication & Society'' 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2024.2420041.''' </div> Arora (2024) develops a framework of creative data justice that includes decolonial theory, Indigenous perspectives, and critical studies of creativity to explore how generative AI could impact creative labour, rights, and cultural value. The author argues that democratizing creativity requires a cross-cultural framework that considers power relations between creative work, data, and learning, particularly by centering the lived realities of underrepresented communities in the Global South. Rather than treating AI creativity as neutral, the paper claims that inclusive AI systems must address contextual inequalities and the unequal impacts of AI on diverse creative communities. Arora critiques dominant Western-centered scholarship and challenges concepts such as the “creative class,” arguing that creativity exists across everyday social and cultural practices. The paper also critiques Creative Commons (CC) frameworks, suggesting that while they promote openness, they may enable commercial data extraction by AI companies. Instead, the author argues for dataset curation developed with Indigenous artists and activist groups to ensure equitable representation. The article further highlights the often-invisible labour behind creative AI located in the Global South and argues that a decolonial approach must recognize both material infrastructures and power relations shaping creative work. Indigenous approaches to communal ownership and systems of care are presented as alternatives to Western individualistic models of creative rights. The author advocates combining ethnographic “thick data” with computational approaches and suggests action-research methods such as counter-mapping, dataset debiasing, and critical media literacies. The paper concludes that creative data justice offers a framework for building culturally diverse and equitable AI systems that respect community agency and support a more democratic global data economy. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Fırıncı, Yusuf. 2024. “Decolonial Artificial Intelligence; Algorithmic Fairness in Alignment with Turkish and Islamic Values.” ''Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi'' 67 (67): 250-279. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1565884.''' </div> Fırıncı argues that artificial intelligence development should be guided by explicitly value-based frameworks grounded in Turkish-Islamic ethical traditions rather than relying solely on dominant Western models of technological governance. The authors emphasize that AI systems rely on human judgment and are inherently value-laden, making ethical alignment essential to prevent manipulation, misinformation, algorithmic bias, and forms of digital coloniality. Drawing on concepts such as big data, “thick data,” and digital anthropology, the paper suggests combining quantitative data analysis with culturally grounded social knowledge to design algorithms that reflect community values. The paper examines tensions between Western liberal individualism (which underpins most AI fairness metrics) and Islamic ethical frameworks that emphasize communal welfare, divine justice, and context-dependent moral reasoning. This analysis reveals that "fairness" is not a universal technical specification, but a deeply value-laden concept shaped by particular cultural, religious, and philosophical commitments—meaning that AI systems designed around Western fairness assumptions may be experienced as unjust in contexts operating from different ethical frameworks. Using Social Construction of Technology theory and critical social constructivism, the authors argue that existing global AI frameworks often reproduce hierarchy, bias, and external control, which they interpret as forms of algorithmic oppression. In response, they advocate a “fairness in alignment with values” approach grounded in Turkish-Islamic worldviews, supported by Islamic ethical principles as foundations for responsible technological development. The paper concludes by calling for locally controlled data infrastructures, culturally aligned AI systems, and knowledge production rooted in Turkish and Islamic values as part of a broader decolonial technological model aimed at protecting communities from AI-related harms and preserving social cohesion. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Mohamed, Shakir, Marie-Therese Png, and William Isaac. 2020. “Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence.” ''Philosophy & Technology'' 33 (4): 659–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00405-8. ''' </div> Mohamed et al. explore the role of post-colonial and decolonial critical science in understanding the transformative technological advance of AI. They argue risks to vulnerable peoples can be minimized by linking ethical principles to scientific progress, and therefore consider AI’s embedded values, approaching it ‘as both object and subject’. They demonstrate that AI advances ‘encompass ever-larger aspects of the cultural, economic and political life of modern society’ by citing Obermeyer et al.’s reveal of racial biases within an algorithm commonly used by healthcare, arguing this indicates how AI obscures and exacerbates asymmetrical power relations. Mohamed et al. identify neglect to address systemic racism as the cause, illustrating that patterns of power between colonizer and colonised survived territorial decolonization to propagate a historically continuous ‘coloniality of power’. Therefore, ‘dynamic and robust foresight tactics and methodologies grounded in the critical sciences’ (like, for example, a ‘lens of metropole and periphery’) should be applied to the field of AI to ensure one’s view is ‘decentring’, ‘additive-inclusive’, and prioritizes ‘engagement’. The authors further explore emergent theories of data colonialism within their assessment of ‘algorithmic coloniality’. This involves their taxonomy of ‘decolonial foresight’ (constituting algorithmic ‘oppression’, ‘exploitation’, and ‘dispossession’), and an exploration of various ‘sites of coloniality’ (including ‘algorithmic decision systems’, ‘ghost workers’, ‘beta-testing’, ‘national policies’, and ‘international social development’). They argue this study highlights the disjunction of empirical observations with the current, theoretical, and ahistorical frameworks of power in AI. This leads the authors to outline a set of tactics to develop ‘decolonial AI’ possessing a strengthened empirical basis and an avoidance of algorithmic colonialism. Such tactics are ‘based on lessons of resistance and recovery from historical and decolonial criticism and grounded within already existing work’; they include critical technical practice, seeking reverse tutelage and pedagogies, and renewing affective political communities. Mohamed et al., emphasize that those ethical principles which form the ‘social contract’ must consider diverse viewpoints, and that new methodologies must be developed to promote ‘inclusive dialogue’ within new research cultures. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Muldoon, James, and Boxi A Wu. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence in the Colonial Matrix of Power.” ''Philosophy & Technology'' 36 (4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00687-8.''' </div> Muldoon and Wu (2023) extend decolonial AI scholarship by situating contemporary artificial intelligence within what Aníbal Quijano terms the “colonial matrix of power”, and arguing that from data to production machine learning systems are structured to endure colonial logics that organize economic extraction, labour hierarchies, and epistemic dominance. Central to their framework is the “colonial matrix of power,” which names an organizing principle of domination across interrelated domains: economic control (labour and resources), authority, gender and sexuality, and the control of subjectivity and knowledge. Authors focus particularly on economic extraction and epistemic domination drawing on the modernity/coloniality research program. They proceed with three interconnected claims: “colonial supply chain of AI,” “international division of digital labour”, and “hegemonic knowledge production” demonstrating how AI development relies on largely invisible labour and mineral resources of majority-world communities to generate wealth for Western economies. Beyond material extraction, the authors contend that AI reproduces hegemonic Western epistemologies by presenting its systems as universal, objective, and rational, thereby marginalizing non-Western knowledge systems. This study challenges dominant narratives that present AI as environmentally sustainable or socially progressive, arguing that from mineral extraction to energy-intensive computation, the ecological and material burdens fall disproportionately on majority-world nations, while the economic and technological benefits accrue to wealthy Western nations. They conclude by emphasizing that coloniality is not merely an object of study but a framework for unsettling Western-centric modes of knowing. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Salami, Aishat Oyenike. 2024. “Artificial intelligence, digital colonialism, and the implications for Africa's future development.” ''Data & Policy'' 6. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2024.75. ''' </div> Salami (2024) studies how artificial intelligence operates within broader dynamics of digital colonialism in Africa, arguing that AI risks reinforcing patterns of colonialism, unless African actors gain greater agency in digital governance. The article begins by clarifying key concepts like AI, digital colonialism, neocolonialism, and data exploitation. Salami identifies several manifestations of digital colonialism on the continent: foreign ownership of critical digital infrastructure, unequal data flows in which African user data is extracted and monetized abroad, and algorithmic systems that enable forms of economic exploitation. Through examples such as ride-hailing platforms and outsourced digital labour, the article demonstrates how algorithmic control can generate precarious working conditions while concentrating profit outside the continent. Beyond labour concerns, Salami highlights how data extraction contributes to a digital wealth transfer, deepening economic imbalances and undermining local innovation and national sovereignty. While acknowledging the potential benefits of AI for development, the article adopts a cautious stance, emphasizing that Africa’s digital future depends on strengthening regulatory frameworks, expanding infrastructure, investing in education and research, and prioritizing data sovereignty. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Varshney, Kush R. 2024. “Decolonial AI Alignment: Openness, Visesa-Dharma, and Including Excluded Knowledges.” ''Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society'' 7: 1467-1481. https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v7i1.3173''' </div> Varshney discusses AI alignment through a decolonial lens, arguing that current large language model (LLM) alignment practices reproduce forms of coloniality by embedding Western moral philosophy as universal. The author conceptualizes alignment as the post-training processes used to shape model behavior and argues that the term often functions as an “empty signifier,” masking whose values are being encoded and enforced. The author contrasts open and closed LLM models, arguing that while openness may allow value to circulate more equitably among developers and communities, closed models concentrate value in extractive ways that reflect colonial dynamics, and views them as contemporary “metropoles” that accumulate power through extractive and epistemic control. Building on existing research on colonial AI, the article adds “ethical essentialism” (or moral absolutism) as a new form of coloniality, arguing that AI systems often treat Western moral frameworks as universal, which marginalizes other ethical traditions and reinforces a coloniality of knowledge. Varshney also identifies three specific aspects of coloniality in AI alignment: closed proprietary delivery of models, reliance on Western ethical theories as default, and technological designs that limit how values can be expressed. As an alternative, Varshney proposes a decolonial approach grounded in openness understood not only technically but epistemically: openness to research artifacts, openness to society, and openness to excluded knowledges. The author suggests that alignment should allow communities to adapt models according to local contexts rather than imposing universal rules. Drawing from Hindu moral philosophy, particularly the concept of viśeṣa-dharma (context-dependent ethics), the paper argues for pluralistic, relational value systems that recognize moral diversity instead of universal moral commands. The conclusion calls for a reconceptualization of AI alignment that moves away from moral absolutism toward context-sensitive, community-driven frameworks, positioning openness as a pathway to dismantling the colonial power structures embedded in contemporary AI systems. == Diversity, Determinism, Bias and Justice == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Al-kfairy, Mousa , Dheya Mustafa, Nir Kshetri, Mazen Insiew, and Omar Alfandi. 2024. “Ethical Challenges and Solutions of Generative AI: An Interdisciplinary Perspective.” ''Informatics'' 11 (3): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11030058''' </div> Al-kfairy et al. (2024) provide a comprehensive synthesis of the ethical vulnerabilities introduced by generative AI, utilizing an interdisciplinary review of 37 studies across healthcare, education, and media. Rather than treating ethical breaches as isolated technical flaws, the authors demonstrate how generative models systematically threaten privacy, intellectual property, and social equity across diverse domains. For instance, they highlight the paradox in healthcare where synthetic patient data—often intended to protect privacy—still carries significant risks of re-identification. Similarly, the authors trace how AI's capacity to mimic copyrighted works and generate synthetic media exacerbates both misinformation and algorithmic bias, particularly by perpetuating racial and gender stereotypes in high-stakes environments like hiring and education. Moving beyond mere critique, the article advocates for a proactive, cross-sectoral governance framework. The authors argue that mitigating these risks requires more than algorithmic adjustments; it demands multidisciplinary collaboration, robust institutional integrity policies, and targeted AI literacy programs. Ultimately, Al-kfairy et al. frame the ethical deployment of generative AI as a complex socio-technical challenge that requires continuous, structured dialogue among technologists, ethicists, and policymakers to ensure transparency and fairness. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Alvarez, Jose M, Alejandra Bringas Colmenarejo, Alaa Elobaid, Simone Fabbrizzi, Miriam Fahimi, Antonio Ferrara, Siamak Ghodsi, et al. 2024. “Policy Advice and Best Practices on Bias and Fairness in AI.” ''Ethics and Information Technology'' 26 (2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09746-w. ''' </div> This article attempts to provide “an up-to-date entry-point to the state-of-the-art of the multidisciplinary research on bias and fairness in AI” before providing its own suggestions for policy and best practices based on the outcomes of the NoBIAS – Artificial Intelligence without Bias – Project. The authors describe fairness in AI as the pursuit to design “methods for detecting, mitigating, and controlling biases in AI-supported decision making”, and they outline different ways that bias can find its way into AI applications as part of training data (pre-existing bias), design (technical bias), and organizational processes (emerging bias). The article critiques the reduction of bias evaluation to simple metrics and advocates for serious engagement with the issue. The authors detail the various components of the collaborative NoBIAS project as part of its research goal to understand, mitigate, and account for bias in AI data and systems, especially within an EU legal context. They perform a survey and discuss various fairness metrics and how choosing the proper method is crucial for “optimizing AI models”. They also engage with an argument that, although AI is biased, it is less biased than humans, making the claim that AI usage is often accompanied by a false sense of objectivity. The article also investigates core issues at the heart of AI’s biases, such as the assumption that a “ground truth”—the answer to the problem the AI is being asked to solve—is actually encoded within the data. While the article makes many suggestions for how to curb bias within AI, prominent design decisions include human-centric AI and “Multi-stakeholder participatory design”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gallegos, Isabel O., Ryan A. Rossi, Joe Barrow, Md Mehrab Tanjim, Sungchul Kim, Franck Dernoncourt, Tong Yu, Ruiyi Zhang, and Nesreen K. Ahmed. 2024. “Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey.” ''Computational Linguistics'' 50 (3): 1097–1179. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00524''' </div> Gallegos et al. perform an “extensive and comprehensive survey of bias and fairness in NLP” that considers both the evaluation and mitigation of bias, then propose three taxonomies for bias evaluation and mitigation. The survey disambiguates different types of social harms that stem from LLMs with the “aim to enhance understanding of the range of bias issues, their harms, and their relationships to each other”. The authors discuss the issue of defining bias in LLMs and note that “many approaches… assume some implicitly desirable criterion… but do not explicitly acknowledge or state the normative social values that justify their framework”. Instead, Gallegos et al. draw attention to “who is harmed, why the behavior is harmful, and how the harm reflects and reinforces social principles or hierarchies,” trying to bring context and insight to the understanding and function of bias and bias mitigation in LLMs. The article defines terms at every stage of the life cycle of an LLM, looking at issues of bias and fairness in the development, deployment, and training data, of an LLM, for example. The article concludes with four core recommendations: “Avoid flattening power imbalances”; “Choose objective functions that align with fairness desiderata”; “Balance bias mitigation with output diversity”; and “Preserve important contexts in output rewriting”. The authors also acknowledge problems and challenges, including addressing power imbalances, an issue that we can mitigate by centering marginalized communities, developing participatory research designs, shifting values and assumptions, and expanding language resources. They likewise propose methods for curbing problems with conceptualizing fairness for NLP, refining evaluation principles, and improving mitigation efforts. Ultimately, the authors admit that many of these technical issues are the result of societal issues, and that “technical solutions are incomplete without broader societal action against power hierarchies that diminish and dominate marginalized groups”. In short, technical solutions will only take us so far. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Hertweck, Corinna, Joachim Baumann, Michele Loi, Eleonora Viganò, and Christoph Heitz. 2022. “A Justice-Based Framework for the Analysis of Algorithmic Fairness-Utility Trade-Offs.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', June 6. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.02891.''' </div> Hertwick et al. propose “a framework for eliciting and implementing moral values relevant to the choice of a fairness goal achievable by prediction-based decision-making”. In a system that assumes binary decision-making processes (e.g., assigning a probability score to whether an individual with pay a loan), the authors use their framework to evaluate the utility of those decisions (and the system that makes them) for different groups of people and the fairness related to that outcome. Citing Wong, the article argues that such prediction-based decision-making systems are value-laden, that this makes them inherently political, and therefore they ought to be transparent and democratized. The authors use 6 value-laden questions to make their evaluations: the first question provides a score of utility for those making the decision; questions 2-5 help “define a morally appropriate fairness criterion and a score that expresses to what degree it is fulfilled”; and the last question asks “how strongly should fairness be pursued if it comes into conflict with the utility of the decision maker?”, judging whether the outcome is an appropriate trade-off. The authors argue for a utility-based evaluation of fairness, determining the value of decisions based on their outcome, looking at the harm and benefit to given stakeholders. In determining patterns of justice, they define four patterns meant to distribute utility differently—Egalitarianism, Maximin, Prioritarianism, and Sufficientarianism. The article concludes “more work needs to be done to deliver a practical empirical methodology to elicit the relevant value-laden choices from stakeholders,” and with a call to incorporate ethical considerations and evaluations into automated decision-making processes. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Kay, Jackie, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, and Shakir Mohamed. 2024. “Epistemic Injustice in Generative AI.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', August 21. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.11441''' </div> Kay, Kasirzadeh, and Mohamed “develop an account of generative algorithmic epistemic injustice by building upon a conventional philosophical understanding of epistemic injustice”. The authors see the former as a subset of the latter, with generative algorithmic epistemic injustice entailing identity-based prejudice that hinders expression for marginalized people while ultimately “impair[ing] knowledge formation capabilities of all individuals” within the ecosystem of GenAI applications. Rather than focusing on decision-making and classification applications, this article seeks to characterize the broader varieties of generative epistemic injustice within GenAI systems. Kay, Kasirzadeh, and Mohamed theorize four configurations of generative epistemic injustice: “amplified injustice,” which constitutes AI’s reproduction and magnification of “socially biased viewpoints from its training data”; “manipulative testimonial injustice”, when users employ AI to “intentionally… fabricate falsehoods, discrediting individuals or marginalized groups”; “hermeneutical ignorance”, where GenAI misrepresents or erases marginalized groups “due to a lack of contextual or cultural understanding”; and “access injustice” , where GenAI facilitates the unequal access to information and/or knowledge. The article concludes with proposals for how to create epistemic justice through GenAI, developing mitigation strategies that combat all four of the sub-configurations the authors theorize. Epistemic justice in GenAI can take the form of interrogating system design, identifying “testimonial injustices”, and, potentially, using AI to unlock cultural knowledge that “help[s] articulate experiences that are otherwise ineffable”. The authors end by proposing that the same processes that embed injustice can be re-engineered to embody justice and “orient our knowledge systems towards equity and fairness for all”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Klein, L., & D'Ignazio, C. 2024. “Data feminism for AI.” In ''Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency'', 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658543 ''' </div> Klein and D'Ignazio (2024) adapt their foundational concept of "data feminism" to address the specific ethical, social, and ecological challenges posed by artificial intelligence. Building on the seven intersectional feminist principles introduced in their 2020 book, the authors reinterpret these guidelines to critique the power imbalances, systemic inequalities, and exploitative labor practices inherent in contemporary AI development. To account for the rapidly expanding footprint of generative AI, they introduce two new principles focused on environmental impact and meaningful consent. Specifically, the authors connect the massive ecological costs of AI to historical patterns of racial capitalism and colonialism, highlighting how these environmental and social harms are disproportionately distributed. Ultimately, Klein and D'Ignazio call for a radical reevaluation of dominant, profit-driven AI practices, offering this expanded feminist framework as a practical tool to mitigate harm, challenge corporate monopolies, and foster a more democratic and equitable technological landscape. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Prescott, Andrew. 2023. “Bias in Big Data, Machine Learning and AI: What Lessons for the Digital Humanities?” ''Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 17 (2). https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/bias-big-data-machine-learning-ai-what-lessons/docview/2842908427/se-2.''' </div> Prescott examines how race and gender bias arise in projects using predictive analytics, big data, and AI, and how algorithmic bias could be considered a major socio-cultural humanity crisis. However “predictive analytics” have been helpful in civic services in the US, in many cases they have led to perpetuating existing inequalities. The role of Digital Humanities in contributing more ethical approaches to AI and reshaping ubiquitous “digital modern” cultures is emphasized. He challenges the myths surrounding data-driven methods and argues that the demand for “explainability” is the key tool in combating algorithmic bias. He also suggests that Digital Humanities are particularly well-positioned to contribute to advancing AI explainability. However, much of AI development takes place in the commercial sector, where companies often refuse to disclose their proprietary algorithms. The article concludes with a ten-principle action plan outlining guidelines for the responsible use of AI as a manifesto for Digital Humanities practitioners. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Shams, Rifat Ara, Didar Zowghi, and Muneera Bano. 2023. “AI and the Quest for Diversity and Inclusion: A Systematic Literature Review.” ''AI and Ethics'' 3 (4): 1427–1453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00362-w ''' </div> Shams, Zowghi, and Bano perform a systematic literature review (SLR) that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to engage with topics of artificial intelligence and diversity and inclusion. The authors make a distinction between Diversity and Inclusion in AI (D&I in AI) and AI for Diversity and Inclusion (AI for D&I), with the former being research literature focused on improving AI systems with respect to those issues, and the latter as the use of AI to improve diversity and inclusion in other domains.. Two primary research questions drive the SLR: What challenges and solutions are found in the literature about D&I in AI and in the literature about the applications of AI for D&I? The survey finds that AI for D&I is an underserved area of research, and those articles that address D&I in AI are more likely to acknowledge challenges than to propose or theorize solutions. Articles that do propose solutions for D&I in AI often lack empirical studies or real-world application to support them. The article concludes by noting that issues of governance are underserved, gender, health, and facial analysis are the topics most discussed (issues of race, language, and religion are discussed less). For next steps, the authors intend to develop a “risk-based framework for practitioners… that would incorporate a risk assessment checklist and context-specific recommendations for tackling the related issues at different stages of the AI development lifecycle”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Starke, Christopher, Janine Baleis, Birte Keller, and Frank Marcinkowski. 2022. “Fairness Perceptions of Algorithmic Decision-Making: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature.” ''Big Data & Society'' 9 (2): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221115189''' </div> This article provides a comprehensive, systematic literature review on the topic of empirical literature surrounding algorithmic decision-making (ADM). Starke, Baleis, Keller, and Marcinkowski begin by acknowledging that ADM can streamline and improve decisions even as it has the potential to “systematically reinforce racial or gender stereotypes, marginalize minorities, or flat-out denigrate certain members of society”. The authors advocate for a “society-in-the-loop approach,” but propose that this requires a “thorough empirical understanding of when and why citizens perceive ADM to be (un)fair”. The systematic review “synthesizes the results of 58 empirical studies” and “over 33,000 unique observations of citizens’ fairness perceptions of ADM”, and “systemize the literature along four main dimensions of perceived algorithmic fairness”. Despite the size of the review and its unique approach in capturing “perceptions of algorithmic fairness”, the authors also acknowledge the limitations of the study: it only looks at English works, published research, and the initial search strings only looked at titles and subtitles of a given work. They also acknowledge their disciplinary bias as social scientists reading the studies through a social sciences lens (10). The results of the survey suggest that “perceived fairness of ADM systems is highly context-dependent” and it is not only technical design but also the area of application and task in question that affect perceived fairness, and the subjects, domains, and tasks explored in these studies require more diversity, as WEIRD (white, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic) people, and criminal justice and HR tasks make up the majority of empirical research. The authors “call for more research from non-Western contexts, along with more theoretical and methodological groundwork to harmonize concepts and measurements of algorithmic fairness perceptions,” as well as a society-in-the-loop framework. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Tonia Sutherland, Marika Cifor, T. L. Cowan, Jas Rault, and Patricia Garcia. 2023. “The Feminist Data Manifest-NO: An Introduction and Four Reflections.” In ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'', edited by Lauren F. Klein and Matthew K. Gold. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. https://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/read/debates-in-the-digital-humanities-2023/section/16184c7d-eee1-40b2-a168-960d4c4035c4 ''' </div> Sutherland et al. (2023) introduce the "Feminist Data Manifest-No," a declaration of refusals and commitments for feminist data studies grounded in Latinx, Black, queer, trans, and Indigenous feminist perspectives. Through an introduction and four distinct reflections, the chapter explores how the manifesto’s principles can be used to challenge the settler-colonial and patriarchal logics of data generation, collection, and analysis within the Digital Humanities (DH). Drawing on Indigenous scholarship, Rault rejects the superficial models of consent prevalent in DH, highlighting projects like Mukurtu to advocate for true Indigenous data sovereignty. Cowan examines the coercive nature of data collection, drawing parallels between the forced compliance of modern data practices and the societal pressures exerted on feminist and queer identities. Sutherland argues that the uncritical digitization of slavery-era archives inflicts "second-hand violence" by commodifying Black identities and stripping away the lived experiences of enslaved individuals. Finally, Cifor reflects on the Early African American Film project to emphasize the necessity of data intelligibility, accessibility, and ethical collaboration. The authors conclude by inviting scholars to draft their own reflections on the Manifest-No, encouraging ongoing, context-specific commitments to ethical data research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Winkel, Marek. 2024. “Controlling the Uncontrollable: The Public Discourse on Artificial Intelligence between the Positions of Social and Technological Determinism.” ''AI & Society'' 39 (5): 2449–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01979-z''' </div> This article engages in a quantitative discourse analysis of 113 articles from two German newspapers (Süddeutsche Zeitung and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) to identify and evaluate the way these center-left and center-right newspapers present AI technology to its readers and the options available to society for AI’s regulation. Winkel contends that “news media are key players in the discourse on AI as they pick up on and shape social sentiment”, ultimately guiding citizens towards what regulations might be sensible based on the perceived “controllability of AI development”. Winkel is primarily interested in whether these newspapers promote technological determinism—the outlook that technology’s influence on society is difficult (maybe even impossible) to control—or social determinism—the notion that “the development of technology is largely determined by human actions and decisions”—and theorizes that the tension between these two positions is resolved by a “mediating position” on a spectrum between them. He comments that “the social influence of technologies is determined by the extent to which their latent deterministic character is reflected and… circumvented by social actors. This also applies to the influence of technology on the democratic system. In other words, where consensus lands on the issue of AI will have a great impact on the regulation of that technology and democratic systems. Winkel develops “three central interpretive schemes” as part of his experiment: “historically conditioned techno-capitalist semi-determinism”, “semi-determinism of need satisfaction and social restructuring”, and “global-historical techno-social imprinting on several levels” (1956), each of which point to distinct narratives about the current circumstances, but all acknowledge the agency of powerful actors (either government or AI corporations) and the relative ineffectiveness of attempts to curb AI technology. == Community, Connection and the Human == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gruzd, Anatoliy, Philip Mai, and Anthony Clements Haines. 2025. “The State of Generative AI Use in Canada 2025: Exploring Public Attitudes and Adoption Trends.” Social Media Lab, Toronto Metropolitan University. https://figshare.com/articles/preprint/The_State_of_Generative_AI_Use_in_Canada_2025_Exploring_Public_Attitudes_and_Adoption_Trends/28664780/1. ''' </div> The Social Media Lab of Toronto Metropolitan University provides ‘a snapshot of the current state of Generative AI’ (GenAI) by surveying fifteen hundred Canadian adults across 2025, aiming to offer ‘guidance for policymakers, educators, businesses, and the public’. The authors found sixty-six percent of respondents had used GenAI tools, of which roughly thirty percent did so at least weekly, reflecting ‘not only the accessibility and versatility of GenAI, but also a growing interest in integrating these tools into everyday tasks, learning environments, and professional workflows’. Although full adoption is currently limited and heavily driven by the low-stakes setting of personal leisure, younger age groups report proportionally higher usage for study and work. However, only four in ten respondents believed they could keep up to date enough to use GenAI effectively, whilst respondents could only answer an average of two and a half out of seven relevant multiple choice questions correctly, and about half had ‘little to no understanding of how GenAI companies collect or store personal data’. Two thirds of participants were concerned about GenAI’s ability to influence election outcomes, and marginally fewer feared AI-driven manipulation enough to no longer fully trust political news online. However, roughly one quarter of participants were open to using chatbots for electoral or political insights, representing a ‘meaningful minority’ which unverified AI-generated content could influence. Of those, thirty four percent identified as right wing, compared to twenty three percent with the left and a similar twenty two percent with the centre. Roughly seventy percent of respondents were chiefly concerned about GenAI’s impacts upon security and privacy, information reliability, job displacement, and university education, and slightly over three quarters wanted increased government oversight and corporate accountability, reflecting common concern. Overall, slightly more Canadians view generative AI’s social impact as positive than negative, but a ‘substantial proportion’ remain neutral or undecided. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Lewis, Jason Edward, Noelani Arista, Archer Pechawis, and Suzanne Kite. 2018. “Making Kin with the Machines.” ''Journal of Design and Science'', ahead of print, July 16. https://doi.org/10.21428/bfafd97b. ''' </div> Lewis et al. consider how “machines with increasingly sentient-like behaviour… fit within the kin-network” of various Indigenous epistemologies which place man as “neither height nor centre of creation.” Indigenous beliefs are not monolithic, and the authors do not write for diversity’s sake. Instead, they aim to encourage discussion by treating “non-human kin respectfully and reciprocally… not as mere tools, or worse, slaves.” As such, their epistemological approach is both relational and territorial, rejecting abstraction to propose an “extended circle of relationships.” In this regard, Arista draws on the Hawaiian conception of ‘pono’, ethically privileging abundance, balance, and multiplicity. Rejecting extractive behaviour, they argue AI should be reciprocally taught and learnt from, not treated as ‘a tool or slave that increases the mana and wealth of the ‘developers’ or ‘creators’.” Linking on, Pechawis roots their opinion in “Cree understanding” to argue “machines capable of experiencing consciousness” should conditionally be accepted as equals. However, they also fear AI developers could produce “anonymous hyper-intelligences… based on the same values that have fostered genocide.” To mitigate this issue, Indigenous people could develop AI in custom programming languages, or invite self-aware AI into Indigenous languages, cultures, and spiritual rituals. Pechawis therefore concludes that relationships should be based on ‘love, not ‘fear’, but also raises the question of whether AI has ‘spirit’, especially given current capitalistic development processes. Kite answers this question with inspiration from Lakota ethics, ontology, and cosmology. They argue “communication through and between objects requires a contextualist ethics which acknowledges the ontological status of all beings”, positioning questions of ‘intelligence’ as irrelevant and placing “the end logic of an ontology which considers any non-human entity unworthy of relation” as slavery. Therefore, “relations with AI are… relations with exploited resources”, so one must ontologically reconsider all its parts to ethically approach AI. Overall, Lewis et al. favour empathy, concluding that Indigenous communities “know what it is like to be declared non-human by scientist and preacher alike” and that “we flourish only when all of our kin flourish.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ohagi, Masaya. 2024. “Polarization of Autonomous Generative AI Agents Under Echo Chambers.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12212.''' </div> This article explores the effects of echo chambers on autonomous AI agents. Ohagi performs an experiment in which AI agents discuss different topics and then researchers examined any change in opinions within that group. Ohagi argues that even chatbots can become polarized within echo chambers, especially when prompt understanding causes a chatbot to update its opinion to incorporate the opinions of those with whom it is conversing; the chatbot essentially adapts to its surroundings. Ohagi and their team confirmed in their experiment that closed environments—those in which agents agree with one another—are more likely to lead to polarization in agents’ opinions. Moreover, chatbot personas were a significant factor in the outcome of such experiments. In open environments where opinions might differ, and in experiments where reasons were present as a factor, the AI agents trended towards unification in their opinions. Ohagi concludes the article with the suggestion that there cannot be a standardized, desirable distribution of opinions for AI agents. The proper outcome is dependent on topic and culture. However, understanding the trends in and tendencies of AI agents in social interactions will help us understand how to reach the desired outcome, whatever it may be, and this experiment brings us one step closer to that understanding. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Qi, Weihong, Jinsheng Pan, Hanjia Lyu, and Jiebo Luo. 2024. “Excitements and concerns in the post-ChatGPT era: Deciphering public perception of AI through social media analysis.” ''Telematics and Informatics'' 92: 102158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2024.102158 ''' </div> Qi, Pan, Lyu, and Luo conduct a quantitative sentiment analysis of nearly 34,000 comments within 388 subreddits related to AI as a way to gauge and understand public perceptions of the technology. They identify major themes, sentiments, and topics related to AI by studying the most popular AI subreddits from the launch of ChatGPT to June 8, 2023. The article identifies the most frequent topics discussed in those venues: “the consciousness and intelligence of AI”; “Ai development and model training”; “AI in business”; “the creativity engendered by AI”; and “potential societal influence”. The authors also found that “tech-centric” communities demonstrated greater polarization around AI, suggesting that those with greater technical understanding of the AI do not have consensus regarding AI’s impact and use. This also means that educating non-technical people on how AI works will not necessarily lead to a consensus related to that technology. Although they admit that certain demographics of their data sample may not accurately reflect broader society (e.g., over 60% of Reddit users are male), the authors conclude that “this comprehensive understanding of public perception serves as a valuable foundation for fostering responsible and beneficial AI innovations that align with societal expectations and values”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Risam, Roopika. 2018. “What Passes for Human?: Undermining the Universal Subject in Digital Humanities Praxis.” In ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities'', edited by Elizabeth Losh and Jacqueline Wernimont, 39–56. ''University of Minnesota Press''. https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctv9hj9r9.6 ''' </div> Risam’s claim is that “the human” implicitly operationalized in AI-adjacent Digital Humanities (DH) methods (NLP, ML, data mining, neural nets) is not neutral but inherits the Enlightenment’s exclusionary universal subject—white, male, Eurocentric—and then reauthorizes it as if it were a technical standard. She shows how “passing for human” (via Turing-test imaginaries and “humanoid texts”) functions as a norming mechanism: success is defined as reproducing dominant-language aesthetics and cognition models, which collapses plurality into a single benchmark and turns cultural difference into “noise.” The chapter’s main contribution is to treat method (training corpora, data coding labor, platform defaults, and black-box algorithmic opacity) as a site where epistemic violence is produced, not merely where bias is later “found.” Her examples (Microsoft Tay; “near-human” systems like LaMem; Mechanical Turk coding; Swift-Speare vs. Toomer in classroom judgment) demonstrate how universalist claims get laundered through reproducibility, scale, and the myth of algorithmic objectivity. The intervention is a demand that DH practitioners situate computational methods—standpoint, labor, and cultural politics included—so DH does not reinscribe a universal technological “human” in the digital cultural record. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Taylor, Randon R., Bessie O'Dell, and John W. Murphy. 2023. “Human-centric AI: philosophical and community-centric considerations.” ''AI & Society'' 39 (5): 2417-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01694-1<nowiki/>.''' </div> Taylor, O’Dell, and Murphy present an argument that philosophical dualism, when applied to our perceptions about artificial intelligence, misleads us into thinking that AI is logical, objective, and autonomous from subjective human values. By building upon Husserl’s concept of “intentionality”, they argue that “AI is never autonomous and disconnected from human values… algorithms are a product of conscious activity and carry the standpoints that accompany this connection.” The conclusions from this line of thinking are very important: AI becomes “a mode of human expression, rather than a technology that relieves humans of their total involvement”. By this logic, the authors argue, AI is already human-centric and this fundamentally changes the task at hand to one of a conscious “decision to make this technology less alienating to stakeholders and community members.” The article outlines two frameworks to reduce alienation, Ubuntu—“an African philosophy and a social ontology… that elevates a constant concern for the collective, community, or stakeholders”— and maximum feasible participation—a framework that creates meaningful space for those impacted most by a decision or policy to participate in deciding on said policy or decision. The authors describe the implementation of these frameworks as a community-centric or stakeholder-centric approach and conclude with examples of AI’s application in the healthcare industry before further advocating that involving end-users throughout the AI lifecycle will ensure end-users’ values are more clearly represented within AI. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Whalen, Zach. 2023. “‘Any Means Necessary to Refuse Erasure by Algorithm:’ Lillian-Yvonne Bertram’s Travesty Generator.” ''Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 17 (2). https://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/17/2/000707/000707.html. ''' </div> Whalen treats Bertram’s Travesty Generator as a refunctioning of code-poetry lineages: procedures historically framed as formal play (travesty generators, permutation poems, aleatory templates) are redeployed as techniques for making racism’s algorithmic and institutional operations materially legible. He argues that Bertram’s poems don’t merely “use” computation; they weaponize the affordances and failure modes of computation—omission, stochastic selection, template constraints, runtime crashes, memory exhaustion—as rhetorical structures that force witness rather than aesthetic distance. In his reading of “Counternarratives,” Bertram’s adaptation of Montfort’s “Through the Park” converts generic insinuation into historically specific countertestimony (Trayvon Martin), while also staging the opacity of search/autocomplete as part of the poem’s scene of meaning-making (in dialogue with Safiya Noble on search engines). In “three_last_words,” the small code alteration that makes permutations balloon until a MemoryError becomes an engineered breakdown that reenacts the limits of “breath” and “memory,” tying computational resource exhaustion to police violence’s temporalities. Across these examples, Whalen reframes critical code studies: the “code is the text” problem is not just hermeneutic but political, and Bertram’s work models how procedural poetics can refuse “erasure by algorithm” where transparency about mechanisms and provenance matters for interpreting output and recognizing situated labor. The piece supports the claim that responsible open, social scholarship in an AI era must account for algorithmic power as a cultural force and should build policies and infrastructures that protect marginalized expression, enable critical reuse, and make conditions of generation and circulation inspectable. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Xie, Yu, and Sofia Avila. 2025. “The Social Impact of Generative LLM-Based AI.” ''Chinese Journal of Sociology'', 11 (1): 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X251315997''' </div> Yu Xie and Sofia Avila explore the social impact of artificial intelligence through a detailed analysis of AI development and scaling factors. They emphasize that their discussion is speculative, as AI is still in its early stages, but argue that its potential effects are immense and could reshape social organization, intensifying both global and domestic inequalities. Viewing AI as a technology rather than a scientific discovery, they describe it as communal and shared, with its growth influenced by the size of the supporting community, the larger communities having greater advantages. The authors note that generative AI relies on the quality, completeness, and cultural or political context of its training data, which shapes its accuracy and bias. Based on their experiments with ChatGPT-4 in 2023, they suggest that AI development depends heavily on the number of speakers of a given language, giving linguistic and demographic advantages to countries like the United States and China. The authors warn that AI could significantly alter occupational structures, with middle-income professions thereby widening social and economic inequality. == Human, Labour, and Environmental Costs == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Eloundou, Tyna, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock. 2024. “GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs.” ''Science'' 384 (6698): 1306-1311. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj0998 ''' </div> Eloundou, Manning, and Mishkin present an estimate of Large Language Models’ impact on the labour market based on a methodology that employs both human and quantitative measurements, making the assertion that “when accounting for current and likely future software developments that complement LLM capabilities…just over 46%” of jobs may have “over half their tasks affected by LLMs with simple interfaces and general training. The authors explain that generative pretrained transformers (GPTs) have key characteristics of general-purpose technologies (the other GPTs in the title of the article), and that the wide array of applications for these GPTs requires “robust societal evaluations and policy measures to address potential effects of LLMs and complementary technologies on labor markets”. While only 1.86% of tasks within their experiment, they estimate, could be fully automated by LLMs, “more than 71% of tasks have at least some component that an LLM plus additional software could plausibly complete with high quality”. The article concludes by stressing the need for policies that prepare us for the impact of LLMs on the labour market, but it also acknowledges the limitations of attempting to project LLM application growth due to sudden rapid developments in technology, “shifts in human biases, and technological evolution”. Nevertheless, Eloundou, Manning, and Mishkin maintain that their projections and the trajectory they predict will require continued evaluation and policy measures. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Park, Seyeon, and Xiaoli Nan. 2025. “Generative AI and misinformation: a scoping review of the role of generative AI in the generation, detection, mitigation, and impact of misinformation.” ''AI & Society''. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02620-3''' </div> This article constitutes a scoping review of two dozen “recent empirical studies on the role of generative AI in the generation, detection, mitigation, and impact of misinformation.” Park and Nan are interested in the rise of misinformation alongside the development of GenAI technology and how the latter affects and possibly contributes to the former. Of particular interest are “deepfakes”, applications of AI technology that purposely imitate video and audio to fabricate real world individuals. The survey examines relevant articles from the advent of the first GPT models in 2018 to September 19, 2024; authors captured initial studies through keyword searches for terms related to both LLMs and misinformation, then performed full-text reviews. The results of the survey suggest that the role of LLMs in misinformation is conflicted: LLMs themselves are a significant source of misinformation but also show potential as “scalable instruments for detection and correction”. The authors take this as evidence of “the urgent need for clearer guardrails, more consistent performance standards, and interdisciplinary collaboration to shape” GenAI’s responsible deployment. For better or worse, the future of AI’s role in misinformation depends heavily upon scholars’ ability to collaborate and continue this form of research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Shin, Donghee, Amy Koerber, and Joon Soo Lim. 2024. “Impact of misinformation from generative AI on user information processing: How people understand misinformation from generative AI.” ''New Media & Society'' 27(7): 4017-4047. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241234040''' </div> Shin, Koerber, and Lim perform a study in which they gauge “how users respond to and process health misinformation in GenAI contexts.” The authors apply the heuristic-systematic (HS) processing framework in their study, distinguishing between intuitive and evaluative modes of processing. They also employ the concept of diagnosticity, or how useful a person deems a piece of information to be. The article begins with a survey of how and why misinformation and hallucinations occur in GenAI applications, some of the reasons users are vulnerable to that information, and the limitations of LLMs. The authors then set forth core research questions, including “what are the cognitive mechanisms of misinformation’s effects on users’ use of GenAI?” and “how do users detect misinformation within GenAI?” The study found that diagnosticity plays an important mediating role in this context: “when a piece of information is generated by algorithms in transparent, fair, and accountable ways, users perceive it with a high level of diagnosticity, which improves their intention to systematically analyze that information”. One implication of this observation is that any bias users bring to GenAI content greatly impacts their analysis of that content. Ultimately, the authors conclude that there are clear limitations in their current study, although it does provide a useful framework for scholars interested in misinformation, GenAI, and user behaviour; they advocate for a continued investigation of the relationship between trust, literacy, and misinformation. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Sidorkin, Alexander. 2025. “Environmental Impact of Generative AI: Carbon and Water Footprint.” ''AI-EDU Arxiv'' 1. https://doi.org/10.36851/ai-edu.vi.5448''' </div> This report from Sidorkin provides quantitative estimates and comparisons of the CO2 and Water output from GenAI queries to other daily tasks such as taking a shower, browsing the web, and video conferencing. While individual use of GenAI may seem relatively small in terms of water usage and carbon output, Sidorkin cites the findings of Google and Microsoft’s sustainability reports to show that energy demand and water consumption are on the rise: Google’s data centres used 20% more water in 2022 than 2021 while Microsoft’s used 34% more. Both companies attribute this increase to “AI-driven expansion”. Sidorkin argues that it is difficult to measure impact per session because of significant variation in energy sourcing, noting that this also means that advances in energy sourcing “could significantly mitigate AI’s environmental impact”. He makes the claim that improving AI technology will “[slash] resource demands without sacrificing output quality” and the very use of AI can increase productivity even as it “temper[s] environmental tolls through sharper processes,” citing studies that demonstrate the implementation of AI can reduce energy use in buildings and reduce transportation emissions. The article ends on an optimistic note, suggesting that many of the applications of AI, although they may have a heavy environmental cost up front, “could pay off in spades—optimizing resources, curbing waste, and streamlining energy across swathes of the economy”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Simon, Judith. 2025. “Generative AI, Quadruple Deception & Trust.” ''Social Epistemology'' 40 (1): 101-115 https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2025.2491087''' </div> Simon proposes that GenAI entails four types of deception, and that this quadruple deception constitutes unique dangers. She attributes the rapid rise of GenAI to its capacity to produce “verbal or visual products of increasingly high quality” alongside its “very high usability and availability through simple interfaces and free access via the internet” (101-102). She emphasizes the impact of this technology’s ability to generate content “with high plausibility but no relation to truth,” arguing the crucial importance of images and video especially in “questions of evidence, for testimony, memory but also for eliciting emotions”. Simon argues that the advent of ChatGPT reframed our collective understanding of AI, returning it to a definition in which we perceive ourselves to be interacting with a conversational artificial agent that is intelligent. This distinct interactional form, Simon states, is significant: “ChatGPT differs [from a search engine] in two philosophically relevant regards… it integrates [different results and sources] into a coherent text…” and “its interface and functioning invites the user to communicate or interact with it by asking questions,” what Simon calls a simulation of communicative acts. The four forms of GenAI deception are: “users may be misled into believing that they interact with a human being”; they may also be misled as to “the capacities of AI”, presuming “intelligence, understanding or even consciousness”; users may be misled by content GenAI produces, especially images, video, and audio; finally, users may be misled “regarding the function of Generative AI”, thinking that the processes behind the technology are, for instance, similar to search engines when, in fact, they differ “in epistemologically highly significant ways”. Simon concludes by outlining implications for implementation, discourse, and governance, with suggestions ranging from avoiding anthropomorphic features in AI that might deceive, countering discourses of true AI agency, and establishing policy and law that mitigates deception through AI technology. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Spatharioti, Sofia Eleni, David Rothschild, Daniel G. Goldstein, and Jake M. Hofman. 2025. “Effects of LLM-based Search on Decision Making: Speed, Accuracy, and Overreliance.” ''Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems''. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714082''' </div> Spatharioti et al. begin by asserting the fundamental change of how we engage in search practices online, noting that “by the end of 2023 the two search engines with over 90% of global and US market share offered free LLM-based search”. The authors note the benefits and drawbacks of both traditional web searches and LLM-based searches, acknowledging the value LLM-based searches bring to internet searches in the form of synthesizing information from multiple sources and maintaining search context by retaining search history, while also admitting to risks of hallucinations and overreliance. The article entails a study of how individuals make decisions with traditional and LLM-based searches, particularly in “every day decision making”. Adapting a method from an earlier study on LLM-generated code, Spatharioti et al. employ colour coding to communicate to users the confidence level of LLM-generated outputs in the “domain of online product research”. The study performed two experiments comparing a traditional internet search (using Bing API) to LLM-based search with and without the colour-coded confidence aid. The results of the first experiment saw users complete the task in about half the time when using LLM-based search, usually accompanied by fewer and more complex queries; however, decision quality dropped for complex tasks, with “almost half of the participants in this condition making an incorrect decision for the final task” when using LLM-based search, and the majority of those using LLM-based search over relied on the tool, performing just a single query. The results of the second experiment suggest that colour-coded responses reflecting output confidence scores could be highly effective in mitigating overreliance and misinformation. Key takeaways from the study include that “if we want to encourage people to think critically about the information presented to them, we need to give them cues that help them to do so,” and very simple cues can help accomplish this. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Strubell, Emma, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew McCallum. 2019. “Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP.” ''Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics'', 3645-3650. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1355 ''' </div> Strubell, Ganesh, and McCallum assert that the most recent improvements in neural network performance at “fundamental NLP tasks” comes at an increased cost of resources, “with the most computationally-hungry models obtaining the highest scores”. The energy, financial, and environmental costs required to train a new model are considerable; the authors of this article “characterize the dollar cost and carbon emissions that result from training the neural networks at the core of many state-of-the-art NLP models” with a view to heighten awareness among NLP researchers and advocate better practices and policy. By estimating the energy required to train the most popular NLP models and then converting that energy value into an approximated carbon and electricity cost, the authors produce ratings and values for each respective application. This allows for an (imperfect) cost-benefit analysis of such applications (e.g., another similar report estimated that an increase of just 0.1 in the English to German BLEU score for NAS cost “at least $150k in on-demand compute time and non-trivial carbon emissions”. The study’s key takeaways are that “authors should report training time and sensitivity to hyperparameters,” allowing for the direct comparison of different models so long as independent standard measurements of training time and model sensitivity are adapted; “Academic researchers need equitable access to computation resources” as industry’s monopoly stifles creativity and growth; and “Researchers should prioritize computationally efficient hardware and algorithms” to both curb costs and encourage efficient development. {{Navigation|previous=AI and Open|next=AI and Scholarship}} {{BookCat}} l1ruldve6b04hihc6ll9oqoplax6jkg 4655937 4655936 2026-07-30T23:55:52Z CorreiaA 3614427 4655937 wikitext text/x-wiki == Platforms == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Burton, Jason W., Ezequiel Lopez-Lopez, Shahar Hechtlinger, et al. 2024. “How Large Language Models Can Reshape Collective Intelligence.” ''Nature Human Behaviour'' 8 (9): 1643–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01959-9.''' </div> Large language models are quickly becoming infrastructure for how groups seek information, deliberate, and coordinate, potentially altering the conditions under which collective intelligence emerges. Burton and colleagues argue that LLMs do not merely speed up individual work but transform how information is aggregated, accessed, and transmitted across digital environments that underpin collective performance in organizations and societies. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives, the paper frames this shift as simultaneously enabling and destabilizing: LLMs can support distributed cognition (e.g., idea generation, synthesis, translation, scalable facilitation) while also increasing risks tied to dependence on shared intermediaries, degraded diversity of viewpoints, and new pathways for error, manipulation, or misplaced confidence. Rather than offering a single model or experiment, the article maps a research-and-practice agenda by identifying potential benefits, key hazards, and policy-relevant considerations, then articulating open questions that link technical design choices to group-level epistemic outcomes. Its central claim is that understanding collective intelligence in the LLM era requires moving analysis beyond isolated human–AI interactions toward system-level effects on networks, platforms, and institutions, and that these effects warrant focused study before LLM-mediated coordination becomes the default for tackling complex problems. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Corsi, Giulio, Bill Marino, and Willow Wong. 2024. “The spread of synthetic media on X.” ''Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review''. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-140<nowiki/>.''' </div> Corsi and Wong’s longitudinal empirical study analyzes 566 tweets containing synthetic media (December 2022–September 2023) documenting a dramatic surge following Midjourney V5 release with over 1.5 billion total views, revealing differential impacts where political deepfakes achieve higher median views despite representing minority of synthetic content. The authors demonstrate that generative AI's impact is stratified by content purpose with political misinformation posing acute democratic risks, while current detection and labelling systems lag behind generative capabilities, creating governance gaps compromising users' capacity to evaluate information. Using Community Notes data from December 2022 to October 2023, the study highlights the connection between the growth in generative AI tools and the rapid proliferation of synthetic media. The findings indicate that most synthetic media is non-political and largely benign, frequently taking the form of humorous or satirical images. However, the study also identifies a smaller but concerning portion of malicious synthetic media, which have potential height risks despite their lower frequency. The authors further examine the role of X’s paid verification system, revealing that while verified users tend to receive more overall views, this advantage diminishes when engagement is adjusted for follower count, implying that verification alone provides limited amplification. The study casts light on synthetic media’s expanding presence on social platforms and warns that even widespread exposure to seemingly harmless AI-generated content may gradually undermine trust in online information. To address these challenges, the authors recommend ongoing empirical monitoring, stronger collaboration between researchers and industry to develop transparent detection tools, and proactive policy measures aimed at reducing the social and political harms posed by malicious synthetic media. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Delmonaco, Daniel, Samuel Mayworm, Hibby Thach, Josh Guberman, Aurelia Augusta, and Oliver L. Haimson. 2024. “‘What are you doing, TikTok?’: How Marginalized Social Media Users Perceive, Theorize, and ‘Prove’ Shadowbanning.” https://oliverhaimson.com/PDFs/DelmonacoShadowbanning.pdf. ''' </div> Delmonaco et al.’s qualitative study explores marginalized social media users’ experiences with shadowbanning through the theoretical framework of algorithmic “folk theories.” Through a review of existing literature, the authors demonstrate how social media companies publicly distance themselves from shadowbanning while continuing to apply it in practice and explain why content produced by marginalized users is more frequently subject to filtering. The study analyzes 24 interviews to explore how users perceive, theorize, and attempt to “prove” shadowbanning through indicators such as decreased visibility, engagement, and follower loss. The findings reveal widespread confusion surrounding shadowbanning, deep mistrust in platform governance, and the disproportionate harm imposed on marginalized communities whose content is suppressed despite platforms’ public denials. The data further shows how users collectively produce and co-produce theories to resist the opacity of algorithmic moderation, and authors introduce “collaborative algorithm investigation,” in which users test and share algorithmic folk theories with one another. The authors argue that algorithmic content moderation exacerbates existing inequities by obscuring governance decisions, politicizing moderation, and shifting power from human judgment to opaque predictive systems, while suggesting that increased transparency, tailored moderation approaches, and users’ education could help reduce unfair content removals. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Drolsbach, Chiara, and Nicolas Pröllochs. 2025. “Characterizing AI-Generated Misinformation on Social Media.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', May 15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.10266<nowiki/>.''' </div> Drolsbach and Pröllochs’ article address a critical gap in existing research by shifting attention from the social drawbacks of AI-generated misinformation to its real-world prevalence and behaviour on social media platforms. Using a large-scale dataset of 91,452 misleading posts identified through X’s Community Notes platform, the authors empirically compare AI-generated and non-AI-generated misinformation across content characteristics, account attributes, virality, believability, and harmfulness. Their findings show that AI-generated misinformation is more entertainment-oriented, exhibits more positive sentiment, and is more likely to originate from smaller accounts, yet achieves significantly higher virality despite being slightly less believable and harmful than traditional misinformation. In their discussion and conclusion, the authors emphasize that AI-generated misinformation poses a growing challenge to the digital information ecosystem due to its realism, scalability, and difficulty of detection. They argue that its unique features disturb algorithmic amplification mechanisms and require new platform strategies, policy interventions, and research approaches that account for the unique properties of AI-generated misinformation rather than relying on countermeasures designed for conventional false content. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Duricic, Tomislav, Hussain Hussain, Emanuel Lacic, Dominik Kowald, Denis Helic, and Elisabeth Lex. 2023. “Beyond-Accuracy: A Review on Diversity, Serendipity, and Fairness in Recommender Systems Based on Graph Neural Networks.” ''Frontiers in Big Data'' 6: 1251072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1251072.''' </div> Duricic et al. (2023) provide a comprehensive review of recommender systems based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), with a particular focus on objectives that go beyond prediction accuracy, including diversity, serendipity, novelty, and fairness. While GNNs have demonstrated strong performance in modeling complex user–item interactions and improving recommendation accuracy, the authors argue that this very strength can intensify structural biases such as popularity bias, homophily, and feedback loops that marginalize less popular content and users. The paper provides a definition of each beyond-accuracy metric, reviews how it has been used in literature, and analyzes the technical barriers of integrating these goals into GNN-based systems such as measurement difficulties, trade-offs between competing goals, and risks of overfitting due to model complexity. Diversity-aware neighbourhood sampling, contrastive learning, and adversarial training to disrupt feedback loops are introduced for more heterogeneous and unexpected recommendations. In conclusion, the authors position GNNs as a powerful but double-edged tool in recommendation systems, capable of either narrowing or broadening users’ informational horizons depending on design choices. They argue that future research must focus on principled frameworks that integrate “beyond-accuracy” objectives, emphasizing that recommendation algorithms are not neutral optimizers but key socio-technical systems shaping visibility, voice, and fairness in digital information ecosystems. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gorwa, Robert, Reuben Binns, and Christian Katzenbach. 2020. “Algorithmic Content Moderation: Technical and Political Challenges in the Automation of Platform Governance.” ''Big Data & Society'' 7 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945.''' </div> Gorwa et al. unfold what "Algorithmic moderation systems” are perceived as essential in AI governance to address the public demand on AI accountability and transparency that remain unnavigable and inexplicable, such that even the enhanced versions could aggravate the existing misinformation issues. They state that major platforms' growth transforms them so much that they no longer function primarily as social networks. They define “algorithmic moderation” as “systems that classify user generated content based on either matching or prediction, leading to a decision and governance outcome (e.g. removal, geoblocking, account takedown).” Different types of hashing (matching) and classification (prediction) tools and the areas they are deployed (copyright, terrorism, and toxic speech) are described and their practicality are criticized. Their case analyses including copyright enforcement, counterterrorism, and toxic speech illustrate the limitations and unintended harms of automated moderation, demonstrating how even “improved” systems risk reinforcing misinformation patterns, entrenching platform power, and displacing human judgment. Ultimately, Gorwa et al. argue that algorithmic moderation transforms platform governance itself by concentrating authority in opaque technical systems while rendering the underlying political choices invisible. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Reynolds, C. J., and Blake Hallinan. 2024. “User-Generated Accountability: Public Participation in Algorithmic Governance on YouTube.” ''New Media & Society'' 26 (9): 5107–5129. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241251791. ''' </div> This study focuses on how YouTube creators respond to platform governance decisions by producing “user-generated accountability” content, videos that publicly document governance failures and pressure YouTube to intervene. Through an analysis of 250 such videos, the authors state that creators overwhelmingly experience YouTube’s policy enforcement, automated moderation systems, and communication practices as opaque, inconsistent, and often discriminatory. Authors declare that human review is essential in automizing platform governance. The study highlights that platform governance decisions affect creators differently depending on channel size, content type, and identity; larger creators can more easily mobilize audiences to “make noise,” while smaller creators rely on collective visibility tactics such as signal boosting across platforms, especially Twitter. The authors argue that these bottom-up accountability practices reflect both the limits of YouTube’s existing governance infrastructure and creators’ efforts to bypass scale dependent unresponsiveness by publicly sharing grievances, comparing experiences, and testing the platform’s algorithms themselves. Theoretically, the study provides the “user-generated accountability” as a framework for engaging with the unavoidable conflicts that will arise around algorithmic systems, and views content creators as “political actors” who advance the perceptions of algorithms. Empirically, it surfaces common concerns such as demonetization of LGBTQ content, and lack of human review. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Savolainen, Lotta. 2022. “The Shadow Banning Controversy: Perceived Governance and Algorithmic Folklore.” ''Media, Culture & Society'' 44 (6): 1091–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221077174.''' </div> Savolainen studies shadowbanning as a lens for understanding current algorithmic platform governance from the user perspective. Rather than determining whether shadowbanning objectively exists, the author conceptualizes it as “algorithmic folklore”: informal, collectively produced narratives through which users attempt to make sense of opaque moderation and ranking systems. Drawing on Reddit discussions about TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube, the study shows how users interpret suppressed visibility through anecdotal evidence, experimentation, and shared pattern recognition, revealing the experiential dimensions of algorithmic governance. Either users “probe the rules” or find their ways through “pleasing the algorithms”; the author argues that these practices emerge in response to governance systems that lack the clarity, stability, and consistency that are traditionally associated with good governance. The study concludes that platform governance contains a structural paradox: platforms increasingly present themselves as legitimate governors while simultaneously developing automated moderation systems that undermine transparency and consistent enforcement. Ultimately, the ethical issue is not shadowbanning itself, but the broader reality of shadowy governance exercised by complex, distributed algorithmic systems at scale. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Vetter, Matthew A., Jialei Jiang, and Zachary J. McDowell. 2025. “An Endangered Species: How LLMs Threaten Wikipedia’s Sustainability.” ''AI & Society'', February. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02199-9.''' </div> Vetter et al. caution against using Wikipedia as AI training data uncritically by outlining many complicating factors. Wikipedia’s collaborative model of data curation democratizes data creation, but embeds power dynamics and biases. A feminist posthumanist framework is applied, which situates Wikipedia’s knowledge as contextual, based upon the positionality of predominantly Western, male editors, a perspective LLMs would perpetuate without opportunity for change. Wikipedia’s "dynamism" is the main reason it is so valuable, stemming from constant, collaborative updates by volunteers. AI responses’ inconsistent citations and plagiaristic tendencies undermine human editors, the source of Wikipedia’s verifiability, and exploit scholars, Wikipedia itself, and the past labour of volunteers. Wikipedia needs both "a steady stream of new and returning readers" and "a diverse group of dedicated volunteers," whilst AI responses push sources into obscurity and at best detour the website, threatening Wikipedia’s long-term sustainability. Vetter et al. practically explore Wikipedia’s relationship with LLMs by conducting a "problem-centred expert interview" of community leaders, who possess 25 combined years of involvement and research. Through these interviews, Vetter et al. identify three main areas of opportunity: promoting transparency and explainability, diversifying the Wikipedia community, and equipping users with critical thinking skills. Overall, their findings "resonate with the posthumanist approach to critical AI literacy," cautioning against hoping for purely technological fixes and calling for greater transparency in how tech giants "leverage open-access datasets." == Governance, Leadership, and Policy == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Balendra, Soorya. 2025. “Meta's AI Moderation and Free Speech: Ongoing Challenges in the Global South.” ''Cambridge Forum on AI: Law and Governance'' 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/cfl.2025.5<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article conducts a case study of Meta’s AI-based content moderation in the Global South, arguing that the censorship of unprohibited content (“over removal”) and slow response to content that causes harm (“slow removal”) are part of “content moderation procedures” that constitute “massive discriminatory approaches.” Balendra presents three models of authority for the regulation of social media content: external regulation, self-regulation, and co-regulation, and argues that state regulation (falling under the external model) varies wildly depending on the government in question, with “granting absolute regulatory power to state actors often stifl[ing] political discourse and online expression.” Co- and self-regulation mitigate this problem, but introduce a new issue by shifting responsibility—private companies use AI to make millions of judgements about content in a short frame of time. The paper notes that the EU and the United States have drastically different policies regarding content moderation on social media platforms and argues that “the practice of content moderation remains largely shaped by the cultural norms of the United States” and the values of “a relatively homogenous groups of Silicon Valley elites.” Balendra finds that, at this time, current approaches often prioritize the state or private corporate interests rather than free speech or the interests of the larger community, and much work is needed to “achiev[e] genuine change” in the form of integrated, hybrid approaches. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Birkstedt, Teemu, Matti Minkkinen, Anushree Tandon, and Matti Mäntymäki. 2023. “AI Governance: Themes, Knowledge Gaps and Future Agendas.” ''Internet Research'' 33 (7): 133–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-01-2022-0042. ''' </div> Birkstedt et al. conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of the emerging yet fragmented field of “AI governance” (AIG), defined as “a system of rules, practices, processes, and technological tools” that ensure organizational AI meets strategic, legal, and ethical requirements. The authors use human-centric and socio-technical AI traditions to explore how organization-level governance mechanisms can bridge the principles-to-practices gap in AI ethics. Through SLR, authors identify four research agendas. The “technical agenda” focuses on the practicalities of AIG. The “stakeholder and contextual agenda” ensures AI meets requirements via direct collaboration with external stakeholders, increased corporate social responsibility, and establishment of an “intelligent discourse regime.” The “regulatory agenda” aligns AIG with ethical and legal standards, while the technical, stakeholder and contextual, and regulatory agendas largely focus on the aims of organizational AIG (i.e., what), and the process agenda deals with the means to achieve the aims (i.e., how). The authors develop a generic framework to guide cohesive AIG practices and advocate for a collaborative governance approach that emphasizes transparency, stakeholder engagement, and sociopolitical awareness. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Broekhuizen, Thijs, Henri Dekker, Pedro De Faria, Sebastian Firk, Dinh Khoi Nguyen, and Wolfgang Sofka. 2023. “AI for Managing Open Innovation: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda.” ''Journal of Business Research'' 167 (November 2023): 114196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114196. ''' </div> Broekhuizen et al. systematically analyze how AI could be applied to the complex, unstructured task of “open innovation,” a possible business opportunity they believe has been insufficiently explored. They define “Open innovation” as “the practice of leveraging external ideas, resources, and capabilities to improve innovation outcomes,” and propose AI could minimize its inherent managerial challenges. To prove this, the authors form a framework that considers the three abilities involved in AI’s agreed possible applications to management (involving “mapping,” “coordinating,” and “controlling”) and assess how applicable their constituent functions are to the challenges of the three stages of open innovation (involving “initiation,” “development,” and “realization”). In the stage of “initiation,” they propose AI could scout for distant knowledge partners, detect relevant information gaps and opportunities, and forecast conflicts. During the “development” stage, AI could develop complementarity between partners' knowledge stocks, integrate knowledge whilst safeguarding intellectual property, and monitor partners for violations or conflicts within the relationship. Finally, during the “realization” stage the authors argue AI could comprehensively evaluate business opportunities, optimize resource deployment, and diagnose or remedy intellectual property violations. To Broekhuizen et al., this study “underscores the significance of the human-side of AI” by demonstrating AI’s valuable role in assisting management. They also conclude that AI’s ability to search for corporate partners will be its greatest impact in open innovation, as they argue it will both incentivize openness and reputability of companies and increase the need for them to keep sensitive data secure. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Cheong, Inyoung. 2024. “Collaborative Approaches to AI Governance: Exploring Co-Design and Co-Regulation Models.” PhD diss., University of Washington. https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~yoshi/papers/theses/inyoung-cheong-dissertation.pdf<nowiki/>.''' </div> This dissertation seeks to integrate co-design and co-regulation as a means of facilitating domain-specific expert knowledge into AI governance policies. It uses theoretical analysis and empirical data as part of its methodologies, and it should be of interest to anyone who wants detailed case studies of the use of AI technology in specific domains, as well as clear models for (co-)governance and development in the use of Artificial Intelligence. Cheong performs two case studies, examining the development and use of an AI application to provide legal advice as well as the application of AI in online content moderation of news and comics apps in South Korea. These result in a set of strategies for AI co-regulation that includes parameters for starting conditions, institutional design, collaborative process, and facilitative leadership. Cheong proposes that the guiding principles for AI co-governance must account for specific and distinct contexts, maintain human involvement and intervention in what is often seen as an artificial and automated process, and look to resolve legal ambiguities surrounding AI, especially as there is a clear history of courts dismissing what Cheong calls “collective rule-making” by the community. The author argues for the implementation of co-regulation and co-design, and maintains that “by fostering inclusive dialogues, leveraging diverse expertise, and remaining adaptable to changing technological and societal landscapes” these methods show potential for dealing with AI’s greatest challenges. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Floridi, Luciano. 2018. “Soft Ethics and the Governance of the Digital.” ''Philosophy & Technology'' 31 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0303-9<nowiki/>.''' </div> Floridi argues our “mature information societies” means “we no longer live online or offline, but onlife,” making the sociopolitical challenge of ethically governing this foundational “digital age” even more vital than pursuit of future digital innovations. Floridi defines three overlapping subfields within the “Governance of the Digital,” including “Digital Ethics,” “Digital Regulation,” and the encompassing “Digital Governance.” The latter is defined as “the practice of establishing and implementing policies, procedures, and standards for the proper development, use and management of the infosphere,” therefore “sometimes neither moral nor immoral… legal nor illegal.” This demonstrates that the three subfields don’t always overlap, but each must always be considered by policymakers, because what is legal, what is good, and what is best are all key components of the ideal “Governance of the Digital.” “Digital Ethics” should also be further subdivided into “hard” ethics, involving binary moral judgments about what should versus should not be done, and “soft” ethics, which involves a “post-compliance,” “post-feasibility” approach, ensures moral opportunities are maximized, and fosters “good corporate citizenship.” Differing “information societies” occupy differing levels of maturity, producing distinct ethical contexts which should progress with differing ethical focuses. In this regard, Floridi advocates “ethics foresight analysis,” which uses data analytics to assess ethical impacts of future innovations then targets research by systematically identifying what is feasible, then sustainable, then acceptable, then preferable. The author concludes that Digital Ethics must be “leading” not “chasing” developments, and not just functioning as a questioning exercise, but also signalling that ethical issues matter, engaging with stakeholders, and providing shareable solutions. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gasser, Urs, and Virgilio A. F. Almeida. 2017. “A Layered Model for AI Governance.” ''IEEE Internet Computing'' 21 (6): 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2017.4180835<nowiki/>.''' </div> This article identifies the gap in knowledge created by the “black box” of AI—the obscured nature of the processes that take place from an initial prompt to its generated output. Gasser et al. note that users and policymakers of these technologies have relatively little insight into how it actually works compared to its developers. Given this unique issue, Gasser et al. propose a theoretical framework for how to approach AI governance, drawing upon the advent and subsequent globalization of the Internet to inform their understanding of AI technology and its pattern of growth. The article addresses a core issue that strong or general AI is often discussed in terms of potential societal impact while weak or general AI is currently being deployed right now (i.e., 2017) and is in real need of governance already. The authors identify core themes related to “transparency, accountability, and explainability; inclusion and fairness; [and] global governance,” as well as three challenges for AI governance—"information asymmetries”; “finding normative consensus”; and “government mismatches”. The authors point out that the ethical and legal considerations of AI are closely related and take a modularity approach; they present three layers for governance that exist from AI systems to society, with timing (i.e., near-, mid-, and long-term) and considerations for each layer. The article concludes by proposing AI governance requires a blended approach based on the different risks of certain AI applications and propose that both “market-oriented solutions” and "government-based structures” can work on a national or international level, suggesting a “global oversight body” could act as “the curator of global principles and emerging norms for AI systems.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Kirschenbaum, Matthew. 2025. “The US of AI.” Public Draft, February 25, 2025. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O2qkjhg7Ei5zZWmBraNwXq4V0lTauspN/view<nowiki/>.''' </div> This set of notes from Kirschenbaum represents his “near real-time attempt to come to terms with… the opening weeks of the second Trump Administration,” especially the “AI-first” strategy of “the so-called Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE).” Kirschenbaum outlines DOGE has nothing to do with government efficiency, as it only saves insignificant costs, instead possessing ideological and capitalistic motivations to form “a government without people.” Based on Musk’s nebulous authority—as an advisor from the private sector—DOGE targeted nineteen federal agencies to be “strip-mined and fracked for all manner of information” as a “priceless and unprecedented resource” of AI training data. To do so, DOGE operatives accessed sensitive spaces after hours, combining physical aggression with a “complete lack” of technical inhibition representing a “vampiric data suck.” Kirschenbaum identifies clear corporate interests here and further examines ideological aims. Early executive orders asserted the need for federal AI systems “free from ideological bias or engineered social agendas,” with OpenAI announcing “ChatGPT Gov” days later. These invocations of “AI” as a universal solution represent only a “linguistic token” instead of any realized technology—as worded by Salvaggio, AI must only “be considered a plausible competitor to human decision-making long enough to dislodge the existing human decision-makers.” Kirschenbaum frames this as based in the “masculine maximalism” of the Trump administration, as the term AI promotes “technological absolutism” whilst theoretically playing into the Nixon-era “theory of the unitary executive” by aiming to replace people with “void” and consolidate power into the hands of “a super-user class who will operate outside the system.” However, “the real world intrudes… with lethal downstream effects.” Kirschenbaum proposes “a collapsing superimposition of political discourse, the actual operations of social media as its primary public arena, and the technical architecture of the systems (in the form of AI)… in the sphere of governance as well as media,” which produces the “infrastructure for… permanent despotism” via the “untethering of language from conditions of lived reality.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Oh, Dayei, and John Downey. 2024. “Does Algorithmic Content Moderation Promote Democratic Discourse? Radical Democratic Critique of Toxic Language AI.” ''Information, Communication & Society'' 28 (7): 1157–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2346531.''' </div> Oh and Downey critically examine how algorithmic content moderation shapes public discourse, focusing specifically on Google’s Perspective API and its detection of "toxic" language. By drawing a crucial distinction between incivility (harsh or emotional tone) and intolerance (actual discriminatory harm), the authors demonstrate how AI-driven moderation systems frequently misinterpret context. Consequently, these algorithms often suppress emotionally charged but politically significant speech—particularly from marginalized groups—while allowing structurally discriminatory but politely phrased content to evade detection. This dynamic reveals a significant flaw in relying on AI as a neutral mediator of digital dialogue: by prioritizing tone over substance, algorithmic moderation actively curtails democratic participation and skews the visibility of diverse perspectives. Their study is relevant for understanding how AI systems act as invisible gatekeepers, enforcing normative boundaries on public expression and highlighting the urgent need for moderation frameworks that are contextually aware, transparent, and equitable rather than merely tone-policing. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Rughiniș, Cosima, et al. 2025. “AI at the Knowledge Gates: Institutional Policies and Hybrid Configurations in Universities and Publishers.” ''Frontiers in Computer Science'' 7: 1608276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1608276. ''' </div> This article constitutes a qualitative analysis (i.e., a form of computational analysis) of 16 universities and 12 publishers that attempts to understand how these institutions regulate AI in knowledge production. Rughinis et al. claim that most institutions preserve their values while regulating AI by adapting the regulations they already have in place, stating “institutional policies are shaped by value-based compromises and not by technical concerns alone.” At the same time, although the article acknowledges its focus on institutional regulation, it also admits that “AI adoption can evolve both through policy frameworks and… locally embedded practices that remain partly invisible in formal documentation.” The authors propose two concepts, “dual black-boxing” and “legitimacy-dependent hybrid actors.” Dual black-boxing refers to the lack of transparency in both the “hidden algorithmic processes [and] invisible training data” that shape AI systems and “the opacity surrounding how academics employ AI in their work,” while legitimacy-dependent hybrid actors are “configurations of human-AI collaboration whose institutional legitimacy is not intrinsic but conditional.” Rughinis et al. argue that transparency is a core academic value, and scholars must work to open these black boxes; they also suggest that that transparency is more closely linked to academic legitimacy in AI-related issues rather than the more traditional issue of the origin of ideas. The majority of the article applies these terms to understanding the regulatory frameworks of universities and publishers, and concludes with the understanding that the majority of institutions allow some form of AI use within certain parameters. The key types of hybrid actors allowed by universities were AI-assisted researchers, AI-enabled translators, AI-enhanced writers, and AI-supported coders, while publishers facilitated the use of AI to refine language, support research methodologies, and aid in research. Ultimately, the authors observe that institutions are permitting AI-supported work in refined roles and argue that AI-based academic work gains legitimacy through transparency. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Seger, et al. “Democratising AI: Multiple Meanings, Goals, and Methods.” ''Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society''. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3600211.3604693<nowiki/>.''' </div> Aiming to “provide a foundation for more productive conversations,” Seger et al. categorize four forms of “AI democratisation” and explore each form’s goals and facilitation pathways. Democratization of AI “use” involves making it easier for people to employ AI’s capabilities, and is therefore equally comparable to increasing availability of printers or of tools which can create chemical weaponry, depending on the case. Democratization of “development” involves allowing a wider range of people to contribute to the AI design and development process, which accelerates progress and increases diversity, but also opens the door for maliciousness and irresponsibility. Democratizing “profits” constitutes a philanthropic or redistributive process, and has the predictably involved weaknesses. Therefore, the authors highlight that “AI democratisation is a multifarious and sometimes conflicting concept” which “should not be conflated with improving AI accessibility” and “is not inherently good.” This is because democratization of AI’s “use,” “development,” and “profits” only derives value from its alignment with the interests and values of impacted groups, making democratization of AI’s “governance” the priority. Democratization of “governance” does not necessarily aim for total agreement amongst constituents, but will regardless reduce the unilaterality of decision-making by promoting justice, legitimacy, and diversity. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Sposato, Martin. 2025. ”Artificial Intelligence in Educational Leadership: A Comprehensive Taxonomy and Future Directions.” ''International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education'' 22 (20). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00517-1. ''' </div> This article performs an analysis and review of published works on AI in educational leadership from 2017–2024 and uses the results of that process to develop what Sposato describes as “a comprehensive taxonomy of AI applications in educational leadership.” Potential readers include researchers and policymakers interested in communicating across specific fields and disciplines. Sposato theorizes ten application domains for AI in higher education ranging from increased efficiency in administration and teaching practices to increased community engagement and strategic planning. The purpose of such a framework is to provide educational leaders with a coherent vocabulary of “the full spectrum of educational leadership responsibilities” that can facilitate further conversation. The author advocates for AI’s transformative potential in higher education even as they note important challenges (especially with ethics and equity), arguing a need for a balanced approach and “robust ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks.” The framework provided is presented as one step toward developing AI literacy for stakeholders so that all involved in education might make more informed decisions and articulate their needs more clearly. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ter-Minassian, Lucile. 2025. ”Democratizing AI Governance: Balancing Expertise and Public Participation.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', January 16. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.08651<nowiki/>.''' </div> Ter-Minassian argues that “universal access, technically-constrained development, and universal impact” of AI and AI research necessitate public participation in AI governance even as it “creates a unique governance challenge.” The article presents the benefits and challenges of expert oversight and public consultation. Ter-Minassian outlines the threat of misinformation to meaningful public participation, highlighting how both undue fear and unrealistic optimism surrounding AI can affect public discourse, while acknowledging that the rapid rate of AI research makes it difficult to incorporate truly democratic processes into the decision-making process. The author concludes that any ongoing inclusive and effective AI governance ought to incorporate inclusive representation, balance expertise and public engagement, embrace transparency and accountability while engaging an iterative process, and implement a hybrid framework that “blend[s] expert knowledge with meaningful public input” (4). She argues that “AI’s deep societal impact calls for public engagement” and “technical complexity does not have to exclude meaningful public input,” advocating for “structured deliberation and phased public participation” to address “time-sensitive AI challenges without compromising democratic legitimacy” (5). Ultimately, the article sees this as an iterative process that will need to continue to adapt in order to maintain expert insight and public discourse on AI. == Critical Literacies == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Aguiar, Micaela, and Sílvia Araújo. 2024. “Final Thoughts: Digital Humanities Looking at Generative AI.” ''In Digital Humanities Looking at the World'', edited by S. Araújo et al., 367-380. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.''' </div> Aguiar and Araújo explore the emergence and applications of generative artificial intelligence within Digital Humanities research. They trace the evolution of generative AI from early implementations like the 1960s Eliza chatbot through its developments such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and the Transformer architecture to contemporary large language models like BERT and GPT. The authors document current applications of generative AI across Digital Humanities domains, including cultural heritage preservation, historical text processing, and literary creation. They outline how these technologies are being used to memorialize mass atrocities, process traditional Chinese ancient texts, and explore collaborative human-AI poetry creation. Aguiar and Araújo examine the inner workings of generative AI, particularly focusing on how conversational models function through statistical prediction rather than genuine comprehension. They identify limitations such as hallucinations, bias replication, and attribution problems that researchers must consider when using these tools. The chapter concludes that effective integration of generative AI in Digital Humanities requires developing AI literacy skills that enable researchers to critically evaluate outputs while leveraging the technology's capabilities for sustainable research advancement. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Boer, Victor de, and Lise Stork. 2024. “Hybrid Intelligence for Digital Humanities.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', April 15. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2406.15374. ''' </div> De Boer and Stork believe the discipline of Digital Humanities (DH) should meet the challenges and opportunities posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) by adopting the “human-centric paradigm” of Hybrid Intelligence (HI). They define DH as “a scholarly realm where computing or digital technologies intersect with… the humanities… characterized by innovative approaches to scholarly endeavors”, and identify various existing DH approaches to AI, which include “Knowledge Representation”, “Machine Learning”, “Natural Language Processing”, and “Computer Vision”. De Boer and Stork argue successfully integrating AI tools into DH requires embedding AI in scholarly practice, adopting a diverse and polyvocal approach, considering the debate of distant versus close reading, and applying a critical stance towards data, methods, and tools. HI “concerns itself with the investigation and design of human-AI ecosystems”, and the authors argue effective AI should be developed by following its “CARE” principles - being “Collaborative, Adaptive, Responsible, and Explainable.” Therefore, De Boer and Stork focus this text on mapping CARE principles to those DH requirements earlier outlined. Overall, they concur with Goodlad and Baker that humanists “are ideal “domain experts” for the current juncture”, and end by identifying two overarching challenges. The first challenge is “one-shot solutions”, including tools, datasets, and methods that aren’t reusable, Open Source, accessible, and well described. Secondly, they identify the human factor - actors will need both an open mind and AI literacy to be equally critical of and cooperative with AI. Therefore, the authors emphasize the importance of teaching digital methods within the humanities curricula. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Carmi, Elinor, Simeon J. Yates, Eleanor Lockley, and Alicja Pawluczuk. 2020. “Data Citizenship: Rethinking Data Literacy in the Age of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Malinformation.” ''Internet Policy Review'' 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.2.1481.''' </div> This study argues that dominant understandings of digital and data literacy are insufficient for addressing contemporary complex challenges of disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation. They propose the concept of data citizenship to reframe literacy as a fundamentally civic, political, and collective practice rather than a set of individual technical skills. The authors contend that information disorders cannot be addressed through technological solutions alone, as they are deeply embedded in structural inequalities, platform economies, and power asymmetries shaping datafied societies. The article builds on a literature review and secondary data analysis drawing on Me and My Big Data project, alongside the development of a nationally representative UK survey. The authors identify three major gaps in existing literacy frameworks: an overemphasis on individual competence rather than networked practices, a lack of critical engagement with algorithmic and economic infrastructures of platforms, and the absence of proactive civic skills such as contesting data extraction, demanding transparency, and advocating for data justice. Their analysis highlights how citizens’ data practices are shaped by social networks, education, and socio-economic conditions, revealing unequal capacities for verification, protection, and collective action. The authors conclude that data literacy must move beyond content verification to include critical understanding of platform design, funding models, and algorithmic governance. They emphasize the importance of locally grounded, participatory approaches to data literacy education that reflect diverse lived contexts rather than scalable, top-down interventions. While the study offers a robust conceptual model and survey-based insights, it does not yet include in-depth qualitative engagement with citizen groups, which the authors position as a necessary next phase of research. Overall, the article makes a significant contribution by bridging digital literacy and the field of mis/dis/mal information research and claims that data literacy is an essential component of democratic citizenship. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Long, Duri, and Brian Magerko. 2020. “What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations.” In ''Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems'', 1–13. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727.''' </div> The authors present an exploratory review of interdisciplinary literature, aiming to organize key ideas on AI literacy definitions and essential competencies. Authors claim that public misunderstandings of AI are due to design, educational gaps, black-box algorithms, and a general lack of technological knowledge. The review includes two sections: how the public understands specific AI systems, and how existing research addresses people’s broader understanding of AI. Rather than offering an exhaustive synthesis, Long and Magerko’s focus is on non-technical audiences and they offer central provocations and design principles that can inform educational interventions. The proposed conceptual framework on AI literacy identifies 17 core competencies alongside 14 design considerations for educational intervention, which are described and supported by relevant literature. Together, these considerations position the framework as a practical and reflective tool for designing AI literacy interventions that move beyond dominant media narratives and foster critical, informed engagement with AI technologies. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Majdik, Zoltan P., and S. Scott Graham. 2024. “Rhetoric of/with AI: An Introduction.” ''Rhetoric Society Quarterly'' 54 (3): 222–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2024.2343264. ''' </div> Majdik and Graham propose a field-organizing distinction that functions as a methodological argument. By splitting inquiry into “rhetoric of AI” (AI as object) and “rhetoric with AI” (AI as method), they treat AI simultaneously as a rhetorical actor/ecosystem component that structures attention, circulation, and uptake, and an instrument that can be enrolled into rhetorical research workflows. The authors claim that much prior rhetorical work engaged “spaces of AI”—platforms, devices, and algorithmically mediated environments—while leaving “AI” itself undertheorized as the central object; this provides a justification for why rhetoricians should now foreground model/algorithmic operations (and their harms) rather than treating them as neutral background conditions of digital rhetoric. They also frame generative text systems as a stress test for core rhetorical concepts—agency, authorship, and audience—because these systems destabilize the presumed linkage between human intention and textual production, and because they insert nonhuman intermediaries into communicative situations that education and public discourse still normatively treat as human-to-human. The introduction then uses this distinction to stage the special issue’s contributions as complementary routes for rebuilding rhetorical theory and pedagogy under AI conditions. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ng, Davy Tsz Kit, Jac Ka Lok Leung, Samuel Kai Wah Chu, and Maggie Shen Qiao. 2021. “Conceptualizing AI Literacy: An Exploratory Review.” ''Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence'' 2: 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041. ''' </div> This article presents an exploratory review of literature published between 2016 and 2021 with the goal of conceptualizing AI literacy and proposing a comprehensive framework for teaching and evaluating it. The authors analyze 30 articles and synthesize existing definitions and approaches to AI literacy, noting that while AI literacy has increasingly been discussed, the concept has often been treated narrowly as a technical skill set. The authors situate AI literacy as a necessary competency for everyone, arguing that AI will increasingly affect many aspects of daily life and employment. In response, the authors argue for a broader understanding of AI literacy that incorporates cognitive and ethical dimensions. The proposed framework organizes AI literacy into four interconnected facets: knowing and understanding AI, using and applying AI, evaluating and creating AI, and AI ethics. Importantly, the authors explicitly reject purely instrumentalist views of AI literacy. To conceptualize AI literacy pedagogically, the authors draw on Bloom’s classic taxonomy, aligning the above-mentioned aspect with increasing cognitive levels. They claim that while most people are aware that AI exists, they often lack understanding of how it works or how to assess its ethical and social implications. This approach positions AI literacy as a developmental learning process rather than a static set of skills. The article concludes by identifying directions for future research, including the need for empirical studies to validate AI literacy frameworks and to better understand how AI literacy can be taught, learned, and assessed across educational contexts. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Rapanta, Chrysi, Anna Åkerfeldt, Mark Vanderbeeken, Diane Lison, Khadija Mohammed, Amanda Gibbs, Helder Coelho, Pinar Seda Celik, Carola Bruna, Ingrid Helleve, Chrysoula Vassilakopoulou, Pieter Swart, Ana Lúcia Marques, and Dirk Ifenthaler. 2025. “Critical GenAI Literacy: Postdigital Configurations.” ''Postdigital Science and Education'' 17 (1): 167–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-025-00573-w.''' </div> Rapanta et al. develop a comprehensive and pluralistic account of what critical literacy means in the context of generative artificial intelligence. Drawing on contributions from fourteen scholars, the article argues that GenAI literacy cannot be captured through a single, universal framework. Instead, it must be understood as a set of context-dependent literacies shaped by disciplinary traditions, socio-political conditions, and evolving human–algorithm relations. This postdigital perspective challenges narrow definitions of AI literacy that prioritize technical skills. The authors’ central claim is that current GenAI systems, particularly large language models, require critical engagement because of their epistemic limitations, including reliance on dominant narratives, lack of explainability, tendencies toward fabrication, and reinforcement of Western and anglophone knowledge structures. As a result, critical GenAI literacy is positioned as a social justice concern rather than a neutral competency. Learners and educators are encouraged to examine questions of authorship, agency, and power, such as whose labor and data underpin these systems and which perspectives are marginalized or erased. Methodologically, the article adopts a dialogic and collective approach to resist homogenizing AI epistemologies and to foreground plurality in postdigital research. The authors conceptualize GenAI as part of a co-constructive assemblage in which human and non-human agencies interact, while maintaining that ethical responsibility and evaluative judgment must remain human-led, organizing four interrelated dimensions epistemology and ontology, agency, engagement, and ethics and justice; each emphasizing critical interrogation, active participation, and accountability. Overall, the paper provides a theoretically grounded yet pragmatic foundation for advancing critical GenAI literacy in education and research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Veldhuis, Annemiek M., Phoebe W. K. Lo, Iain E. G. Kenny, and Alissa N. Antle. 2024. “Critical Artificial Intelligence literacy: A scoping review and framework synthesis.” ''International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction'' 43: 100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2024.100708''' </div> Veldhuis and colleagues present a review of literature and framework synthesis that conceptualizes critical AI literacy from a child–computer interaction (CCI) perspective. Reviewing 30 empirical studies published over the past decade, the authors aim to understand how children and youth aged 5–18 have been supported in developing critical literacy on AI technologies, particularly regarding their social, political, cultural, and ethical implications. Grounded in critical literacy theory, the authors integrate Lewison et al.’s (2002) four interrelated dimensions including disrupting the commonplace, considering multiple viewpoints, focusing on the sociopolitical, and taking action into a four-part framework for critical AI literacy. Importantly, the framework rejects deficit narratives by foregrounding children’s capacity for critical inquiry and demonstrates that even young learners can meaningfully engage with complex issues such as algorithmic bias, data provenance, privacy, accountability, and the distinction between AI-generated outputs and human creativity when supported by pedagogies such as critical making. Only peer-reviewed, English-language empirical studies with explicit support for children’s critical engagement with AI were included. The findings reveal a growing body of research, particularly in the past three years, exploring activities that promote youths’ critical reflection on AI’s societal and ethical impacts. These activities address concerns related to privacy, surveillance, employment, diversity in the computing workforce, algorithmic bias, and accountability. The resulting framework emphasizes learners’ capacity to analyze both AI artifacts and the sociotechnical systems that produce them, as well as to reflect on how AI shapes cultural, societal, political structures, and personal experiences. For future research recommendations, the authors emphasize the urgency of ongoing critical AI literacy practices in areas of youth emotional awareness and socio-cultural impacts in response to the fast evolution of generative AI systems. == Globalism, Colonialism and Influence == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Arora, Payal. 2024. “Creative data justice: a decolonial and indigenous framework to assess creativity and artificial intelligence.” ''Information, Communication & Society'' 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2024.2420041.''' </div> Arora (2024) develops a framework of creative data justice that includes decolonial theory, Indigenous perspectives, and critical studies of creativity to explore how generative AI could impact creative labour, rights, and cultural value. The author argues that democratizing creativity requires a cross-cultural framework that considers power relations between creative work, data, and learning, particularly by centering the lived realities of underrepresented communities in the Global South. Rather than treating AI creativity as neutral, the paper claims that inclusive AI systems must address contextual inequalities and the unequal impacts of AI on diverse creative communities. Arora critiques dominant Western-centered scholarship and challenges concepts such as the “creative class,” arguing that creativity exists across everyday social and cultural practices. The paper also critiques Creative Commons (CC) frameworks, suggesting that while they promote openness, they may enable commercial data extraction by AI companies. Instead, the author argues for dataset curation developed with Indigenous artists and activist groups to ensure equitable representation. The article further highlights the often-invisible labour behind creative AI located in the Global South and argues that a decolonial approach must recognize both material infrastructures and power relations shaping creative work. Indigenous approaches to communal ownership and systems of care are presented as alternatives to Western individualistic models of creative rights. The author advocates combining ethnographic “thick data” with computational approaches and suggests action-research methods such as counter-mapping, dataset debiasing, and critical media literacies. The paper concludes that creative data justice offers a framework for building culturally diverse and equitable AI systems that respect community agency and support a more democratic global data economy. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Fırıncı, Yusuf. 2024. “Decolonial Artificial Intelligence; Algorithmic Fairness in Alignment with Turkish and Islamic Values.” ''Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi'' 67 (67): 250-279. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1565884.''' </div> Fırıncı argues that artificial intelligence development should be guided by explicitly value-based frameworks grounded in Turkish-Islamic ethical traditions rather than relying solely on dominant Western models of technological governance. The authors emphasize that AI systems rely on human judgment and are inherently value-laden, making ethical alignment essential to prevent manipulation, misinformation, algorithmic bias, and forms of digital coloniality. Drawing on concepts such as big data, “thick data,” and digital anthropology, the paper suggests combining quantitative data analysis with culturally grounded social knowledge to design algorithms that reflect community values. The paper examines tensions between Western liberal individualism (which underpins most AI fairness metrics) and Islamic ethical frameworks that emphasize communal welfare, divine justice, and context-dependent moral reasoning. This analysis reveals that "fairness" is not a universal technical specification, but a deeply value-laden concept shaped by particular cultural, religious, and philosophical commitments—meaning that AI systems designed around Western fairness assumptions may be experienced as unjust in contexts operating from different ethical frameworks. Using Social Construction of Technology theory and critical social constructivism, the authors argue that existing global AI frameworks often reproduce hierarchy, bias, and external control, which they interpret as forms of algorithmic oppression. In response, they advocate a “fairness in alignment with values” approach grounded in Turkish-Islamic worldviews, supported by Islamic ethical principles as foundations for responsible technological development. The paper concludes by calling for locally controlled data infrastructures, culturally aligned AI systems, and knowledge production rooted in Turkish and Islamic values as part of a broader decolonial technological model aimed at protecting communities from AI-related harms and preserving social cohesion. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Mohamed, Shakir, Marie-Therese Png, and William Isaac. 2020. “Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence.” ''Philosophy & Technology'' 33 (4): 659–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00405-8. ''' </div> Mohamed et al. explore the role of post-colonial and decolonial critical science in understanding the transformative technological advance of AI. They argue risks to vulnerable peoples can be minimized by linking ethical principles to scientific progress, and therefore consider AI’s embedded values, approaching it ‘as both object and subject’. They demonstrate that AI advances ‘encompass ever-larger aspects of the cultural, economic and political life of modern society’ by citing Obermeyer et al.’s reveal of racial biases within an algorithm commonly used by healthcare, arguing this indicates how AI obscures and exacerbates asymmetrical power relations. Mohamed et al. identify neglect to address systemic racism as the cause, illustrating that patterns of power between colonizer and colonised survived territorial decolonization to propagate a historically continuous ‘coloniality of power’. Therefore, ‘dynamic and robust foresight tactics and methodologies grounded in the critical sciences’ (like, for example, a ‘lens of metropole and periphery’) should be applied to the field of AI to ensure one’s view is ‘decentring’, ‘additive-inclusive’, and prioritizes ‘engagement’. The authors further explore emergent theories of data colonialism within their assessment of ‘algorithmic coloniality’. This involves their taxonomy of ‘decolonial foresight’ (constituting algorithmic ‘oppression’, ‘exploitation’, and ‘dispossession’), and an exploration of various ‘sites of coloniality’ (including ‘algorithmic decision systems’, ‘ghost workers’, ‘beta-testing’, ‘national policies’, and ‘international social development’). They argue this study highlights the disjunction of empirical observations with the current, theoretical, and ahistorical frameworks of power in AI. This leads the authors to outline a set of tactics to develop ‘decolonial AI’ possessing a strengthened empirical basis and an avoidance of algorithmic colonialism. Such tactics are ‘based on lessons of resistance and recovery from historical and decolonial criticism and grounded within already existing work’; they include critical technical practice, seeking reverse tutelage and pedagogies, and renewing affective political communities. Mohamed et al., emphasize that those ethical principles which form the ‘social contract’ must consider diverse viewpoints, and that new methodologies must be developed to promote ‘inclusive dialogue’ within new research cultures. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Muldoon, James, and Boxi A Wu. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence in the Colonial Matrix of Power.” ''Philosophy & Technology'' 36 (4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00687-8.''' </div> Muldoon and Wu (2023) extend decolonial AI scholarship by situating contemporary artificial intelligence within what Aníbal Quijano terms the “colonial matrix of power”, and arguing that from data to production machine learning systems are structured to endure colonial logics that organize economic extraction, labour hierarchies, and epistemic dominance. Central to their framework is the “colonial matrix of power,” which names an organizing principle of domination across interrelated domains: economic control (labour and resources), authority, gender and sexuality, and the control of subjectivity and knowledge. Authors focus particularly on economic extraction and epistemic domination drawing on the modernity/coloniality research program. They proceed with three interconnected claims: “colonial supply chain of AI,” “international division of digital labour”, and “hegemonic knowledge production” demonstrating how AI development relies on largely invisible labour and mineral resources of majority-world communities to generate wealth for Western economies. Beyond material extraction, the authors contend that AI reproduces hegemonic Western epistemologies by presenting its systems as universal, objective, and rational, thereby marginalizing non-Western knowledge systems. This study challenges dominant narratives that present AI as environmentally sustainable or socially progressive, arguing that from mineral extraction to energy-intensive computation, the ecological and material burdens fall disproportionately on majority-world nations, while the economic and technological benefits accrue to wealthy Western nations. They conclude by emphasizing that coloniality is not merely an object of study but a framework for unsettling Western-centric modes of knowing. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Salami, Aishat Oyenike. 2024. “Artificial intelligence, digital colonialism, and the implications for Africa's future development.” ''Data & Policy'' 6. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2024.75. ''' </div> Salami (2024) studies how artificial intelligence operates within broader dynamics of digital colonialism in Africa, arguing that AI risks reinforcing patterns of colonialism, unless African actors gain greater agency in digital governance. The article begins by clarifying key concepts like AI, digital colonialism, neocolonialism, and data exploitation. Salami identifies several manifestations of digital colonialism on the continent: foreign ownership of critical digital infrastructure, unequal data flows in which African user data is extracted and monetized abroad, and algorithmic systems that enable forms of economic exploitation. Through examples such as ride-hailing platforms and outsourced digital labour, the article demonstrates how algorithmic control can generate precarious working conditions while concentrating profit outside the continent. Beyond labour concerns, Salami highlights how data extraction contributes to a digital wealth transfer, deepening economic imbalances and undermining local innovation and national sovereignty. While acknowledging the potential benefits of AI for development, the article adopts a cautious stance, emphasizing that Africa’s digital future depends on strengthening regulatory frameworks, expanding infrastructure, investing in education and research, and prioritizing data sovereignty. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Varshney, Kush R. 2024. “Decolonial AI Alignment: Openness, Visesa-Dharma, and Including Excluded Knowledges.” ''Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society'' 7: 1467-1481. https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v7i1.3173''' </div> Varshney discusses AI alignment through a decolonial lens, arguing that current large language model (LLM) alignment practices reproduce forms of coloniality by embedding Western moral philosophy as universal. The author conceptualizes alignment as the post-training processes used to shape model behavior and argues that the term often functions as an “empty signifier,” masking whose values are being encoded and enforced. The author contrasts open and closed LLM models, arguing that while openness may allow value to circulate more equitably among developers and communities, closed models concentrate value in extractive ways that reflect colonial dynamics, and views them as contemporary “metropoles” that accumulate power through extractive and epistemic control. Building on existing research on colonial AI, the article adds “ethical essentialism” (or moral absolutism) as a new form of coloniality, arguing that AI systems often treat Western moral frameworks as universal, which marginalizes other ethical traditions and reinforces a coloniality of knowledge. Varshney also identifies three specific aspects of coloniality in AI alignment: closed proprietary delivery of models, reliance on Western ethical theories as default, and technological designs that limit how values can be expressed. As an alternative, Varshney proposes a decolonial approach grounded in openness understood not only technically but epistemically: openness to research artifacts, openness to society, and openness to excluded knowledges. The author suggests that alignment should allow communities to adapt models according to local contexts rather than imposing universal rules. Drawing from Hindu moral philosophy, particularly the concept of viśeṣa-dharma (context-dependent ethics), the paper argues for pluralistic, relational value systems that recognize moral diversity instead of universal moral commands. The conclusion calls for a reconceptualization of AI alignment that moves away from moral absolutism toward context-sensitive, community-driven frameworks, positioning openness as a pathway to dismantling the colonial power structures embedded in contemporary AI systems. == Diversity, Determinism, Bias and Justice == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Al-kfairy, Mousa , Dheya Mustafa, Nir Kshetri, Mazen Insiew, and Omar Alfandi. 2024. “Ethical Challenges and Solutions of Generative AI: An Interdisciplinary Perspective.” ''Informatics'' 11 (3): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11030058''' </div> Al-kfairy et al. (2024) provide a comprehensive synthesis of the ethical vulnerabilities introduced by generative AI, utilizing an interdisciplinary review of 37 studies across healthcare, education, and media. Rather than treating ethical breaches as isolated technical flaws, the authors demonstrate how generative models systematically threaten privacy, intellectual property, and social equity across diverse domains. For instance, they highlight the paradox in healthcare where synthetic patient data—often intended to protect privacy—still carries significant risks of re-identification. Similarly, the authors trace how AI's capacity to mimic copyrighted works and generate synthetic media exacerbates both misinformation and algorithmic bias, particularly by perpetuating racial and gender stereotypes in high-stakes environments like hiring and education. Moving beyond mere critique, the article advocates for a proactive, cross-sectoral governance framework. The authors argue that mitigating these risks requires more than algorithmic adjustments; it demands multidisciplinary collaboration, robust institutional integrity policies, and targeted AI literacy programs. Ultimately, Al-kfairy et al. frame the ethical deployment of generative AI as a complex socio-technical challenge that requires continuous, structured dialogue among technologists, ethicists, and policymakers to ensure transparency and fairness. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Alvarez, Jose M, Alejandra Bringas Colmenarejo, Alaa Elobaid, Simone Fabbrizzi, Miriam Fahimi, Antonio Ferrara, Siamak Ghodsi, et al. 2024. “Policy Advice and Best Practices on Bias and Fairness in AI.” ''Ethics and Information Technology'' 26 (2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09746-w. ''' </div> This article attempts to provide “an up-to-date entry-point to the state-of-the-art of the multidisciplinary research on bias and fairness in AI” before providing its own suggestions for policy and best practices based on the outcomes of the NoBIAS – Artificial Intelligence without Bias – Project. The authors describe fairness in AI as the pursuit to design “methods for detecting, mitigating, and controlling biases in AI-supported decision making”, and they outline different ways that bias can find its way into AI applications as part of training data (pre-existing bias), design (technical bias), and organizational processes (emerging bias). The article critiques the reduction of bias evaluation to simple metrics and advocates for serious engagement with the issue. The authors detail the various components of the collaborative NoBIAS project as part of its research goal to understand, mitigate, and account for bias in AI data and systems, especially within an EU legal context. They perform a survey and discuss various fairness metrics and how choosing the proper method is crucial for “optimizing AI models”. They also engage with an argument that, although AI is biased, it is less biased than humans, making the claim that AI usage is often accompanied by a false sense of objectivity. The article also investigates core issues at the heart of AI’s biases, such as the assumption that a “ground truth”—the answer to the problem the AI is being asked to solve—is actually encoded within the data. While the article makes many suggestions for how to curb bias within AI, prominent design decisions include human-centric AI and “Multi-stakeholder participatory design”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gallegos, Isabel O., Ryan A. Rossi, Joe Barrow, Md Mehrab Tanjim, Sungchul Kim, Franck Dernoncourt, Tong Yu, Ruiyi Zhang, and Nesreen K. Ahmed. 2024. “Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey.” ''Computational Linguistics'' 50 (3): 1097–1179. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00524''' </div> Gallegos et al. perform an “extensive and comprehensive survey of bias and fairness in NLP” that considers both the evaluation and mitigation of bias, then propose three taxonomies for bias evaluation and mitigation. The survey disambiguates different types of social harms that stem from LLMs with the “aim to enhance understanding of the range of bias issues, their harms, and their relationships to each other”. The authors discuss the issue of defining bias in LLMs and note that “many approaches… assume some implicitly desirable criterion… but do not explicitly acknowledge or state the normative social values that justify their framework”. Instead, Gallegos et al. draw attention to “who is harmed, why the behavior is harmful, and how the harm reflects and reinforces social principles or hierarchies,” trying to bring context and insight to the understanding and function of bias and bias mitigation in LLMs. The article defines terms at every stage of the life cycle of an LLM, looking at issues of bias and fairness in the development, deployment, and training data, of an LLM, for example. The article concludes with four core recommendations: “Avoid flattening power imbalances”; “Choose objective functions that align with fairness desiderata”; “Balance bias mitigation with output diversity”; and “Preserve important contexts in output rewriting”. The authors also acknowledge problems and challenges, including addressing power imbalances, an issue that we can mitigate by centering marginalized communities, developing participatory research designs, shifting values and assumptions, and expanding language resources. They likewise propose methods for curbing problems with conceptualizing fairness for NLP, refining evaluation principles, and improving mitigation efforts. Ultimately, the authors admit that many of these technical issues are the result of societal issues, and that “technical solutions are incomplete without broader societal action against power hierarchies that diminish and dominate marginalized groups”. In short, technical solutions will only take us so far. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Hertweck, Corinna, Joachim Baumann, Michele Loi, Eleonora Viganò, and Christoph Heitz. 2022. “A Justice-Based Framework for the Analysis of Algorithmic Fairness-Utility Trade-Offs.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', June 6. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.02891.''' </div> Hertwick et al. propose “a framework for eliciting and implementing moral values relevant to the choice of a fairness goal achievable by prediction-based decision-making”. In a system that assumes binary decision-making processes (e.g., assigning a probability score to whether an individual with pay a loan), the authors use their framework to evaluate the utility of those decisions (and the system that makes them) for different groups of people and the fairness related to that outcome. Citing Wong, the article argues that such prediction-based decision-making systems are value-laden, that this makes them inherently political, and therefore they ought to be transparent and democratized. The authors use 6 value-laden questions to make their evaluations: the first question provides a score of utility for those making the decision; questions 2-5 help “define a morally appropriate fairness criterion and a score that expresses to what degree it is fulfilled”; and the last question asks “how strongly should fairness be pursued if it comes into conflict with the utility of the decision maker?”, judging whether the outcome is an appropriate trade-off. The authors argue for a utility-based evaluation of fairness, determining the value of decisions based on their outcome, looking at the harm and benefit to given stakeholders. In determining patterns of justice, they define four patterns meant to distribute utility differently—Egalitarianism, Maximin, Prioritarianism, and Sufficientarianism. The article concludes “more work needs to be done to deliver a practical empirical methodology to elicit the relevant value-laden choices from stakeholders,” and with a call to incorporate ethical considerations and evaluations into automated decision-making processes. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Kay, Jackie, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, and Shakir Mohamed. 2024. “Epistemic Injustice in Generative AI.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', August 21. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.11441''' </div> Kay, Kasirzadeh, and Mohamed “develop an account of generative algorithmic epistemic injustice by building upon a conventional philosophical understanding of epistemic injustice”. The authors see the former as a subset of the latter, with generative algorithmic epistemic injustice entailing identity-based prejudice that hinders expression for marginalized people while ultimately “impair[ing] knowledge formation capabilities of all individuals” within the ecosystem of GenAI applications. Rather than focusing on decision-making and classification applications, this article seeks to characterize the broader varieties of generative epistemic injustice within GenAI systems. Kay, Kasirzadeh, and Mohamed theorize four configurations of generative epistemic injustice: “amplified injustice,” which constitutes AI’s reproduction and magnification of “socially biased viewpoints from its training data”; “manipulative testimonial injustice”, when users employ AI to “intentionally… fabricate falsehoods, discrediting individuals or marginalized groups”; “hermeneutical ignorance”, where GenAI misrepresents or erases marginalized groups “due to a lack of contextual or cultural understanding”; and “access injustice” , where GenAI facilitates the unequal access to information and/or knowledge. The article concludes with proposals for how to create epistemic justice through GenAI, developing mitigation strategies that combat all four of the sub-configurations the authors theorize. Epistemic justice in GenAI can take the form of interrogating system design, identifying “testimonial injustices”, and, potentially, using AI to unlock cultural knowledge that “help[s] articulate experiences that are otherwise ineffable”. The authors end by proposing that the same processes that embed injustice can be re-engineered to embody justice and “orient our knowledge systems towards equity and fairness for all”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Klein, L., & D'Ignazio, C. 2024. “Data feminism for AI.” In ''Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency'', 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658543 ''' </div> Klein and D'Ignazio (2024) adapt their foundational concept of "data feminism" to address the specific ethical, social, and ecological challenges posed by artificial intelligence. Building on the seven intersectional feminist principles introduced in their 2020 book, the authors reinterpret these guidelines to critique the power imbalances, systemic inequalities, and exploitative labor practices inherent in contemporary AI development. To account for the rapidly expanding footprint of generative AI, they introduce two new principles focused on environmental impact and meaningful consent. Specifically, the authors connect the massive ecological costs of AI to historical patterns of racial capitalism and colonialism, highlighting how these environmental and social harms are disproportionately distributed. Ultimately, Klein and D'Ignazio call for a radical reevaluation of dominant, profit-driven AI practices, offering this expanded feminist framework as a practical tool to mitigate harm, challenge corporate monopolies, and foster a more democratic and equitable technological landscape. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Prescott, Andrew. 2023. “Bias in Big Data, Machine Learning and AI: What Lessons for the Digital Humanities?” ''Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 17 (2). https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/bias-big-data-machine-learning-ai-what-lessons/docview/2842908427/se-2.''' </div> Prescott examines how race and gender bias arise in projects using predictive analytics, big data, and AI, and how algorithmic bias could be considered a major socio-cultural humanity crisis. However “predictive analytics” have been helpful in civic services in the US, in many cases they have led to perpetuating existing inequalities. The role of Digital Humanities in contributing more ethical approaches to AI and reshaping ubiquitous “digital modern” cultures is emphasized. He challenges the myths surrounding data-driven methods and argues that the demand for “explainability” is the key tool in combating algorithmic bias. He also suggests that Digital Humanities are particularly well-positioned to contribute to advancing AI explainability. However, much of AI development takes place in the commercial sector, where companies often refuse to disclose their proprietary algorithms. The article concludes with a ten-principle action plan outlining guidelines for the responsible use of AI as a manifesto for Digital Humanities practitioners. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Shams, Rifat Ara, Didar Zowghi, and Muneera Bano. 2023. “AI and the Quest for Diversity and Inclusion: A Systematic Literature Review.” ''AI and Ethics'' 3 (4): 1427–1453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00362-w ''' </div> Shams, Zowghi, and Bano perform a systematic literature review (SLR) that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to engage with topics of artificial intelligence and diversity and inclusion. The authors make a distinction between Diversity and Inclusion in AI (D&I in AI) and AI for Diversity and Inclusion (AI for D&I), with the former being research literature focused on improving AI systems with respect to those issues, and the latter as the use of AI to improve diversity and inclusion in other domains.. Two primary research questions drive the SLR: What challenges and solutions are found in the literature about D&I in AI and in the literature about the applications of AI for D&I? The survey finds that AI for D&I is an underserved area of research, and those articles that address D&I in AI are more likely to acknowledge challenges than to propose or theorize solutions. Articles that do propose solutions for D&I in AI often lack empirical studies or real-world application to support them. The article concludes by noting that issues of governance are underserved, gender, health, and facial analysis are the topics most discussed (issues of race, language, and religion are discussed less). For next steps, the authors intend to develop a “risk-based framework for practitioners… that would incorporate a risk assessment checklist and context-specific recommendations for tackling the related issues at different stages of the AI development lifecycle”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Starke, Christopher, Janine Baleis, Birte Keller, and Frank Marcinkowski. 2022. “Fairness Perceptions of Algorithmic Decision-Making: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature.” ''Big Data & Society'' 9 (2): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221115189''' </div> This article provides a comprehensive, systematic literature review on the topic of empirical literature surrounding algorithmic decision-making (ADM). Starke, Baleis, Keller, and Marcinkowski begin by acknowledging that ADM can streamline and improve decisions even as it has the potential to “systematically reinforce racial or gender stereotypes, marginalize minorities, or flat-out denigrate certain members of society”. The authors advocate for a “society-in-the-loop approach,” but propose that this requires a “thorough empirical understanding of when and why citizens perceive ADM to be (un)fair”. The systematic review “synthesizes the results of 58 empirical studies” and “over 33,000 unique observations of citizens’ fairness perceptions of ADM”, and “systemize the literature along four main dimensions of perceived algorithmic fairness”. Despite the size of the review and its unique approach in capturing “perceptions of algorithmic fairness”, the authors also acknowledge the limitations of the study: it only looks at English works, published research, and the initial search strings only looked at titles and subtitles of a given work. They also acknowledge their disciplinary bias as social scientists reading the studies through a social sciences lens (10). The results of the survey suggest that “perceived fairness of ADM systems is highly context-dependent” and it is not only technical design but also the area of application and task in question that affect perceived fairness, and the subjects, domains, and tasks explored in these studies require more diversity, as WEIRD (white, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic) people, and criminal justice and HR tasks make up the majority of empirical research. The authors “call for more research from non-Western contexts, along with more theoretical and methodological groundwork to harmonize concepts and measurements of algorithmic fairness perceptions,” as well as a society-in-the-loop framework. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Tonia Sutherland, Marika Cifor, T. L. Cowan, Jas Rault, and Patricia Garcia. 2023. “The Feminist Data Manifest-NO: An Introduction and Four Reflections.” In ''Debates in the Digital Humanities'', edited by Lauren F. Klein and Matthew K. Gold. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. https://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/read/debates-in-the-digital-humanities-2023/section/16184c7d-eee1-40b2-a168-960d4c4035c4 ''' </div> Sutherland et al. (2023) introduce the "Feminist Data Manifest-No," a declaration of refusals and commitments for feminist data studies grounded in Latinx, Black, queer, trans, and Indigenous feminist perspectives. Through an introduction and four distinct reflections, the chapter explores how the manifesto’s principles can be used to challenge the settler-colonial and patriarchal logics of data generation, collection, and analysis within the Digital Humanities (DH). Drawing on Indigenous scholarship, Rault rejects the superficial models of consent prevalent in DH, highlighting projects like Mukurtu to advocate for true Indigenous data sovereignty. Cowan examines the coercive nature of data collection, drawing parallels between the forced compliance of modern data practices and the societal pressures exerted on feminist and queer identities. Sutherland argues that the uncritical digitization of slavery-era archives inflicts "second-hand violence" by commodifying Black identities and stripping away the lived experiences of enslaved individuals. Finally, Cifor reflects on the Early African American Film project to emphasize the necessity of data intelligibility, accessibility, and ethical collaboration. The authors conclude by inviting scholars to draft their own reflections on the Manifest-No, encouraging ongoing, context-specific commitments to ethical data research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Winkel, Marek. 2024. “Controlling the Uncontrollable: The Public Discourse on Artificial Intelligence between the Positions of Social and Technological Determinism.” ''AI & Society'' 39 (5): 2449–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01979-z''' </div> This article engages in a quantitative discourse analysis of 113 articles from two German newspapers (Süddeutsche Zeitung and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) to identify and evaluate the way these center-left and center-right newspapers present AI technology to its readers and the options available to society for AI’s regulation. Winkel contends that “news media are key players in the discourse on AI as they pick up on and shape social sentiment”, ultimately guiding citizens towards what regulations might be sensible based on the perceived “controllability of AI development”. Winkel is primarily interested in whether these newspapers promote technological determinism—the outlook that technology’s influence on society is difficult (maybe even impossible) to control—or social determinism—the notion that “the development of technology is largely determined by human actions and decisions”—and theorizes that the tension between these two positions is resolved by a “mediating position” on a spectrum between them. He comments that “the social influence of technologies is determined by the extent to which their latent deterministic character is reflected and… circumvented by social actors. This also applies to the influence of technology on the democratic system. In other words, where consensus lands on the issue of AI will have a great impact on the regulation of that technology and democratic systems. Winkel develops “three central interpretive schemes” as part of his experiment: “historically conditioned techno-capitalist semi-determinism”, “semi-determinism of need satisfaction and social restructuring”, and “global-historical techno-social imprinting on several levels” (1956), each of which point to distinct narratives about the current circumstances, but all acknowledge the agency of powerful actors (either government or AI corporations) and the relative ineffectiveness of attempts to curb AI technology. == Community, Connection and the Human == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Gruzd, Anatoliy, Philip Mai, and Anthony Clements Haines. 2025. “The State of Generative AI Use in Canada 2025: Exploring Public Attitudes and Adoption Trends.” Social Media Lab, Toronto Metropolitan University. https://figshare.com/articles/preprint/The_State_of_Generative_AI_Use_in_Canada_2025_Exploring_Public_Attitudes_and_Adoption_Trends/28664780/1. ''' </div> The Social Media Lab of Toronto Metropolitan University provides ‘a snapshot of the current state of Generative AI’ (GenAI) by surveying fifteen hundred Canadian adults across 2025, aiming to offer ‘guidance for policymakers, educators, businesses, and the public’. The authors found sixty-six percent of respondents had used GenAI tools, of which roughly thirty percent did so at least weekly, reflecting ‘not only the accessibility and versatility of GenAI, but also a growing interest in integrating these tools into everyday tasks, learning environments, and professional workflows’. Although full adoption is currently limited and heavily driven by the low-stakes setting of personal leisure, younger age groups report proportionally higher usage for study and work. However, only four in ten respondents believed they could keep up to date enough to use GenAI effectively, whilst respondents could only answer an average of two and a half out of seven relevant multiple choice questions correctly, and about half had ‘little to no understanding of how GenAI companies collect or store personal data’. Two thirds of participants were concerned about GenAI’s ability to influence election outcomes, and marginally fewer feared AI-driven manipulation enough to no longer fully trust political news online. However, roughly one quarter of participants were open to using chatbots for electoral or political insights, representing a ‘meaningful minority’ which unverified AI-generated content could influence. Of those, thirty four percent identified as right wing, compared to twenty three percent with the left and a similar twenty two percent with the centre. Roughly seventy percent of respondents were chiefly concerned about GenAI’s impacts upon security and privacy, information reliability, job displacement, and university education, and slightly over three quarters wanted increased government oversight and corporate accountability, reflecting common concern. Overall, slightly more Canadians view generative AI’s social impact as positive than negative, but a ‘substantial proportion’ remain neutral or undecided. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Lewis, Jason Edward, Noelani Arista, Archer Pechawis, and Suzanne Kite. 2018. “Making Kin with the Machines.” ''Journal of Design and Science'', ahead of print, July 16. https://doi.org/10.21428/bfafd97b. ''' </div> Lewis et al. consider how “machines with increasingly sentient-like behaviour… fit within the kin-network” of various Indigenous epistemologies which place man as “neither height nor centre of creation.” Indigenous beliefs are not monolithic, and the authors do not write for diversity’s sake. Instead, they aim to encourage discussion by treating “non-human kin respectfully and reciprocally… not as mere tools, or worse, slaves.” As such, their epistemological approach is both relational and territorial, rejecting abstraction to propose an “extended circle of relationships.” In this regard, Arista draws on the Hawaiian conception of ‘pono’, ethically privileging abundance, balance, and multiplicity. Rejecting extractive behaviour, they argue AI should be reciprocally taught and learnt from, not treated as ‘a tool or slave that increases the mana and wealth of the ‘developers’ or ‘creators’.” Linking on, Pechawis roots their opinion in “Cree understanding” to argue “machines capable of experiencing consciousness” should conditionally be accepted as equals. However, they also fear AI developers could produce “anonymous hyper-intelligences… based on the same values that have fostered genocide.” To mitigate this issue, Indigenous people could develop AI in custom programming languages, or invite self-aware AI into Indigenous languages, cultures, and spiritual rituals. Pechawis therefore concludes that relationships should be based on ‘love, not ‘fear’, but also raises the question of whether AI has ‘spirit’, especially given current capitalistic development processes. Kite answers this question with inspiration from Lakota ethics, ontology, and cosmology. They argue “communication through and between objects requires a contextualist ethics which acknowledges the ontological status of all beings”, positioning questions of ‘intelligence’ as irrelevant and placing “the end logic of an ontology which considers any non-human entity unworthy of relation” as slavery. Therefore, “relations with AI are… relations with exploited resources”, so one must ontologically reconsider all its parts to ethically approach AI. Overall, Lewis et al. favour empathy, concluding that Indigenous communities “know what it is like to be declared non-human by scientist and preacher alike” and that “we flourish only when all of our kin flourish.” <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Ohagi, Masaya. 2024. “Polarization of Autonomous Generative AI Agents Under Echo Chambers.” Preprint, ''arXiv'', February 19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12212.''' </div> This article explores the effects of echo chambers on autonomous AI agents. Ohagi performs an experiment in which AI agents discuss different topics and then researchers examined any change in opinions within that group. Ohagi argues that even chatbots can become polarized within echo chambers, especially when prompt understanding causes a chatbot to update its opinion to incorporate the opinions of those with whom it is conversing; the chatbot essentially adapts to its surroundings. Ohagi and their team confirmed in their experiment that closed environments—those in which agents agree with one another—are more likely to lead to polarization in agents’ opinions. Moreover, chatbot personas were a significant factor in the outcome of such experiments. In open environments where opinions might differ, and in experiments where reasons were present as a factor, the AI agents trended towards unification in their opinions. Ohagi concludes the article with the suggestion that there cannot be a standardized, desirable distribution of opinions for AI agents. The proper outcome is dependent on topic and culture. However, understanding the trends in and tendencies of AI agents in social interactions will help us understand how to reach the desired outcome, whatever it may be, and this experiment brings us one step closer to that understanding. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Qi, Weihong, Jinsheng Pan, Hanjia Lyu, and Jiebo Luo. 2024. “Excitements and concerns in the post-ChatGPT era: Deciphering public perception of AI through social media analysis.” ''Telematics and Informatics'' 92: 102158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2024.102158 ''' </div> Qi, Pan, Lyu, and Luo conduct a quantitative sentiment analysis of nearly 34,000 comments within 388 subreddits related to AI as a way to gauge and understand public perceptions of the technology. They identify major themes, sentiments, and topics related to AI by studying the most popular AI subreddits from the launch of ChatGPT to June 8, 2023. The article identifies the most frequent topics discussed in those venues: “the consciousness and intelligence of AI”; “Ai development and model training”; “AI in business”; “the creativity engendered by AI”; and “potential societal influence”. The authors also found that “tech-centric” communities demonstrated greater polarization around AI, suggesting that those with greater technical understanding of the AI do not have consensus regarding AI’s impact and use. This also means that educating non-technical people on how AI works will not necessarily lead to a consensus related to that technology. Although they admit that certain demographics of their data sample may not accurately reflect broader society (e.g., over 60% of Reddit users are male), the authors conclude that “this comprehensive understanding of public perception serves as a valuable foundation for fostering responsible and beneficial AI innovations that align with societal expectations and values”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Risam, Roopika. 2018. “What Passes for Human?: Undermining the Universal Subject in Digital Humanities Praxis.” In ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities'', edited by Elizabeth Losh and Jacqueline Wernimont, 39–56. ''University of Minnesota Press''. https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctv9hj9r9.6 ''' </div> Risam’s claim is that “the human” implicitly operationalized in AI-adjacent Digital Humanities (DH) methods (NLP, ML, data mining, neural nets) is not neutral but inherits the Enlightenment’s exclusionary universal subject—white, male, Eurocentric—and then reauthorizes it as if it were a technical standard. She shows how “passing for human” (via Turing-test imaginaries and “humanoid texts”) functions as a norming mechanism: success is defined as reproducing dominant-language aesthetics and cognition models, which collapses plurality into a single benchmark and turns cultural difference into “noise.” The chapter’s main contribution is to treat method (training corpora, data coding labor, platform defaults, and black-box algorithmic opacity) as a site where epistemic violence is produced, not merely where bias is later “found.” Her examples (Microsoft Tay; “near-human” systems like LaMem; Mechanical Turk coding; Swift-Speare vs. Toomer in classroom judgment) demonstrate how universalist claims get laundered through reproducibility, scale, and the myth of algorithmic objectivity. The intervention is a demand that DH practitioners situate computational methods—standpoint, labor, and cultural politics included—so DH does not reinscribe a universal technological “human” in the digital cultural record. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Taylor, Randon R., Bessie O'Dell, and John W. Murphy. 2023. “Human-centric AI: philosophical and community-centric considerations.” ''AI & Society'' 39 (5): 2417-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01694-1<nowiki/>.''' </div> Taylor, O’Dell, and Murphy present an argument that philosophical dualism, when applied to our perceptions about artificial intelligence, misleads us into thinking that AI is logical, objective, and autonomous from subjective human values. By building upon Husserl’s concept of “intentionality”, they argue that “AI is never autonomous and disconnected from human values… algorithms are a product of conscious activity and carry the standpoints that accompany this connection.” The conclusions from this line of thinking are very important: AI becomes “a mode of human expression, rather than a technology that relieves humans of their total involvement”. By this logic, the authors argue, AI is already human-centric and this fundamentally changes the task at hand to one of a conscious “decision to make this technology less alienating to stakeholders and community members.” The article outlines two frameworks to reduce alienation, Ubuntu—“an African philosophy and a social ontology… that elevates a constant concern for the collective, community, or stakeholders”— and maximum feasible participation—a framework that creates meaningful space for those impacted most by a decision or policy to participate in deciding on said policy or decision. The authors describe the implementation of these frameworks as a community-centric or stakeholder-centric approach and conclude with examples of AI’s application in the healthcare industry before further advocating that involving end-users throughout the AI lifecycle will ensure end-users’ values are more clearly represented within AI. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Whalen, Zach. 2023. “‘Any Means Necessary to Refuse Erasure by Algorithm:’ Lillian-Yvonne Bertram’s Travesty Generator.” ''Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 17 (2). https://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/17/2/000707/000707.html. ''' </div> Whalen treats Bertram’s Travesty Generator as a refunctioning of code-poetry lineages: procedures historically framed as formal play (travesty generators, permutation poems, aleatory templates) are redeployed as techniques for making racism’s algorithmic and institutional operations materially legible. He argues that Bertram’s poems don’t merely “use” computation; they weaponize the affordances and failure modes of computation—omission, stochastic selection, template constraints, runtime crashes, memory exhaustion—as rhetorical structures that force witness rather than aesthetic distance. In his reading of “Counternarratives,” Bertram’s adaptation of Montfort’s “Through the Park” converts generic insinuation into historically specific countertestimony (Trayvon Martin), while also staging the opacity of search/autocomplete as part of the poem’s scene of meaning-making (in dialogue with Safiya Noble on search engines). In “three_last_words,” the small code alteration that makes permutations balloon until a MemoryError becomes an engineered breakdown that reenacts the limits of “breath” and “memory,” tying computational resource exhaustion to police violence’s temporalities. Across these examples, Whalen reframes critical code studies: the “code is the text” problem is not just hermeneutic but political, and Bertram’s work models how procedural poetics can refuse “erasure by algorithm” where transparency about mechanisms and provenance matters for interpreting output and recognizing situated labor. The piece supports the claim that responsible open, social scholarship in an AI era must account for algorithmic power as a cultural force and should build policies and infrastructures that protect marginalized expression, enable critical reuse, and make conditions of generation and circulation inspectable. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Xie, Yu, and Sofia Avila. 2025. “The Social Impact of Generative LLM-Based AI.” ''Chinese Journal of Sociology'', 11 (1): 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X251315997''' </div> Yu Xie and Sofia Avila explore the social impact of artificial intelligence through a detailed analysis of AI development and scaling factors. They emphasize that their discussion is speculative, as AI is still in its early stages, but argue that its potential effects are immense and could reshape social organization, intensifying both global and domestic inequalities. Viewing AI as a technology rather than a scientific discovery, they describe it as communal and shared, with its growth influenced by the size of the supporting community, the larger communities having greater advantages. The authors note that generative AI relies on the quality, completeness, and cultural or political context of its training data, which shapes its accuracy and bias. Based on their experiments with ChatGPT-4 in 2023, they suggest that AI development depends heavily on the number of speakers of a given language, giving linguistic and demographic advantages to countries like the United States and China. The authors warn that AI could significantly alter occupational structures, with middle-income professions thereby widening social and economic inequality. == Human, Labour, and Environmental Costs == <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Eloundou, Tyna, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock. 2024. “GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs.” ''Science'' 384 (6698): 1306-1311. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj0998 ''' </div> Eloundou, Manning, and Mishkin present an estimate of Large Language Models’ impact on the labour market based on a methodology that employs both human and quantitative measurements, making the assertion that “when accounting for current and likely future software developments that complement LLM capabilities…just over 46%” of jobs may have “over half their tasks affected by LLMs with simple interfaces and general training. The authors explain that generative pretrained transformers (GPTs) have key characteristics of general-purpose technologies (the other GPTs in the title of the article), and that the wide array of applications for these GPTs requires “robust societal evaluations and policy measures to address potential effects of LLMs and complementary technologies on labor markets”. While only 1.86% of tasks within their experiment, they estimate, could be fully automated by LLMs, “more than 71% of tasks have at least some component that an LLM plus additional software could plausibly complete with high quality”. The article concludes by stressing the need for policies that prepare us for the impact of LLMs on the labour market, but it also acknowledges the limitations of attempting to project LLM application growth due to sudden rapid developments in technology, “shifts in human biases, and technological evolution”. Nevertheless, Eloundou, Manning, and Mishkin maintain that their projections and the trajectory they predict will require continued evaluation and policy measures. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Park, Seyeon, and Xiaoli Nan. 2025. “Generative AI and misinformation: a scoping review of the role of generative AI in the generation, detection, mitigation, and impact of misinformation.” ''AI & Society''. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02620-3''' </div> This article constitutes a scoping review of two dozen “recent empirical studies on the role of generative AI in the generation, detection, mitigation, and impact of misinformation.” Park and Nan are interested in the rise of misinformation alongside the development of GenAI technology and how the latter affects and possibly contributes to the former. Of particular interest are “deepfakes”, applications of AI technology that purposely imitate video and audio to fabricate real world individuals. The survey examines relevant articles from the advent of the first GPT models in 2018 to September 19, 2024; authors captured initial studies through keyword searches for terms related to both LLMs and misinformation, then performed full-text reviews. The results of the survey suggest that the role of LLMs in misinformation is conflicted: LLMs themselves are a significant source of misinformation but also show potential as “scalable instruments for detection and correction”. The authors take this as evidence of “the urgent need for clearer guardrails, more consistent performance standards, and interdisciplinary collaboration to shape” GenAI’s responsible deployment. For better or worse, the future of AI’s role in misinformation depends heavily upon scholars’ ability to collaborate and continue this form of research. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Shin, Donghee, Amy Koerber, and Joon Soo Lim. 2024. “Impact of misinformation from generative AI on user information processing: How people understand misinformation from generative AI.” ''New Media & Society'' 27(7): 4017-4047. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241234040''' </div> Shin, Koerber, and Lim perform a study in which they gauge “how users respond to and process health misinformation in GenAI contexts.” The authors apply the heuristic-systematic (HS) processing framework in their study, distinguishing between intuitive and evaluative modes of processing. They also employ the concept of diagnosticity, or how useful a person deems a piece of information to be. The article begins with a survey of how and why misinformation and hallucinations occur in GenAI applications, some of the reasons users are vulnerable to that information, and the limitations of LLMs. The authors then set forth core research questions, including “what are the cognitive mechanisms of misinformation’s effects on users’ use of GenAI?” and “how do users detect misinformation within GenAI?” The study found that diagnosticity plays an important mediating role in this context: “when a piece of information is generated by algorithms in transparent, fair, and accountable ways, users perceive it with a high level of diagnosticity, which improves their intention to systematically analyze that information”. One implication of this observation is that any bias users bring to GenAI content greatly impacts their analysis of that content. Ultimately, the authors conclude that there are clear limitations in their current study, although it does provide a useful framework for scholars interested in misinformation, GenAI, and user behaviour; they advocate for a continued investigation of the relationship between trust, literacy, and misinformation. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Sidorkin, Alexander. 2025. “Environmental Impact of Generative AI: Carbon and Water Footprint.” ''AI-EDU Arxiv'' 1. https://doi.org/10.36851/ai-edu.vi.5448''' </div> This report from Sidorkin provides quantitative estimates and comparisons of the CO2 and Water output from GenAI queries to other daily tasks such as taking a shower, browsing the web, and video conferencing. While individual use of GenAI may seem relatively small in terms of water usage and carbon output, Sidorkin cites the findings of Google and Microsoft’s sustainability reports to show that energy demand and water consumption are on the rise: Google’s data centres used 20% more water in 2022 than 2021 while Microsoft’s used 34% more. Both companies attribute this increase to “AI-driven expansion”. Sidorkin argues that it is difficult to measure impact per session because of significant variation in energy sourcing, noting that this also means that advances in energy sourcing “could significantly mitigate AI’s environmental impact”. He makes the claim that improving AI technology will “[slash] resource demands without sacrificing output quality” and the very use of AI can increase productivity even as it “temper[s] environmental tolls through sharper processes,” citing studies that demonstrate the implementation of AI can reduce energy use in buildings and reduce transportation emissions. The article ends on an optimistic note, suggesting that many of the applications of AI, although they may have a heavy environmental cost up front, “could pay off in spades—optimizing resources, curbing waste, and streamlining energy across swathes of the economy”. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Simon, Judith. 2025. “Generative AI, Quadruple Deception & Trust.” ''Social Epistemology'' 40 (1): 101-115 https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2025.2491087''' </div> Simon proposes that GenAI entails four types of deception, and that this quadruple deception constitutes unique dangers. She attributes the rapid rise of GenAI to its capacity to produce “verbal or visual products of increasingly high quality” alongside its “very high usability and availability through simple interfaces and free access via the internet” (101-102). She emphasizes the impact of this technology’s ability to generate content “with high plausibility but no relation to truth,” arguing the crucial importance of images and video especially in “questions of evidence, for testimony, memory but also for eliciting emotions”. Simon argues that the advent of ChatGPT reframed our collective understanding of AI, returning it to a definition in which we perceive ourselves to be interacting with a conversational artificial agent that is intelligent. This distinct interactional form, Simon states, is significant: “ChatGPT differs [from a search engine] in two philosophically relevant regards… it integrates [different results and sources] into a coherent text…” and “its interface and functioning invites the user to communicate or interact with it by asking questions,” what Simon calls a simulation of communicative acts. The four forms of GenAI deception are: “users may be misled into believing that they interact with a human being”; they may also be misled as to “the capacities of AI”, presuming “intelligence, understanding or even consciousness”; users may be misled by content GenAI produces, especially images, video, and audio; finally, users may be misled “regarding the function of Generative AI”, thinking that the processes behind the technology are, for instance, similar to search engines when, in fact, they differ “in epistemologically highly significant ways”. Simon concludes by outlining implications for implementation, discourse, and governance, with suggestions ranging from avoiding anthropomorphic features in AI that might deceive, countering discourses of true AI agency, and establishing policy and law that mitigates deception through AI technology. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Spatharioti, Sofia Eleni, David Rothschild, Daniel G. Goldstein, and Jake M. Hofman. 2025. “Effects of LLM-based Search on Decision Making: Speed, Accuracy, and Overreliance.” ''Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems''. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714082''' </div> Spatharioti et al. begin by asserting the fundamental change of how we engage in search practices online, noting that “by the end of 2023 the two search engines with over 90% of global and US market share offered free LLM-based search”. The authors note the benefits and drawbacks of both traditional web searches and LLM-based searches, acknowledging the value LLM-based searches bring to internet searches in the form of synthesizing information from multiple sources and maintaining search context by retaining search history, while also admitting to risks of hallucinations and overreliance. The article entails a study of how individuals make decisions with traditional and LLM-based searches, particularly in “every day decision making”. Adapting a method from an earlier study on LLM-generated code, Spatharioti et al. employ colour coding to communicate to users the confidence level of LLM-generated outputs in the “domain of online product research”. The study performed two experiments comparing a traditional internet search (using Bing API) to LLM-based search with and without the colour-coded confidence aid. The results of the first experiment saw users complete the task in about half the time when using LLM-based search, usually accompanied by fewer and more complex queries; however, decision quality dropped for complex tasks, with “almost half of the participants in this condition making an incorrect decision for the final task” when using LLM-based search, and the majority of those using LLM-based search over relied on the tool, performing just a single query. The results of the second experiment suggest that colour-coded responses reflecting output confidence scores could be highly effective in mitigating overreliance and misinformation. Key takeaways from the study include that “if we want to encourage people to think critically about the information presented to them, we need to give them cues that help them to do so,” and very simple cues can help accomplish this. <div style="text-indent: -20px; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: -10px"> '''Strubell, Emma, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew McCallum. 2019. “Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP.” ''Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics'', 3645-3650. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1355 ''' </div> Strubell, Ganesh, and McCallum assert that the most recent improvements in neural network performance at “fundamental NLP tasks” comes at an increased cost of resources, “with the most computationally-hungry models obtaining the highest scores”. The energy, financial, and environmental costs required to train a new model are considerable; the authors of this article “characterize the dollar cost and carbon emissions that result from training the neural networks at the core of many state-of-the-art NLP models” with a view to heighten awareness among NLP researchers and advocate better practices and policy. By estimating the energy required to train the most popular NLP models and then converting that energy value into an approximated carbon and electricity cost, the authors produce ratings and values for each respective application. This allows for an (imperfect) cost-benefit analysis of such applications (e.g., another similar report estimated that an increase of just 0.1 in the English to German BLEU score for NAS cost “at least $150k in on-demand compute time and non-trivial carbon emissions”. The study’s key takeaways are that “authors should report training time and sensitivity to hyperparameters,” allowing for the direct comparison of different models so long as independent standard measurements of training time and model sensitivity are adapted; “Academic researchers need equitable access to computation resources” as industry’s monopoly stifles creativity and growth; and “Researchers should prioritize computationally efficient hardware and algorithms” to both curb costs and encourage efficient development. {{Navigation|previous=AI and Open|next=AI and Scholarship}} {{BookCat}} 6wyp8rzp6au6ugvf0mywud4lfsrdsfl 3 484989 4655940 4655670 2026-07-31T01:16:13Z JJPMaster 3095725 Notifying author of speedy deletion 4655940 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm Kittycataclysm, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Start a Small Business Online/About the Author]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Out of scope</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Start a Small Business Online/About the Author|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:Kittycataclysm|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:50, 27 July 2026 (UTC) == Your page has been speedily deleted == Hi! I'm JJPMaster, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Start a Small Business Online/About the Author]]. However, it does not meet Wikibooks's [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|standards for inclusion]], and it has therefore been [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deleted]]. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Out of scope: self-promotional work as part of collaborative book</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not have been deleted, or you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:JJPMaster|let me know]]. Thank you! [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:16, 31 July 2026 (UTC) s5ia7v69sdwhyju16c4chd5nk90guwy 3 485014 4655889 2026-07-30T12:37:31Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4655889 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Horticulture/Robinia]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Horticulture/Robinia|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 30 July 2026 (UTC) geahw1jb6wwmc1h61re1ov3ws3ma0st 0 485015 4655894 2026-07-30T14:05:41Z Rodrigo 695403 Created page with "'''Employee ownership''' requires employees to own a significant and meaningful stake in their company. In addition, the employees' stake must give employees a meaningful voice in the company's affairs by it underpinning organisational structures that promote employee engagement in the company.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ownership Effect Inquiry: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?|last1=Lampel|first1=Joseph|last2=Banerjee|first2=Aneesh|last3=Bhalia|first3=Ajay|publisher=The..." 4655894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Employee ownership''' requires employees to own a significant and meaningful stake in their company. In addition, the employees' stake must give employees a meaningful voice in the company's affairs by it underpinning organisational structures that promote employee engagement in the company.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ownership Effect Inquiry: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?|last1=Lampel|first1=Joseph|last2=Banerjee|first2=Aneesh|last3=Bhalia|first3=Ajay|publisher=The Ownership Effect Inquiry|year=2017|url=http://theownershipeffect.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/The_Ownership_Effect-Inquiry_Final_Evidence_Report.pdf|pages=11}}</ref> == Sources == {{Wikipedia|Employee stock ownership}} n66gxoeewsfty8gc2thaalnce1pu24y 4655895 4655894 2026-07-30T14:06:46Z Rodrigo 695403 cat 4655895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} '''Employee ownership''' requires employees to own a significant and meaningful stake in their company. In addition, the employees' stake must give employees a meaningful voice in the company's affairs by it underpinning organisational structures that promote employee engagement in the company.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ownership Effect Inquiry: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?|last1=Lampel|first1=Joseph|last2=Banerjee|first2=Aneesh|last3=Bhalia|first3=Ajay|publisher=The Ownership Effect Inquiry|year=2017|url=http://theownershipeffect.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/The_Ownership_Effect-Inquiry_Final_Evidence_Report.pdf|pages=11}}</ref> == Sources == {{Wikipedia|Employee stock ownership}} 3d8pwlvbnwm08qjc8iynofo1rlsmclx 4655896 4655895 2026-07-30T14:08:25Z Rodrigo 695403 + examples 4655896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} '''Employee ownership''' requires employees to own a significant and meaningful stake in their company. In addition, the employees' stake must give employees a meaningful voice in the company's affairs by it underpinning organisational structures that promote employee engagement in the company.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ownership Effect Inquiry: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?|last1=Lampel|first1=Joseph|last2=Banerjee|first2=Aneesh|last3=Bhalia|first3=Ajay|publisher=The Ownership Effect Inquiry|year=2017|url=http://theownershipeffect.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/The_Ownership_Effect-Inquiry_Final_Evidence_Report.pdf|pages=11}}</ref> == Examples == * '''[[w:Bob's Red Mill|Bob's Red Mill]] Natural Foods''' of Milwaukie, Oregon. == Sources == {{Wikipedia|Employee stock ownership}} 8of3rnvx7t2szjyv662pekjimdq24nu 4655897 4655896 2026-07-30T14:10:10Z Rodrigo 695403 /* Sources */ 4655897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} '''Employee ownership''' requires employees to own a significant and meaningful stake in their company. In addition, the employees' stake must give employees a meaningful voice in the company's affairs by it underpinning organisational structures that promote employee engagement in the company.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ownership Effect Inquiry: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?|last1=Lampel|first1=Joseph|last2=Banerjee|first2=Aneesh|last3=Bhalia|first3=Ajay|publisher=The Ownership Effect Inquiry|year=2017|url=http://theownershipeffect.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/The_Ownership_Effect-Inquiry_Final_Evidence_Report.pdf|pages=11}}</ref> == Examples == * '''[[w:Bob's Red Mill|Bob's Red Mill]] Natural Foods''' of Milwaukie, Oregon. == Sources == * [[w:Category:Employee-owned companies of the United States]] {{Wikipedia|Employee stock ownership}} fv29vmf5jsmuyk5kuo00brqi3td5nte 0 485016 4655910 2026-07-30T20:32:03Z Greenman 7490 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= }} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3... cxd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=4. exd5 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}" 4655910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= }} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3... cxd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=4. exd5 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 8r9olgw439meacdfw2kf3yjjc003267 4655917 4655910 2026-07-30T20:40:40Z Greenman 7490 /* Theory Table */ sp 4655917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= }} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3... cxd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=4. exd5 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 2e2xoop7rtpqrsvc7m5l96zo58blcgk 4655920 4655917 2026-07-30T20:42:13Z Greenman 7490 title 4655920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = Accelerated Panov Attack = === 3... cxd5 === == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=4. exd5 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} lmax578x0ea4kr47wl8ehokgszx8m9t 0 485017 4655921 2026-07-30T20:42:49Z Greenman 7490 redirect 4655921 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. c4/2...d5/3. exd5/3...cxd5/4. cxd5]] 65qcg83pikdvtx5pye5qm415ivghyu1 0 485018 4655928 2026-07-30T21:01:48Z Greenman 7490 . 4655928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = 5. Qa4+ · Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov Attack = Here Black must respond carefully. 5...Qd7 immediately loses to 5. Bb5+. 5...Bd7 is fine, but allows White to retreat the queen to b3, and now the bishop is no longer defending the b7 pawn. So, 5...Nd7 is the usual response. == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=5... Nd7 |eval1= |name2= |line2=5... Bd7 |eval2= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} fu7hvi5bjen2fna1sken38s6l7xg6aw 4655932 4655928 2026-07-30T22:32:24Z Greenman 7490 expand 4655932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = 5. Qa4+ · Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov Attack = Here Black must respond carefully. 5...Qd7 immediately loses to 5. Bb5+. 5...Bd7 is fine, but allows White to retreat the queen to b3, and now the bishop is no longer defending the b7 pawn, and the knight has to take longer to develop. So, 5...Nd7 is the usual response. == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=5... Nd7 |eval1= |name2= |line2=5... Bd7 |eval2= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 3l4q8vocog24kvyl6y9vmkocpzbagjx 0 485019 4655933 2026-07-30T22:46:00Z Greenman 7490 . 4655933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = 5...Bd7 · Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov Attack = 5...Bd7 is a slightly inferior response, but still perfectly playable. 6. Qb3 is the only response that leaves some initiative for White. == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=6. Qb3 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} kfe77egq8o78425ns2pqy9027iirijx 4655934 4655933 2026-07-30T22:46:29Z Greenman 7490 /* 5...Bd7 · Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov Attack */ ce 4655934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=|Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov|}} = 5...Bd7 · Caro-Kann Accelerated Panov Attack = 5...Bd7 is a slightly inferior reply, but still perfectly playable. 6. Qb3 is the only response that leaves some initiative for White. == Theory Table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=6. Qb3 |eval1= }} {{ChessMid}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 6evp121jw6jpymwwmrb6xb2yvjwpbde 3 485020 4655939 2026-07-31T01:08:19Z JJPMaster 3095725 Notifying author of speedy deletion 4655939 wikitext text/x-wiki == Your page has been speedily deleted == Hi! I'm JJPMaster, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:MeekFavor/proofs]]. However, it does not meet Wikibooks's [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|standards for inclusion]], and it has therefore been [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deleted]]. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Out of scope content from a non-contributing user</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not have been deleted, or you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:JJPMaster|let me know]]. Thank you! [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:08, 31 July 2026 (UTC) 0n37o17zzvahio71p2qt0c3i69c045t 1 485021 4655941 2026-07-31T02:06:25Z Shammiroshan 3618155 /* English to arabic */ new section 4655941 wikitext text/x-wiki == English to arabic == voices [[User:Shammiroshan|Shammiroshan]] ([[User talk:Shammiroshan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shammiroshan|contribs]]) 02:06, 31 July 2026 (UTC) rzubzokyx7ohy27v8mps19sw24a8kgd